dr. olfa mahjoub. assoc. prof., water quality and reuse · o.mahjoub 1 3rd iwatec winter school 21...

1O.Mahjoub3rd IWaTec Winter School

21 Feb-1st March 2015, El Gouna, Egypt

Dr. Olfa Mahjoub. Assoc. Prof., Water Quality and Reuse

National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water, and Forestry (INRGREF)



Outline Concept

Origins

Micropollutants in wastewater

Regulation

Properties

Examples of micropollutants

Mitigation

Conclusion


21 Feb-1st March 2015, El Gouna, Egypt (Web of Science)

(OECD after Web of Science, 2012)

X 14

Numbers of publications with the words «emerging contaminants » and « environment » in the title or as abstract published since 2003

Numbers of publications with the words « emerging contaminants » and « environement » in Sciencedirect published in 2000-2014 in Sci. Tot. Environ.

X 30



“Emerging pollutants in water resources are a new

challenge to water quality” (World Water Week, 2010)

The use of the term « emerging pollutants » was

controversial. «…the term is not well defined and not

helpful in science» The term micropollutants (present at

very low concentrations) was more recommended (Kümmerer,

2011).

The term « Contaminants of Emerging Concern » (CEC) is

more used nowadays, however it was used since 2000.

« Epistemology of contaminants of emerging concern… »

after the analysis of 143000 publications on 12 CECs (Halden, 2015)



« Any synthetic or naturally occurring chemical (or any micro-organism) that is not commonlymonitored in the environment but has the potentialto enter the environment and cause unknown or suspected adverse ecological and (or) human healtheffects » (USGS, 2000)

« … are relatively new on WFD regulatory lists and evidence regarding their unforeseen adverse healtheffects and occurrence in the environment are still emerging » (1st European workshop on Emerging Contaminants, EMCO, 2005)

« A substance currently not included in routine environmental monitoring programmes and whichmay be candidate for future legislation due to

adverse effects and/ or persistance ». (Norman.com)

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Long-term effect on human health

(breast milk, fat, and blood)

Once discharged in the environment, some micropollutants may reach the food chain…

3rd IWaTec Winter school, 21 Feb-1st March, El 2015, Gouna, Egypt,

O.Mahjoub

…and are even found in driniking water



We eat a lot of toxic stuff that I would like to to say» to people « Good Luck instead of

saying « Bon Appétit »



80’s: Tower Chemical Company was closed: Release of wastewater and dumping of pesticides Reduction of alligators population in the lake Apopka (Florida) due to p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDD in eggs.

The 80’s: TBT was forbidden. It was responsible for “Imposex” in in marine gastropods.

Endocrine disrupters (ED): it is not new.

1950’s: discovery that DDT is an ED.

1962: This was the fist initiative to abandonDDT as insecticide in 1972.



Early 90’s: male fishes in the presence of EDs were able to produce the hormone vitellogenin at 100 000 times its normal concentration after 3 weeks of exposure.

Early 90’s: Development of analytical methods and measurement campaigns in surface and drinking water.



Real cases

Ukrainian Presidential Candidate Viktor Yuschenko

French report of endocrine disruptors: The past 30 years (2011):

Breast cancer (women) has doubled.

Prostate cancer increased by 25%.

Ovarian cancer increased 4%.

Testicular cancer increased by 2.5%.

Cancer of the thyroid increased yearly by 3% (men) and 5% (women).

133rd IWaTec Winter school, 21 Feb-1st

March, El 2015, Gouna, Egypt, O.Mahjoub



What is “emerging” is the awareness in both the scientific community and general public that these chemicals are being released into the environment … and can be detected in water, sediment, soil, and biota (Glassmeyer, 2007)

Recently Re-emergence of old emerging pollutants. Decline in populations of vulture species in Asia due to the

veterinary use of pharmaceuticals (diclofenac) in cattle. Residues in eggs of vultures and red kites in Spain. Antibiotic resistance of micro-organisms.

