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Bell ringer 1/ 31/ 17Write down the following questions and answer
them as the video is playing.
1. Why is it called the farm of the future?
2. What percentage of fish do we consume from
these farms?
3. Where are fish farms housed? Why?
4. What is the name of the fish being made within
these farms?
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Bellringer 1/2717
1. The special properties of water makes it the single
most important molecule for living organisms. Which
of the following properties of water allow solid water
to be less dense than liquid?
a. Water expands as it freezes
b. Water is a versatile solvent
c. Water has a high specific heat
d. Water exhibits cohesive behavior
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• clear-cutting
• deforestation
• Biological pest control
• Pollinator
• genetic engineering
• genetically modified (GM) organisms
• biotechnology
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Agriculture and
The Green Revolution
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Agriculture1. Keep in Mind all that we have learned about
renewable and non-renewable resource
2. Agriculture is a big user of fossil fuels and
petrochemicals (chemicals)
Renewable Resource-can be replenished
Non-renewable Resource-can not be replenished
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• Development of Agriculture
– “Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, when
a warmer climate enabled humans to plant seeds
and raise livestock.”
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Agriculture
• Development of Agriculture
– Selective Breeding
• “Our ancestors then began planting seeds only
from those plants whose fruit they liked the most.”
• “Selective breeding has resulted in all the food
crops and livestock that feed you every day.”
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Agriculture
• Development of Agriculture
– Traditional Agriculture or Biologically Powered
Agriculture
• By hand and animals
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Agriculture• Industrial Agriculture
– “The Industrial Revolution introduced large-
scale mechanization and fossil-fuel engines to
agriculture just as it did to industry”
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Industrial Agriculture
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Agriculture
• Industrial Agriculture
– The Green Revolution “how the world farms today”
• “agricultural scientists from developed
nations introduced new technology, crop
varieties, and farming practices to the
developing world”
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Agriculture
• Industrial Agriculture
– The Green Revolution produced
• “new strains of crops (insect resistant)”
• “new methods of industrial agriculture
(monoculture)”
• “large amounts of synthetic fertilizers (nitrogen
and phosphates)”
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Agriculture
• Industrial Agriculture
– The Green Revolution produced
•Urbanization
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Agriculture• Industrial Agriculture
– The Green Revolution produced
• “chemical pesticides”
• “liberally irrigating crops (groundwater and
lake)”
• “using heavy equipment powered by fossil
fuels”
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• application of water,
• inorganic fertilizers,
• pesticides
• erosion
• Salinization of soils,
• desertification,
• pollution
Agriculture
The Green Revolution problems
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Agriculture
• Industrial Agriculture
– “Because it uses large machinery and chemicals
that are customized for a specific crop, to be
most efficient, industrial agriculture requires that
large areas be planted with a single crop, in a
monoculture.”
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Agriculture
Monoculture for Potato Chips
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Peanut
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Food for Thought!!!
What do you think would be some
drawbacks for monoculture
farming?
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Agriculture• Drawback to Monoculture Production
– Reduction in biodiversity
– All plants in a monoculture are the same plant they
are vulnerable to the same pest or diseases (all
your eggs in one basket)
– Citrus greening in Florida
– Lack of crop diversity (growing more than 1 crop)
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Agriculture
• Big problem with monoculture is:
– Insect Pests and Weeds
• Insect and Weeds become resistant to chemicals
Why would insect and weeds becoming resistant to chemicals
a negative affect o n agriculture?
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Introduced Weeds
Amaranthus spinosusSpinney Pig Weed
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Agriculture
• What “process” has allowed Spinney Pigweed
to survive in cultivated fields when herbicides
are used to kill weeds?
