CopenhagenBusinessSchool-2016

Driverlesscarsandtheirimpactonproductivityandefficiency

Anexperimentcarriedoutwithfoodinspectorsatthe

DanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration

By

MortenEmsholmKjær

Master’sthesissubmittedforthedegreeofMScinBusinessAdministrationandInformationManagement

Cand.merc.(it.)Handedin:April1st2016

(Pages:71,Characters:152.829)

Thesissupervisor:KimNormannAndersen,Professor,PhDDepartmentofITManagement,CopenhagenBusinessSchool

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Abstract Introduction:Driverlesscarswillenterthemarketplacewithinthenext10-20years.Numerousstudiesand

articleshavepredictedtheeffectsofautonomouscarstobeprofound.Inadditiontofeweraccidentsand

better utilization of the carpool, many researchers and authors project that driverless cars will lead to

productivity increase and an increase in quality of life. Instead of steering a car, people can use the

transportationtimeproductively,e.g.executingworktasksthatcanbeperformedinacar.Whilethemacro-

economiceffectssoundverypromising,verylittleresearchhasbeenmadeonthemicro-levelandanumber

ofquestionsareunanswered:Willpeoplebeworkingorrelaxing?Willpeoplebeabletoworkorwillthey

experiencemotionsickness?Howproductivewilltheybewhiletransported?

TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)(Fødevarestyrelsen)hasapprox.300foodinspectors

acrossthecountryvisitingcompaniesproducingorsellingfood.Normallythefoodinspectorsdriveincarsto

visitthesecompaniesandtherebyspendmanyhoursbehindthesteeringwheel.Inadditiontothevisits,the

foodinspectorwritereports,readuponnewregulations,communicatewithcolleaguesetc.Therefore,the

foodinspectorsattheDVFAareoptimalcandidatesforexploringthepotentialofincreasingtheproductivity

whenintroducingdriverlesscars.

Method:Toexplorethepotentialofahigherproductivity,5foodinspectorsfromtheDVFAareparticipating

inanexperiment.Theexperimentincludesbeingtransportedinasimulatedautonomouscarduringafull

workdaywithanexperimenteractingasaninvisibledriver.

Thefoodinspectorsaregivenfullprovisionoverthecar,andcanbetakenanywhere,includingtheirhomes,

during a working day. The inspectors will be observed during all transportation rides and will fill out a

questionnaire after each trip. At the end of each experiment day, the participating food inspector is

interviewed.Theobservations,questionnairesandinterviewsareusedtodeterminewhatactivitiesisbeing

conductedinthecar.

Results: Five experiments were conducted and the results showed that the food inspectors spent the

majority (approx. 87 %) of the transportation time for work-related activities, including preparing for

upcomingvisits,processingacompletedvisitandotherwork-relatedactivities.As2outof5foodinspectors

alreadymakeandanswerphonecallswhendrivingthemselves,amoreconservative50%conversionisalso

proposed.

Conclusion:Mostof theactivitiesperformed in theautonomouscarwouldhave tobedoneby the food

inspectorsatadifferenttime.Assuch,theefficiencyincreasedupto5,3%allowingforapotentialreduction

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of up to 16 food inspectors. The driverless car also provided the opportunity for the food inspectors to

prepareandprocessaninspectionimmediatelybeforeandafteravisitpotentiallyincreasingthequalityof

the visit and the following inspection report. Furthermore, the autonomous car allowed for immediate

responseandfullconcentrationduringphoneconversationswithcolleagues.Thisledtoapotentialincrease

in productivity as a result of inspections of higher quality. Converting 50% - 87% of the hours used for

transportation in 2015 into work-related activities is equivalent to having an additional 10-17 FTE food

inspectors(3,2%–5,6%).

Fromtheresearch,thefollowinghypothesisisproposed:

A largeamountof transportation time ina driverless car canbeused forwork-relatedactivities,

potentiallyleadingtoanincreaseinproductivity,efficiencyoramixofboth.

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Vocabulary Driverless car: A car operating without human driver intervention

Autonomous car: See Driverless car

Self-driving car: See Driverless car

Passenger: A person being transported

Transportee: See Passenger

Food inspector: Employee at Fødevarestyrelsen conducting regular visits at food companies in

Denmark, making sure they follow rules and guidelines relating to producing and selling food.

FTE: Full-time equivalent

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Preface Thisthesisistheculminationof2yearsofstudiesattheBusinessAdministrationandInformationSystems

programme (cand.merc.(it.))atCopenhagenBusinessSchool.Thecand.merc.(it.)programmebuildsupon

threepillars;business,organizationandinformationtechnology.Thethesisrepresentsaworkloadof30ECTS

points.Theresearchdoneinthisthesiscanbeseenasacontinuationofthefollowingcourses:

StrategyMakinginGlobalEnvironments(1stsemester).ThiscourseexaminedhowInformationTechnology

(IT)cancontributetoefficiency,effectivenessandinnovationinanorganization.Oneofthekeyissuesinthe

course was how to use IT and information management for creating new and more effective business

processes.Whileself-drivingcarsdoesnotfallwithintheclassicaldefinitionofIT, it isaresultofyearsof

researchanddevelopmentwithintheITandautomotiveindustriesandthisthesisshowshowdriverlesscars

cansimilarlycontributetotheefficiency.

Information,EconomicsandBusiness(2ndsemester).Oneofthelearninggoalsofthiscoursewastomake

studentsabletodevelopandpresentconcretesolutionstomarketproblemsandadvisefirmsabouthowto

dealwithinformationtechnologychallengesandopportunities.Thislearninggoaliscentraltothisthesisin

identifyingtheopportunitiesprovidedbyautonomouscartechnology.Inaddition,thecourseintroducedthe

bookTheSecondMachineAgeandthechessboardanalogy.Thisanalogyillustratesthepowerofexponential

growth in relation to the development within the technology industry, made famous by Moore’s Law

(Brynjolfson&McAfee, 2014). The rapid development of artificial intelligence and patternmatching has

evolvedtoastatewherefieldsearlierbelievedtobeimpossibleformachinestodo,suddenlyhavecome

closetoreality.Oneexampleofthisaredriverlesscars.

TheRobotArmadaiscoming(3rdsemester)

Thiscoursegaveanintroductiontorobotictechnologies,artificialintelligence(AI)andprovideddiscussion

pointsforthebusinessstrengthsandweaknessesforthetechnologies.Experimentsfromthiscourseisused

asinspirationtotheexperimentconductedinthisthesis.Inaddition,TheSecondMachineAgeprovideda

basisfordiscussion,includingautonomouscars.

Inthisthesiscomma(,)isusedasdecimalseparatorandbaselinedot(.)isusedasthousandsmarkers.

Assuch1,234shouldbeinterpretedas“1point234”.

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1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................9

1.1 Theaimoftheresearch.............................................................................................................9

1.2 Delimitationsoftheresearch....................................................................................................9

1.3 Experiment..............................................................................................................................10

1.4 Structure.................................................................................................................................11

2 Background........................................................................................................................13

2.1 AutonomousCarsStateoftheUnion.......................................................................................13

2.2 Concludingremarksonbackground.........................................................................................19

3 Delimitationoftheresearch...............................................................................................21

3.1 Previousresearch....................................................................................................................21

3.2 Theaimoftheresearch...........................................................................................................23

3.3 TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration.....................................................................24

3.4 Definitionofproductivity........................................................................................................25

3.5 Resistancetochange...............................................................................................................26

3.6 Researchquestion...................................................................................................................26

3.7 Concludingremarksonproblemscoping.................................................................................26

4 ResearchDesign.................................................................................................................27

4.1 ExploratoryResearch..............................................................................................................27

4.2 Experiment..............................................................................................................................28

4.3 Simulatedexperiment.............................................................................................................30

4.4 Measuringtheexperiment......................................................................................................33

4.5 Datatriangulation...................................................................................................................35

4.6 Baseline..................................................................................................................................35

4.7 Durationandparticipants........................................................................................................36

4.8 Concludingremarksonresearchdesign...................................................................................38

5 Results...............................................................................................................................39

5.1 Maria......................................................................................................................................39

5.2 NannaandKnud......................................................................................................................43

5.3 Bente......................................................................................................................................46

5.4 Stine........................................................................................................................................47

5.5 Puk..........................................................................................................................................50

5.6 Concludingremarksonresults.................................................................................................53

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6 Discussion..........................................................................................................................54

6.1 Validityoftheresults..............................................................................................................54

6.2 PotentialBenefits....................................................................................................................59

6.3 Concludingremarksonthediscussion.....................................................................................65

7 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................67

7.1 Suggestionsforfurtherresearch..............................................................................................68

8 Reflections.........................................................................................................................69

8.1 Potentialbenefitsofdriverlesscarsinothercompanies..........................................................69

8.2 Generalcommuteandworkinghoursindriverlesscars...........................................................69

8.3 Inversecommuting..................................................................................................................69

8.4 Competingtechnologies..........................................................................................................70

8.5 TheSecondMachineAge.........................................................................................................70

8.6 Autonomouscarsdonotexistyet...........................................................................................71

9 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................72

10 Appendices.....................................................................................................................78

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1 Introduction Driverlesscarsarepartofthefuture.ExistingcarcompaniessuchasVolvo,Mercedes,BMW,Ford,Honda,

GeneralMotorsandTeslaareallexploringwaystoincludeautonomousdrivingtechnologyintotheircars

(Volvo,2016)(Taylor,2015)(Adams,2015)(Stoll,2016)(Ford,2016)(Isaac,2016)(Voelcker,2016).Google

hasalreadyloggedmorethan1,4millionmilesintheirfleetofprototypeself-drivingvehicles(GoogleSelf-

drivingReport,2016).Uberhassetuparesearchcentrededicatedtoautonomousdriving(Isaac,2015)and

LyfthasformedapartnershipwithGeneralMotorstohelpdevelopdriverlesscars(Isaac,2016).Byoffering

driverlesstransportation,UberandLyftwillbeabletolowerthepriceoftheirtransportationservices.The

work by start-ups such as Cruise Automation and George Hotz illustrate that autonomous technology

developmentisnotconfinedtobigcompanieswithlargeresearchbudgets,butitachievablebymuchsmaller

teams (Gannes, 2014) (Vance, 2015). Based on these industry observations, fully self-driving cars are

estimatedtobeonthemarketwithinthenext10-20yearsatpricepointsmakingthemavailabletomostcar

drivers.