What is really emerging?Topic? Occurrence? Impacts? Risks?



Excreated by human and animals.

Produced/formed after the transformation of naturalcompounds in the environment

Anthropogenic originsNatural origin Domestic activities:

realeased by household(bathrooms, toilets, cleaning and laundry, etc.

LaundryCleaning

Bathing



Industrial activities:- Transformers and capacitors, etc.- Surfactants: domestic detergentpesticides, wetting agents, emulsifier, foaming agents, non ionic surfactants, plasticizers, etc.- Paper mill, lubricants, metal and plastic, etc.- Pharmaceutical industries, etc.

Urban runoff: dusts, oils, fats, road surface, etc.

Agricultural runoff: fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

Anthropogenic origins



High rate of production. High rate of consumption. Continuous discharge in the environmentDetection in surface waters and sediments at low level (ng to µg/L) Micropollutants. Discharge in the environment rarely or not regulated.

(UNEP Yearbook, 2013)



Trace metals and their compounds Algal toxins (Mycotoxins, cyanotoxins, etc.) Artificial sweeteners (sucralose) Anti-corrosives Antifoaming agents Antifouling compounds Antioxidants Disinfection by-products (drinking water) Drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals Food additives Pesticides Plasticisers Wood preservatives Nanoparticles etc.



Water withdrawal is increasing for multiple purposes.

Irrigation is using 70% of the water resources worldwide(FAO, 2013)

WW is the only « water » that is increasing and continuously produced worldwide.

Treated WW: Egypt: the largest WW user in MENA (about 3000 Mm3/y) Tunisia: the most advanced (240 Mm3/y, but reuse: 20-30%).

WW is the a valuable and reliable alternative water resource to be used for irrigation.

WW is more than 99% water no more a waste. However, it is the main source of emerging micropollutants



Discharge Application of a treatment that can reducethe concentrations of organic and inorganic micropollutants in the receiving environment.

Reuse Taking measures for mitigation of environmentaland health risks.

In both cases, micropollutants undergo severaltransformations :- During the treatment processes- After release- Transformation products can be more problematic than

their parent compounds.



USGSPharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in US Streams, 2002.

Analytical methods development, environmental occurrence, source identification, transport and fate of a total of 95 analytes surveyed :

Veterinary and human antibiotics (22); Prescription drugs (19); Steroids and hormones (15); other wastewater-related compounds (insecticides,

plasticizers, fire retardants, etc.) (39)



Frequency of detection of organic wastewatermicropollutants in streams by category (A), and percent of total measured concentration of organic wastewatercontaminants by general use category (B). The number ofcompounds in each category is shown above the bar (Kolpin et al. 2002)

The number of compound



(Halden, 2015)

Regulatory events and chronology of emergence of 12 compounds in USA



The EPA periodically releases the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) a list of unregulated chemicals and microbes.

The CCL is mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act.

The list was first published in 1998. The third list released in 2009, contains some antibiotic (erythromycin), estradiol, and microorganisms (Legionella pneumophila, Helicobacter pylori, etc.)

An Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program : List of chemicals contains 134 chemicals, was released in 2010.

Safe Drinking Water Act



CDC National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 2005. The nation’s public health agency reports its biomonitoring results every two years as part of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANE).

The number of chemical contaminants with public health implications has risen exponentially since the first report was issued in 2001:- 1st report, 2001: 27 chemicals- 2nd report, 2003: 116 chemicals- 3rd report, 2005: 148 chemicals- 4th report, due in 2008: 275 chemicals

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention )



Water Framework Directive

The overall objective of the WFD: achieve a “good status” for all waters by end of 2021.

“good chemicals status”: priority list in Annex X. 45 priority substances.

