write down the following questions and answer them as the...

Bell ringer 1/ 31/ 17Write down the following questions and answer

them as the video is playing.

1. Why is it called the farm of the future?

2. What percentage of fish do we consume from

these farms?

3. Where are fish farms housed? Why?

4. What is the name of the fish being made within

these farms?

Bellringer 1/2717

1. The special properties of water makes it the single

most important molecule for living organisms. Which

of the following properties of water allow solid water

to be less dense than liquid?

a. Water expands as it freezes

b. Water is a versatile solvent

c. Water has a high specific heat

d. Water exhibits cohesive behavior

Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology

• clear-cutting

• deforestation

• Biological pest control

• Pollinator

• genetic engineering

• genetically modified (GM) organisms

• biotechnology

Agriculture and

The Green Revolution

Agriculture1. Keep in Mind all that we have learned about

renewable and non-renewable resource

2. Agriculture is a big user of fossil fuels and

petrochemicals (chemicals)

Renewable Resource-can be replenished

Non-renewable Resource-can not be replenished


• Development of Agriculture

– “Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, when

a warmer climate enabled humans to plant seeds

and raise livestock.”

Agriculture


– Selective Breeding

• “Our ancestors then began planting seeds only

from those plants whose fruit they liked the most.”

• “Selective breeding has resulted in all the food

crops and livestock that feed you every day.”

Agriculture


– Traditional Agriculture or Biologically Powered

Agriculture

• By hand and animals

Agriculture• Industrial Agriculture

– “The Industrial Revolution introduced large-

scale mechanization and fossil-fuel engines to

agriculture just as it did to industry”

Industrial Agriculture

Agriculture

• Industrial Agriculture

– The Green Revolution “how the world farms today”

• “agricultural scientists from developed

nations introduced new technology, crop

varieties, and farming practices to the

developing world”

Agriculture


– The Green Revolution produced

• “new strains of crops (insect resistant)”

• “new methods of industrial agriculture

(monoculture)”

• “large amounts of synthetic fertilizers (nitrogen

and phosphates)”

Agriculture



•Urbanization

Agriculture• Industrial Agriculture


• “chemical pesticides”

• “liberally irrigating crops (groundwater and

lake)”

• “using heavy equipment powered by fossil

fuels”

• application of water,

• inorganic fertilizers,

• pesticides

• erosion

• Salinization of soils,

• desertification,

• pollution

Agriculture

The Green Revolution problems

Agriculture


– “Because it uses large machinery and chemicals

that are customized for a specific crop, to be

most efficient, industrial agriculture requires that

large areas be planted with a single crop, in a

monoculture.”

Agriculture

Monoculture for Potato Chips

Peanut

Food for Thought!!!

What do you think would be some

drawbacks for monoculture

farming?

Agriculture• Drawback to Monoculture Production

– Reduction in biodiversity

– All plants in a monoculture are the same plant they

are vulnerable to the same pest or diseases (all

your eggs in one basket)

– Citrus greening in Florida

– Lack of crop diversity (growing more than 1 crop)

Agriculture

• Big problem with monoculture is:

– Insect Pests and Weeds

• Insect and Weeds become resistant to chemicals

Why would insect and weeds becoming resistant to chemicals

a negative affect o n agriculture?

Introduced Weeds

Amaranthus spinosusSpinney Pig Weed

Agriculture

• What “process” has allowed Spinney Pigweed

to survive in cultivated fields when herbicides

are used to kill weeds?

Agriculture

• Three types of Pest Control

– Chemical Pesticides

– Biological Pest Control

– Integrated Pest Management

Agriculture

• Chemical Pesticides

– “Chemicals used to target insects (source

petrochemicals)”

– “most cost effective, chemicals are cheap”

– Tend to create problems down the road

Agriculture

Chemical Pesticides

– Disadvantages

• “but if used to often, insect population become

resistant”

• “Pesticides accumulate in the food chain”

• “May harm other species that are not pest”

• “best method is to rotate crops or chemical

application”

Agriculture

• Biological Pest Control

– The use of an organism to “remove or reduce” a

population of unwanted pest insects

Agriculture

–Big problem if you introduce a new pest

• May become impossible to eradicate

• May find a native species it likes more

• May eat useful species

Agriculture

Air potato is a pest in Florida and is resistant to most herbicides. The air potato beetle is used to control the spread of the plant.

Biological Pest Control

Agriculture

• Integrated Pest Management

– The use of both biological and chemicals to

remove unwanted pest

AgricultureIntegrated Pest Management

Leafy-Spurge-Euphorbia esula

Agriculture

• Agriculture Relies on Pollinators

– “Pollination is the process by which male sex cells

of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of a

plant.”

– “Pollinators are those organism that transfer

pollen grains from one plant to the other”

Agriculture

– There are 4000 bee species in the U.S.

– Pollinators support biodiversity: There is a correlation between plant diversity and pollinator diversity.

– The pollinator population of an area is a great indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem.

Importance of Pollinators:

Agriculture

– Some crops, including blueberries and cherries,

are 90 percent dependent on honey bee

pollination.

– Honey bees visit five million flowers to make

one pint of honey.