1.1 The aim of the research

Althoughdriverlesscarsarebelievedtoeliminatetheneedformanytypesofjobs,researchers,governments

andjournalistsareallpraisingthepositiveimplicationsofself-drivingcars;feweraccidents,lesscongestion

ontheroadsandincreasedproductivity(Bartl,2015)(Litman,2015)(Parker,2015)(Bamonte,2013)(Walker,

2014).Whiletheauthorofthisthesissharetheexcitementofsuchafuture,especiallythepremiseofamore

productivesociety isbasedontheassumption thatpeoplewillactuallytranslatetransportationtimeinto

workrelatedactivitiesandtherebyproductiveactivities.However,accordingtotheknowledgeoftheauthor,

noexperimentsprovingthisphenomenonhavebeenconducted.

Theaimoftheresearchistochallengetheassumptionandexplorewhatwillhappenwhenpeoplearebeing

transportedinadriverlesscaraspartoftheirjob.Willtheyactuallydoproductiveactivities,thusverifying

theassumption?Aretheyspendingthetripscheckingtheirsocialnetworks?Willtheyexperiencemotion

sickness?Throughacarefullydesignedexperiment,thisthesiswillattempttoanswerthesequestions.

1.2 Delimitations of the research TheDanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)isemployingapproximately300FTEfoodinspectors

(Appendix1)Oneoftheirmainresponsibilitiesistoconductinspectionsofcompaniessellingorproducing

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foodinDenmark(TheDVFA,2015).The300FTEfoodinspectorsconducted62.792foodinspectionvisitsin

2015. Related to these visits, approx. 33.300 hours were spent on transportation during work hours

(Appendix1).Inmostcases,thefoodinspectorstransportedthemselvestothefoodcompanies’locations

usingacar,providedbytheDVFAortheirown.Ontopofthis,inspectorsspendtimecommuting,oftenin

theirowncar.

Beyond the actual inspections, the visits must be prepared beforehand and processed afterwards. In

addition,thefoodinspectorsmustregularlybeupdatedonnewregulations,communicatewithcolleagues,

attendcourses,etc.Manyoftheseactivitiescouldpotentiallybeconductedwhilebeingtransportedinacar.

Asaresult,thefoodinspectorsattheDVFAareidealcandidatesforexploringhowdriverlesscarswillaffect

productivityandefficiencyofworkerswithcar-drivingaspartoftheirjob.

Thisleadstothefollowingresearchquestion:

“HowwilldriverlesscarsaffectproductivityandefficiencyoffoodinspectorsattheDanishVeterinary

andFoodAdministration?”

This thesis is not investigating the technology behind autonomous cars. Instead it explores how future

technologymightimpactproductivityandefficiencyinanorganization.Thetechnologyisnotyetavailable,

legislationandregulationsareincomplete,andthepricepointsofthecarsandtheirusearestillunknown.

Assuch,thestudywillnotprovidemanagerialrecommendationsorpreciseeconomiccalculations.Instead,

the thesis can be perceived as a feasibility study (Hughes & Cotterell, 2006), investigating whether

autonomouscarsareworthfurtherconsiderationsinrelationtoproductivityincreaseforcertaintypesofjob

beforeandwhendriverlesscarsenterthemarket.

1.3 Experiment Inaninductiveexploratoryapproach,anexperimentisdesignedtoinvestigatetheresearchquestion.The

experimentisinspiredbylaboratoryresearchatUniversityofBritishColumbia(Young&Cormier,2014)and

MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) (Conner-Simons, 2014) as well as field

experiments by Henrik Schärfe (Schärfe& Abildgaard, 2012). A real driverless car is unavailable for this

research. However, recognizing that the area of interest is not how the car drives, but what the food

inspectorsaredoingwhentheyarerelievedfromdriving,theexperiment isconductedusingasimulated

autonomouscar.

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Over the courseof5experimentationdays, anexperimenterwill act asan invisibledriver controllingan

autonomouscarduringanentireworkdayfor5differentfoodinspectors.Thefoodinspectorsaretoldto

ignorethepersonbehindthesteeringwheelandimaginebeinginarealdriverlesscar.Thefoodinspectors

arenotallowedtotalktothedriver,expectforissuinginstructions,suchas“TakemetoaddressX”or“Turn

upthevolumeontheradio”.ASkodaOctaviaisusedforalltheexperimentationdays.Theexperimentsetup

canbeseeninPicture1.

Picture1–Experimenteractingasdriverinthesimulateddriverlesscar(left)andfoodInspectorworkinginthecar(right)

Theexperimentstartsandendsonthehomeaddressofthefoodinspectors’.Inthisway,thecommuteis

includedintheresearch.Tocreateanillusionofthedrivernotbeingpresentinthecar,theexperimenteris

wearing headphones. In addition, to mimic the potential experience of a real self-driving car, the

experimenterwilltrytodrivethecarsmoothlyandavoidunnecessaryaccelerationsandde-accelerations.

Thefoodinspectorsarepredictedtovisit3-5companies(Appendix11).Aftereachtrip,thefoodinspector

willansweraquestionnairepre-filledwithpotentialactivities.Duringrides,theexperimenterwillobserve

thefoodinspectorandattheendoftheday,thefoodinspectorswillbeinterviewed.Datafromthethree

datacollectionmethodsarecombinedandformstheresults.

1.4 Structure The thesis is structured in the following way: In the next chapter, the current state of publicly known

developmentswithinautonomouscartechnologyisreported.Fromthis,abaselineunderstandingofhow

far away self-driving cars are fromentering themarketplace is formed. Following is a chapter lookingat

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previous research within the area autonomous vehicles. This previous research is used to identify

opportunitiesforresearchcontributions,whichleadstotheresearchquestion.Inchapter4,anexperiment

intendedtoanswertheresearchquestionisdesigned.Scopeanddurationoftheexperimentisdetermined

aswellasmethodsof collectingdata.Chapter5presents the results fromtheexperiment followedbya

chapter where the results are discussed. This includes considering the validity of the experiments and

potentialbenefits for the food inspectorsand theDVFA.Aconclusion is reached inchapter7alongwith

suggestionsforfutureresearch.Finally,thelastchapterincludesreflectionsonthefindingsandhowthey

canbeseeninabroadercontext.

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2 Background Thepurposeofthischapteristoestablishadefinitionofaself-drivingcarandprovideanoverviewofthe

developmentswithin autonomous car technology.Anumberof companies and start-ups in the field are

introduced. At the end of the chapter, the reader should have gained an understanding of the eminent

emergenceofdriverlesscarsonpublicroadsandwhyitisimportanttodoresearchontheimplicationsof

autonomouscars.

2.1 Autonomous Cars State of the Union The following section is a snapshot of the development of autonomous technology inMarch 2016. The

resourcesinvestedinthisfieldarenumerousandmanymajorandupcomingplayershaveaninterestinthe

field.Asaresult,thissectionislikelytobeout-datedbynewpublicationsandannouncementswithinweeks

fromthepublicationdate.Inaddition,thelistisnotexhaustive,butprovidesanoverview.Furthermore,this

sectionincludesanestimationofhowfarself-drivingcarsarefromenteringthemarketbasedonthecurrent

developments.

2.1.1 Definition of a driverless car

Theworddriverlesssetsthetoneforwhatadriverlesscaris;namelyacarwithoutadriver.Self-drivingis

similarlyself-explanatory;avehiclethatcandriveitself.Bothtermswillbeusedinthisthesis.Usuallyhumans

drivecarsandahumanuseseyesandearstoobservethetrafficandhandsandlegstocontrolthevehicle.

Thedrivingskillsarebasedonknowledgeofthetrafficrulesandpriordrivingexperience.

Butwhataboutadriverlesscar?Asanexample,aprototypedriverlesscardevelopedbythecompanyGoogle

hasanarrayofdifferenttypesofsensorsinsteadofeyes.(Hood,2014).ItincludesaLidar,whichisaspecial

sensorthatuses32or64laserstobuilda3Dmapofthesurroundingsatupto200meters,astandardcamera,

ultrasonicsensors,GPS,altimeters,gyroscopeanda tachometer, thatmeasures therotationof thedrive

shaft(Hood,2014).Combined,thesesensorsgivethecarahighlypreciseunderstandingofthesurroundings

includingothervehicles,pedestrians,trafficlightandmore.Thedatafromthesesensorsareinterpretedby

softwarerunningonacomputerinsidethevehicle.Thesoftwareusesacombinationofpatternmatching

andpre-implemented rules (what-if) toautonomously control thecar,hence thenameautonomouscar.

(wiseGEEK, 2016) (whatIS.com, 2016). The passenger or transportee only controls the final destination

(wiseGEEK,2016).

TheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation'sNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)hasdefined

5levelsofvehicleautomation(U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,2013).Level0carshavenoautomation

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andLevel1-2onlyrelatestocarswithsimpledriver-assistantsystems.Theydonotqualifyasself-driving

vehiclesandarenotofinteresttothisresearch.CarswithLevel3and4aredefinedashavinglimitedorfull

self-drivingautomationwiththefollowingexplanations(U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,2013):

• LimitedSelf-DrivingAutomation(Level3):Vehiclesatthislevelofautomationenablethedriverto

cedefullcontrolofallsafety-criticalfunctionsundercertaintrafficorenvironmentalconditionsand

inthoseconditionstorelyheavilyonthevehicletomonitorforchangesinthoseconditionsrequiring

transitionbacktodrivercontrol.Thedriver isexpectedtobeavailableforoccasionalcontrol,but

with sufficiently comfortable transition time.TheGooglecar isanexampleof limitedself-driving

automation.

• FullSelf-DrivingAutomation(Level4):Thevehicleisdesignedtoperformallsafety-criticaldriving

functionsandmonitorroadwayconditionsforanentiretrip.Suchadesignanticipatesthatthedriver

willprovidedestinationornavigationinput,but isnotexpectedtobeavailableforcontrolatany

timeduringthetrip.Thisincludesbothoccupiedandunoccupiedvehicles.

AsthedescriptionsofLevel3and4imply,carswiththeseautomationlevelsareself-drivingatleastunder

certainconditions,meaningthedriverisabletocedefullcontrolofsafety-criticalfunctions.Inorderwords,

thedriverisabletofocusonsomethingelsethantheroadandsteeringofthecar.Itcanbedebatedwhether

cars with Level 3 qualifies as true self-driving vehicles, when the driver is expected to be available for

occasional control (note the word driver). It depends on the definition of occasional. There is a great

differencebetweenafewtimesoneverytripversusonceevery10thtrip.

