UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
PERCEPTION TOWARDS A PPLICATION OF GREEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE
PUBLIC IN TEHRAN CITY, IRAN
MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI
FRSB 2008 8
PERCE PTION TOWARDS A PPLICATION OF GREEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE A MONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLIC
IN TEHRAN CITY, IRAN
MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI PllTRA MALAYSIA
PE RCEPTION TOWAR DS APPLICA TION OF G R EE N ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSI ONALS AND THE PUBLIC
IN TEHRAN C ITY, I RAN
By
MOHAMMA D REZA TAH E RI
Thesis Submitted to ihe School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
September 2008
11
DEDICATION
TO MY LA TE FATHER AND MOTHER,
MY W IFE, M Y SON AND DAUGHTERS
AND
TO ALL OF MY FRIENDS W H O MARTYRIZED IN WAR
111
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Univers i t i Putra Malaysia i n fulfi lment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy
PERCEPTION TO\VARDS APPLICATION OF G REEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLI C
IN TEHRAN CIT Y, I RAN
By
M OHAMMAD REZA TAHERI
September 2008
Chairman: Associate Professor Nordin Abd Rahman, PhD
Faculty: Design and Architecture
The high temperature duri ng the hot season in Iran i s the greatest challenge i n
cool ing down residentia l and commerc ia l buildings i n ci ties because heati ng a n d
cooling cdnsume the h ighest amount o f energy a t the expense o f environmental
quality. Air pol lution, urban heat effect and heat waves, peak energy demands, lack
of green space are amongst the most crit ical environmental issues i n Iranian urban
areas especial ly in Tehran. The study i mplemented a humanistic approach integrated
in a qual i tat ive research methodology to develop a green roof strategy for Iran from
amongst professional experts and publ ic responses for reducing the h i gh temperature.
This study used. in-depth interviews among professionals and public about their
perception towards the appl ication of green roof policy and planning, and thei r
related technical: and vertical landscape. Among the factors interv iewed include the
development of a loca l ized green roof policy, consideration of d ifferent weather
condit ions, adaptation of new irrigat ion and water supply technologies , selection of
plant species, certification, development of an education awareness program, and
IV
m itigation of h igh capital investment. The study used descriptive analys is where it
concluded with severai practical recommendations that the authorities coul d take to
improve the social acceptance and implement the educational awareness program .
They i nclude creating cuiturai behaviour towards green roof pol icy, developing pilot
projects with selected publ ic bui ldings, encouraging part ic ipation of non-profit
organizations i n d isseminati ng information and promoting green roof and vertical
l andscape, forming a green roof forum combining public and professional
participants, addi ng value to green roof pol icy, and deve loping experts and technical
support for the implementation. The study also made several specific
recommendations for the City of Tehran to i mplement green roof pol icy.
In concluding th is study, we m ade several c laims where th is study I) extends green
roof appl ication to arid and semi -arid climatic zones; 2 ) identify technical knowledge
and educational awareness programs as catalysts to promoting green roof pol icy in
Iran; 3) identi fy ing key components rel at ing to green roof systems, bui lding
specifications , i rrigation technologies, and se lection of plant species for further
detai led study; and 4) using a humanistic approach in a research methodology for
understanding and identify the chal lenges and barriers i n i mplementing green roof
policy i n metropoli tan cit ies of Iran . The i mplementation of the green roof policy
w i l l develop further basis for commerc ial i zation of loca l ly-developed research
products that are nat ive and carry low mainte nance costs whi le the publ ic w i l l enjoy
better qual i ty of l ife in cit ies i n Iran. Much future studies wil l be required In
promoting such policy, and the establ i shment of a Green Roof Inst i tute IS
recommended i n Iran to meet th is purpose.
v
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukan kepada Senat Universit i Putra Malaysia sabegai memenuhi syar�t nntllk Ijazah Doktor Fal safah
PERSEPSI TERHADAP APLIKASI BUMBUN G HIJAU DAN LANDSKAP MENEGAK DI KALANGAN PROFESI ONAL DAN ORANG
A W AM DI BANDARA YA TEHRAN, I RAN
Oleh
MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI
September 2008
Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Nordin Abd Rahman, PhD
F akulti: Rekabentuk d:m Senibina
Sllhll t inggi semasa mllsim panas di Iran adalah cabaran utama untuk mendi nginkan
kediaman dan bangllnan pejabat di bandar kerana pemanasan dan pendinginan
menggunakan tenaga yang tertinggi yang mencemarkan kualiti alam sekitar.