Agriculture

– 90 percent of the nation's apple crop is

pollinated by bees.

– Increased yields and higher quality crops are

benefits that growers and consumers realize

from a healthy pollinator population, native or

managed.


Questions

1) How have industrial agriculture and the green revolution affected the world’s population?”

2) Compare and Contrast How do (a) chemical pesticides, (b) biological control, and (c) integrated pest management protect crops from pests? Which one would you use?

3) How are pollinators important to crop agriculture?

Food Production

• Food Security

Food Production

• Food Security: The guarantee of an adequate

and reliable food supply for all people at all

times

Food Production

• We have increased food production by:

1. devoting more fossil fuel energy to agriculture”

2. planting and harvesting more frequently;

3. by increasing the use of irrigation, fertilizers,

and pesticides;

Food Production

• We have increased food production by:

4. by increasing the amount of cultivated land;

5. and by developing more productive crop and

livestock varieties”

Food Production

• “But the world’s soils are in decline, and

nearly all the planet’s arable land is already

being farmed”

Food Production

• Making the food supply secure depends on

1. maintaining healthy soil and water,

2. protecting the biodiversity of food sources,

3. and ensuring the safe distribution of food.

Food Production

• Industrial Food Production

– Feedlots, aquaculture, and other methods of

industrial food production are efficient, but they

have disadvantages.

Food Production

• Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable

alternatives to industrial agriculture include

organic agriculture and locally supported

agriculture.”

Food Production

• Sustainable Agriculture

– It also does not reduce the amount or quality of

soil, water, and genetic diversity essential to long-

term crop and livestock production. ”

Food Production


– Organic Agriculture: growing practices that use

no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides,

or herbicides—but instead rely on biological

approaches such as composting and biological

pest control”

Food Production


– Low-input agriculture: “Sustainable agriculture that

uses smaller amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth

hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than are

currently used in industrial, high-input agriculture”

Answer Please

5. What has allowed or been developed for

an increase food production?

6. Name 2 types of Sustainable Agriculture.

Agriculture

• Which process that we’ve learned allows for

plants and insects to become resistant to

pesticides or chemical applications?

Use Your Brain

“Suppose that you were the resource manager for a national wildlife refuge with a pest problem. You have been told that you can import predators of the pest from Asia to begin a biological pest control program. What three questions would you ask before you began that program?”


1. Evaluate the impact of biotechnologyon the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.


The main purpose for biotechnology are:

1. To improve human health

2. Food production


Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their parts to produce useful products.

Biotechnology

• Agriculture benefits

– increase productivity or reduce cost

– increasing yield

– improving protection from insects and disease

– increasing their crops’ tolerance to heat, drought,

and other environmental stress

Biotechnology

• Environmental benefits help reduce

agriculture’s impact on the land

– Conserve soil and energy

– Reduce greenhouse gases

– Minimize use of toxic herbicides

– Conserve soil fertility and natural resources.


•Impact on Society, Individual, and

Environment –No Natural Selection

A. Cloning

B. Genetic Engineering

C. Artificial Selection (No Natural

Selection)

Cloning

• What is cloning?

– Clones are organisms that are exact genetic

copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical.

– Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are

just one of many examples. Or they can be made

in the lab.

Cloning

• Disadvantages

– Risk of Mutations

– Development Of New Diseases

– No Genetic Variation

– Ethical Issues


• “Any process in which scientists directly manipulate an organism’s DNA is called genetic engineering. ”

“Organisms that have undergone genetic engineering are often called genetically modified organisms (GMO’s).”


•Medical and Ethical Issues:

A. Genetically Modified Crops & Animals

B. Genetic Testing

C. Disease Prevention & Treatment

D. Personal Identification



•“The creation of genetically modified organisms is one aspect of biotechnology, the use of genetic engineering to introduce new genes into organisms to produce more valuable products”

Risk and Fear of GMO’s

•Some feared the new foods might be dangerous

for people to eat.

•Others worried that pests would evolve resistance

to the pest-resistant crops and become

“superpests (Natural Selection).”

•Still others were concerned that GM genes might

“escape,” pollinating non-GM plants and harming

those organisms or others.

Potential Benefits of GMO’s

• (1) if crops need fewer pesticide applications, then the equipment used to apply pesticides uses less fuel; and


•(2) if herbicide-resistant crops encourage the adoption of no-till farming, then more carbon (in remnants of plants) remains in the soil and is not released to the atmosphere. ”


• (3) growing insect-resistant Bt crops reduces the use of chemical insecticides, because farmers use fewer chemicals if their crops do not need them.

• 2. Discuss the effects of technology on

environmental quality



1. compromising human health and safety

dangerous chemicals in air pollution contamination of water and food

sources, risk of infections and diseases through

exposure to toxic wastes


2. endangering natural ecosystems and biodiversity,

Flora and fauna risk habitat loss or disruption and extinction of species through exposure to dangerous byproducts of technology


3. having a cumulative impact on global systems,

greenhouse affect

global warming

depletion of the ozone layer


4. and depleting natural resources

Forest

Petroleum

Food

minerials

Forest Resources

Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans?