Inthisthesis,onlycarswithfullself-drivingautomation(level4)areconsidereddriverlesscars.

2.1.2 Tesla

TeslaisanAmericancarcompanyproducingpureelectricvehicles(TeslaMotors,2016).Adistinctivefeature

ofTesla’scarsistheregularsoftwareupdatesdownloadedtocarsthathavealreadybeensoldanddelivered.

With Software Update 7.0 Tesla has enabled what the company calls Auto Pilot for vehicles with the

necessaryhardwaresensorsbuilt-in(Voelcker,2016).AsstatedbytheCEOElonMusk,theupdatedoesnot

makethecarsself-driving,andrequiresthedrivertokeephandsonthesteeringwheel.However,Muskis

quoted:

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“Fromatechnologystandpoint[...]Teslawillhaveacarthatcandofullautonomyinaboutthree

years,maybeabitsooner.[...]fromthatpoint,togetregulatoryapprovalforfullautonomywillvary

byjurisdiction,anywherefromanotheryeartomaybeseveralyears.”(Voelcker,2016).

Tesla’sgo-to-marketstrategyforautonomoustechnologyisincremental.Thecompany’scarsareequipped

with sensors from the factory, andareupgradable through softwareupdates. In SoftwareUpdate7.1, a

featurecalledSummonwasreleased,allowingaTeslaModelSandModelXtobesummoned(withouta

driver)onprivateproperty(TheTeslaMotorsTeam,2016).Whilethesummonfeatureisonlyallowedon

privatepropertyforthetimebeing,thecarisineffectaLevel4carwithinthosephysicalbounds,requiring

nohumaninteractionwhilebeingsummoned.

2.1.3 Volvo

VolvoCarCorporationisaSwedishcarcompanybasedinGothenburg.Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyin

self-drivingtechnologyandplanstoprovide100self-drivingcarstoreal-worldcustomersby2017(Volvo,

2016).Accordingtothecompany,itwillbetheworldsfirstlarge-scaletestprojectofautonomouscarsand

isapartnershipbetweenVolvoCarGroup, theSwedishTransportAdministration, theSwedishTransport

Agency, Lindholmen Science Park and the City of Gothenburg. The project is endorsed by the Swedish

Government(Volvo,2016).WhileVolvohasnotpubliclyannouncedadateformarketreadinessofdriverless

cars,thecompanyhasstated,thatthetechnologyiscrucialinhelpingreachitsgoal;thatnobodyshouldbe

killedorinjuredinanewVolvoby2020(Volvo,2016).

2.1.4 Other car companies

Manyothercarcompaniesarealsoengagedinthedevelopmentsofdriverlesstechnology.

• InAugust2013,Mercedes-BenzdevelopedanS-class limousinewhichdrovebetweenMannheim

and Pforzheim without driver input and the company is considering to set up large fleets of

autonomouscars,offeringapremiumtransportationservice(Taylor,2015).

• BMW is trying to achieve the “ultimate drivingmachines” and the next logical step is driverless

technology(Adams,2015).

• TheJapanesecarcompany,HondaMotorCo.inMarch2016announceditisimplementingit’smost

advancedself-drivingfeaturesintotheirentry-levelHondaCivic.WhilenotaLevel4car,itcandrive

itselfautonomouslyonhighways(Stoll,2016).

• InJanuary2016Fordannouncedatriplingofitstest-fleetoffullyautonomousvehiclesto30tobe

testedontheroadsofCalifornia,ArizonaandMichigan.(Ford,2016)AccordingtoRajNair,Ford’s

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Executive Vice President, Global Product Development, the company is committed to make

autonomouscarsavailabletomillionsofpeople.

2.1.5 General Motors and Lyft

LyftisanAmericancompanyofferingtransportationthroughthetapofabuttonintheirmobileapp(Lyft,

2016).Today,realpeopleareprovidingthetransportationserviceusingtheirprivatecars,butinDecember

2015Lyft receivedanstrategic investment fromGeneralMotors (GM)withtheaimofdevelopinganon-

demandnetworkofself-drivingcars(Isaac,2016).JohnZimmer,presidentofLyftsaidthefollowingwhen

theinvestmentwasannounced:

“We strongly believe that autonomous vehicle go-to-market strategy is through a network, not

throughindividualcarownership,”(Isaac,2016).

Thefactthatthesetwocompanieshaveformedapartnershipisinteresting,astheirbusinessmodelsdonot

seemtobecompatible.Intheory,driverlesscarsofferedthroughanon-demandnetwork(transportation-

as-a-service)willincreasetheutilizationofindividualcars,thusreducingtheneedforregularpeopletoown

a car (Isaac, 2016). As Detroit-based GM sells cars to regular people, this seems contradicting (General

MotorsInc.,2016).However,DanielAmmann,presidentofGeneralMotorshassaid:

“FromaG.M.perspective,weviewthisasmuchmoreofanopportunitythanathreat”(Isaac,2016).

This comment isbackedupby theactionsofGM toacquire the start-up,CruiseAutomation (Primack&

Korosec,2016).CruiseAutomationisdescribedlaterinthechapter.

Whileitmightseemodd,thatGMissupportingthetransport-as-a-servicebusinessmodel,Ammannexplains

thatGMintendstobepartofthechangingbusinessmodelsinthetransportationmarket,andthatthecore

profitdriverforGMaresportutilityvehiclessoldoutsidetheareascurrentlyservedbyLyft(Isaac,2016).In

addition, whether offered through private ownership or transport-as-a-service, driverless cars have the

potential to increasethetotaldemandfortransportation,asmanyofthehurdlesassociatedwithdriving

disappear(Litman,2015).Thus it ispossiblethatthedemandforcarswillbehigh,evenwithadominant

transportation-as-a-servicemodel.

2.1.1 Uber

Uberis, likeLyft,offeringtransportation-as-a-servicethroughtheirapp.Atthelatestinvestmentroundin

2015,Uberbecamethemostvaluableprivatelyheldcompany(O'Brien,2015),thusbecomingaformidable

forceinthetransportationindustry.Asoneoftheworld'sleadingon-demandtransportationservices,Uber

isactivelyinvestinginrobotictechnology,andthecompanyhasannouncedplanstoopenaresearchcentre

inajointventurewithCarnegieMellonUniversity.Thecentre,namedUberAdvancedTechnologiesCenter,

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willdeveloptechnologyforuseinself-drivingvehicles(Isaac,2015).TheCEOofUberTravisKalanickisquoted

saying:

"ThereasonUbercouldbeexpensiveisbecauseyou'renotjustpayingforthecar—you'repayingfor

theotherdudeinthecar"(Newton,2014).

Kalanickisimplying,thatofferingself-drivingcarsandremovingthedriverfromthecarwillmaketheservice

lessexpensive.Insomecases,Uberisalreadyoncost-paritywithowningacarforpeopleintheUSwhodrive

lessthan9.481milesperyear(theaveragemilesperyearforanAmericandriveris13.476)(Hill,2014)

Byintroducingself-drivingcars intothefleet,Uberis likelytoachievecost-parityonevenmoremilesper

year,approachingorexceedingtheaveragetransportationneedsformostAmericans.Suchascenariowould

reallycreatedemandfordriverlesstransportation,thusbenefittingUber.Becauseofthis,LyftandUberboth

havestrongincentivesfordevelopingautonomouscars.

2.1.2 Google

Theinternetcompany,Googlehasbeenactivelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofautonomouscartechnology

since2010,withthegoaltocreateandhelpbringtomarketaLevel4vehicle(GoogleFAQ,2016).Google

initiallyretrofittedsensorsandotherhardwareontotraditionalcars,but in2014thecompanyunveileda

vehicle,builtupfromthegroundtobeautonomous.TheGooglefleetofself-drivingcarshasloggedmore

than 1,4 million miles across California and Texas. (Google Self-driving Report, 2016). Chris Urmson, a

companyexecutivehassaid,thatGoogleistakingmeasurestospeeduptheeffortofbringingtheself-driving

carstomarketby2020,withtheaimofworkingwithexistingcarcompanies(White&Lienert,2015)The

companyin2016planstospinoutoftheself-drivingcarorganization(Lippert&Clark,2015),emphasizing

thefocusanddeterminationofbringingthedriverlesstechnologytomarket.AsofMay2015,sixyearsinto

theproject,theGooglecarshavebeeninvolvedin12minoraccidents,withnonecausedbytheself-driving

cars(GoogleSelf-DrivingCarProjectMonthlyReport,2015).However,onFebruary142016,thefirstaccident

causedbyanautonomousGooglewasreported(GoogleReportFebruary,2016).Whilethetechnologydoes

notpreventaccidentscompletely,accordingtoastudybyVirginiaTech,theaccidentsrateofself-drivingcars

(3.2permillionmiles)isalreadylowerthanthenationalrateintheUS(4.2permillionmiles)(Blanco,etal.,

2016).Andasthetechnologyprogressesthenumberofrelativeaccidentsforautonomouscarsarelikelyto

keepdecreasing.

Basedonthestateofself-drivingtechnologiesandtheresourcesatGoogle,itseemslikelythatthecompany

willsucceedinbringingautonomouscarstomarketwithinaconservative10-yeartimespan.WhetherGoogle

willsellthecarsthemselves,providetransportation-as-a-serviceoroffertheself-drivingtechnologyforother

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car companies, as it has donewith Android is too early to tell. But one thing is fairly sure; Googlewill

somehowbringdriverlesscarstothemarketsoon.

2.1.3 George Hotz

George Hotz is a 26-year-old computer programmer from San Francisco. He is building a self-driving kit

consistingofoff-the-shelvestechnologiessuchas$13cameramodulestobeplacedaroundthecar,Artificial

Intelligence(AI)softwarerunningonaregularpcandalaser-basedradar(lidar)tobepositionedontheroof

(Vance,2015).VideosofGeorge´sHondaAcuraretrofittedwithautonomouscapabilitiescanalreadybeseen

onlineandthegoalistoofferthekitfor$1000(Vance,2015).GeorgeHotzhasattractedtheattentionfrom

amajorautosupplierandfromNvidia,acompanymakinggraphicprocessingunits.Further,Hotzhaslanded

an undisclosed investment from Andreessen Horowitz (Tilley, 2016). While the project is still far from

production-ready,itillustratesatleasttwothings:Firstly,manyofthebuildingblocksforautonomouscars

suchascamerasandcomputingequipmentareof-the-shelvescomponentsavailableat smallprices.And

althougha lidar currently costs$8000 (Velodyne,2016), theprice is likely todecreaseas the technology

improves.Secondly,withthesepricepoints,itbecomespossibleforasingle-personorsmallcompaniesto

competeinthefieldofdriverlesstechnology,potentiallydrivingdowncostsandincreasingspeedtomarket.

