Unit 4 Sub-Saharan Africa
-West and Central Africa-East Africa
-Southern Africa
Early HistoryEarly HistoryWest & Central
Africa earliest documented kingdoms:
began around 800 A.D. gained economic strength by est.
systems of trade between the peoples of the arid north and
those in the tropical rainforests of the Congo basin.
These Kingdoms included: Ghana Empire about 1050 A.D. Mali Empire about 1337 A.D. Songhai Empire about 1500 A.D.
The City of Tombouctou: a major
intersection for trade from.
West & Central Africa
earliest documented kingdoms: began around 800 A.D. gained economic strength by est.
systems of trade between the peoples of the arid north and
those in the tropical rainforests of the Congo basin.
These Kingdoms included: Ghana Empire about 1050 A.D. Mali Empire about 1337 A.D. Songhai Empire about 1500 A.D.
The City of Tombouctou: a major
intersection for trade from.
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Early HistoryEarly HistoryWest & Central Africa
The early kingdoms of West Africa traded gold, cloth, and slaves, cultural elements exotic foods the Islamic faith
The peoples of the tropical rainforests less interaction with
these trade networks
West & Central Africa The early kingdoms
of West Africa traded gold, cloth, and slaves, cultural elements exotic foods the Islamic faith
The peoples of the tropical rainforests less interaction with
these trade networks
Early HistoryEarly HistoryEast Africa
East African cultures depended oral histories: passed
from one generation to another, little evidence remains of their existence.
The earliest documented civilizations The Kush Kingdom,
which ruled the middle Nile River Valley (modern-day Sudan)
East Africa East African cultures
depended oral histories: passed
from one generation to another, little evidence remains of their existence.
The earliest documented civilizations The Kush Kingdom,
which ruled the middle Nile River Valley (modern-day Sudan)
Early HistoryEarly HistoryEast Africa
By 350 A.D., the Kush had been conquered by the Aksum Empiretrade center (now
Ethiopia)
The kings of Aksum adopted
Christianity
East AfricaBy 350 A.D., the
Kush had been conquered by the Aksum Empiretrade center (now
Ethiopia)
The kings of Aksum adopted
Christianity
Around 500 A.D. Arab traders began sailing along
Africa’s east coast Est. ports for the trade
goldivory
The languageSwahili derived from the original languages of the
African coast combined with Arabic. Trade routes have taken the language as far
west as the Congo
Around 500 A.D. Arab traders began sailing along
Africa’s east coast Est. ports for the trade
goldivory
The languageSwahili derived from the original languages of the
African coast combined with Arabic. Trade routes have taken the language as far
west as the Congo
Early HistoryEarly HistorySouthern Africa
Bantu peoples Hunter-gatherers animal herders migrated to Southern
Africa around A.D. 100.
raised crops beans and sorghum,
and herded cattle, goats and sheep.
knew how to make iron tools Great Zimbabwe.
Great Zimbabwe empire
Southern Africa Bantu peoples
Hunter-gatherers animal herders migrated to Southern
Africa around A.D. 100.
raised crops beans and sorghum,
and herded cattle, goats and sheep.
knew how to make iron tools Great Zimbabwe.
Great Zimbabwe empire
European Contact & Colonization
European Contact & Colonization
West & Central Africa Europeans arrived
on the west coast of Africa around the late 1400s. explorers were in
search of a water route to Asia
Stayed for gold trade rarely ventured
beyond the coastal areas because of
thick jungles, tropical diseases,few navigable riversnatural harbors.
West & Central Africa Europeans arrived
on the west coast of Africa around the late 1400s. explorers were in
search of a water route to Asia
Stayed for gold trade rarely ventured
beyond the coastal areas because of
thick jungles, tropical diseases,few navigable riversnatural harbors.
European Contact & Colonization
European Contact & Colonization
West & Central Africa 1500s, demand for
slaves increased focus of trade from gold
to slaves. Europeans supplied
guns to the coastal tribes of West Africa
Between 1500 and 1800, approximately 10 million Africans were taken to the Americas as slaves. (now Senegal and Angola.)
West & Central Africa 1500s, demand for
slaves increased focus of trade from gold
to slaves. Europeans supplied
guns to the coastal tribes of West Africa
Between 1500 and 1800, approximately 10 million Africans were taken to the Americas as slaves. (now Senegal and Angola.)
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & ColonizationWest & Central Africa
1800s European industrialization demanded minerals tropical farm products climates and rich soils of
West Africa were perfect for growing products such as:
Cocoa Peanuts Rubber
European countries: sought political control led to a period of
colonization: lasted for almost 100 years.
West & Central Africa
1800s European industrialization demanded minerals tropical farm products climates and rich soils of
West Africa were perfect for growing products such as:
Cocoa Peanuts Rubber
European countries: sought political control led to a period of
colonization: lasted for almost 100 years.
Post-ColonizationPost-ColonizationWest & Central Africa
1976 all of Africa’s countries in this region were independent. Colonization affected the region
Commercial economies est. by Europeans , left many Africans dependent on low wages, unemployed, high illiteracy rate. rival ethnic groups are left to fight
for power in newly independent countries, causing serious political rivalries in the region.
