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UNIT 7: MILITARY CONFLICT
LESSON 7.3: THE WAR OF 1812
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Warm up
• What do you already know about the War of 1812?
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INTRODUCTION
• The War of 1812 was the second major clash between the United States and Britain in North America. Although neither side won a clear victory, the war gave Americans a strong sense of national pride.
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Foreign Trade Grows
• Although sea travel was dangerous, American economy relied on foreign trade
• Tea and silk from China was extremely valuable
• Ships were constantly leaving American ports for China, as well as S. America, Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea
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War Helps US Trade
• War between France and England in 1790’s helped American shipping
• Many French and British ships stayed home to avoid capture or destruction
• Allowed America to increase profit from trade
• By 1800, almost 1,000 merchant ships trading around the world
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Election of 1804• Jefferson easily won
reelection in 1804 due to successful first term defeating Charles Pinckney 162-14
• US at peace, but France and England at war, and threatened to interfere with American trade
• Resolved threat of Barbary pirates, but now challenged by 2 most powerful European nations
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Neutral Rights
• 1803, shippers could continue business with France and England as long as US remained neutral
• Neutral rights-right to sail seas and not take sides
• By 1805, both nations tired of American “neutrality”
• England blockaded French coast and threatened to search all ships trading with France
• France later announced same deal in regards to trade with England
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British Impressment
• British needed sailors for Navy
• British sailors were poorly paid, fed, and treated causing many of them to desert the Navy
• Often used force to get sailors
• Stop American ships and search for any sailors on board suspected of deserting the British Navy
• Forcing people to serve in navy is called impressment
• 1000’s of American sailors were also impressed into the British Navy
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Attack on the Chesapeake
• British warship, the Leopard, waited outside Virginia
• Intercepted US ship, Chesapeake, demanding to search the ship
• US captain refused and British opened fire killing 3, wounding 18, and damaging the Chesapeake
• Anti-British feelings demanding war
• Jefferson sought different action than war
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Trade Ban
• Embargo Act of 1807, although geared towards England, it banned trade with all foreign countries
• Jefferson wanted to prevent Americans from using go-betweens in the trade ban
• Believed England relied on American agricultural products
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Nonintercourse Act
• Embargo Act destroyed the economy and England traded with Latin America for agricultural products
• Embargo Act repealed on March 1, 1809 replacing it with the Nonintercourse Act, prohibiting trade with only England and France
• Just as successful as Embargo Act
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Election of 1808
• Jefferson decided to follow Washington’s precedent and not run for third term
• Jefferson approved James Madison as Dem-Rep candidate
• Beat Charles Pinckney 122-47 in electoral votes, even though people upset about Embargo Act
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James Madison
• Lots of problems in regards to trade with other countries, causing problems at home and across the world
• Britain continued to stop American ships
• Americans desire for war with Britain increased
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• 1810 – law allowing direct trade with France or Britain, whoever lifted trade restrictions first
• Napoleon tricks American government, by lifting restrictions for France, but still seizing American ships
• Who was the Enemy? France or Britain?
• France had tricked him, but Britain greater threat
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War Hawks• Young group of Republicans
elected to Congress in 1810 from the South and West
• Pressured president to declare war on British
• Also eager to expand nation’s power
• Nationalism – loyalty to their country
• Urged major military spending quadrupling the army’s size
• Federalists in North remain opposed to war
Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of South Carolina
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THE WAR HAWKS-THE DECISION FOR WAR
• Most people who voted for war came from south and west
• Hurt due to British Trade restrictions
• Western farmers also blamed conflict w/ native Americans on British
• Many believed war w/ Britian would help USA gain Canada and end native attacks
• Anger over the impressment of sailors
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June 1, 1812• James Madison asks
Congress for a declaration of war, saying war with Britain is inevitable
• Britain had ended their policy of searching and seizing American ships
• News took so long to travel, Americans had no knowledge of the change
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War Begins
• United States unprepared for war
• Government provided no leadership
• Small army of 7,000• State militias with
50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some too old to fight
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Invade Canada• General William Hull led
army from Detroit to Canada, but had to retreat
• General William Henry Harrison made same attempt with same result
• Declared as long as England controlled Lake Erie, Canada could not be invaded
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Battle of Lake Erie
• Naval battles more successful
• 3 fast frigates, or warships
• Commander Oliver Hazard Perry led Americans in bloody battle on September 10, 1813
• Put-n-Bay, OH• Destroyed British naval
force
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Battle at Lake Erie
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Battle of Thames
• October 5, 1813• British and Native
allies tried to pull back from Detroit now America controlled Lake Erie
• Harrison and troops cut off British and native forces
• Tecumseh killed
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Death of Tecumseh• Also meant death of a
Native American confederation
• In March 1814, Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks, Tecumseh’s tribe in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• Forced them to give up most of their land to the U.S.
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Attack of York
• Americans attacked city of York (present-day Toronto)
• Burned Parliament buildings
• Yet Canada remained unconquered by the U.S.
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British Offensive
• Defeated French in spring of 1814
• Send more troops to America
• August 1814, marched into Washington, DC burning and destroying city
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British Offensive• They then went to attack
Baltimore, but could not enter
• Roads barricaded, harbor was blocked, and over 13,000 militiamen stood guard
• Battle of Fort McHenry, American’s had great losses but still maintained the Fort, shown by the flag still flying
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“Star-Spangled Banner”• Written by Francis Scott
Key after Battle of Fort McHenry
• Originally “Defence of Fort McHenry” and only a poem
• He watched the battle as the bombs burst over the fort at night
• When he woke the next morning, he saw the American flag still flying and got a sense of patriotism
• Not made national anthem until 1931
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British Offensive
• Goal to capture Plattsburgh, key city along Lake Champlain
• Stopped by American naval force on Lake Champlain
• British retreated to Canada after realizing Americans could overtake them
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Treaty of Ghent• December 1814 in
Ghent, Belgium• British realized war in N.
America was too costly and unnecessary
• Ended the war, but did not change any existing borders
• Agreed to release prisoners, lands, and ships obtained during the war
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Battle of New Orleans• Word of treaty took to
long to get to the states, so one more battle took place in December of 1814
• Andrew Jackson led US Army to victory in a bloody battle
• Jackson became known as a war hero due to this, and helped him win the presidency in 1827
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Fall of the Federalists• Opposed war with England• Proposed amendments to the
Constitution and possible secession, or leaving the union at the Hartford Convention
• These grievances seemed unpatriotic once word of Jackson’s victory and the Treaty of Ghent arrived
• War Hawks, although Republican, carried on Federalist philosophy of strong government, focusing on trade, expansion, and military strength
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reflection
• IN YOUR JOURNAL, SUMMARIZE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT THE WAR OF 1812.