Unit 3, Notes 1 Vocabulary
Commerce: extensive trade; the buy and sell of goods on a large scale
Commercial Revolution: a shift in human trade tendencies that occurred during the Age of Exploration when nations began to import and export goods from/to other nations on a larger scale than ever before
Globalization: condition in which nations around the world are connected by trade and political alliances; causes the whole world to be affected by changes that occur in a single nation with high levels of commercial exportation
Unit 3, Notes 1 Vocabulary
Dutch East India Company: Dutch company created in 1602 to exploit the riches of the Far East; traded European goods/materials with China and Japan for eastern spices, jewels, furnishings, silk, etc. and then sold those eastern goods for a large profit
British East India Company: British joint-stock company that monopolized all trade in the East Indies and grew to become the world’s most powerful company possessing both political and military powers along with its economic powers; established Hong Kong and Singapore; cultivated production of tea and coffee in India
Unit 3, Notes 1 VocabularyMercantilism
mercantilism: economic system of the 17th and 18th centuries in which national governments regulated trade to increase the flow of bullion (gold and silver) into their nations
Principles of mercantilism National prosperity (wealth) depends upon its supply of
gold and silver Export more, import less: exports generate bullion while
imports diminish a nation’s supply of bullion Raise tariffs (taxes on imported goods) and grant trade
monopolies to protect local business and limit the exportation of bullion
Colonize more territory to increase the flow of raw materials out of those colonies and into the mother country
Export goods to the regulated colonial markets (colonies must buy products from their mother country)
Indian-Colonial Conflict
King Philip’s War (1675-1678) Wampanoag warriors attacked
New England towns for encroaching on tribal lands and in retaliation for the execution of three tribesmen convicted of murder
Metacomet (called King Philip by colonists) led the Wampanoag into battle until his death and their defeat at the hand of colonials
Few Native Americans remained in New England after this conflict
Colonial-Colonial Conflict
Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-1676) Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia colony
Limited voting rights to property owners Favored the wealthy Tidewater (fertile Virginia land near the coast)
planters over the small farmers of the backcountry that wanted to live in the Piedmont (rolling hills between coast and Appalachian Mountains)
Fighting broke out between backcountry settlers and Susquehannock Indians over land rights but Berkeley refused to provide military support for the settlers
Nathaniel Bacon (local planter) supported backcountry farmers against Indians that had attacked his plantation Organized his own militia and attacked Indians Led his militia against Jamestown and seized political power Governor Berkeley fled and raised his own army
Berkeley vs. Bacon until Nathaniel Bacon died of disease and his army fell apart
Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion: Paramilitary rebellion against authoritative government Slavery expanded because wealthy planters no longer wanted to deal
with rowdy indentured servants that would one day lead to further Indian conflicts over land
The Imperial System
Imperialism: actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation/region
British Imperial Acts In accordance with mercantilist policies, Britain
encouraged exports and restricted imports Navigation Acts: set of Parliamentary laws created to
regulate colonial trade All goods imported and exported to colonies must be carried on
British ships Raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, lumber, cotton, wool, and
indigo could only be sold to Britain and no other country Staple Act: all colonial imports had to first go through England
and get taxed before proceeding to the colonies; increased price of goods for colonists
Parliament authorized custom inspectors to prevent merchants from breaking the navigation laws
Pirates of the Caribbean
Privateer: privately owned armed vessel whose owners are commissioned by a belligerent nation to carry on naval warfare Sir Francis Drake
Buccaneer: group of wandering pirates that harassed Spanish vessels and colonies in the New World for the purpose of stealing bullion Sir Henry Morgan
Piracy: the crime of robbery, or other act of violence for private ends, on the high seas or in the air above the seas, committed by the captain or crew of a ship or aircraft outside the normal jurisdiction of any nation, and without authority from any government Blackbeard (Edward Teach) Black Bart Roberts
Imperial Conflicts
King William’s War (1689-1697) French and Huron vs. British, colonials, and Indian allies over territory in
Canada Ended in stalemate without any change of territorial control
Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713) French, Indians, and Spanish vs. British, colonials, and Indians (Creek and
Iroquois) British gain control of Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia)
King George’s War (1744-1748) French and Indians vs. British, colonials, and Indians Ended in stalemate
Imperial Conflicts
French and Indian War (1755-1763) Also known as the Seven Years’ War French and Huron vs. British, Iroquois, and
colonials French and British both staked claims in Ohio
River Valley French took over British fort and constructed
Fort Duquesne on its site Young officer in Virginia militia named George
Washington was ordered to expel French but was defeated
Washington forced to surrender at Fort Necessity
Albany Plan of Union: attempt made by colonial leaders to create a federal government for the purpose of raising an army to provide for the common defense; plan drafted by Benjamin Franklin but was rejected by colonies
Imperial Conflicts
French and Indian War, Continued… French and Huron ambushed British General Braddock en route to
attack Fort Duquesne Braddock killed and Lt. Colonel George Washington saved the British
forces from annihilation British navy cut off the flow of French troops and supplies to colonies British General John Forbes finally burns Ft. Duquesne to the ground
and Fort Pitt (later Pittsburgh) constructed in its place
Imperial Conflicts
French and Indian War, Continued… British General James Wolfe defeats French General Louis Montcalm at the
Battle of Quebec; both generals are killed but battle becomes the decisive British victory of the war
British seized Cuba and Philippines from the Spanish Treaty of Paris (1763): treaty ending the French and Indian War
French kicked out of New France (Canada) which became British territory All of Louisiana territory east of the Mississippi River became British territory Spain traded Florida to the British in order to regain control of Cuba and the
Philippines French give New Orleans and all their territory west of the Mississippi to Spain
IQ’s
1) What chores are you required to complete around the house?
2) Do your parents/guardians expect you to make good grades?
3) How do they react when your work/grades do not meet their expectations for you?
4) How do you react when they get on to you?
IQ’S
1. What are taxes?2. List several different types of taxes.3. What is the purpose of a tax? How is that
tax money used?4. Should Americans have to pay taxes? Why
or why not?5. Should Americans share the tax burden or
should some pay more than others? Explain.
Results of the French and Indian War
Britain became the leading European power in North America
English language and traditions became the status quo in most of North America
British government in deep economic debt after borrowing so much money to fund the war effort
New territory required the presence of additional forts and military outfits (10,000 new troops) along the frontier
British government decided that American colonists would pay for the war and their protection through extra taxes
Proclamation of 1763
Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Indians united several tribes and attacked forts/towns along the frontier west of the Appalachians
Colonists wanted to fight for their right to settle west of the Appalachians
British officials did not want to pay for another war or disrupt the fur trade
Royal Proclamation of 1763: decree issued by King George that prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachians without special permission from the British government
Western farmers outraged
Customs Reform
Colonial merchants smuggled goods in and out of North America without paying customs duties (taxes on imports and exports)
George Grenville, British Prime Minister and lord of the Treasury, came down harder on smugglers by denying them a fair trial by jury and sending them before military tribunal
Young colonial lawyer named John Adams defended an alleged smuggling merchant named John Hancock on the basis that Hancock’s rights as a British citizen were being denied
Taxes!
Sugar Act (1764) Increased tax rates on raw sugar, molasses, silk, wine, and other
goods imported from foreign countries Allowed British officials to seize goods without due process (proper
court procedures)Currency Act (1764)
Banned the use of paper money in the colonies to slow inflation (excess money = loss in value of every dollar/pound)
Angered farmers and artisans that needed paper money to pay back loans
Stamp Act (1765) Required stamps to be purchased and placed on most printed
materials including newspapers, pamphlets, wills, mortgages, deeds, etc.
First direct tax Britain had imposed on colonistsQuartering Act (1765)
Required colonists to provide barracks for British troops or pay for their rent
Stamp Act Crisis
Propaganda Pamphlets and editorials circulated through the colonies and public
speeches were made condemning the taxes James Otis wrote a pamphlet arguing that colonists could not be
justly taxed without representation in Parliament… “No Taxation Without Representation!”
