dries buytaert shares his view on decoupled drupal: when, why, and how
TRANSCRIPT
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Decoupled Drupal When, Why, and How
January 11, 2017
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Dries BuytaertChairman & CTO, Acquia
Preston SoDirector of Research & Innovation
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In today's webinar
I. What is a decoupled CMS? II. Trade-offs & nuances of the decoupled CMS III. Why Drupal is an ideal decoupled CMS IV. The decoupled Drupal ecosystem
V. Why Acquia is an ideal platform for decoupled CMS VI. Decoupled Drupal case studies VII. How to decouple Drupal in 2018 VIII. Q&A
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What is a decoupled CMS?
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What is a decoupled CMS?
Decoupled CMS (also known as a "headless" CMS) is the use of a CMS as a content service providing content for consumption and manipulation by other applications.
A decoupled CMS can be used to deliver content to native applications, single-page applications, digital signage, conversational interfaces, AR-driven interfaces, and many others — even other back-end applications.
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Why does it matter to content creators?
A decoupled CMS offers these advantages:
– Write once, publish everywhere. Content creators can take their content and deliver it on any experience.
– Single source of truth. Content creators can harness all of their content in one sole repository.
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A decoupled CMS offers these advantages:
– API-first approach. Developers can use a set of APIs for data consumption rather than building the entire stack.
– Front-end freedom. Developers can create the experiences they want to build with the tools they want to use.
Why does it matter to developers?
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Decoupled CMSes have gained popularity
These factors have led to decoupled CMS adoption:
– A desire to separate concerns of structure and presentation so that front-end teams and back-end teams can work independently from each other.
– Marketers and publishers are looking for solutions that can serve content to a growing list of channels and aren't coupled to a website.
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API-first Drupal at a glance
IoT apps
Native apps
Chat apps
Single- page apps
Other back ends
Set-top boxes
Title
Body
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
Decoupled CMS
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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How a decoupled CMS works
CMS
Site or repository built in CMS
REST API
Consumer application
Consumer applicationHTTP client
HTTP request
HTTP response
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CMS
CMS front end
Server-side language
Data
Templates
Front-end code
CMS
Consumer application
Server-side language
Data
Templates
Front-end code
Other language
JSONWeb services
Monolithic vs. decoupled CMS
Monolithic Decoupled
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CMS
Native Android application
Server-side language
Data
Templates
App code
Java
JSONWeb services
CMS
Single-page application (universal JavaScript)
Server-side language
Data
Templates
HTML
JavaScript
JSONWeb services
Two sample decoupled architectures
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Silex application
Data
Templates
HTML or app code
PHP
JSON
Decoupled CMS
Native iOS application
Server-side language
Swift
Web services
Single repository for multiple consumers
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Synchronous
AsynchronousExecution model: Universal JavaScript
Node.js
Server-side execution of JavaScript framework
Browser
Client-side execution of JavaScript framework
Executes JavaScript framework
Requests page from server
Renders initial HTML
Clie
ntS
erve
r
Executes JavaScript framework
Performs bindings on HTML
Issues API request
Issues API response
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Synchronous
AsynchronousExecution model: Universal JS with CMS
Server-side execution of JS
framework
CMS
Browser
Client-side execution of JS
framework
Renders initial HTML
Clie
ntS
erve
r
Executes JavaScript framework
Performs bindings on HTML
Issues API request
Issues API response
Node.jsExecutes JavaScript
framework
Responds with CMS data
Requests page from server
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Trade-offs and nuances of the decoupled CMS
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Decoupled CMS trade-offs
Disadvantages
– Loss of in-context features
– Display and layout management difficulties
– No seamless end-to-end preview
– Additional point of failure
Advantages – Separation of concerns– Pipelined development– Easier resourcing
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Disadvantage: Loss of in-context features
– Decoupled CMSes lack full-fledged editorial experiences integrated into the front ends to which they serve content
– Unless they expose a content editing interface tied to each front end, in-context administration and in-place editing are impossible
– In order to provide an editorial experience on the front end, the front end must be aware of that content editing interface
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Disadvantage: No display and layout manipulation
– Decoupled CMSes are unopinionated about display and layout settings
– Among traditional CMSes' key features is the ability to control where content appears in a layout structure
– Editorial tools which enable this need have to be integrated into the front end that faces the end user to be useful
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Disadvantage: No seamless end-to-end preview
– Editors are particularly concerned about how content will look once it's published
– Access to an easy end-to-end preview system, especially for unpublished content, is essential to editors' workflows
– In the headless CMS paradigm, developers have to jump through fairly significant hoops to enable seamless preview
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Disadvantage: Additional point of failure
– If you're building a JavaScript application, adding a Node.js stack creates an additional maintenance burden
– Any other consumer applications will also require additional infrastructure
– If the repository serving content to consumers is not public-facing, then your users can't access your content
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Advantage: Separation of concerns
– Structure versus presentation is increasingly relevant in decoupled architectures
– Increasingly, architects want to divide monolithic architectures into services with single responsibilities
– Front-end developers don't want to be encumbered by obstacles presented by the back end
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Advantage: Pipelined development
– An API-design-first approach gives front-end and back-end teams independence
– The back-end team can build out the API while the front-end team consumes a dummy API that mimics the eventual production API
– The two teams aren't blocked by one another, and they converge at the API layer
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Advantage: Easier resourcing
– With a robust API, any developer of any technology can communicate with your CMS to build their application.