Supplementary programs of measures and monitoring by 2018

Good chemical status by 2027



In EU Amended WFD: 12 new substances are listed in the prioritylist (dicofol, PFOS, quinoxyfen, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, aclonifen, bifenox, cybutryne, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, HBCDD, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide, terbutryn). The maximum permitted concentrations in water set in the EQS will take effect in 2018. EU member states are required to submit supplementary programs of measures and monitoring programs by 2018. Diclofenac, E2 and EE2, will be on a new ‘watch list’ of 10 chemicals Possible regulation under EU water legislation.



In MENA

Mainly, heavy metals are regulted in MENA countries. Organic micropollutants are not included in the regulationsof reuse (if they exist). Few and global parameters are mentioned in the dischargeregulations. Lack of comprehensive data on trace contaminants in water resources quality. Lack of data on the potential environmental and health risksof some micropollutants, a part from pesticides. Lack of awareness of the potential negative impacts of pollutants discharge in water bodies with low enforcement of regulations.



Lack/unenforcement of regulation for discharge and reuse.

Inappropriate infrastructure, lack of advanced equipmentsand techniques for identification and quantification of thesepollutants in environmental matrices and their effects on the ecological system.

Lack of research work on the occurrence, fate and behaviour of emerging pollutants in the environmental in Tunisia.

Lack of expertise and federated research projects involvingArab countries to deal with the topic at large level.

In MENA

Stakeholders WorkshopSept 2012

First year Establishment of a coordination and management structures.

Kick-off Meeting May 2012

35

Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Greece

Good Governance/Evaluation Workshop Dec 2012 Selection of experimental sites and analysis of water and soil samples for emerging pollutants

First year

Launching of the project website and a group on DAAD Alumni potal: a plateformto disseminate information https://empowertunisia.alumniportal.com

Trainings/Field visits in Tunisia and Germany

Water Users’ Association, Tunisia

City Hall, GermanyOffice of Equal

Opportunities, Germany

Laboratory work, Tunisia

Sampling, Tunisia

Germany

City Hall, Germany

WWTP, Germany

Second year

37

Closure symposium of the 2 years period: the first International Symposium in Arab Med countries dedicated to emerging pollutants: 13 countries: 68 oral presentations, and 24 posters.

Algeria12%

Cyprus3%

Egypt9%

France3%

Germany3%

Greece2%

Jordan3%

Lebanon4%

Libya1%

Morocco9%

Palestine3%

South Africa1%

Tunisia43%

Turkey4%

Second year

Meet the project: opportunities for cooperationbetween MENA and EU countries. 38

Closure symposium: 11 countries, 33 oral presentations, and 22 posters.

Third year

39

Oman3%

Egypt9%

France3%

Germany3%

Jordan9%

Lebanon12%

Morocco9%

Palestine3%

Tunisia43%

Italy3%

Turkey3%

Training of researchers, students and technicians.

Sampling campaigns and analysis of pollutants in water resources.

« GUG and public services » workshop in Germany Oued HamdounProject (twin cities Sousse and Braunschweig) with the participations of policy/decision-makers, stakeholders, private sector, and researchers.

Third year

40

Support from: - DAAD-the German-Arab association Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development (EMA) e. V.- Clean Journal (supported by Wiley)

41

Selection of sampling sites and data collection (involvment of stakeholders).

Matrix Surface water and sediments: Meliane River Groundwater: Nabeul Wastewater: Nabeul and Korba treatment plants

Selection of contaminants (based on literatureand current status of pollution)

Heavy metals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Polychlorinated Biphenyles (PCBs)

2 sampling campaigns/year (fall and summer).

42



Chemical classes : chemical function, structure… Type of use: industrial, farming, health, domestic… Type of effect: receptor target, ligand-receptor,

interactions… Exposure ways: new relation cause-effect not yet defined… Mechanism of action: toxicity, mutagenicity, metabolism

disruption…

Classes are interconected: Each of these dimensions isinterconected and intersect with the other, from here risesthe complexity of the research studies.

