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New Ideas and Revolutions
Weeks 9 & 10
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Overview• 1750 – 1820• Enlightenment• Military Revolution• Imperial Expansion• Seven Years’ War• American Revolution• French Revolution• Other Revolutions• https://youtu.be/n725zX3zIk0
• Read Ch. 15
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
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The Enlightenment• Scientific Revolution
– Scientific Method, Sir Francis Bacon
– Sir Isaac Newton• The Philosophes
– John Locke• Tabula Rasa
– Jean-Jacques Rousseau• Social Contract
– Diderot– Benjamin Franklin– Thomas Jefferson– Thomas Day
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776
• Self-interest is good– Compare with other philosophes
• Mercantilism vs. free trade• Laissez-faire• “the Invisible Hand”• Division of Labor
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Voltaire
• François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
• Middle Class• Beliefs
– Torture and slavery– Religion– Monarchs and Nobles
• Candide (1759)• Age of Voltaire
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European Military Revolution
• 15th – 18th Centuries– 1560 – 1660
• Changes– Fortifications– Technology– Nobility– Training– Size
Mons Meg, Scotland, 1449
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Krak des Chevaliers, 12th Century
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Fort Bourtange, 1593
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Fortresses
Castillo de San Marcos, late 17th C Fort Belgica, 1611
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Imperial Expansion • 18th century stability• Why expand?• Absolutism and Mercantilism• Qing China
– Manchus, 1644– Ming, defeated 1680
• Great Britain– Civil War, 1642-1646– Glorious Revolution, 1688– Act of Union, 1707– Hanoverians
• Similarities– Gentry– White Lotus Rebellion– American Revolution
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The Qing Empire, 1644–1911
11
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
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The British Empire, c. 1700
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Refinement
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The Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War (1756-1763)
• Mercantilism • Sides
– Britain, Prussia, Portugal– France, Austria, Sweden,
Russia, Spain• The Ohio Country
– “Half-King”• Battle of the Monongahela,
1755• Battle of Plassey, 1757• Battle of Rossbach, 1757• Battle of the Plains of
Abraham, 1759• Results
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Col. George Washington,Charles Wilson Peale, 1772
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Jumonville Glen
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Fort Necessity
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Fort Necessity
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Fort Necessity
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India
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European Empires
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The New British Empire
• Problems• Average British tax: 25x
American• Proclamation Line of
1763• Stamp Act, 1765• Tea Act, 1773
– British East India Company
• Virtual Representation
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The American Revolution• Colonial reaction:
– Boston Massacre, 1770– Boston Tea Party, 1773– Continental Congress, 1774
• April 1775, Lexington and Concord
• Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation• What went wrong?
– Mercantilism vs. Free Trade– the British King– Republican Government
• Social Contract– Benign Neglect
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American Independence
• Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
• Fall 1777, Battle of Saratoga
• Foreign Intervention– Benjamin Franklin
• October 1781, Yorktown• Treaty of Paris, 1783
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United States of America, 1783
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The American Constitution• Articles of Confederation• Shays’ Rebellion, 1786
– Paper currency & Bonds• Constitutional
Convention 1787• Revolutionary Goals:
– Popular sovereignty– Republican government– Free trade– Free markets– Free labor
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The Old Order in France• Economic Crisis
– Environment– Wars– Fiscal system– Ideas
• Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774-1792)– Marie Antoinette
• Reform ministers• Estates-General, May 1789
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The Calling of the Estates, May 1789• Estates-General
– 1st Estate: the Church, “those who pray”
– 2nd Estate: the Nobility, “those who fight”
– 3rd Estate: the Commoners, “those who work”
• June 17, 3rd Estate votes itself the National Assembly
• June 20, Tennis Court Oath
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Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
• King at first supports National Assembly, but hedges bets– Fires reform ministers– Calls up soldiers
• Peasants restless in Paris and elsewhere
• Bastille– Prison, symbol– Weapons– Nat’l Assembly saved
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Key to the Bastille
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Timeline of the Revolution• June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly• Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly• Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention
– April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety• Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction• Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory• Napoleon
– Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul”– 1802, Consul for life– 1804, Emperor
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Aftermath • Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen, August 26– Olympe de Gouges
• Women’s March on Versailles, October 5
• June 1791, Royal Family flees
• New Constitution, Sept 1791• War, April 1792• King arrested, Aug 1792
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The French Republic• Jacobins• Louis XIV• Maximilien Robespierre
(1758-1794) • Committee of Public Safety• The Reign of Terror, 1793-
1794• Guillotine: 10,000s killed
– 26 killed/day in Paris, officially
• Marat (1743-1793)David, Death of Marat, 1793
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The Republic of Virtue
• Liberty, Equality and Fraternity– “Citizen”
• Scientific Government• Dechristianization• Cult of the Supreme Being• New Calendar
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The Flags of France
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The Entombent of Christby Caravaggio, 1603
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A New Calendar!
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Rise of Napoleon
• Robespierre arrested, July 27, 1794
• France’s Revolutionary Army• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-
1821)– Paris, 1795– Italy, 1796– Egypt, 1798-1799
• Mamluks • July 21, 1798, Battle of the
Pyramids
Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801
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Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799
The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids, 1799
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Napoleon’s Reign
• 1804, Emperor • Accomplishments
– Pope– Napoleonic Code– Grand Army
• 1812, Invasion of Russia• 1814, Exiled to Elba• 1815, Battle of Waterloo• Final exile to St. Helena
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
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Coronation of Napoleon, David, 1805-1808
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The First French Empire
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Haiti/Saint-Domingue
• Classes– Gens de couleur
• Revolution, 1791• Toussaint L’Ouverture• Slavery abolished, 1793• Invasion, 1802-1804
– Louisiana– Massacres
• Results
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Other Revolutions • China
– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)
• Egypt– Muhammad Ali (r. 1801 -1848)
• Greece, 1820s• Latin America
– Mexico, 1821– South America – Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)– Gran Colombia (1819-1830)– Brazil, 1822
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The Ottoman Empire, 19th Century
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Latin America