– For web applications, JavaScript developers are often now less expensive than CMS developers.
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Why Drupal is an ideal decoupled CMS
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Drupal is an ideal decoupled CMS
You might not have expected it, but Drupal is an ideal option for your decoupled CMS. – Drupal has an expanding ecosystem of tools, web services, and
integrations surrounding it, just like leading content-as-a-service platforms
– Drupal enables you to take an API-first rather than API-only approach, unlike content-as-a-service platforms
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The issue with decoupled CMSes on the market
– Decoupled CMSes on the market today like Contentful and Prismic are growing in popularity
– But whereas decoupled CMSes give developers flexibility, editors lose that flexibility on the web
– Here's where decoupled CMSes on the market fall flat:
– In-context administration and in-place editing of content
– Display and layout manipulation
– End-to-end preview of unpublished content
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Drupal has a unique value proposition
– I'm not convinced decoupled CMSes as they are today are where the world is headed
– Drupal has one crucial advantage in that it can be, in one single package:
– An exceptional end-to-end CMS for editors who need control over the presentation of their website content
– A rich decoupled CMS for developers building out large content ecosystems
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Decoupled content creation at a glance
IoT apps
Native apps
Chat apps
Single- page apps
Other back ends
Set-top boxes
Title
Body
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Decoupled CMS
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API-first Drupal at a glance
IoT apps
Native apps
Chat apps
Single- page apps
Other back ends
Set-top boxes
Lorem ipsum dolor sit a|
Title
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Website
Decoupled CMS
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The decoupled Drupal ecosystem
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Site or repository built in Drupal
Consumer application
Web services
Consumer application
SDKs and reference
applications
HTTP request
HTTP response
The decoupled Drupal ecosystem
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REST APIs
Core REST JSON API RELAXed Web Services
GraphQL
Overview of Drupal web services
Webservices
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JSON API
– JSON API is a specification for REST APIs in JSON popular among JavaScript developers and adopted by the Ember and Rails communities.
– JSON API provides a standard way to query single entities, but it also provides all relationships contained therein and query operations via query string parameters.
drupal.org/project/jsonapi
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JSON API
JSON API (abbreviated payloads,
merely illustrative)
Client issues request for an entity resource
Server issues response with single entity and all relationships
GET /jsonapi/node/1 ?include=field_author
{ "data": [{ "type": "articles", "id": "1", "attributes": { "title": "Foo", "body": "Lorem ipsum", }, ... }], "included": [{ "type": "people", "id": "5", "attributes": { "name": "Joe" } }] }
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GraphQL
– GraphQL, originally created by Facebook to power its data fetching, is a query language that enables fewer queries and limits response bloat.
– GraphQL shifts responsibility from server to client: the server publishes its possibilities, and the client publishes its needs instead of receiving a response dictated solely by the server.
drupal.org/project/graphql
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GraphQL
GraphQL (simplified payloads,
merely illustrative)
Client issues request declaring data requirements
Server issues response matching structure of declared requirements
{ title fieldAuthor { title } }
{ "title": "Foo" "fieldAuthor": { "title": "Joe" } }
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The Waterwheel ecosystem
– Waterwheel is an emerging ecosystem of SDKs designed to accelerate development of Drupal-backed applications in a variety of technologies.
– Currently, a helper SDK is available for JavaScript and a full SDK is available for Swift to power iOS, tvOS, and other Apple applications.
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SDKs and starter kits
– github.com/acquia/waterwheel.js
– github.com/kylebrowning/waterwheel.swift
– drupal.org/project/waterwheel
– github.com/acquia/ember-drupal-waterwheel
– github.com/acquia/ember-waterwheel-app
– github.com/acquia/react-waterwheel-app
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Web services distributions
An ecosystem of distributions for developers consuming decoupled Drupal is emerging.
– github.com/acquia/reservoir
– github.com/acquia/headless-lightning
– github.com/contentacms/contenta_jsonapi
Headless Lightning
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Why Acquia is an ideal platform for decoupled CMS
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The Acquia platform for decoupled Drupal
Acquia Cloud Drupal and Node.js Application Services • Cloud CD
Node.js
Drupal website Native application JavaScript application
FRO
NT
END
BA
CK
EN
D
Web services JSON API • GraphQL • Core REST
Drupal Drupal 8 • Acquia Lightning • Reservoir • Headless Lightning
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Acquia Cloud: Drupal-tuned PaaS
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Acquia Cloud for Node.js
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Building and deploying Node.js
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Managing your developer teams
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Decoupled Drupal case studies
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Real-time countdown clocks
Decoupled Drupal delivery
Hundreds of signs across the MTA subway system
Real-time updates
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Contextual experiences pushed real-time
Multiple endpoints
Beyond the browser
Everything contextual across mobile devices, 120 digital signs, in-cabin video
Transformed passenger cruise experience
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How to decouple Drupal in 2018
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Q&A
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Thank youDries Buytaert (@dries) [email protected]
Preston So (@prestonso) [email protected] drupal.org/u/prestonso