Classification



Solubility: E1=E2=E3 (13 mg/l)<<EE2 (4.8 mg/l)<Mestranol

(derivative of EE2) (0.3 mg/l)

Kow: E3<E1<E2<EE2<MeEE2 (2.8-4.6)



Secreted and discharged from the body: conjugated, soluble, inactive: glucuronides and sulfates.

Hydrolyzed during biological treatmenttransformation to actif compounds.

Biodegradation and adsorption on sludges (adsorption and elimination of compounds withKow>4).

E2 tends to be oxidized into E1.

E2 and E1 are mineralized; EE2 is adsorbed.



Raw WW (ng/L) Treated WW (ng/L) Country

Estrone (E1)

15-60 5-30 Italy

_ 2.5-34 Japan

16-49 <LOQ (5) Canada

_ Max : 112- med : 27 USA

67.8-94.7 nd UK

2,4 4,4 Spain

Estradiol (E2)

3-8 10-31 Italy

6-14 <LOQ (5) Canada

55-101.3 nd UK

_ Max : 93- med : 9 USA

Estriol (E3)

23-48 n.d. Italy

_ Max : 51- med : 19 USA

62 <LOQ (1-3) _

17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2)

_ 1-5 Japan

Max : 831- med : 73 USA

<0.3-5.9 <0.3-2.6 Netherland

_ 1-5 Austria



Europe: secondary effluents issued from activatedsludge, oxydation ditches or bacterial filter) containestrogens: E2: 0,7 to 5,7 ng/l (6 STEP); E1: 3,0 ng/l (13 STEP); EE2: <0,8 et 2,8 ng/l (2 STEP).

Tunisia



Detection in surface water, groundwater, and drinkingwater.

(Bel Hadj et al. 2014).



Concentrations of steroid oestrogens in effluent of European WWTP in the last 10 years

(Voulvouis, 2009)



Natural origin (biogenic source): negligible(transformation of natural products. incomplet combustion of organicmatter (pyrolytic origin is dominant).

Anthropogenic origin: main source. Atmospheric deposition, use of chemicals in agriculture,

soils erosion, urban runoff, gaz exhaust, cigarets, etc. source petrogenic, industrial



Molecular structure: 2 or more 2 aromatic rings.

Light PAHs: molar mass between 150 and 180 g/mol (PAHs of less than 4 rings).

Heavy PAHs: molar mass between 200 et 280 g/mol (more than 4 rings).

Solubility: 26.10-5 - 32 mg/l.

Kow: 3.3-4.5 variable behaviour and fate



16 PAHs of US EPA 6 PAHs of the WFD



Concentrations in treated wastewater varies according to the seasons (wet/dry): atmosphericdeposition.

Concentrations in wastewater: ng- µg/l.

Raw WW: 1.5 µg/l; TWW: 0.4 µg/l (Montreal).

Raw WW: 4-19 ng/l; EUT: 2-8 ng/l (Italy).

In Egypt, PAHs were detected in sediments in Abou Qir Bay up to 2.7 mg/kg dw.

Concentrations in mussels were higher; up to 3.9 mg/kg dw.



Biodegradation: elimination of 95% of PAHs of 3 to 4 rings.

PAHs of 5 to 6 rings are degraded at 90-100% afterbiological/chemical traitement of effluents.

Activated sludge: inefficient for the completeddegradation of PAHs (yield of 4 to 100% accordingto the type of compounds).

In Tunisia, very few research have been done on PAH in wastewater; studies are rather focused on coastal regions, related to the contamination of marine water.



Synthetic detergent came to replace soaps.

NPEOs and OPEOs account for about 80 and 20% of the total APEO production.

Ban of APEOs in USA: transition period (1940-1970).

Ban of APEOs in Northern Europe: household cleaning products in 1995 and restrictions on their use in industries since 2000.

Non ionic detergents have various uses: wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, foaming agents, paper industry, textile industry, pesticides, lubricants, metal and plastic industries, cleaning agents used for domestic and industrialusages, resins industries, polymers, thermal stabilisers, antioxidant, etc.



