Return to the old order•Following the Congress of Vienna
Metternich and the conservatives began to suppress revolutionary thought with a program known as the Concert of Europe▫The Metternich system
Revolutions of 1820•The first challenges to the Metternich
system come from Central and Eastern Europe▫Serbia▫Greece▫Italy▫Spain
▫RESULTS▫Why?
France
•Ruled by a constitutional charter and Louis XVIII
•Reforms that stayed▫Press, speech, religion▫Only 100,000 of 30 million vote▫Nobles believed the country too liberal
so when Louis dies in 1824 they begin to work on Charles X (1824-1830)
Charles X• Brother of Louis XVI and
XVIII• Wanted to reestablish the old
order in France• 5 hour coronation ceremony
(very medieval)• 1830 he tried to revoke the
constitutional charter• Within 3 days the upper-
middle class led a revolt and unseated him
Louis Phillippe (1830-1848)•Louis Phillippe was the cousin of Charles
X and the Duke of Orleans•Known as the “Citizen King” dressed like
a businessman •Kept the monarchy but extended the vote
a little•Adopted the “tricolore” (flag)of the
revolution•But…still favored the wealthy
Other revolutions in the 1820’s and 1830’s•Belgium (1830-1831)
▫Why?•Poland (1831-1832)
▫Why?▫The Cadet revolution
Factors in the Revolutions of 1848•Nationalism: Created by who?•Economic crisis: 1846-1848 bad
harvests led to business failures and unemployment (Marx???)▫Drought in Europe, Potato blight (Ireland)
•Romantic movement: Carried out in the arts and literature. Revolt against classicism (rules for art) and the enlightenment (rationality, order and restraint)▫Spontaneity, love of nature, emotional
exuberance, imagination
Romantic artists•Giuseppe Verdi: Italian nationalist
composer•Richard Wagner: German nationalist
composer•Alexander Dumas: The Three
Musketeers•Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the
People (1830)
▫Gothic (Mary Shelley)
France•Problem: Discontent with Louis Philippe by
the working class▫Feb 22 1848 they rose up and Louis
abdicated creating the 2nd French republic▫Louis Blanc emerges as a leader of the 10
man board that now runs France▫France begins a national workshops
program▫By June the middle class has had enough and
elects more conservative delegates who end the workshops
The June Days
•The poor responded by barricading the streets which led to 3 days of fighting▫10,000 dead▫Shows the division in French society▫Socialism rejected as too radical
Louis Napoleon
•Nephew of the Emperor, wins the Presidency in late 1848
•More conservative but also believed in helping the poor
•At the end of his 4 year term the Assembly tried to stop him from running again but failed▫December 1851 he was elected to a 10 year
term▫1 year later 97% voted him Emperor
Napoleon III
Austria
•The Empire had too many ethnic groups and had rejected all liberal reform
•Vienna March 1848▫Student led disturbances asking for liberal
reform▫Nationalist revolts from the
Czechs Hungarians (Louis Kossuth) Italians German States (Frankfurt Parliament)
Results of 1848
•The Austrian imperial government decided to reassert its authority October of 1848▫Bombard Vienna and liberal revolt
folded▫December 2:Emperor Ferdinand I
abdicates and is replaced by his nephew Francis Joseph (1846-1916)
▫By March 1849 military rule is reestablished over the Hungarians, Czechs and Italians
▫German states failed to unify