![Page 1: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CELL DIVISION
![Page 2: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why do cells Divide?
For Growth Development Repair Reproduction
Larger cells:
- can miscommunication with DNA
- have trouble processing information
- struggle to exchange materials
across the membrane (SA:V)
![Page 3: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell Division
Two Types of reproductionAsexual Reproduction
○ Genetically identical offspring from a single parent’s cells dividing
Sexual Reproduction○ Fusion of sex cells from 2
individuals
![Page 4: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Advantages of Reproduction Types Asexual: Survival Strategy for single celled
organismsOffspring are genetically identical to parent.Occurs rapidly under favorable conditions.Lower energy input
Sexual: Survival Strategy for multi-cellular organismsOffspring are genetically varied from parentAn advantage in environments that change
frequentlyHigher energy input
![Page 5: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cell Division
A single cell divides into 2 daughter cells
![Page 6: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
A Series of steps a cell goes through
Growth of the cell / parts Synthesis of new DNA Division of the cell
![Page 7: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cell Division
The Beginning of the Cycle is called Interphase G1- intense growth and making of
new proteins and organelles S - new DNA is synthesized so 2
copies of the chromosomes exist G2 – Preparation and replicating
organelles
![Page 8: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
A Series of steps a cell goes through:
-growth, preparation, division
B. Prokaryotes:
- asexual reproduction called
binary fission
C. Eukaryotes
- Four phases: G1, S, G2, and M
![Page 9: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
The Second Stage in the cycle is Mitosis
(division of nucleus and cytoplasm)
![Page 10: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
III. Chromosomes
A. Packages of DNA (genetic information) that is bundled together.
centromere
chromatids
Duplicated chromosome
![Page 12: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chromosomes (cont.)
B. Prokaryotes-Contain single, circular chromosome.
Bacterial chromosome plasmids
![Page 13: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chromosomes (cont)C. Eukaryotes
-contain multiple chromosomes
-Chromatin -DNA is generally
wrapped around proteins called
histones.
![Page 14: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Counting Chromosomes
Chromosomes can have one or two sets of DNA.
Count chromosomes by counting the number of centromeres
![Page 15: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
a. Mitosis
Prophase –
1. genetic material
condenses
2. chromosomes become
visible
3. spindle starts to form
4. nuclear envelope
disappears
![Page 16: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mitosis (cont.)
Metaphase –
1. Duplicated chromosomes line up in middle
2. Spindle fibers connect to centromeres
![Page 17: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mitosis (cont)
Anaphase –
1. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
![Page 18: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mitosis (cont)
Telophase
1. Condensed chromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin.
2. Nuclear envelope
re-forms
![Page 19: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
b. Cytokinesis
-division of the cytoplasm
-splits parent cell into identical 2 daughter cells
![Page 20: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cytokinesis (cont)Animal Cells: membrane pinches inward
Plant Cells: cell plate develops from inside
![Page 21: Why do cells Divide? For Growth Development Repair Reproduction Larger cells: - can miscommunication with DNA - have trouble processing information](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e045503460f94af00b1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell Division Animation
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html