Soluble molecules : with aliphatic chain soluble in water and aromatic part soluble in organic solvent.

Kow: 3-4.5



Activated sludge: eliminationof NPEO at 90%.

Hydrolyze under anaerobicconditions: generationof NP that could adsorbon sewage sludge.

Aerobic conditions: generationof NPEO



Raw Treated Country

NP: 4,2-8,8 µg/l 1-2 µg/l Italy

NP: 1,5 µg/l 6,6 µg/l Spain

NPEO: 570 µg/l 8,4 µg/l Spain

NP: 1,14 µg/l 0,34 µg/l Sweden

OP : n.d < LOD to 37 µg/l USA

Concentrations of some AP in raw and treated wastewater



Concentrations of APEOs in effluent of European WWTP of the last 10 years. NP, nonylphenol; NPEC.x, nonylphenol carboxylates; NPEO.1, nonylphenol monoethoxylate; NPEO.2, nonylphenol diethoxylates; NPEO.x, nonylphenol ethoxylates; OP, octylphenol; OPEC.1, octylphenol monocarboxylate; OPEC.2, octylphenol dicarboxylate; OPEO.x, octylphenolethoxylates.



Very ubiquitous compounds: detected in liquid and soildmatrices (wastewater and soil, etc.).

BPA is well known for it use in baby bottles (banned in Canada).

Plasticizers—bisphenol A and diethylhexylphthate



Human pharmaceuticals delivered under prescription.

Human pharmaceuticals purchased without prescription (automedication, overthecounter).

Veterinary pharmaceuticals (growth promoters, antibiotics, etc.) used in agriculture, poultry, livestock,and aquaculture.

Discharge of unused drugs in the sink/toilet

Hospitals, industries, public premices, etc.



Pharmaceuticals and personal care products detected in wastewaters

(Fatta-Kassinos e al, 2011)



Research started in the 70’s; fate was studied since 90’s.

More than 80 pharmaceutical compounds and their

metabolites were detected in effluents of wastewater

treatment plant: Austria, Brasil, Canada, United Kingdom,

Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Swizerland,

Netherland, and USA.

Detected in surface water, sediments, and drinking water.

Rather soluble with variable Kow (3- 4.5) Degradation is

variable .

They could be used as tracers of contamination.



Postigo and Barcelo, 2015)



Pharmaceuticals in hospitaleffluents and availability of ecotoxicological data

150 out of the 197 soughtcompounds have PNEC (Predicted no effect concentration)

15 are very hazardous to the environment

Green: experimental PNEC availableOrange: modelised PNEC availableRed: without PNECBlue: not detected

(Fréderic and Yves, 2014)



Paracetamol: analgesic

Possible acclimatation of the microbial fauna in activtedsludge, thereby possible effective degradation.

Variable rate of degradation: 7 to 96% biodegradationor adsorption on sewage sludge.

RWW TWW Country

29-246 µg/l <LOD (32 ng/l)- 4.3 µg/l Italy

5-69 µg/l <LOD (20 ng/l) United Kingdom

_ 8.1-65.3 ng/l USA

Paracetamol in raw and treated wastewater



Carbamazepine: antieplileptic Largely used in Mediterranean countries . Low rate of de degradation in secondary effluents (7%). Neither degraded not adsorbed during treatement,

regrdless of the residence time of the sewage sludge.

Carbamazepine in raw and treated wastewater

RWW TWW Country

- around 1 µg/l Italy

- 291.1 ng/l Italy

1.68 µg/l 1.18 µg/l Swden

- 12.1±1.1 µg/l --

- (Med-Max) 0.87-1.2 mg/l Italy, Greece, Sweden, Italy

0.12-0.31 µg/l 0.11-0.23 µg/l Italy

- 100-800 ng/l Swizerland



Ibuprofen: Non steroidal anti-inflammatory

1 to 8 % excreted under the initial compound ; 14% underconjugated form (soluble).