2.1.4 Cruise Automation

CruiseAutomation isa small company that currentlyproducesanaftermarketkit forAudi cars,enabling

autonomousdriveonhighways intheSanFranciscoBayArea(Gannes,2014).Thecompanysees itasan

incremental step towardsa fully self-driving car. The8-personcompany received seed investments from

YCombinatorandwasinMarchacquiredbyGeneralMotorsformorethan$1billion(Primack&Korosec,

2016).SimilartoGeorgeHotz,CruiseAutomationisabletocompeteinthespaceofself-drivingtechnology

assensorsandcomputersarecheaplyavailable.

2.1.5 Policy

On January 14th, 2016 US Transportation Secretary, Anthony Foxx, announced a $4 billion plan to help

manufacturersandtechcompaniesdevelopsafe,automatedvehiclesinthenexttenyearswithreal-world

pilotprojects.Aspartoftheannouncementthefollowingstatementwasreleased(Lufkin,2016):

“Weareonthecuspofanewerainautomotivetechnologywithenormouspotentialtosavelives(…)

and transformmobility for theAmericanpeople. Today’sactionsand thosewewill pursue in the

comingmonthswillprovidethefoundationandthepathforwardformanufacturers,stateofficials,

andconsumerstousenewtechnologiesandachievetheirfullsafetypotential.”

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Theannouncementhighlightshowtheambitiontodevelopthetechnologybehindself-drivingtechnologies

issharedbytheUSGovernment,andthatitwillhelppushthetechnologyforward.InthepresidentialState

of TheUnion, 2016,Obamaevenhinted autonomous carswhenhe talked about building a 21st century

transportationsystem(Walker,2016).

AsanindicationofprogressatthefederallevelintheUS,theNHTSAinFebruary2016greenlightedGoogle’s

self-drivingcartobeconsideredadriver,withouttheneedforahumanpresenceinthecar(Shepardson&

Lienert,2016).Whilemanylegalquestionsstillremainunanswered,bothatthefederalandstatelevel,the

announcement by the NHTSA is believed to streamline the legal process required to bring autonomous

vehiclestoAmericanroads(Shepardson&Lienert,2016).

AlsoinEurope,politiciansarehelpingpushforwardthedriverlesstechnologies.IntheUKnationalbudget

for 2015, £100millionwas dedicated for autonomous vehicle development (Parker, 2015). The Swedish

governmentisworkingwithVolvoasmentioned,andinGermany,thetransportministerin2015createda

committeetoeventuallyestablishalegalframeworktohelpbringdriverlesscartoGermanroads.

Asafinalnote,inatalkin2015bythepresidentialadvisortopresidentObamaonrobotictechnology,Henrik

Christensen,indicatedthatallmajorcarcompanieswillhavedriverlesscarswithin6years.Furthermore,he

indicatesthatafteranadditional5moreyears,manualdrivingwillbemadeillegal(Christensen,2015).

2.2 Concluding remarks on background Thebackgroundonlyoffersanoverviewoftheon-goingdevelopments.However,itisclearthatdriverless

vehicle development is beingdriven forwardonmultiple fronts. Existing car corporations are competing

againsteachothertobethe firstandbest tooffercompellingself-drivingcars.Technology firmssuchas

Googleareenteringthefieldwithinnovatesolutions.TransportationcompaniessuchasUberandLyftare

pushingveryhard tobringautonomouscars tomarket,as ithas thepotential to lower thecostof their

services.Andnewplayers,suchasGeorgeHotzandCruiseAutomationshowthatthetechnologiesneeded

arealreadyaccessibleforsmallerplayers.Inaddition,law-makersintheUSandEuropearenotstandingstill,

astheyaredefininglegalframeworksandinvestingmoneyintothearea.

Whilenopreciseestimatecanbemadeonwhenautonomouscarswillenterthemarket,itseemsreasonable

tobelieve thatwithina conservative10-20years, level4 carswill available for customers.Asa resultof

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innovationandcompetitiveforces,thepriceofdriverlesscarsisexpectedtobethesameoronlymarginally

moreexpensivethanregularcarsaretoday.Furthermore,transportationservicessuchasUberandLyftoffer

the potential of better utilization and thus lower prices per kilometre compared to traditional cars. The

potentialimplicationswillbeevenlowerpricesforaccesstoautonomoustransportationservices,pushing

thetechnologyforwardtobecomemainstream.

Whetheratimespanof10-20yearsseemstobenearorfarawaydependsontheperspective.Ononehand,

childrenthatareborntodaywillbegrownupafter20years.Thatmakesitseemlikeadistantfuture.Onthe

otherhand,theiPhonewasonlyintroduced9yearsagoin2007(Apple,2007).Manythingshavehappened

sincethen.Morerelevantisittolookatlargeinfrastructureprojects.Considerthedurationofmajorauto-

relatedinfrastructureprojectsinDenmark:

• TheexpansionofHelsingørmotorvejen(highway):February2010–H22016(Schmidt,2010)(The

DanishRoadDirectorate,2016).

• TheexpansionofKøgeBugtMotorvejen(highway):October2010to2018(Schmidt,2010)(The

DanishRoadDirectorate,2016).

• København-Ringsted Jernbanen (railway): February 2010 - ultimo 2018 (Schmidt, 2010)

(Banedanmark,2016).

• MetroCityringeninCopenhagen(metro):2005–2019(Metroselskabet,2016).

Asthetimelinesoftheseprojectsindicate,theimplicationsofautonomouscarsshouldbeconsiderednow.

Thenextchapterwilllookintoexistingresearchandformulatearesearchquestion.

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3 Delimitation of the research Inthischapter,previousresearchonautonomouscarsisintroduced.Theaimoftheresearchisdefinedand

acasecompanyisintroduced,leadingtotheformulationofaresearchquestionthatwillbethemainfocus

ofthisthesis.

3.1 Previous research Withanoverviewoftheon-goingdevelopmentsinthemarketplace,atthispointitisinterestingtotakea

lookatpreviousresearch.Thesearchcriteriaforpreviousresearcharebasedonthekeywordsthatrelateto

self-drivingcars:autonomous,self-driving,driverless.Whilethefieldofautonomouscarsarerelativelynew,

afewstudieshavealreadybeencarriedout.

Bartl(2015)offersanoverviewoftheUSannualsavingsfromhavingautonomouscars.Bartlclaimsthatfrom

areducednumberofaccidentsalone,theUSeconomywillsave$563billion.Inaddition,lessuseoffuel,

lesscongestionontheroadsduetomoreefficientdriving,aswellasbetteruseoftransportationtimebrings

thetotalto$1.3trillioninannualsavingsfortheUSeconomy(Bartl,2015).

Litman(2015)exploreschangestothecoststructuresforcarownerswiththeadventofautonomouscars.

Litmanexpectsthatself-drivingcarswillincreasethetotalnumberofmilesbeingdriven,asitenablespeople

tomakemore and longer trips. Furthermore, utilization of the roads and each car will increase due to

potential car sharing and transport-as-a-service. Litman (2015) however argues that the technology is

expensive,anddespitepotentialcostreductionsasaresultofmass-production,ahighlevelofmaintenance

isrequiredtomakesurecriticalcomponentsworkaccordingtoregulations,whichwilladdtothetotalcosts.

Parker(2015)hasadifferentopinionandenvisionsanear-utopiansocietywithdriverlesscars,wherepeople

are lessstressedandmoreproductiveastheycanwork intheircars.Parker(2015)believes inascenario

wheretransportation-as-a-servicewillleadtobetterutilizationofcars,andtherebyfewercarsonthestreets,

leadingtolesscongestion.Parkerexplainsthatdespiteaccelerateddemandfortransportation,theoverall

costwilldecrease.InParker’sopinion,driverlesscarswillalsoreducethecostoftransportationofgoods,

therebyincreasingonlineshopping.Anegativeeffectofautonomouscarsisthereducedneedforcommercial

drivers,aswellasinsuranceunderwriters,traumadoctorsandnurses,autorepairshopsetc.Nonetheless,

theoverallsocietywillbecomemoreeffectiveandproductive.

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Bamonte(2013)arguesthathighwayauthoritiesneedtorespondtothedevelopmentofautonomouscars

and base decisions related to future transportation infrastructure projects on the fact, that people will

embrace self-driving technology. Bamonte (2013) also argues that self-driving cars will lead to greater

productivity,as currentdriversare relieved fromdrivingandcan insteadspend their timeonproductive

measures.Inaddition,Bamonteargues,thatgeneralqualityoflifewill increaseforpeoplecommuting,as

theyno longerhavetodothemonotonetaskofdriving.Astheautonomoustechnologybecomeswidely

adopted,morepeoplewillbeabletoparticipateinthework-forceastheoverallmobility increasesasan

effectofthegreaterjoyofbeingtransportedinanautonomouscar.

Ozimek(2014)hasmadeestimationsontimesaving,whendriverlesscarswillletpeopleperformothertasks

thandriving.Dependingontheamountoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities,heforecastbetween$99

billion and $500 billion will be added to the U.S. economy. In the calculations, Ozimek uses the US

DepartmentofTransportationaveragevalueoftransportationtimeat$12.98perhour.

Walker (2014)hasmadea similar forecaston theU.Seconomy.According tohim,autonomous carswill

contribute$507billiononayearlybasis,aspeopleareabletoworkwhilecommuting.Includingsavingsfrom

reduced fuel consumption and lowed accident rates, it amounts to $1,3 trillion annually. Walker calls

driverlesscarstransformational,astheyallowpeopletodootheractivitiesinthecar.Thiswillencourage

peopletodolongercommutes,thuscreatingsprawlingsuburbs(Walker,2014).

Fagnant&Kockelman(2015),predictsthatautonomouscarsbecontributingtoincreasedsafety,traveltime

reduction,fuelefficiencyandbringparkingbenefits.Evenso,thecostofautonomouscarsisestimatedtobe

within the range of average consumers.Whenmass-produced designs are introduced, the price for the

technologytoenabledriverlesscars,couldbeaslowas$3.000andeventuallyonly$1.000-$1.500.Atthese

pricelevelsandfactoringintheaddedbenefits,thetechnologywillbeinhighdemandfrommanycostumers

(Fagnant&Kockelman,2015).