Pencemaran lldara, kesan haba perbandaran dan gelombang haba, keperluan tenaga
yang tinggi , kekurangan ruangan hijau adalah di antara isu-isu alam seki tar yang
krit ikal di kawasan perbandaran Iran terutamanya di Tehran. Kajian in i
menggunakan pendekatan kemanusiaan dari kalangan pakar profess ional dan awam
yang di integrasikan di dalam sebuah kaedah penye l idikan kualitat if untllk
membangunkan sebuah strategi peJaksaan pol isi bumbung hijau di Iran bagi
mengurangkan suhu yang tinggi .
Kaj ian in i menggunakan temu ramah mendalam di kalangan profesional dan orang
awam mengenai persepsi mereka terhadap aplikasi pol isi dan perancangan bumbung
hijau di Iran dan aspek teknikul yang berkaitan. Di antara faktor-faktor yang ditemu
ramah termasuklah pembanguna� pol isi yang d iadptasikan kepada keadaan tempatan,
pertimbangan terhadap keadaan cuaca yang berbeza, mengadaptLisikan teknologi
VI
pengairan dan sumber a Ir yang bam. periii l ihan �pesl� tanaman. pensiji lan ,
pembangunan sebuah program pendidikan untuk memperkenalkan teknologi dan
pol isi bumbung hijau dan mengurangkan pelaburan yang t inggi . Kajian i n i
menggunakan analisa deskriptif di mana I<mya memberikan daparan yang
mencadangkan secara prakticai bagaimana untuk memperbaiki penenmaan sosial
dan mengadakan program pendidikan mengenamya. Di anlara cadangan tersebu t
adalah mewujudkan budaya perlakuan yang menyokong pol isi bumbung hijau.
membangunkan sebuah projek peri nt is menggunakan beberapa bangunan awam
terpil ih , menggalakkan pengl ibatan orgamsasl bukan kerajaan di dahlm
menyampaikan maklumat dan �empromosikan bumbung hijau dan landskap
menegak, pembentukan sebuah forum bumbung hijau yang melibatkan profesional
dan orang awam, menambah ni lai kepada pol isi tersebut dan membangunkan sumber
manusia bagi menjayakan implementasi. Kajian i n i turut membuat beberapa
cadangan khusus untuk di implementasi di Bandar Tehran , Iran.
Di akhi r kaj ian, kami i ngin membuat beberapa tuntutan di mana kajian ini telah I )
memanjangkan aplikasi bumbung h i jau ke zan keri ng dan dan separa-kering; 2 )
mengenalpasti i lmu teknikal dan program pendidikan yang boleh menjadi katal i s
untuk mempromosikan pol isi bumbung hijau d i Iran ; 3 ) mengenalpasi komponen
utama mengenai sistem bumbung hijau, spesifikasi bangunan, teknologi penga i ran.
pemi l ihan spesis tanaman untuk kajian lanjutan dan 4) menggunakan pendekatan
kemanusiaan di dalam kaedah penyel id ikan untuk memahami dan mengenalpasti
cabaran dan rint:mgan u n tuk mengimplementasikan polisi bumbung hijau di
bandaraya d i Iran. Implementasi pol i si bumbung h ijau ini akan dikembangkan
dengan lebih mendalam yang mana bolch menghasi lkan produk-produ k penyel idikan
\1\
tempatan yang dapat dlkomersIlkan ydng mana leblh 111,,:,ra tempatan dan mel IbJtkan
ko� penJagaan yang leblh murah selam membolehkan vf3ng awam untuk memkmJl1
kehidupan yang berkualtil d, Iran Lebdl ban) dl.- kaJlan turut dlperlUh.an u ntuk
mempromoslkan polIsl tersebut. dan penubunan <;ebuah Instllllt K3J/dll Bumbung
HiJau adalah dlCadangkan dl Iran untuk mcmenuhl obJektlf tersebut
'v III
ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS
Glory and praIse to be Allah (SWT), the Umnlpotent , On lnl\Clenl ,HlU Ommpre\cIH
for opemng doors of 0pVOflllil.ty to me throughout m y l i fe and for gIVing me the
strength and health to achIeve what I have achIeved so far I hope and pray that I t
does not end here ThIS �tudy could not have been completed successful ly WI thout
the generous aSSI')tance dnd k ind support of many i ndIvIduals and orgamzatlon\
FIrst and foremo'>t, I ,""ould l I ke to express my heartfe l t apprecldtlon to my dedfe�t
mother HaJlah Gohar and late father HdJJl Ahmad who,e ,>upport and encourdgement
has made reach thl:' level of my academlc achIevement I .1\<'0 wl�h to expre\<; my
specIal gratitude to m y belmed wIfe Batool my <;on Ahmad and my d,lUghter<;
(Fatemeh and Maryam) who have dlway<; been d source of strength and .11<;0 \\ ho
shared my burden and contI nuou�ly gl\,e mp \OPpolt dnd encouragement I n
competmg m y study, for whom WIthout them tlll� theSIS ,""ould never bc pO'nlble I
am deeply mdebted to the househo\d� who grdclou�\y ,>hared theIr experIence \\ \th
me by allowmg my assIstants \pecld l ly my brother Al I Reza dnd h l� Wife M,lryam
and also m y sisters Fatemeh dnd Zahrd My hedrtfe l t thanks and apprecldtlon goe<, to
the understandmg wlfe' � fdm i ly e�pecla l ly her father and mother Has<;an All Azam
for the support, saCrIfice, pdtlence, under<,tandlng, throughout the �tudy
I would lIke to express my gratItude to the Government of l'>\amlc Republ Ic 01 Irdn,
the Umverslty of Tehran for the fmancl:!1 a�SI\tance whIch ha<, enabled me to
conduc t thIS study
I X
I would l i ke to express my utmost grati tude to my highly respecteG supervI sor,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nordin Abd Rahman, chairman of my supervisory committee. for
his advice, invaluable guidance, hospitality, support and encour�gement throughout
the period of the study. His patience and understanding have been fuliy exerci�eJ in
assisting me to overcome the many problems of being a foreign student here in
Malaysia. Moreover, I would l ike to acknowledge to the late wife of Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Nordin Abd Rahman. I wi l l not forget her ever.
It is my pleasure to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the chairman of
m y thesis supervisory committee, Professor Dr. Elia� Saiiel-', Associate Professor Dr.
Azizah Seyed Sal im for them patience and persistent guidance in the preparation of
this thesis . They generous suggestions and friendly supervi sion made me reach the
height of my study.
Special thanks are also dedicated to Professor Dr. Mustafa Kamal Mohd. Sharif and
Associate Professor Dr. Rahinah Ibrahim who taught me what a PhD degree entai ls
and how to accompl ish a higher-level research . It i s also my pleasure to thank Dr.
Osman Mohammad Taher, Dr. Suhardi Maulan , Dr. Kamariah Dola, Associate
Professor Dr. Noorizan Mohamed and Mr Mohd Nasir Baaruddin , not forgett ing all
the lecturers and stuffs at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Facu l ty of
Design and Archi tecture, UPM's for their guid�nce and support throughout duri ng
my study.
x
I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 4 July 2008 to conduct the final examination of Mohammad Reza Taheri on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled
"Perception Towards Application of Green Rooftop and Vertical Landscape Among Professionals and the Public in Tehran City, Iran" in accordance with Universiti
Pertanian Malaysia (Higher degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher degree) Regulation 1981. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the
Doctor of Philosophy.
Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:
Kamariah Dola, PhD Lecturer Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Mustapha Kamal Mohd Shariff, PhD Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Suhardi Maulan, PhD Lecturer
Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner)
Julaihi Wahid, PhD Associate Professor School of Housing, Building and Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia (External Examiner)
.<'Ul'I�.LJjJ. GHAZALI, PhD Professo uty Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 26 August 2008
Thi s thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfilment of the requi rement for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy_
Members of the Supervisory Committee were as fol lows:
Nordin A bd Rahman, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Elias Salleh, PhD Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Azizah Seyed Salim, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universit i Putra Malaysia (Member)
XII
-e ··1�· J AINI IDE RIS, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date : I I September 2008
DECLARA TION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations
and citations, which have bee n duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra
Malaysia or other institutions.
X III
DEDICATION ABSTRACT
TABLE O F CONTENTS
ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARA TION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND AC RONYIVIS LIST OF APPENDIC ES
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1 . 1 Background of study 1 .2 Problem statement 1 .3 Importance of study 1 .4 Research questions 1 .5 Main goal and research objecti ves
2 LITE RA TURE REV IEW
Page
lii IV VI I X XI
XIII xvii xix XXI
xxiii
2 7 9 13 1 3
1 5
2 . 1 I ntroduction 1 5 2 . 1 . 1 What are the green roofs? 1 5 2. 1 .2 What are vertical landscapes? 2 1 2. 1 .3 Reasons for green roof and vertical landscape 23 2. 1 .4 Effect of green roof and vert ical landscape on cooli ng of bui lding 23 2 . 1 .5 Extends l i fe of the roof 27 2. 1 .6 Greatly reduces interior sound levels and noise barriers 2 7 2 . 1 .7 Environmental ly friend ly 28 2 . 1 .8 Restores ecological and aesthetic value to open spaces 28 2 . 1 .9 Storm water management 28 2 . 1 . 1 0 Rooftop gardening and agricu lture 29
2.2 B ackground and h istory
2.3 Development, transition and usage of green roofs and wal l s 2 .3 . 1 Green roof and vertical landscape in the Europe 2 .3 .2 Green roof and vertical landscape in the North America 2 .3 .3 Green roof and vertical landscape in the As ia and Ocean ia
2.4 General characteristics of Iran 2 .4. 1 Climate and weather
2.5 Architectural style and roof shapes
30
32 34 37 42
5 1 53
54
2.6 Historical transition usage from Persian garden till green roof and wal l 55 2.6. 1 Clay straw house 56 2.6.2 Persian tradit ional courtyards 58 2.6.3 Traditional green wal ls in Iran 60
XIV
3
2.6.4 Contemporary green roofs and vert ical landscapes in I ran
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
3.2
Methodological framework
Theoretica i framework
3.3 Data collection techniques 3 .3. 1 Literature study 3.3.2 Semi -stmctured-i nterview 3.3.3 Pho to-i nterviewing m ethod for publ ic people 3.3.4 Content analysis 3.3.5 Observation and s i te v is i t 3.3.6 Photo documentation 3.3.7 Secondary data
3.4 Data col lection procedures 3.4.1 S3mpl ing design, fram e and size
3.5 Source of data 3.5.1 Prim ary data 3.5.2 Secondary data
3.6 Questionnaire design 3 .6. 1 Ma in contents of the quest ionnaire 3.6.2 Questionnaire sections 3.6.3 Items Selection Cri teri a 3.6.4 Question ,wording 3.6.5 Sequences of the questions 3.6.6 Pre-test ing of the quest ionnaire
3.7 Data analysis 3.7.1 Descriptive analy s i s 3.7.2 Site vis i t and observation
62
73
73
76
79
79
80
83
84
85
86
86
87
88
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
94
94
94
95 97
97
4 The perception of green roof and vertical landscape among the experts 99
4.1
4.2
4.3 4.4
4.5
Introduction
Demographic profi le of respondents' professionals
Distribution professionals' respondent to policy making profiles
Distribution of professionals' response to technical i ssues
Summary of chapter four
99
100
102
117
121
5 The Perception of green roof and vertical landscape among the public 124
5.1 Introduction 124
5.2 Public respondents' profi le 124
5.3 Publ ic opi nion regardi ng green roof and vertical l andscape 126
5.3. i R esults on overcoming percei ved damages when implementing
5.4
green roofs
Summary of chapter fi ve
xv
i3!
136
6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Summary of l i terature review 138
6.3 Summary of research methodology 140
6.4 Summary of resul ts on professionai response 141
6.5 Summary of resu l ts of publ ic responses 144
6.6 Recommendations for green roof policy and p lanning 146
-6.6.1 Develop a local ized policy 146 6.6.2 Consider d ifferent weather condi tion 146 -6.6.3 Irrigation and water supply 147 -
-6.6.4 Plant species 148 6.6.5 Green roof certification, warrantee, insurance 148 6.6.6 Developing an education awareness program me 148 6.6.7 Mitigating high capi tal investment 149
-6.6.8 Bui lding requirements 149
6.7 Improving soc ial acceptance and implementation of education awareness programme ISO
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
Specific recommendations for the City of Tehran
Knowledge contributions
Impacts of study
Future studies
Conclusions
REFER ENCES APPENDICES LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BIODA TA OF STUDENT
XV!
IS3
155
156
156·
157
J59 168 189 190
Table 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
LIST OF TABLES
Demographic profi le of respondents (professionals)
Profi le of field of professionals
Present posi tion held of professionals
Years of working experience (in l andscaping of u rban area)
Distribut ion of professionals respondent concerning green roof planning and pol icy' s profi le (Forced-choice questions' section B)
Ways promoting Green Roof & Vertical Landscape to professionals
Distribut ion of professionals' respondent about reasons that can create motives in green roofs development in ci t ies (Forced-choice questions' section B)
Level attraction tmvards advantages of green roof
Professional s opinion levels' agreement to overcome the perceived damages to the bui ld i ngs implementi ng green roof appl ication
Pages 100
101
101
102
103
104
106
107
108
4.10 Barriers and chal l enges against implementation and populari ty of 110 green roofs in cities of Iran from experts ' opinion
4.11 High l i ghted encouragi ng variety items toward green roof planning 112 and pol i cy (experts' opinion)
4.12 High l ighted best places for starting of green roof and vertical 113 landscape from viewpoint of local professionals
4.13 Experts' opinion regarding degree of important the green roofs 114
4.14 Professionals' suggestion concerni ng best choices to motlvate green 115 roofs establishment to Iranian
4.15 Requirement of high quality establish ing green roof pol icy p lanni ng 116 from viewpoints of l ocal professionals
4.16 Sui tabi li ty of governm ental organization responsibi l i ty concern on 116 green roof advance from professiona ls ' opinion
4.17 Appropriate of techniques to solve the problem of the lack of 117 i rrigat ion water concern on green roof advance from professionals' Opll1 10n
4.18 Percentage or el igibi l ity toward i mport of green root equ ipmems 118
XVII
4.19 Concern regarding damage and green roof bui ldings 119
4.20 Percentage of el igibi l i ty of different type of roof structure for green 119 roof in Iranian build ing
4.21 Suitab i l ity of different type of roof- for green roof in Iranian building 120
5.1 Gender and age of respondents (Public) 125
5.2 Educational backgrou nd of respondents (Public) 125
5.3 Occupation types of respondents (public) 126
5.4 Distribution of publ ic people respondent concemlllg green roof 128 plann i ng and pol icy' profi le
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Ways of promoting Green Roof and vertical Landscape to public
Publ ic opinion concerning advantages of green roof
Ways to improve publ ic perception on damage caused by green roof
Barriers and chal lenges against i mp lementation and popularity of green roofs in cit ies of Iran from public' opin ion
Recommendation to i ncrease acceptance of green roof and vertical landscape
130
130
132
133
135
L IST O F FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Potential of rooftop surface for green roof, common buildings design in
Tehran
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
Potential of Tehran balconies and roofs for vertical landscape, Ekbatan
b uildings in Tehran
An extensive green roof covers the garage providing an aesthetically pleasing view for the building occupants
Roof garden in Britain, Gateway house, Basingstoke
Schematic view of layers of roof garden design
Vertical landscape system types
Schematic illustration of Babylon hanging garden
Schematic vie\v of Babylon hanging garden
A cross building, Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan
Across building , Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan
Bio-Lung , Expo, 2005 Aichi Japan
Roof garden in Regent international hotels Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia
Located, geographical and climatic map of Iran
Place of Ali Ghapu in Emam Sq uare, historical center of Isfahan, Iran
Place of Ali Ghapu and ablution pool roof on the second floor Isfahan,
Iran
2.14 Olya School Turf roof, Ferdows, Iran
Pages 5
5
16
17
18
21
30
31
44
45
47
50
52
56
56
57
2.15 A view of Sod roof, Rasht, (ran 57
2.16 A view of Palm tree, Ghasr -e- shireen ,West of Iran 57
2.17 Traditional courtyard, Amir Agha's house, restored 18th century in 59 Kashan- Iran
2.18 Traditional courtyard, Edifice of Eram Garden, Shiraz, Iran 60
2.19 Vitis Vine (Vilis Vinifera 'Brant') designed in different stages in South 61 of Tehran, Iran
XIX
2.20 Vertical p lanting on crib wall to soften the views along the Highways of Tehran , I ran
. 2 1 Common apartmen t roof garden b y the planting tree i n north of Tehran
2.22 Common villa apartment by roof garden in North West of Tehran
2.23 A v i ew skyscraper by roof garden in North West of Tehran.
2.24 A view Skyscraper roof garden by Honeysuckle (Lonicera Tragophyl la)
2.25 Roof top garden on the parking i n North of Tehran, I ran
2.26 Vertical landscape by B oston ivy (Parthenocissus Tricuspidata 'Vei tc h i i') in North of I ran
2 . 27 Rooftop garden balconies by Hedra I v y (Hedera h el i x spp) in North West o f Tehran, Iran
2.28 Balconies Rooftop garden in North W est of Tehran, Iran
2.29 Extensive green roof i n center of Tehran, Iran
2.30 Various rooftops landscaping in d i fferent buildi ngs and zones of Tehran, I ran
63
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
69
69
2.31 Azadi square and tower from western view, Tehran, Iran 71
2 .32 Figure 2.32: An aerial view of Azadi square and tower, 71
3 . I Shows a s impl ified strategy model of how the study was done 76
6.1 Shows a s implified s trategy typical sustilinable p lanning process toward 157
green roof and vertical l andscape
xx
TEAM
SPSS
KW h r
MRTs
ZVG
In
ft2
ETF
UHI
dB
CO
IFCO
SBS
LAI
UPM
EPDM
CGO
HDB
Psf
CCGT
EPA
USD
PVC
BES
UNE SCO
CASBEE
SEGE S
JPBD
FLL
GALK
TPO
EPDM
DAKU
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Technol ogy for Early Action Measures
Statistical Package for Social Science
Kilowatt hour
Mean rad i ation temperatures
Germany's Central Horticu lture Society
inch (I i nch= 2.540 cm)
Square feet
Environme ntal Task Force
Urban heat i sland
Decibel
Carbon Ox idant
Iranian Fue l Conservation Organization
Waterproofing layer product
Leaf area i ndex
University Putra Malaysia
Waterproofing layer product
Combined Sewer Overflow
Singapore Housing and Deve lopment B oard
Pound per square foot
Chicago C e nter for Green Technology
U.S Env i ronmental Protection Agency
United States dollars
Poly·vinyl Chloride
Bureau of Environmentai Service
United National Educational
Japanese guideline which contain gree n roof guide
Japanese guidel ine which contain green roof guide
Malays ian 's Department of Town and Country Planning
Germany ' s research soc iety for landscape construction and development The park administrators i n the German League of Citi es
Thermai Polyo!efin
Ethylene Propylene
Germany's Greell Roof B rand Name
XXI
ZinCo
NPB
NUS
KLIA
SCI
NYEIS
B .C
SCM
CHN
SGRVLP
Germany's Green Roof Brand Name
S i ngapore National Parks Board
S i ngapore National University S i ngapore
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Stati stic Centre of Iran
New York Ecologicai Infrastructure Study
Before Christ
Sandu Cul tural i',1edia (Japanese Publisher)
Iranian Cultural Heritage News Agency
Sustai nable Green Roof and Vertical Landscape P lanning
XXII
Appendix A
Appeildix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
T ehran, Abadan, and Tabriz stereographic diagram 172
Clima!ic condition of capital of Iran's provinces (2002-03) ] 75
Example questionnaire form for professionals interview ] 77
Example questionnaire form for public people interview 187
XXIII
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Iran has a surface area of 1.648.000 km� and lies between 25 and 40 degree latitude.
Nearly, 23% of this surface is completely covered by deserts. Plateau of Iran enjoys a
relatively dry climate with average annual precipitation of 275mm considering these
climatic points; the crucial i mportance of green-spaces-development ip. Iran becomes
more obvious. Moreover, with the excessi\'e urbanization, the population explosion
in the cities of Iran, the increase of the land price in recent years, and the
construction of buildings on unequal surfaces in height, the extension and
employment of green spaces in the cities has decreased notably and has become one
of the most challenged issues in the country. Besides this, concentration of buildings
in cities tri ggers various environmental problems such as urban heat effect. The
Increase 111 urban heat effect is mainly due iO the loss of green spaces and
consequently caused climate change in urban areas.
In the development of green spaces, the emj11nyment of greell roof and vertical
iandscape has become a preferred choice where the access to enough spaces and land
is l imited for employment of traditional yards, especially In residential
condomini ums and high rise buildings. The term green roof refers to planned
vegetation on the rooftop. It can be divided into two groups: extensive and i ntensive.
Green roof is also defined as 'contained' green spaces on top of human-made
structures (Peck, et al., 1999; Boivin & Challies 1 998; Osmundson, 1 999; Nielsen,
2004). Vertical landscape involves grO\ving piants on walls. It includes vertical
green, bio-Iung, vertical g,lIdcn, facade greening, bio-walL living wall, green wall