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Agriculture
• Three types of Pest Control
– Chemical Pesticides
– Biological Pest Control
– Integrated Pest Management
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Agriculture
• Chemical Pesticides
– “Chemicals used to target insects (source
petrochemicals)”
– “most cost effective, chemicals are cheap”
– Tend to create problems down the road
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Agriculture
Chemical Pesticides
– Disadvantages
• “but if used to often, insect population become
resistant”
• “Pesticides accumulate in the food chain”
• “May harm other species that are not pest”
• “best method is to rotate crops or chemical
application”
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Agriculture
• Biological Pest Control
– The use of an organism to “remove or reduce” a
population of unwanted pest insects
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Agriculture
–Big problem if you introduce a new pest
• May become impossible to eradicate
• May find a native species it likes more
• May eat useful species
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Agriculture
Air potato is a pest in Florida and is resistant to most herbicides. The air potato beetle is used to control the spread of the plant.
Biological Pest Control
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Agriculture
• Integrated Pest Management
– The use of both biological and chemicals to
remove unwanted pest
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AgricultureIntegrated Pest Management
Leafy-Spurge-Euphorbia esula
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Agriculture
• Agriculture Relies on Pollinators
– “Pollination is the process by which male sex cells
of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of a
plant.”
– “Pollinators are those organism that transfer
pollen grains from one plant to the other”
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Agriculture
– There are 4000 bee species in the U.S.
– Pollinators support biodiversity: There is a correlation between plant diversity and pollinator diversity.
– The pollinator population of an area is a great indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem.
Importance of Pollinators:
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Agriculture
– Some crops, including blueberries and cherries,
are 90 percent dependent on honey bee
pollination.
– Honey bees visit five million flowers to make
one pint of honey.
Importance of Pollinators:
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Agriculture
– 90 percent of the nation's apple crop is
pollinated by bees.
– Increased yields and higher quality crops are
benefits that growers and consumers realize
from a healthy pollinator population, native or
managed.
Importance of Pollinators:
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Questions
1) How have industrial agriculture and the green revolution affected the world’s population?”
2) Compare and Contrast How do (a) chemical pesticides, (b) biological control, and (c) integrated pest management protect crops from pests? Which one would you use?
3) How are pollinators important to crop agriculture?
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Food Production
• Food Security
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Food Production
• Food Security: The guarantee of an adequate
and reliable food supply for all people at all
times
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Food Production
• We have increased food production by:
1. devoting more fossil fuel energy to agriculture”
2. planting and harvesting more frequently;
3. by increasing the use of irrigation, fertilizers,
and pesticides;
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Food Production
• We have increased food production by:
4. by increasing the amount of cultivated land;
5. and by developing more productive crop and
livestock varieties”
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Food Production
• “But the world’s soils are in decline, and
nearly all the planet’s arable land is already
being farmed”
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Food Production
• Making the food supply secure depends on
1. maintaining healthy soil and water,
2. protecting the biodiversity of food sources,
3. and ensuring the safe distribution of food.
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Food Production
• Industrial Food Production
– Feedlots, aquaculture, and other methods of
industrial food production are efficient, but they
have disadvantages.
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Food Production
• Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable
alternatives to industrial agriculture include
organic agriculture and locally supported
agriculture.”
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Food Production
• Sustainable Agriculture
– It also does not reduce the amount or quality of
soil, water, and genetic diversity essential to long-
term crop and livestock production. ”
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Food Production
• Sustainable Agriculture
– Organic Agriculture: growing practices that use
no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides,
or herbicides—but instead rely on biological
approaches such as composting and biological
pest control”
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Food Production
• Sustainable Agriculture
– Low-input agriculture: “Sustainable agriculture that
uses smaller amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth
hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than are
currently used in industrial, high-input agriculture”
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Answer Please
5. What has allowed or been developed for
an increase food production?
6. Name 2 types of Sustainable Agriculture.
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Agriculture
• Which process that we’ve learned allows for
plants and insects to become resistant to
pesticides or chemical applications?
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Use Your Brain
“Suppose that you were the resource manager for a national wildlife refuge with a pest problem. You have been told that you can import predators of the pest from Asia to begin a biological pest control program. What three questions would you ask before you began that program?”
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
1. Evaluate the impact of biotechnologyon the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
The main purpose for biotechnology are:
1. To improve human health
2. Food production
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their parts to produce useful products.