3.1.1 Assumptions in the research

Many of the conclusions in thementioned research are uplifting; falling accident rates and related cost

savings, increasedutilizationof cars, highermobility andamoreproductive society, as people canwork

instead of driving. However, common for all of these studies, is that they are build on some shared

assumptionsorwithverylittleempiricaldata;namelythatautonomouscarswillhavefeweraccidents,that

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peoplearemorewillingtobetransportedinsharedvehiclesandthatpeoplewilltranslatesomeorallof

theirtransportationtimeintoproductiveactivities.

Theassumptionabout loweraccident rates isnotwithoutmerits,and isbackedby theearlydataof the

reportsbytheGoogleself-drivingdivision(GoogleSelf-drivingReport,2016)andVirginiaTech(Blanco,etal.,

2016).Asthetechnologyadvances,theaccidentratesarelikelytodecreaseevenmore.

TheassumptionaboutsharedvehiclesistosomeextendbackedbythegrowinguseofservicessuchasUber

and car-sharing companies (Suslo, 2014). In addition, Schoettle& Sivak (2015) has done a study on the

potential forreducedownershipand increasedcarsharingforautonomouscars intheU.S.Theirstudy is

basedonsurveydatagatheredfrompeople,reportingtheirtransportationlevelswithcurrenttransportation

options. The data are then projected into a scenariowith autonomous vehicles.Whilemore research is

definitelyneededinthisarea,thestudydoesproofthatahypotheticalcar-sharingscenarioispossiblewith

driverlesscars,providingstrengthtothatassumption.

Thefinalassumptionisthatpeoplewilltranslatetransportationtimeintoproductiveactivitieswhenbeing

transportedindriverlesscars.Thisassumptionwillbethefocusofthisresearch.

Theassumptionraisesmanyquestions:Whatkindofproductiveactivities?Istheassumptionbasedonlong

trips,shorttripsorboth?Istheproductivityapartofthecommute?Willittranslateintoshorterdaysorwill

itbe inadditiontoexistingworkinghours?Whataboutmotionsickness?Theseareallquestionsthatare

importanttoanswer,beforereasoningthatdriverlesscarswillmakesocietymoreproductive.Inastudyfrom

2014,peoplefromChina,India,Japan,U.S,U.KandAustraliawereaskedwhattheythinktheywoulddoina

self-driving car instead of driving. (Schoettle & Sivak, 2014). Only between 0,7% and 16,3 % of the

respondentsindicatedtheywouldbeworking.Inadifferentstudybythesameresearchers,itisconcluded

thatmotionsicknesswillbeanissueindriverlesscars.Themainreasonsare“conflictbetweenvestibularand

visualinputs,inabilitytoanticipatethedirectionofmotion,andlackofcontroloverthedirectionofmotion”

(Sivak&Schoettle,2015).

However,noneofthesestudiesarebasedonrealexperiments.Rathertheyrelyonhypotheticalquestions

anddatasetsfromnon-autonomouscar.Asaresult,thequestionsabovearestillconsideredunanswered.

3.2 The aim of the research Theaimoftheresearchinthisthesisistoattempttoanswersomeofthesequestions.Insteadoflookingat

existing datasets and current transportation options, a real experiment will be conducted involving a

simulateddriverlesscar.Throughtheexperiment,itwillbeexploredwhatpeoplewillactuallybedoingwhen

24

theyarenolongerdrivingthemselves.Iftheexperimentrevealsapositiveassociationbetweendriverless

technologyandincreasedproductivity,thebasisfortheassumptionofamoreproductivesocietywillbetrue.

Dependingontheresults,ahypothesisexplainingthecorrelationbetweendriverlesscarsandproductivity

willbeproposed.

3.3 The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Driverlesscarswilltheoreticallybeabletotransportanyperson,includingblindedanddisabledpeopleand

thosewithoutadriverlicense.Ineffect,thismakesanypersonapotentialresearchsubjectinfiguringoutif

autonomoustransportationwillallowforproductiveactivities.Whileitwouldbeveryinterestingtolookat

allpeople,thisthesiswillfocusonaspecificsetofpeople,whouseacaraspartoftheirworkday.

Accordingtoorderno.1004concerningcontroloffoodcompaniesandpublicationofinspectionresults,the

DanishVeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)mustregularlyinspectallcompaniesproducingorselling

foodinDenmark(Fødevareministeriet,2014).Tofulfiltheseresponsibilities,theDVFAhasanumberoffood

inspectorsemployed.In2015,thenumberoffull-timeequivalent(FTE)foodinspectorswas300(Appendix

1),whointotalconducted62.792foodinspectionvisitsin2015.Theseemployeesaredistributedalloverthe

country.AsofFebruary2016,theDVFAhadatitsdisposal174cars(withnodriverlesstechnologies)available

forusebythefoodinspectors(Miljø-ogFødevareministeriet,2016).Whennotdrivinginacarprovidedby

theDVFA,mostfoodinspectorsdriveintheirowncardoinginspections.

Totaltimespentfortransportationrelatedtofoodinspectionisapprox.33.300hours(Appendix1).Inafew

instances the food inspectors use public transportation or bikes to reach the premises of the visited

companies,butinthemajorityofcases,thefoodinspectorsarespendingthetransportationtimedrivingthe

carsmanually.(Appendix7).Andthisnumberdoesnotincludetraveltimefromthefoodinspector'shome

tothefirstvisitandfromlastvisitbackhome,alsodefinedascommute(Appendix5).Theinspectorsoften

concentrate their inspections at specific days reserving other days for administrative work. In a typical

inspectionday, a food instructor visitsbetween3-5 companies (Appendix11). Inspectionofbig complex

establishmentstakelongertimereducingthenumberofinspectionsinaday.

Beforeeachinspectionvisit,thefoodinspectorsmustprepare.Thisincludese.g.gatheringinformationabout

thecompany,lookingupearlierinjunctions,etc.aswellassynchronizetheirlaptop.Aftereachinspection,

aninspectionreportmustbeuploaded,potentialinjunctionsandfinesmustbewrittenandtheremaybe

othertypesofprocessingrelatedtothevisit.

As the food inspectorsof theDVFA spenda significant amountof timeduring theirworkdayandduring

commutingdrivinginacar,theyrepresentanobviousgrouptobasethisresearchupon.

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3.4 Definition of productivity To narrow the scope of this research, the composition of workdays is assumed to be unchangedwhen

introducingdriverlesscarsintotheDVFA.Inotherwords,theself-drivingcarsareassumedtosimplyreplace

thecurrentcarsallelsebeingequal,meaningthenumberofvisitsanddistancesarethesame.Beforedoing

moreoftheresearch,productivitymustbedefined.

Ashe-Edmundsformulatesthisdefinitionofproductivity:(Ashe-Edmunds,2016)

“Businessesoftenmeasureproductivitybyoutputduringcomparabletimeperiods.Forexample,if

youproduce1.000unitsoneweekand1.100unitsthenext,youaremoreproductivethesecondweek.”

Inotherwords,thisdefinitionlooksatthenumberofoutputsperagiventime.RelatedtoproductivityAshe-

Edmundsdefinesefficiencyas:

“Efficiency (…) include creating output with less waste, using fewer resources or spending less

money.”

AnotherdefinitionofproductivityisgivenbyKoch(2015):

“Productivityisdeterminedbylookingattheproductionobtained(effectiveness)versustheinvested

effortinordertoachievetheresult(efficiency);inotherwords,ifwecanachievemorewithlesseffort,

productivityincreases.”

Heretwomorewordsareintroduced;effectivenessandefficiency.OnthesetermsKoch(2015)elaborates:

“Effectivenessisdeterminedbycomparingwhataprocessorinstallationcanproducewithwhatthey

actuallyproduce”

and

“Efficiency is determined by the amount of time, money, and energy – i.e. resources – that are

necessarytoobtaincertainresults”

Bythisdefinition,effectivenessistherealizationofatheoreticaloutput,whereasefficiencyrelatestothe

amountofresourcesneededtoproduceacertainoutput.Forthisresearch,effectivenessisnottheareaof

focusasitrelatestoacomparisonbetweenactualandoutputandthetheoreticaloutput.

Thetermsproductivityandefficiencyhowever,areverycentraltothisresearch.Anincreaseinproductivity

forfoodinspectorswouldmeananincreaseintheiroutput.Onewaytolookattheiroutputistomeasure

their number inspections visits. However, the visits themselves are not the real purpose of the food

26

inspectionunits.Rather,theyareameantoensurethegoal,thatcompaniesfollowfoodtherules,thereby

increasingfoodsafetyandminimizethenumberofpeoplegettingsickfromfood(Fødevarestyrelsen,2016).

Itcanbeassumedthatanincreaseinthequalityoftheinspectionswillhelpbetterreachthisgoal.Thus,an

increaseinqualityoftheinspectionsisalsoconsideredaproductivityincreaseinthiscontext.

Anincreaseinefficiencywouldmeantheoutputrelatedtoinspectionvisitsisconstantincludingnumbers

andquality,butachievedinlessoveralltime.Atthispoint,itisnotcleariftheintroductionofdriverlesscars

willimpactproductivity,efficiencyorboth.Assuch,theimpactonbothmustbeexamined.

3.5 Resistance to change Beforeformulatingaresearchquestion,theeaseofwhichpeopleadoptnewtechnologymustbeconsidered.

Aretheadvantagesofself-drivingcartechnologysoobvious,thatcurrentdriversarewillingtoadoptit?If

not,shouldthewillingnessandcapabilitiesofadoptingthetechnologybethemainfocusinstead?Inatest

donebyGoogle,evenscepticalcar-lovingpeopleendupwantingthistechnology(Urmson,2015). Inaddition,

assumingself-drivingcarsaremeetingtherequiredsafetyregulationsandareprovidingacomfortableriding

experience,thelowestlevelofadoptionbythefoodinspectorswillbeequivalenttotakingataxibetween

eachvisit. That said, the taxi shouldalwaysbeavailablewithina shortperiodof time.No imagination is

requiredtoconclude,thatthefoodinspectorswilladoptthis.ThemoreinterestingquestionisHOWself-

drivingcarswillaffectafoodinspector’swork.Thisleadtothefollowingresearchquestion:

3.6 Research question “HowwilldriverlesscarsaffectproductivityandefficiencyoffoodinspectorsattheDanishVeterinary

andFoodAdministration?”