Stamp Act Congress Representative body with members from 9 colonies Drafted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that only
colonial representatives had the power to tax the colonistsSons of Liberty
Group of organized activists and protestors that led anti-tax demonstrations and defied British law
Organized by Isaac Sears Propaganda: meetings, demonstrations, hung an effigy of the stamp
distributor from a treeBoycott
Colonists boycotted all British goods when the Stamp Act took effect on November 1, 1765
Nonimportation agreement: document signed by merchants agreeing not to buy British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed
More Taxes!
Declaratory Act (1766) Passed after Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Asserted that Parliament had the power to make laws
for the coloniesTownshend Acts (1767)
Included the Revenue Act of 1767 that put new duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea
Legalized writs of assistance: search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling
Response and Retaliation
John Dickinson wrote Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer Only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them
Sam Adams Helped organize the Boston chapter of the Sons of Liberty United Bostonians of different social classes to stand against
British tax policies Responsible for circulating a letter disclosing information
about a British scheme to pay government officials with Townshend Act tax money and thereby use those officials to replace colonial assemblies
Virginia Resolves: document created by the House of Burgesses claiming that it alone had the power to tax Virginians
Daughters of Liberty: female version of the Sons of Liberty; refused to buy British wool so they “homespun” their own clothes
In view of the colonial protests, Parliament dissolved several colonial assemblies
Colonists signed new nonimportation agreements to further boycott British goods
Response and Retaliation
Boston Massacre Mobs continued to threaten customs officers in Boston Britain dispatched 1,000 troops (“lobster backs”) to Boston to maintain
order On March 5, 1770…a crowd of angry Bostonians began taunting and
throwing snowballs at British soldiers British soldiers fired into the crowd and killed 5 colonists, including the
famous African-American Crispus Attucks (1st casualty of the Revolution) Colonials newspapers and propaganda portrayed the soldiers as killers
and the British government as tyrannous Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts
CW/HW – Unit 3, Notes 3 – Page 116
1) Define: customs duty, inflation, nonimportation agreement, writ of assistance
2) Identify: Albany Plan of Union, Treaty of Paris, James Otis, Royal Proclamation of 1763
3) What argument did the Stamp Act Congress make in protest against the British taxes?
- Only the colonists’ political representatives, not Parliament, had the right to tax colonists
4) Why do you think the British were so willing to pass new taxes in the face of colonial opposition?- The British passed new taxes despite opposition because they needed the money
CW/HW – Unit 3, Notes 3 – Page 116
5) Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the acts passed by the British Parliament and the colonists’ reactions to the acts
ACT Colonists’ Reaction
The Path to Liberty
Chain of Human Events Responsible for the Liberation of Mankind:
Magna Carta Invention of the
Printing Press The Renaissance The Age of
Discovery The Reformation Scientific
Revolution English Civil War Glorious
Revolution (England)
English Bill of Rights
The Enlightenment Colonial
Assemblies/Constitutions
The Great Awakening
King vs. Parliament
Magna Carta (1215) Written document protecting the rights of English nobles Set precedent that a king’s power wasn’t absolute
English Civil War (1642-1660) Conflict between the armies of King Charles I and the armies of British
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell Resulted in a Parliament victory and the execution of King Charles I
Glorious Revolution (1688) Bloodless revolution that occurred when an angry Parliament invited William of
Orange and his wife Mary to seize the English throne from the unpopular James II
English Bill of Rights (1689) Written list of freedoms that Parliament required King William and Queen Mary
to guarantee Included:
King cannot abolish laws, impose taxes, or raise an army without Parliamentary consent
Freedom of speech within Parliament Right to fair and impartial jury
The Age of Reason
Scientific Revolution: transformation of human understanding regarding the natural world that put away traditional constraints and superstitions while embracing the human ability to reason and discover natural laws
The Enlightenment: ideological movement of the 1700’s during which traditional political (royalty/nobility) and religious (Catholic Church) authorities were challenged by the power of human reason and philosophy when applied to politics and society Rationalism: emphasis on logic and reasoning Produced new ways to view the relationship between
government and the governed
Philosophes of the Enlightenment
John Locke (1632-1704) English philosopher that believed the purpose of government was to serve