Degradation rate about 90%. However, it is frequentlyfound in surface waters.

Concentrations of ibuprofen in raw and treated wastewater

RWW (µg/l) TWW (µg/l) Country

1- 4.6 - Swizerland

3.59 0.15 Sweden

8.45 0.384 Canada

34-168 0.24-28 Italy

7.74-33.76 1.97-4.23 United Kingdom

- 0.005-1.5 Swizerland

nd-0.90 0.040-0.80 Croatia



In Jordan, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromicin, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and ketorolac wereanalyzed in influents and effluents of WWTP of Aqaba and Essamra (Tarawneh, et al. 2014).

Ibuprofen and naproxen (influent: 5.7 µg/L; effluent: 2.2. µg/L).

The pharmaceutical compounds may interfere the strategyof reuse in the country.



Prevention is better than cure Public awarenessand polluter-payer principle.

REACH program for the restricted use and release of chemicals in the environment.

Given the multiple sources and the non respect/lackof regulations.

Cure has become the rule, since the end of pipe isthe adopted strategy Advanced treatmentinstead of simple solutions.



Risk prevention Risk and hazard assessment Priority list of emerging pollutants to bemonitored.

Precautionary Principle adopted by EU since 2000: intended for risk management.

“It provides justification for public policy actions in situations of scientific complexity, uncertainty and ignorance, where there may be a need to act in order to avoid or reduce potentially serious or irreversible threats to health or the environment, using an appropriate level of scientific evidence, and taking into account the likely pros and cons of action and inaction (Gee, 2006).



(Raghav et al., 2013)

85O.Mahjoub3rd IWaTec Winter school, 21 Feb-1st

March, El 2015, Gouna, Egypt,



Degradation/transformation starts since the release in the sewer system.

Secondary treatment was never meant to remove the emerging pollutants from domestic/industrial effluents.

Pre-treatment is required for industrial effluents to avoidmixing with municipal effluents.

Advanced treatment is needed to completely remove micropollutants.

Transformation products of micropollutants are less studiedthan parent compounds.



Hydrophylic compounds are more likely to be found in treated wastewater.

Transfer to soil and groundwater during irrigation.

The more hydrophobic adsorb to suspended matter and are eliminated with sewage sludge. Sewage slude may contain high concentrations of the more persistent risk of transfer to soil.

Various properties (Cocktail of chemicals) Various rates of elimination.

The final « destination » of the treated wastewater shouldbe known before applying a treatment, to chose the appropriate process.



Removal of organic compounds in wastewater Biological treatment (oxidation) Adsorption on porous media (activated carbon or through a

thick filter or aquifer material) Chemical oxidation (UV-based processes (UV/O3, UV/O3/H2O2,

Fe3+/UV-vis , UV/TiO2 (Heterogeneous photocatalysis) ; H2O2-based processes (H2O2/UV process, H2O2/O3 process (Fenton and photo-Fenton

reaction).

Membrane separation Incineration Photochemical processes Air stripping Wet oxidation AOPs combined with biological treatment



Removal- BOD (30 mg/L)- COD (90 mg/L)- SS (30 mg/L)

± Removal- Nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus- Soluble COD- Heavy Metals- Non biodegradable organics- Microorganisms

Conventional biological secondary treatment

Residual: BOD, COD, SS

The higher the residence time, the higher the efficiency Soluble emerging pollutants that are not adsorbed on

sludge



PAHsAPs Disinfectant



New York: 16 psychoactive pharmaceuticals(antischizophrenics, sedative-hypnotic-anxiolytics, antidepressants, anti-hypertensives): 0.98–1220 ng/L .

Suspended solids can adsorb more than 50% of total mass of 8 psychoactives (aripiprazole, norquetiapine, norsertraline, citalopram, desmethyl, citalopram, propranolol, verapamil, and norverapamil) .

Influx of psychoactives in WWTPs ranged from 0.91 to 347 mg/d/1000 inhabitants.