3.7 Concluding remarks on problem scoping In this chapter,previous researchhasbeen reviewed.Acommonassumptionwas identifiedacrossmost

research;namelythatautonomouscarswillleadtomoreproductivesocieties.Thisassumptionischallenged.

TheDVFAischosenasacasecompany,astheyhaveapprox.300FTEfoodinspectorsregularlyvisitingfood

companiesbycar.Productivityisexpandedtoalsoincludeefficiencyandaresearchquestionisformulated.

Thenextsectionwilldescribehowtheresearchquestioncanbeanswered.

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4 Research Design Themotivationforthischapteristodefinearesearchdesignindentedtoanswertheresearchquestion.The

chapterwillcoverthemethodofreasoningandintroduceExploratoryResearchtothereader.Thisleadsto

thedecisiontoconducta fieldexperiment inspiredbyother researcherswithin the fieldof robotics.The

experimentisdesignedandfinallydatacollectiontoolsarecovered.

4.1 Exploratory Research As mentioned, much of the exisiting research on driverless cars assumes a conversion of previous

unproductivetimebehindthesteeringwheelintoproductiveactivities.Apossiblemethodofreasoning,isto

perceivetheassumptionasatheoryandthentestthistheoryinaconfirmatorydeductivestudy.However,

the assumption is not based on empirical evidence, it is not fully explained, and raisesmany questions.

Therefore,itcannotbeconsideredatheory.Withnoformulatedtheory,adeductiveresearchapproachis

notpossible.Insteadtheresearchcanbeofanexploratoryinductivenature,movingfromempiricaldatato

concepts(Reiter,2013).Inotherwords,thisresearchwilltrytotheorizeifandtowhatextendthetimespent

behindthesteeringwheelcanbeconvertedintoproductivetimeinadriverlesscar.

Stebbins(Stebbins,2001)formulatesexploratoryresearch:

“Researchers explore when they have little or no scientific knowledge about the group, process,

activity, or situation they want to examine but nevertheless have reason to believe it contains

elementsworthdiscovering.”

As many researchers and journalists have written, autonomous cars potentially offer improvements in

productivity,buttheyhavenottestedtheassumption.Thisistheelementworthofdiscovery.

AccordingtoReiter(Reiter,2013):

“It[Exploratoryresearch]canbeconductedalone,oftentimeswithnothingmorethanaccesstoa

libraryandavoicerecorder.(…)Itoffersinterestingopportunities,especiallyforyoungresearchers

and graduate students, who otherwise have to rely on the disciplinary power of their senior

colleagues. Inshort:exploratory researchhasemancipatorypotentialandpromises tounveilnew

relationsand causalmechanisms thatescape thedisciplinary scrutinyof theestablished research

apparatus.”

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Inotherwords,anexploratoryapproachisperfectlysuitedforresearchlikethisone,withasolograduate

studentresearcherbedrivenbycuriosity.

Thechallengeatthispointistodeterminewhattomeasureandhowtomeasureit.However,basedonthe

researchquestion,thefocusisnotonwhetheranautonomouscarisabletodriveonrealstreets,orifitcan

meettherequirementsinthelawetc.Whatisbeingtested,iswhetherautonomouscarswillhaveaneffect

onproductivity for food the inspectorsor not. The focusof the researchquestion is not the technology

behindaself-drivingcar,butwhathappenswhenafoodinspectorisrelievedfromdriving.Theimportant

thingisnotwhodrivesthecar,onlythatthefoodinspectordoesnotdrive.

Asafinalcomment,onecouldargue,thatdependingontheresultsfromanexploratoryinductivestudy,the

assumptioniseitherconfirmedorfalsified(Reiter,2013).Assuch,theexploratoryresearchisenclosedina

confirmatorystudy.AccordingtoReiter(2013)thisperceptiondoeshavesomemerit,asanexploratorystudy

cannot be conducted from scratch, but must be based on some kind of hypothesis, as no theory-free

conceptionoftheworldexists.

4.2 Experiment Thefollowingsectionswillpresentrelevantroboticexperimentsanddiscusshowasimulatedexperiment

withdriverlesscarscanbedesignedbasedontheseearlierexperiments.

4.2.1 Robotic experiments

Beforedesigningasimulatedexperiment,itisusefultoinvestigateothertypesofexperimentstestingfuture

technology.Inthecourse,“TheRobotArmadaisTakingOver,What’sNextManager?”(KAN-CINTV1010U)

offeredinthefallof2015onCBSbyKimNormannAndersen,anumberofexperimentshavebeenintroduced.

The first example is an experiment conducted by James Young, assistant professor at the University of

ManitobaandDerekCormier,GraduateStudentatUniversityofBritishColumbiainwhichtheysetoutto

testifrobotscanbemanagers(Young&Cormier,2014).Theresearchersinvitedparticipantsintoaroomto

performamonotonoustaskofrenamingcomputerfilesfor80minutes.Theparticipantswereoverlooked

byanexperimenter.Halfoftheparticipantswereobservedbyapersonastheexperimenter.Theotherhalf

were observed by a small harmless-looking robotwith a child-like voice, introduced as having advanced

artificialintelligence.Whenaparticipanttriedtoquitthejob,therespectiveexperimenterwouldpersuade

themtocontinue.Theresearchersexpectedtheparticipantstoignoretherobotandfollowthehuman.The

resultstoldadifferentstory,as46%obeyedtherobot(86%obeyedthehuman).Despitetherobotbeinga

simplecomputerinsideaplasticcasing,someoftheparticipantstriedtoarguewithitandusedlogictosway

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itsopinion.Averyinterestingaspectofthisexperimentistheintelligenceoftherobot.Theparticipantswere

told,thattherobotpossessedadvancedartificial intelligence,wheninfactitdidnot.Itwasjustsoftware

runningonacomputerembeddedinsidearobot-lookingcasing.Thekeytakeaway,isthattheresearchers

wereabletotestahypothesisassociatedwithfuturetechnology,byusingcurrentlyavailablecomponents.

AnotherexperimentwasconductedatMIT’sComputerScienceandArtificial IntelligenceLab(CSAIL).The

researchers tested team efficiency and team happiness when a robot takes up themanagerial work of

scheduling tasks (Conner-Simons, 2014). The hypothesiswas, that overall efficiency and teamhappiness

woulddecreaseas the robotgainedmoreautonomy.Nonetheless,what they foundwas thatboth team

efficiencyandhumansatisfactionincreasedwhentherobotreceivedmoreautonomouscontrol.Similarto

theexperimentatBritishColumbia, the robotused in thisexperiment,didnotpossesadvancedartificial

intelligence,butdelegatedtasksbasedonsimplealgorithms.However,theexperimentwasstillsuccessful

intestingelementsfromafuturisticscenariousingcurrenttechnology.

Whiletheseexperimentusedcurrenttechnologytotesthumanreactionstofuturetechnology,inbothcases,

the participantswere invited to a room controlled by the researchers. This is also known as laboratory

experiments(McLeod,2012).Oneoftheadvantagesofalaboratoryexperiment,isthattheenvironmentcan

becompletelycontrolled.Thisisinstarkcontrasttoafieldexperiment,wheretheoutcomesareobservedin

a natural setting (McLeod, 2012). Considering an experiment involving driverless cars, complete control

seemsattractive.Inafieldexperimentinvolvingcars,anumberofrisksexists,includingtheriskofcrashing

the car. This both relates tomaterial damage, aswell as injuries on participants or other people.What

insurancecompanywillpay?HowwillitaffectthebrandofCBS,ifacrashwithinjuriesshouldoccur?Onthe

other hand, a laboratory experiment does not offer the kind of insight needed to answer the research

question,astheexperimentmustoccurwithinanormalworkingdayandsupportsomeofthedutiesofa

foodinspectors,namelyvisitingcompanies.Soeventhoughafieldexperimentincludespotentialrisks,itis

importanttoconducttheexperimentintherealworld.

AresearcherthathasperformedfieldexperimentsinvolvingfuturetechnologyisHenrikSchärfe(Schärfe&

Abildgaard, 2012). Schärfe has created a robot identical in appearance to himself, called an android.He

travelsaroundtheworldwithhisrobot,andinoneofhisexperiments,theandroidwasusedtoconducta

lecture.Whiletherobotisfarfromhavingthecapabilitiesofahuman,someofthestudentsfailedtonotice

theywerebeinglecturedbyanandroidinsteadofarealhuman.TheandroidwasnotafullcopyofHenrik

Schärfe,butitprovidedenoughfunctionalitytocreatethatillusion.Atleastforsomeofthestudents.

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4.3 Simulated experiment InspiredbythelaboratoryexperimentsatBritishColumbiaandMITaswellasthefieldexperimentconducted

bySchärfe,afieldexperimentinvolvingasimulateddriverlesscarwillbeconstructedforthisresearch.The

followingsectionswilldescribethedesignoftheexperiment.

4.3.1 Illusion of privacy

Inasimulateddriverlessexperiment,someonehastodrivethecar.Havingsomeoneelsebeingpresentin

the car beyond the transportee (the food inspector) will change the atmosphere and most likely the

behaviourofthetransportee.Thisisdifferentfromanormalcar,wherethisspaceistotallyprivate(Lyons&

Urry, 2005).Apossibleway to counter this effect, is toprevent any communicationbetweendriver and

transportee.Inaddition,thedrivercanwearheadphonescreatingtheillusionofnotbeingpresentinthecar.

Apositiveside-effectofhavingheadphonesforthedriver,isthatanyorallytransmittedrouteactionsfrom

the GPS will not be heard by the transportee. A benefit of having an actual driver in the car, is that

observations canbemadealong the ride (through the rear-viewmirror)when trafficallows.Thiswillbe

discussedlaterinthesectiondescribingempiricaldatatools.

