New Ideas and Revolutions

Weeks 9 & 10

Overview• 1750 – 1820• Enlightenment• Military Revolution• Imperial Expansion• Seven Years’ War• American Revolution• French Revolution• Other Revolutions• https://youtu.be/n725zX3zIk0

• Read Ch. 15

Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808

The Enlightenment• Scientific Revolution

– Scientific Method, Sir Francis Bacon

– Sir Isaac Newton• The Philosophes

– John Locke• Tabula Rasa

– Jean-Jacques Rousseau• Social Contract

– Diderot– Benjamin Franklin– Thomas Jefferson– Thomas Day

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

• An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776

• Self-interest is good– Compare with other philosophes

• Mercantilism vs. free trade• Laissez-faire• “the Invisible Hand”• Division of Labor

Voltaire

• François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)

• Middle Class• Beliefs

– Torture and slavery– Religion– Monarchs and Nobles

• Candide (1759)• Age of Voltaire

European Military Revolution

• 15th – 18th Centuries– 1560 – 1660

• Changes– Fortifications– Technology– Nobility– Training– Size

Mons Meg, Scotland, 1449

Krak des Chevaliers, 12th Century

Fort Bourtange, 1593

Fortresses

Castillo de San Marcos, late 17th C Fort Belgica, 1611

Imperial Expansion • 18th century stability• Why expand?• Absolutism and Mercantilism• Qing China

– Manchus, 1644– Ming, defeated 1680

• Great Britain– Civil War, 1642-1646– Glorious Revolution, 1688– Act of Union, 1707– Hanoverians

• Similarities– Gentry– White Lotus Rebellion– American Revolution

The Qing Empire, 1644–1911

11

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Education.

The British Empire, c. 1700

Refinement

The Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War (1756-1763)

• Mercantilism • Sides

– Britain, Prussia, Portugal– France, Austria, Sweden,

Russia, Spain• The Ohio Country

– “Half-King”• Battle of the Monongahela,

1755• Battle of Plassey, 1757• Battle of Rossbach, 1757• Battle of the Plains of

Abraham, 1759• Results

Col. George Washington,Charles Wilson Peale, 1772

Jumonville Glen

Fort Necessity

Fort Necessity

Fort Necessity

India

European Empires

The New British Empire

• Problems• Average British tax: 25x

American• Proclamation Line of

1763• Stamp Act, 1765• Tea Act, 1773

– British East India Company

• Virtual Representation

The American Revolution• Colonial reaction:

– Boston Massacre, 1770– Boston Tea Party, 1773– Continental Congress, 1774

• April 1775, Lexington and Concord

• Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation• What went wrong?

– Mercantilism vs. Free Trade– the British King– Republican Government

• Social Contract– Benign Neglect

American Independence

• Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

• Fall 1777, Battle of Saratoga

• Foreign Intervention– Benjamin Franklin

• October 1781, Yorktown• Treaty of Paris, 1783

United States of America, 1783

The American Constitution• Articles of Confederation• Shays’ Rebellion, 1786

– Paper currency & Bonds• Constitutional

Convention 1787• Revolutionary Goals:

– Popular sovereignty– Republican government– Free trade– Free markets– Free labor

The Old Order in France• Economic Crisis

– Environment– Wars– Fiscal system– Ideas

• Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774-1792)– Marie Antoinette

• Reform ministers• Estates-General, May 1789

The Calling of the Estates, May 1789• Estates-General

– 1st Estate: the Church, “those who pray”

– 2nd Estate: the Nobility, “those who fight”

– 3rd Estate: the Commoners, “those who work”

• June 17, 3rd Estate votes itself the National Assembly

• June 20, Tennis Court Oath

Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789

• King at first supports National Assembly, but hedges bets– Fires reform ministers– Calls up soldiers

• Peasants restless in Paris and elsewhere

• Bastille– Prison, symbol– Weapons– Nat’l Assembly saved

Key to the Bastille

Timeline of the Revolution• June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly• Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly• Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention

– April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety• Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction• Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory• Napoleon

– Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul”– 1802, Consul for life– 1804, Emperor

Aftermath • Declaration of the Rights of

Man and the Citizen, August 26– Olympe de Gouges

• Women’s March on Versailles, October 5

• June 1791, Royal Family flees

• New Constitution, Sept 1791• War, April 1792• King arrested, Aug 1792

The French Republic• Jacobins• Louis XIV• Maximilien Robespierre

(1758-1794) • Committee of Public Safety• The Reign of Terror, 1793-

1794• Guillotine: 10,000s killed

– 26 killed/day in Paris, officially

• Marat (1743-1793)David, Death of Marat, 1793

The Republic of Virtue

• Liberty, Equality and Fraternity– “Citizen”

• Scientific Government• Dechristianization• Cult of the Supreme Being• New Calendar

The Flags of France

The Entombent of Christby Caravaggio, 1603

A New Calendar!

Rise of Napoleon

• Robespierre arrested, July 27, 1794

• France’s Revolutionary Army• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-

1821)– Paris, 1795– Italy, 1796– Egypt, 1798-1799

• Mamluks • July 21, 1798, Battle of the

Pyramids

Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801

Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799

The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids, 1799

Napoleon’s Reign

• 1804, Emperor • Accomplishments

– Pope– Napoleonic Code– Grand Army

• 1812, Invasion of Russia• 1814, Exiled to Elba• 1815, Battle of Waterloo• Final exile to St. Helena

Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808

Coronation of Napoleon, David, 1805-1808

The First French Empire

Haiti/Saint-Domingue

• Classes– Gens de couleur

• Revolution, 1791• Toussaint L’Ouverture• Slavery abolished, 1793• Invasion, 1802-1804

– Louisiana– Massacres

• Results

Other Revolutions • China

– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)

• Egypt– Muhammad Ali (r. 1801 -1848)

• Greece, 1820s• Latin America

– Mexico, 1821– South America – Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)– Gran Colombia (1819-1830)– Brazil, 1822

The Ottoman Empire, 19th Century

Latin America