Environmental emission of psychoactives ranged from 0.01 to 316 mg/d/1000 inhabitants.

Removal: 1% to 88% bio-degradation and/or chemical-transformation.

(Subedi and Khann, 2015)



Suspended soilds may hamper the application of further treatment

Filtration

93O.Mahjoub

3rd IWaTec Winter School21 Feb-1st March 2015, El Gouna, Egypt

Filtration Natural filtration (without pressure)- Sand bed filters- Soil aquifer treatment (SAT): aquifer recharge

Does not remove dissolved chemicals

(Mahjoub, 2014) (Mahjoub, 2007)

(Mahjoub, 2013)



Membrane treatment processes

Various materials with various pore size

Single, multiple membranes.

Microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis.

Hormones : Efficiency of treatment: Reverse osmosis > activated sludge > chemical treatment (precipitation Fe and Al).

High cost (investment, energy)

Clogging could occurr



PAHsAPs



Adsorption Granular activated carbon: High surface and pores size.

However, adsorption capacity is limited and regenrationrequires high energy but a large span of contaminants isremoved.

Several other materials zeolite, bentonite, clays, agriculture wastes, industrial wastes, commercial adsorbents, etc.)

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) and non-imprinted polymers (NIP): a novel approach for membranes offering high selectivity and strong affinity of the for target chemicals .



MIP (for single compound) and NIP (for sevral compounds) effectiveness depends on pH, ionic strength, type of molecules.

MIP and NIP may be considered as emerging pollutants!

Low-cost materials (natural clays, coconuts shells, eggsshells, spent tea, wood sawdust, tree bark, wood chips, etc.).

Combination of processes and adsorbents (ex. removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac, caffeine, and iburofen by sandfiltration coupled to graphene was effective at 98.2, 97.0, 95.5 and 97.0%, respectively ) (Rizzo, 2015).

Adsorption

Oxidation processes

Fluorine (F-) Hydroxyl Radical (OH.) Ozone (O3) Chlorine (Cl-) Bromine (Br-) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

983rd IWaTec Winter school, 21 Feb-1st

March, El 2015, Gouna, Egypt, O.Mahjoub



Advanced oxidation processes (AOP)

Use of oxidants like hydrogen peroxide and/or ozone.

Metallic salts or semiconductors like TiO2 can be added.

AOP´s are an alternative to reach final high mineralization and total depletion of contaminants especially for effluents with important COD content.

The use of environmental-friendly catalytic materials and sustainable renewable energy are two of the most important advantages in sophisticated AOPs.



Photochemical oxidation

The addition of energy as radiation to a chemical compound is the principle of the photochemical processes.

Adapted to organic compound that absorb light.

Photodegradation may be slow

Transformation products may be harder to degrade.



Incineration/Thermal oxydation

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter. Applied mainly in industries (Paint manufacturing; rubber

and polymer manufacturing, etc.) Example: perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic

Acid (PFOA) are ubiquitous and extremely persistent (surface-active

agent, firefighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products). Activated carbon , nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are

effective to remove PFCs from water.

Incineration is needed for concentrated waste.

Generation of new compounds.

High energy consumption



Fred Hervey wastewater treatment plant (El Paso, USA)



Wastewater is precious because it is 99% water.

Emerging micropollutants are well known but not sufficiently recognized as such.

Conventional treatment is inefficient in removingmicropollutants. However, if well managed it can mitigateenvironmental risk (and health risk)

Transformtions products of the micropollutants may bemore problematic to the environment.

Prevention is better than cure: treatment at the source isbetter than « end of the pipe » strategy.

MENA countries have done some progress in dealing withmicropollutants.

MENA countries should enforce regulations and adopt new strategies for mitigation.



Emerging pollutants???



Acknowledgements



Thank you

dr. olfa mahjoub. assoc. prof., water quality and reuse · o.mahjoub 1 3rd iwatec winter school 21...

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