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Biotechnology
• Agriculture benefits
– increase productivity or reduce cost
– increasing yield
– improving protection from insects and disease
– increasing their crops’ tolerance to heat, drought,
and other environmental stress
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Biotechnology
• Environmental benefits help reduce
agriculture’s impact on the land
– Conserve soil and energy
– Reduce greenhouse gases
– Minimize use of toxic herbicides
– Conserve soil fertility and natural resources.
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
•Impact on Society, Individual, and
Environment –No Natural Selection
A. Cloning
B. Genetic Engineering
C. Artificial Selection (No Natural
Selection)
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Cloning
• What is cloning?
– Clones are organisms that are exact genetic
copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical.
– Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are
just one of many examples. Or they can be made
in the lab.
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Cloning
• Disadvantages
– Risk of Mutations
– Development Of New Diseases
– No Genetic Variation
– Ethical Issues
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• “Any process in which scientists directly manipulate an organism’s DNA is called genetic engineering. ”
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“Organisms that have undergone genetic engineering are often called genetically modified organisms (GMO’s).”
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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•Medical and Ethical Issues:
A. Genetically Modified Crops & Animals
B. Genetic Testing
C. Disease Prevention & Treatment
D. Personal Identification
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
•“The creation of genetically modified organisms is one aspect of biotechnology, the use of genetic engineering to introduce new genes into organisms to produce more valuable products”
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Risk and Fear of GMO’s
•Some feared the new foods might be dangerous
for people to eat.
•Others worried that pests would evolve resistance
to the pest-resistant crops and become
“superpests (Natural Selection).”
•Still others were concerned that GM genes might
“escape,” pollinating non-GM plants and harming
those organisms or others.
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Potential Benefits of GMO’s
• (1) if crops need fewer pesticide applications, then the equipment used to apply pesticides uses less fuel; and
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Potential Benefits of GMO’s
•(2) if herbicide-resistant crops encourage the adoption of no-till farming, then more carbon (in remnants of plants) remains in the soil and is not released to the atmosphere. ”
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Potential Benefits of GMO’s
• (3) growing insect-resistant Bt crops reduces the use of chemical insecticides, because farmers use fewer chemicals if their crops do not need them.
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• 2. Discuss the effects of technology on
environmental quality
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
1. compromising human health and safety
dangerous chemicals in air pollution contamination of water and food
sources, risk of infections and diseases through
exposure to toxic wastes
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
2. endangering natural ecosystems and biodiversity,
Flora and fauna risk habitat loss or disruption and extinction of species through exposure to dangerous byproducts of technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
3. having a cumulative impact on global systems,
greenhouse affect
global warming
depletion of the ozone layer
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
4. and depleting natural resources
Forest
Petroleum
Food
minerials
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Forest Resources
Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans?
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Forest Resources
• “Forest resources have great ecological and
economic value.”
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Forest Resources
1. Conservation of Biodiversity2. Protection of Soil3. Water Quality
Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans?
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Forest Resources
4. Biogeochemical Cycles5. Food6. Medicine7. Social Activities (i.e. recreation,
education, and food)
Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans?
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Forest Resources
• Ecological Value
– Biodiversity
– Clean Water and Air
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Forest Resources
• Economic and Medicinal Value
– Timber
– Wood for fuel
– Paper
– Food
– medicines
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• Timber Harvest
– “in the United States, most logging takes place in
the conifer forests of the West and on the pine
plantations of the South, on both private and
public lands.”
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• Deforestation
-“is the clearing of a forest or of the native
tree and replacement of it by another land
use.”(i.e., row crops, pasture, or urbanization)
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• Clear-Cutting
– Is the process of removing all native vegetation
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
• Side effect of Deforestation
– Loss of biodiversity
– Soil loss through erosion
– CO2 uptake by tree (carbon sink)
– Clean air
– Water Quality
– Lack of space for recreation
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• 3. Evaluate the cost and benefits of
renewable and nonrenewable
resources, such as water, energy fossil
fuels, wildlife and forests.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
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Renewable and Nonrenewable Natural Resources
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Advantages to Coal
• Coal is more abundant and less expensive
• Does not need much processing
• Transports very easily
• Does not require a pipeline for transport
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Coal Mining has been around for a long time.