Forest Resources

• “Forest resources have great ecological and

economic value.”

Forest Resources

1. Conservation of Biodiversity2. Protection of Soil3. Water Quality


Forest Resources

4. Biogeochemical Cycles5. Food6. Medicine7. Social Activities (i.e. recreation,

education, and food)


Forest Resources

• Ecological Value

– Biodiversity

– Clean Water and Air

Forest Resources

• Economic and Medicinal Value

– Timber

– Wood for fuel

– Paper

– Food

– medicines


• Timber Harvest

– “in the United States, most logging takes place in

the conifer forests of the West and on the pine

plantations of the South, on both private and

public lands.”


• Deforestation

-“is the clearing of a forest or of the native

tree and replacement of it by another land

use.”(i.e., row crops, pasture, or urbanization)


• Clear-Cutting

– Is the process of removing all native vegetation


• Side effect of Deforestation

– Loss of biodiversity

– Soil loss through erosion

– CO2 uptake by tree (carbon sink)

– Clean air

– Water Quality

– Lack of space for recreation

• 3. Evaluate the cost and benefits of

renewable and nonrenewable

resources, such as water, energy fossil

fuels, wildlife and forests.


Renewable and Nonrenewable Natural Resources

Energy Resources

• Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal

– Advantages to Coal

• Coal is more abundant and less expensive

• Does not need much processing

• Transports very easily

• Does not require a pipeline for transport

Coal Mining has been around for a long time.

Coal Fired Power Plant

Energy Resources


– Disadvantages to Coal

• Human health

• CO2 , nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acid

• Lung cancer-Black Lung

• Contaminate lakes, river, and forest soils

• Acid Drainage

Energy Resources


– Advantages to Natural Gas

• Fast growing source

• It produces less CO2

• Produces a large amount of energy

• Can be used in the home separate from electricity

Energy Resources


– Disadvantages to Natural Gas

• Limited, nonrenewable

• Pollution, produces hazardous substance

• Destroy habitat and geology when extracted through

fracking

Energy Resources


– Advantages to Petroleum

• Everything uses oil

• Cheap fuel source

• High energy source

• Easy to extract

• Transports easily

• Versatile use

Energy Resources


– Disadvantages to Petroleum

• Pollution –Air and Water

• Global conflicts

• Hydrocarbon in Atmosphere

• Global Warming

Benefits of Renewable Energy

• “renewable energy will create jobs for people to design, build, and maintain the needed technology”

• “most of them are unlikely to run out”

• “renewable energy resources replace fossil fuels, they will help decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions”

• “we will be less dependent on other nations to supply us with fuel”

Energy Resources

• Nuclear Power

– Advantages to Nuclear Power

• Produce power with no air pollution

• Power source Uranium; less U235 needed than coal

Energy Resources

• Nuclear Power

– Disadvantages to Nuclear Power

• Cost to build and maintain

• Disposal of waste material

• Radioactive material

Energy Resources

• Biofuels-“energy derived from biomass ”

Advantages to Biofuels

• Ethanol and biodiesel

• Carbon neutral; that is the same amount of carbon produced equals what is taken out the air by plants

• biomass is distributed worldwide

Biofuels

Energy Resources

• Biofuels-“energy derived from biomass ”

Disadvantages to Biofuels

• Biofuel crops take up a lot of land

• Biomass is not renewable if it is used up faster than we can grow

• Biomass is not an efficient source of energy, could cause some types of pollution

Energy Resources

• Geothermal

Advantages to Geothermal Energy

• Reduce or replace fossil fuels

• Far less air pollution

• Release a much smaller quantity of greenhouse

gases

Geothermal Plant

Energy Resources

• Geothermal

• Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy

• Source may not allows be there

• Water source may contain chemicals

• May trigger earth quakes

• Limited in areas where heated groundwater is trapped

Energy Resources

• Hydropower

• Advantages to Hydropower

• Source water

• No air pollution

• Energy in inexpensive

• May control floods

Hydropower

Energy Resources

• Hydropower

• Disadvantages to Hydropower

• Change ecosystems

• Damage the landscape

• Prevent nutrients transport down stream

Energy Resources

• Solar and Wind

• Advantages to Solar and Wind

• Solar cells and turbines use no fuel

• Quiet and safe; No greenhouse gases

• Does not pollute

• Little or no maintenance

Wind Farms

Solar Farms

Energy Resources• Solar and Wind

• Disadvantages to Solar and Wind

• Manufacturing of solar devices creates some pollution

• Some regions have little or no sun light or wind

• Very expensive , the most expensive, but cost effective

when up and running

• Turbine may impact bird population

We DO

• “In your opinion, who has more responsibility

for limiting consumption of fossil fuels—

people in developed nations or people in

developing nations? Justify your opinion. ”

Open Notes Quiz1. “What are two problems associated with

solar power?

2. List four benefits of renewable energy

resources.

3. Which group of energy resources have the

largest Carbon Footprint?

Open Notes Quiz4. List 2 advantages and disadvantages when

using natural gas as a resource.

5. Why are forest so important for living

organisms and humans?

6. List 4 problems that we face with The Green

Revolution.

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