the wishes/interests of the governed Believed that all people were born with natural rights including life, liberty,
and property Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract Believed that government should be formed by the consent of the people,
not a king, with laws representing the will of the peopleBaron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French philosopher that believed government should possess three authorities: making laws (legislative), enforcing laws (executive), and interpreting laws (judicial)
Powers should be divided and separated by the three different government authorities so no one branch acquired too much power
Voltaire (1694-1778) French philosopher that criticized religious fanaticism and persecution Supported religious toleration Promoted deism: God created the universe but has no direct involvement in
the actions of the universe; God as a clockmaker
The Great Awakening
Great Awakening (1700’s): general revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies Stressed piety (devoutness) and emotional union with God over religious
ceremonies and traditions Spread through revivals: large public meetings for preaching and prayer
Reasons for Awakening Response to declining religious fervor Reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment
Preachers Jonathan Edwards (Massachusetts): believed colonists were “sinners in
the hands of an angry God” and all must repent or have an internal emotional experience to be saved
George Whitefield (Pennsylvania): very powerful speaker that warned colonists of false teachers and led to a division between “new lights” (emotion and excitement) and “old lights” (tradition and reverence)
Significance “New lights” led to creation of Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and
Congregationalist denominations Intercolonial movement and church membership promoted a sense of
American nationality and community before the Revolution Like the Enlightenment, it emphasized individualism that came to reject
traditional authorities like king, Parliament, and state churches
Peace Before the Storm
The repeal of the Townshend Acts following the Boston Massacre calmed colonial and British tensions for a brief period
Gaspee Affair Gaspee was a British customs ship that patrolled North American waters to
intercept smuggling merchants and search their ships without a warrant In June of 1772, the Gaspee ran aground and was burned by colonists Suspects shipped to England for trial
Committees of Correspondence: colonial committees created to circulate information about British activities and promote communication among the colonies Unified the colonies Shaped public opinion Allowed colonial leaders to coordinate their plans of resistance against the British
Boston Tea Party
Because of the tea tax, colonial smugglers were shipping in cheaper Dutch tea
British East India Company was severely in debt by 1773 and had stored 17 million pounds of surplus tea not being purchased
Parliament passed the Tea Act Refunded the East India Company of
most taxes it had to pay to ship the tea to the colonies
Allowed British tea to be sold at cheaper prices than Dutch tea
Allowed East India Company to sell tea directly to shopkeepers and thereby bypass colonial merchants
Enraged merchants learned of new tea shipments in Boston Harbor from the committees of correspondence
Boston Tea Party (December 1773) 150 men boarded the British tea ships
dressed like Indians The men dumped 342 chests of tea
into the waters of Boston Harbor
Final British Acts
In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts: Boston’s port shut down until the destroyed tea could be paid for All Massachusetts council members, sheriffs, and judges would no longer be
elected by the people but appointed by the governor Trials of British soldiers and officials were transferred to England and away
from colonial juries Local officials forced to provide lodging for British soldiers, in private homes if
necessaryBritish sent 2,000 troops to New England and appointed General
Thomas Gage as reigning governorQuebec Act
Stated that Quebec’s governor and council would be appointed by the king and no free elections would take place
Additional territory given to Quebec…thus colonials moving westward would have to live in territories with no elected assemblies
Colonists referred to the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act together as the Intolerable Acts
The First Congress
The committees of correspondence set up a large meeting for colonial delegates to discuss their options
First Continental Congress (September 5, 1774): 55 delegates attended the congress in Philadelphia, representing 12
colonies Some delegates wanted to reach a compromise but other more
radical delegates wanted to fight for independence Passed the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Remained loyal to king but condemned the Coercive Acts Announced that colonies were forming a nonimportation
association Agreed to hold a second Continental Congress the following year
Virginia House of Burgesses urged colonists to suspend trade with Britain
One of the burgesses went even farther in his call to action… “I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me
liberty or give me death!”• Patrick Henry, Virginia House of Burgesses