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Coal Fired Power Plant
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Disadvantages to Coal
• Human health
• CO2 , nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acid
• Lung cancer-Black Lung
• Contaminate lakes, river, and forest soils
• Acid Drainage
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Advantages to Natural Gas
• Fast growing source
• It produces less CO2
• Produces a large amount of energy
• Can be used in the home separate from electricity
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Disadvantages to Natural Gas
• Limited, nonrenewable
• Pollution, produces hazardous substance
• Destroy habitat and geology when extracted through
fracking
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Advantages to Petroleum
• Everything uses oil
• Cheap fuel source
• High energy source
• Easy to extract
• Transports easily
• Versatile use
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Energy Resources
• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Disadvantages to Petroleum
• Pollution –Air and Water
• Global conflicts
• Hydrocarbon in Atmosphere
• Global Warming
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Benefits of Renewable Energy
• “renewable energy will create jobs for people to design, build, and maintain the needed technology”
• “most of them are unlikely to run out”
• “renewable energy resources replace fossil fuels, they will help decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions”
• “we will be less dependent on other nations to supply us with fuel”
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Energy Resources
• Nuclear Power
– Advantages to Nuclear Power
• Produce power with no air pollution
• Power source Uranium; less U235 needed than coal
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Energy Resources
• Nuclear Power
– Disadvantages to Nuclear Power
• Cost to build and maintain
• Disposal of waste material
• Radioactive material
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Energy Resources
• Biofuels-“energy derived from biomass ”
Advantages to Biofuels
• Ethanol and biodiesel
• Carbon neutral; that is the same amount of carbon produced equals what is taken out the air by plants
• biomass is distributed worldwide
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Biofuels
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Energy Resources
• Biofuels-“energy derived from biomass ”
Disadvantages to Biofuels
• Biofuel crops take up a lot of land
• Biomass is not renewable if it is used up faster than we can grow
• Biomass is not an efficient source of energy, could cause some types of pollution
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Energy Resources
• Geothermal
Advantages to Geothermal Energy
• Reduce or replace fossil fuels
• Far less air pollution
• Release a much smaller quantity of greenhouse
gases
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Geothermal Plant
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Energy Resources
• Geothermal
• Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy
• Source may not allows be there
• Water source may contain chemicals
• May trigger earth quakes
• Limited in areas where heated groundwater is trapped
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Energy Resources
• Hydropower
• Advantages to Hydropower
• Source water
• No air pollution
• Energy in inexpensive
• May control floods
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Hydropower
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Energy Resources
• Hydropower
• Disadvantages to Hydropower
• Change ecosystems
• Damage the landscape
• Prevent nutrients transport down stream
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Energy Resources
• Solar and Wind
• Advantages to Solar and Wind
• Solar cells and turbines use no fuel
• Quiet and safe; No greenhouse gases
• Does not pollute
• Little or no maintenance
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Wind Farms
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Solar Farms
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Energy Resources• Solar and Wind
• Disadvantages to Solar and Wind
• Manufacturing of solar devices creates some pollution
• Some regions have little or no sun light or wind
• Very expensive , the most expensive, but cost effective
when up and running
• Turbine may impact bird population
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We DO
• “In your opinion, who has more responsibility
for limiting consumption of fossil fuels—
people in developed nations or people in
developing nations? Justify your opinion. ”
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Open Notes Quiz1. “What are two problems associated with
solar power?
2. List four benefits of renewable energy
resources.
3. Which group of energy resources have the
largest Carbon Footprint?
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Open Notes Quiz4. List 2 advantages and disadvantages when
using natural gas as a resource.
5. Why are forest so important for living
organisms and humans?
6. List 4 problems that we face with The Green
Revolution.