4.3.2 Communication

Inanormaldrivingsituationusingaregularcar,thefoodinspectorknowsthenextdestination.Togetthere,

thefoodinspectorcaneitherdriveamemorizedroute,orenterthedestinationintoaGPSandfollowthe

instruction fromthat. Inadriverlesscar, the food inspectormustsomehowbeable tocommunicate the

desireddestination.Onewaytoviewanautonomouscar,issimplyasaGPSwithactuators,executingthe

plotted route.GPSapps suchasGoogleMaps (Google, Inc.,2016)andAppleMapsviaSiri (Apple,2016)

alreadysupportvoiceasinput.Voiceinputseemslikeanaturalinputforminautonomouscars,andwillbe

adoptedinthesimulatedexperiment.Thusthetransporteecansimplytellthecar(orexperimenterinthis

case)wheretogonext,e.g.“takemetoHøjbroPlads”.Atruedriverlesscar,wouldimmediatelyinitiatethe

transport.Inthesimulatedexperiment,theexperimenterwillinputtherouteintotheGPSandthenfollow

the suggested route. Changes, such as a preferred alternative route, can be orally dictated by the food

instructoraswell.

Aswithrouterequestsandchanges,commandssuchasmusic,volume,temperatureetc.(Apple,2016)can

beassumedtohaveanoral inputmechanism. In thiscase theexperimenterwillobeywithnoquestions

exceptforfollow-upquestionssuchas“whatradiochannel?”.Thiswillbereferredtoasthecommunication

protocol.

31

4.3.3 Commute

Commutingiscurrentlynotpartoftheworkdayforthefoodinspectors(Appendix5).Assuch,itcouldbe

debatedwhethertostarttheexperimentfromthehomeaddress,orfromthefirstinspectionvisit.Froma

technical perspective, the driving related to commute trips is no different from driving related to the

workday.However,thecommutetripswillmostlikelyinsomecasesbethelongestofthetrips,depending

on where the food inspectors live. As a result, the commute trips potentially offer the best working

opportunities, if the results indicate, that it is possible to work in a driverless car. As it has potential

implicationsforbothproductivityandefficiency,commutewillbeconsideredpartoftheexperiment.This

means,thattheexperimentwillstartandstopatthehomeaddressofthefoodinspectors’.Whetherthe

DVFA ina futurewithdriverless carswill classify commuteaswork-time isup to to themanagementor

politicians.Thiswillbediscussedinalaterchapter.

4.3.4 Car and driver

With thedecision to have a driver in the car, itmust bedeterminedwhat car anddriver to use for the

experiment.Asimplesolutionistohaveeachfoodinspectoreithertakeataxibetweeneachvisitorhavea

dedicated taxi throughout theday. Taking a taxi for every single ridewill avoidhaving an idle chauffeur

waiting for hours during the visits, but it will be difficult tomake sure each new chauffeur follows the

communicationprotocol,as itmustbeexplainedforeachnewdriver.Theoptiontouseadedicatedtaxi

duringafullworkingday,waitingbetweenvisits,hassomebenefits.Thededicateddriveronlyhastobecome

familiarwiththecommunicationprotocolonce,andcanpotentiallyalsoactastheobserver.Adisadvantage

ofthissolutionisthatthecostofhavingataxiduringafullworkingdaywillbehighandthequalityofthe

observationsisquestionable.ThecostcouldbeloweredbyusingUber,butthecurrentappofferedbythe

companydoesnotsupportasolutionneededandwouldrequirecustomagreements.Thereliabilityofthe

observationswouldstillbeaconcern.Inbothcases(taxiandUber)paymentswillalsohavetobehandled.

Adifferentoptionandtheonethatisselectedforthisresearch,istohavetheauthoractastheexperimenter.

Theauthorisfamiliarwiththecommunicationprotocol,andhasgreatoverviewoftheresearch.Additionally,

theexploratorynatureoftheresearchapproachmeansthatpotentiallycorrectiveactionsmustbetaken

during the experiments. A disadvantage is that having one person conducting the experiments brings a

naturallimittothenumberofparticipatingfoodinspectors.Thenumberofparticipatingfoodinspectorswill

bediscussedlater.

32

Followingthedecisiontolettheauthorbetheexperimenteranddriver,acarfortheexperimentmustbe

chosen.Thefoodinspectorsalreadymakethejourneyseitherintheirowncarsorinacarprovidedbythe

DVFA. Using the food inspectors’ carswill be an easyway to get the experiment started. However, the

experimenterwillhavetofindalternativetransportationtothehomeaddressofthefoodinspectorinthe

morningandbackaftertheexperiment.Furthermore,usingcarsownedbyeitherthefoodinspectorsorthe

DVFAinvolvesapprovaloftheexperimentertobecoveredbytherespectiveinsurancecompanies.

Analternativeistouseacarprovidedbythedriver.Inadditiontoeliminatingtheneedforspecialinsurance

arrangements, transporting the food inspectors in a different car than normal potentially helps the

participantsimaginebeinginarealdriverlesscar.Whilenotcentralfortheinvestigation,italsoresemblesa

potentialtransportation-as-a-servicescenario,envisionedbysomeofthepreviouslymentionedresearchers.

Forthisthesis,theauthorhasaccesstoaSkodaOctavia.

Finally,adecisionmustbemadeonwheretoplacethefoodinspector,ifnotonthedriverseat.Ifnothingis

specified, he or shemight sit on any seat. Tomaximize the feeling of being alone in the car, the food

inspectorsareplacedonthebackseat.Inaddition,movingthepassengerseatforwardgivesalotofroomfor

thebackseatpassenger,providingaverycomfortablecabinexperienceforthefoodinspectors.

Afinalremarkmustbemadeonthewaitingtimebetweentrips.Thefocusoftheexperimentwillbethe

actualtransportsofthefoodinspectorsandthetimebetweenvisitsisnotpartoftheexperiment.However,

thebreaksbetweentripsallowtheexperimentertoprepareforupcomingridesandwritedownobservations

andexperimentationnotes.

Tosumup,theexperimentforeachinspectorwilllooklikethis:

• Theexperimentwillstartandstopatthehomeaddressofthefoodinspector.

• TheexperimentwillbeconductedinaSkodaOctaviaprovidedbytheexperimenter.

• During the experiment, no communication is allowed between the experimenter and the food

inspector,except:

o Destinationrequestbythefoodinspector.

o Music,temperature,routechangerequestbythefoodinspector.

o Questionbythefoodinspectorsuchastimeofarrivalortimeofday.

• Thefoodinspectorwillbeseatedonthebackseat.

• Thefoodinspectorcandowhateverheorshewantstododuringtherides.

33

Theseruleswillbesenttoeachfoodinspectorpriortotheexperiment(Appendix3).

4.4 Measuring the experiment Thedesignedexperimentexposesthefoodinspectortobepresentinasimulateddriverlesscar.Thissection

isconcernedwithhowtoextractdatafromtheexperiment.Multiplemethodsofdatacollectingtoolsare

used in a data triangulation (Clarke & Dawson, 1999) to increase the accuracy and validity of the

measurements.

4.4.1 Observations

Observation is a method to collect data in a systematic way where the researcher becomes the main

instrumentofdatacollection(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Theresearchercanassumeoneoffourbasicroles;

complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant and complete observer (Clarke &

Dawson, 1999). In the simulated driverless car experience, the experimenter acts as the driver and is

subsequentlyparticipatingintheexperiment.Clarke&Dawson(1999)explainparticipant-as-observerand

observer-as-participantasthefollowing:

“Whenthechosenroleisthatofparticipant-as-observer,thereasonsfortheresearcher'spresence

aremade explicit, consequently, there is no threat of exposure. Overt observersmight have the

advantageofbeingabletofreelyquestioninformants,butthefactthattheyareseenasresearchers

mayinfluencehowinformantsbehaveandrespondtotheirquestioning”

“observer-as-participant(…)[isa]non-participatoryrole(…)andalthoughtheroleisanovertone

thereisnoattemptonthepartoftheresearchertodeveloprelationshipswithinformants”

Intheexperiment,theexperimenterhasamixofbothroles.Hispresenceisexplicitandnothreatofexposure

exists.However,duetothesimulatedaspectoftheexperiment,thedevelopmentofarelationshipbetween

himandtheparticipantsareprohibitedtotheextentpossible.

Oneoftheadvantagesofobservationisthatpeoplesometimesexplaintheirbehaviourdifferentlythanhow

they actually do it. Observations will uncover their real behaviours. (Fremforsk | Center for

Fremtidsforskning, 2016). In addition, observations in a field experiment open a window into how

participantsactinthephysicalworld(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Anumberofdisadvantagesexistsaswell.The

first,isthataparticipantsometimesbehavesdifferentlythannormally,asaresultofbeing“lookedupon”

(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Thiseffectwillbelimitedbyhavingtheexperimenterwearheadphonesandplace

34

theparticipantonthebackseat.Furthermore,theresearchercansometimesgetsocaughtup inhisown

participation,thatisaffectshisabilitytoobserve(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Thisisespeciallyachallengein

thisexperiment,astheexperimenterisalsodrivingthecarandmustfocusonthetrafficatalltimes.

4.4.2 Questionnaires

Oneofthemostexcitingaspectsoftheexperimentishowthefoodinspectorswillspendthetimeduringa

transport.Whatwill theydo?Onewaytoobtainknowledgeaboutthispart issimplytohavethemwrite

downaftereachtrip,whattheyhavebeendoingandforhowlong.Aconcernisthatwritingdownmustnot

interfere toomuchwith theactivitiesor take too long time towrite.Abalancemustbe foundbetween

extractingasmuchinformationaspossiblewhileatthesametimeinterfereaslittleaspossible.Apossible

solutionistohaveapre-filledformorquestionnairewithpossibleactivities.Theformcouldincludeactivities

suchas“preparedfortheupcomingvisit”,“talkedtoacolleagueonthephone”,“doingprivatestuff”etc.As

itisimpossibletomakeanexhaustivelistofpotentialactivitiesinthecar,thelistmustincludeanopenoption

(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Andaseachexperimentiscompleted,thelistmustberevisitedandupdated.

Thedurationofeachactivitywouldbeveryvaluableinformationtoincludeintheanalysis,buthavingthe

foodinspectorlogeachactivitywithatimestampwillaffecttheflowofthework.However,thedurationcan

beinferredbyhavingthefoodinspectorfilloutthequestionnaireaftereachtrip(evenveryshortones)and

havetheexperimenterdoaprecisetimingofthetrip.Basedonthecheckedactivitiesandthelengthofthe

completedtripcombinedwiththeobservationsofeachtrip,aroughestimateofthedurationofeachactivity

canbemade.Asanexample, imagingatripwithadurationof15minutes.Onthistrip,a food inspector

checksoff3typesofactivities.Thisgivesanaverageof5minutesperactivity.Unlesstheactivitiesareof

completelydifferenttime length,e.g. aphonecall,only lasted10seconds, theseestimatesgivearough

workabledataset.