West & Central Africa
1976 all of Africa’s countries in this region were independent. Colonization affected the region
Commercial economies est. by Europeans , left many Africans dependent on low wages, unemployed, high illiteracy rate. rival ethnic groups are left to fight
for power in newly independent countries, causing serious political rivalries in the region.
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & ColonizationEast Africa
1500s the Portuguese built the first European forts along the coast of East Africa.
mid-1800s European and American explorers, missionaries and traders began to venture into the harsh inland. in search of precious minerals and
ivory During the colonization period
Europeans drew colonial boundaries without giving thought to human or physical geography. boundaries divided ethnic groups and
grouped traditional enemies. brought about conflicts that still haunt
the region today.
East Africa 1500s the Portuguese built the first
European forts along the coast of East Africa.
mid-1800s European and American explorers, missionaries and traders began to venture into the harsh inland. in search of precious minerals and
ivory During the colonization period
Europeans drew colonial boundaries without giving thought to human or physical geography. boundaries divided ethnic groups and
grouped traditional enemies. brought about conflicts that still haunt
the region today.
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & ColonizationEast Africa
Europeans colonized much of East Africa the exception of Ethiopia built cities, hospitals, ports,
roads, and schools in the areas
exports included cash crops such as coffee, cotton, tea, and sisal.
Europeans educated Africans: led independence
movements gained their independence
during the 1950s and 60s.
East Africa Europeans colonized much
of East Africa the exception of Ethiopia built cities, hospitals, ports,
roads, and schools in the areas
exports included cash crops such as coffee, cotton, tea, and sisal.
Europeans educated Africans: led independence
movements gained their independence
during the 1950s and 60s.
Post-Colonization Post-Colonization East Africa
East African cultures have given the world a rich heritage of architecture, art, folk tales, and music. rich religious history based on traditional
animist, Islamic, and Christian beliefs. organized into three linguistic groups:
The Nilotic Peoples are primarily herders from the Nile River area on the plains of Sudan.
The Cushiatic speakers live primarily between the Ethiopian highlands and the coast of Somalia.
The Bantu Speakers live farther south and include the Kikuyu of Kenya and the Hutu of Rwanda.
East AfricaEast African cultures have given the world
a rich heritage of architecture, art, folk tales, and music. rich religious history based on traditional
animist, Islamic, and Christian beliefs. organized into three linguistic groups:
The Nilotic Peoples are primarily herders from the Nile River area on the plains of Sudan.
The Cushiatic speakers live primarily between the Ethiopian highlands and the coast of Somalia.
The Bantu Speakers live farther south and include the Kikuyu of Kenya and the Hutu of Rwanda.
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & ColonizationSouthern Africa
In their search for a water route to Asia, Portuguese sailors began exploring the southern African coast in the late 1400s. They began setting up small supply bases along the coast for Asian bound ships.
In 1652, the Dutch set up a small farming settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. They were joined by French and Germans and became known as the Boers. These Europeans began to consider Africa their home and called themselves Afrikaners. In time they developed their own language called Afrikaans.
Southern Africa In their search for a water route
to Asia, Portuguese sailors began exploring the southern African coast in the late 1400s. They began setting up small supply bases along the coast for Asian bound ships.
In 1652, the Dutch set up a small farming settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. They were joined by French and Germans and became known as the Boers. These Europeans began to consider Africa their home and called themselves Afrikaners. In time they developed their own language called Afrikaans.
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & Colonization
Southern Africa In the 1800s Great Britain
took over the Cape and forced the Afrikaners inland to escape British rule.
The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a mass immigration of
Europeans into the area massive conflicts between
the British and Afrikaners for control of the region.
Southern Africa In the 1800s Great Britain
took over the Cape and forced the Afrikaners inland to escape British rule.
The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a mass immigration of
Europeans into the area massive conflicts between
the British and Afrikaners for control of the region.
European Contact & ColonizationEuropean Contact & ColonizationSouthern Africa
African independence movements led to independence for most of
Southern Africa by 1980 conflicts continued in areas such
as Mozambique and Angola. Worst of these conflicts took
place in South Africa b/w the Afrikaners and Native
Africans Apartheid: a system of
segregation laws. These laws were initiated by a
white minority government to rule over the native peoples of the region.
Southern Africa African independence
movements led to independence for most of
Southern Africa by 1980 conflicts continued in areas such
as Mozambique and Angola. Worst of these conflicts took
place in South Africa b/w the Afrikaners and Native
Africans Apartheid: a system of
segregation laws. These laws were initiated by a
white minority government to rule over the native peoples of the region.
South Africa TodaySouth Africa Today Apartheid
countries began placing economic sanctions
Leading this movement to end apartheid was the African National Congress (ANC) which was established in 1912.
In 1990, South African government began disassembling the apartheid
system. freed the ANC’s imprisoned leader
Nelson Mandela.
1994 South Africa held its first elections open to all citizens.
Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa.
Apartheid countries began placing economic
sanctions Leading this movement to end
apartheid was the African National Congress (ANC) which was established in 1912.
In 1990, South African government began disassembling the apartheid
system. freed the ANC’s imprisoned leader
Nelson Mandela.
1994 South Africa held its first elections open to all citizens.
Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa.