Download - vertical-transportation (mechanical)
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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture
Lecture 9
Vertical TransportationElevators Design ConsiderationsElevator Selection Parameters
Example Problem
Lecture 9
Vertical TransportationElevators Design ConsiderationsElevator Selection Parameters
Example Problem
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Vertical TransportationVertical TransportationVertical TransportationVertical Transportation
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ClassificationClassification
Elevators Passenger Freight Special
service
Escalators
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TypesTypes
Elevators traction
gearless medium-high speed passenger
geared low speed passenger hydraulic
plunger hole-less roped
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Performance CriteriaPerformance CriteriaIdeal Performance: minimum waiting time comfortable acceleration rapid transportation smooth/rapid slowing accurate leveling rapid loading/unloading quick/quiet door operation good visual travel direction/floor indicators easily operated controls comfortable lighting reliable emergency equipment smooth/safe operation of mechanical equipment
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Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards
ANSI/ASME Code A17.1
NFPA 101 Life Safety CodeNFPA 70 ElectricalANSI A117.1 Barrier Free
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Elevator Design Elevator Design ConsiderationsConsiderationsElevator Design Elevator Design ConsiderationsConsiderations
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Passenger Elevator Passenger Elevator ComponentsComponents
Traction Elevator car cables elevator machine controls counterweight hoistway rails penthouse pit
S: p. 1395, F.31.1
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Traction Elevator Traction Elevator ComponentsComponents
Machine room 8’-6” minimum clear
Bottom of Beam (OH) 17’-6” – 20’6’’
Travel number of floors
Pit (P) 10’-1” – 11-5”
S: p. 1439, F.31.29
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Passenger Elevator Passenger Elevator ComponentsComponents
Hydraulic car plunger/piston/jack elevator machine controls hoistway rails penthouse/headway pit
S: p. 1400, F.31.5
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Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic Elevator ComponentsComponents
Machine room 7’-9” minimum clear
Bottom of Beam (OH) 12’-0” – 12’3’’
Pit (P)/Plunger 4’-0” Travel +2’-6”
S: p. 1402, F.31.6
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Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations
Door openings >3’-6” for
simultaneous loading/unloading
<3’-6” for singular loading
S: p. 1405, F.31.11
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Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations
Doors single slide (24-36”) center opening (42-
60”) two-speed, side
opening (42”) two-speed, center
opening (60”)
S: p. 1406, F.31.12
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Elevator Selection Elevator Selection ParametersParametersElevator Selection Elevator Selection ParametersParameters
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time average time between departure of cars from
lobby
Waiting time average time spent
by a passenger between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby in a car
equals (0.6 x I)S: p. 1421, T.31.4
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Car passenger capacity (p) passengers per car
S: p. 1422, T.31.5
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Handling Capacity (HC) maximum number of passengers handled in a 5
minute period when expressed as a percentage of the
building population it is called percent handling capacity (PHC)
HC= 300(p)I
S: p. 1422, T.31.6
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Average trip time (AVTRP) average time from
passengers from arriving in lobby to leaving car at upper floor
Note: car size floor to floor height
S: p. 1424, F.31.20
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Round-trip time (RT) average time required for
a car to make a round trip
S: p. 1425, F.31.21
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ParametersParameters
Building population typical area per person based on net area and
building type
S: p. 1423, T.31.7
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ParametersParameters
Office building efficiency net usable area as a
percentage of gross area
S: p. 1423, T.31.8
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ParametersParameters
Elevator equipment recommendations building type car capacity rise speed
S: p. 1432, T.31.9
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SizingSizing EquationsEquations
Handling capacity (HC): HC=300p/I
Interval (I): I=RT/N
5-min. handling capacity (h): h=300p/RT
Number of cars (N): N=HC/h
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Elevator Design ExampleElevator Design ExampleElevator Design ExampleElevator Design Example
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Example ProblemExample Problem
Design an elevator system for a 10 story, single purpose tenant, office building that provides an “good” level of service.
Construction level is “normal”
Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor
Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each
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1. Determine Percent Handling 1. Determine Percent Handling Capacity (PHC)Capacity (PHC)
Office building Investment
range 11.5-13 %say 12%
PHC=0.12
S: p. 1422, T.31.6
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2. Determine Interval (I)2. Determine Interval (I)
Office building “Good” service
I=25-29 sec
S: p. 1421, T.31.4
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3. Determine Building 3. Determine Building PopulationPopulation
Office building Single tenantNormal construction
range 90-110 sf/personsay 100 sf/person
Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf 100sf/personPop=1350 people
S: p. 1423, T.31.7
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4. Determine Handling 4. Determine Handling Capacity (HC)Capacity (HC)
PHC=0.12 HC=0.12 x 1350 people
HC= 162 people
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5. Determine Rise & Select 5. Determine Rise & Select CarCar
9 floors (above lobby)
12’-0” floor-floor
Rise=9 x 12’-0’
Rise=108’
Select Car:2500# car@400 fpm
S: p. 1432, T.31.9
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6. Determine Average 6. Determine Average Trip Time (AVTRP)Trip Time (AVTRP)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car400 fpm9 floors
AVTRP= 64 sec
S: p. 1425, F.31.21
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7. Determine Round 7. Determine Round Trip Time (RT)Trip Time (RT)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car9 floors 400 fpm
RT= 112 sec
S: p. 1428, F.31.23
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8. Verify Single Car Capacity 8. Verify Single Car Capacity (p)(p)
2500# car
p= 13 people
S: p. 1422, T.31.5
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9. Determine 5-minute 9. Determine 5-minute Handling Capacity (h)Handling Capacity (h)
h=300p/RT
h= 300 x 13/112
h= 34.8 people
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10. Determine number of cars 10. Determine number of cars (N)(N)
N=HC/h
N= 162/34.8
N= 4.7 cars say 5 cars
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11. Confirm Interval (I)11. Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/5
I= 22.4 sec
Required I 25-29 sec
Design exceeds performance requirements
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12. Repeat Until 12. Repeat Until Performance CompliesPerformance Complies
Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
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11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/4
I= 28 sec
Required I 25-29 sec
Design meets performance requirements
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12. Repeat Until 12. Repeat Until Performance CompliesPerformance Complies
Performance is in compliance
Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
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Elevator Lobby Elevator Lobby RequirementsRequirementsElevator Lobby Elevator Lobby RequirementsRequirements
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Lobby ParametersLobby Parameters
Proximity to other cars single zone multizone
Proximity to emergency exits/egress stairs
Adjacent to main lobby
S: p. 1438, F.31.27
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Lobby SizingLobby SizingSize based on peak interval 15 or 20 minute peak time 5 sf/person
From previous example using 15 minute peak
h=34.8 people/5-min. 104.4 people/15 min.
Area= 104.4 people x 5 sf/person = 522 sf
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