4.4.3 Video recording

Videorecordingwasconsideredbutultimatelyrejectedintheexperiment.Whilevideorecordingpotentially

providesaverydetailedobservation,ithasanumberofdisadvantages.Asmostofthepotentialworkinthe

cabinisassumedtobeonalaptop,videorecordingdoesnotprovideanyinformationonthetypeorquality

orwork,onlythatthefoodinspectorisactiveonthecomputer.Secondly,beingrecordedisverylikelyto

heavily influence thebehaviourof the food inspectors, similar to theaffectofbeingobserved,only toa

greaterdegreeastherecordingsarepermanent.Whilevideorecodingcouldbeaveryillustrativeinstrument,

thedisadvantagesdisqualifiesitfortheexperiment.

35

4.4.4 Interview

Aqualitativedepthinterviewisanempiricalinstrumentnotunlikeaconversationbetweentheresearcher

andaperson.Theinterviewisopeninnatureandcanbeusedtogetaccessandextractknowledgefromthe

personbeinginterviewed(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Beforeaninterviewcanbeconducted,aninterviewguide

mustbemade,toensurethatthesamekindofinformationisgatheredacrossmultipleinterviews.However,

theresearcheralsohastheabilitytoaskfollow-upquestionsthroughouttheinterviewleadingtoabetter

understanding of the world experienced by the person being interviewed. (Fremforsk | Center for

Fremtidsforskning,2016)Asthenameimplies,aqualitativedepthinterviewisrichondataquality,butusually

requiresagreatdealofworktoprepare,refine,conductandanalyse.Duetotherelativelowaccuracyofthe

observations and the questionnaire, an interview is an ideal data collection tool to follow up on the

observations.Itwillallowthefoodinspectorstoexplainindetailwhattheydidduringtransports,whythey

diditandmore.Becauseoftheexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theexpectationsoftheexperimentare

limited.Thischallengesthepreparationoftheinterviewguide.However,whenthefoodinspectorconducts

avisit,theexperimenterhasnoactiveroleintheexperiment.Thesebreaksthroughoutthedaycanbeused

topreparefortheinterviewattheendoftheday,basedonfindingsandobservationsduringtheexperiment.

4.5 Data triangulation Eachofthedatacollectionmethodshavestrengthsandweaknesses;Thequestionnaireswilluncoverwhich

activitiesthefoodinspectorsaredoing.Theobservationswithloggingoftimewillhelpexplainthecontext

oftheactivitiesandprovidemoreaccuracyonthedurationoftheactivities.Finally,theinterviewattheend

ofthedayshouldrevealsomeofthereasoningbehindboththeactivitiesconductedaswellaswhysome

wereleftout.Usingmultipletypesofdatacollectingmethodsiscalleddatatriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,

1999). Combined, the questionnaires, observations and interviewwill help increase the accuracy of the

measurements,andthusthevalidityoftheresults.

4.6 Baseline Goingbacktotheresearchquestion,theaimofthisthesisistoinvestigatehowautonomouscarswillaffect

the productivity and efficiency for food inspectors. In order to measure the effect, a baseline must be

identified.Inthisresearch,thebaselineisthestatusquo;foodinspectorsdrivingthemselves.However,itis

difficulttomeasurestatusquo.Howproductivearethefoodinspectorsnormallyandwhatisthecurrent

compositionoftheirworkdays?Multipleoptionscanbeidentifiedtodeterminethoseproperties.Apossible

wayistoextendtheexperimenttotwodays.Thefirstdaywouldbearegularworkday,wheretheparticular

36

foodinspector isdrivingthecar,withtheauthor inthecarasanobserver.Theseconddaywouldbethe

simulateddriverlessexperiment.However,thedaysmustbeassumedtodiffergreatlyasaresultofavarying

numberandtypeofcompaniestovisit,thenatureofthevisits,trafficetc.Itisthereforedifficulttomeasure

a normal working day even over the course of multiple days. So even while the different days have

quantitativemeasures,theydonotseemvalidforcomparisoninproductivityorefficiency.

Whatisknown,isthatinaregularday,thefoodinspectorsareresponsiblefordrivingthecar.Inastudydone

byLyonandUrry(2005),theresearchersexplainhowacaractuallyalreadypresentsopportunitiesforbeing

productive.LyonandUrryevenusethetermmobileoffice.Themainmeansofbeingproductiveistheadvent

ofmobilephones,asitallowsthedrivertocommunicatewithcustomersandothercolleagues.However,a

majordisadvantagetoconductphonecallswhiledriving,isthatisdrawsawayattentionfromdriving,and

thusdecreasetrafficsafety(Brookhuis,etal.,1990).Nonetheless,havingaphoneconversationislegalwhen

usingaheadsetorotherhand-freearrangements(Justitsministeriet,2013).Assuch,itmustbeinvestigated

towhatextendthefoodinspectorsnormallyconductphonecallswhendriving,asitisimportantinorderto

determinethebaseline.

4.7 Duration and participants Inthissection,thedesignoftheexperimentwillbediscussed.Itwillbedecidedhowmanyfoodinspectors

willparticipateintheexperimentandforhowlong.

Thedurationoftheexperimentforeachfoodinspectorisbelievedtohaveapositivecorrelationwithhow

strongtheconclusionwillbe.Ifafoodinspectorisonlytransportedononeridee.g.betweenvisitnumber3

and4, the food inspectorwillhavevery little timetogetusedtotheexperimentandwillnotbeableto

benefitverymuchfrombeingatransportee.Gettingusedtothesituationisassumedtotakemultiplerides

spanningatleastaday.Dependingontheproductivityandefficiencybenefitsfromhavingaself-drivingcar,

additionaldaysforthesamepersonarelikelytoyieldmorebenefits.Thereasonisthattheinspectorwill

abletoplanthefollowingdaysbasedonthepossibilitiesofbeingtransportedbytheself-drivingcar.Inthis

case,multipledayswiththesamefoodinspectorwillbecreatingarecursivepositiveloop,constantlyfine-

tuningtheextractionofvaluefromthenewsituation.Tostatetheobvious,thegreaterdurationperperson,

thebetter.

Thishowever,leadstoachallengeasthefollowingformulacanbeapplied:

𝑁𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠×𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

37

Eachexperimentdayconsistofthefullworkdayforthefoodinspectoraswellasthecommute.Inaddition,

theexperimenterhastodrivetoandfromtheparticipants.Incaseswherethefoodinspectorsarelivingfar

fromCopenhagen,thiswillamounttosignificanttimefortheexperimenter,livinginValby,Copenhagen.The

conductionofasingleexperimentcanpotentiallybeupto12hours,assumingan8-hourworkdayand4times

commuteof1hour.Furthermore,theexperimentmustbepreparedandtheparticipantsinterviewed.

Considering the exploratory nature of this research and the fact that the project can be considered a

feasibilitystudy,5experimentationdayswillbeconductedforapotentialtotaltimespendofupto60hours

fortheexperimenter.Withathesisworkloadspecifiedas825hours(CopenhagenBusinessSchool,2016)

includingtranscription,reportwriting,preparationsfororaldefenceetc.,thenumberofexperimentsseems

reasonable.

4.7.1 One or five food inspectors?

With5fulldaysfortheexperimentitmustbedecidedtoconducttheexperimentoneither1personfor5

days,5peoplefor1dayorsomewhereinbetween.Eachendoftheextremeofferbenefitsandweaknesses.

Withonlyoneperson,thepotentialbenefitsandpositiveloopismaximizedasthefoodinspectorwillbecome

moreusedthedriverlessscenarioastheweekprogresses.However,theexperimentisexposedtotheriskof

thatsinglepersonbeingbiasedtowardstechnologicaltrends,becomingeasilycarsick,lazyatworketc.

Having5peopleparticipateevensouttheriskandgivesamoreaveragepicture.However,eachpersonwill

havelesstimetobecomeacquaintedofthesituationandwillnotbeabletoimprovehowtheyutilizethe

autonomous transport to the same degree. However, as the number of visits per day is between 3-5

(Appendix 11), the experiment day offersmultiple opportunities to become familiar with the driverless

experience.Asaresult,theexperimentwillbeconductedwith5differentfoodinspectors,onedayeach.

4.7.2 Participants

5foodinspectorsoutofatotalof300FTEsrepresents1,66%whichisinthelowend,evenwhentakinginto

account,theresearchbeingafeasibilitystudy.However,participationoftheDVFAwasarrangedbytheHead

ofFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen,afteran introduction froma food inspector.With theHeadof Food

ControlOfficeCopenhagen,acollaborationinvolvingtheparticipationof5foodinspectorswasestablished.

TheselectionprocessoftheparticipantswasfullydelegatedtotheHeadofFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen.

As a result, all the participating food inspectors are belonging to the Copenhagen food control office.

Therefore,thepotentialpopulationsizewasdecreasedtothe84foodinspectorsintheCopenhagenArea

38

(Appendix15).Thismeansthatthe5participantswillconstitute6%,whichisabetterrepresentation,without

takinguptoomuchresourcestoanalyse.

4.7.3 Time of the year

TheexperimentswillbecarriedoutduringthemonthsofNovember2015–February2016.Thesemonths

werechosentocoincidewiththeallocatedperiodofdesignatedthesisworkandtoprovideenoughtimeto

writethefinalreportafterwards.Inaddition,experimentationdayswillbedependentontheschedulesof

thefoodinspectors’aswellasChristmasandNewYear.Assuch,theexperimentwillbeconductedinmonths

thatarecoldanddarkinDenmark.Potentialimplicationsoftheselectedtimeofyear,willbediscussedlater.

4.8 Concluding remarks on research design Aswritten,5foodinspectorswilleachbetransportedduringafullworkingdaytoandfromanynumberof

companiesincludingcommuteinthemorningandafternoon.Anexperimenterwillbedrivingthecarand

thefoodinspectorwillsitintheback.DestinationsaretypedintotheGPScontrolledbytheexperimenter.

Duringridesnocommunicationbetweenfoodinspectorandthedriverisallowed,exceptforrequestssuch

asturningontheradio,changeoftemperatureorqueriessuchastheestimatedtimeofarrival.Duringatrip,

thedriverwillobservethefoodinspectorthoughtherear-viewmirror(withrespecttotrafficsafety).After

eachtrip,ashortquestionnaire(Appendix2)withpotentialactivitieswillbefilledoutbythefoodinspector.

Afterbeingtransportedbackhomeattheendoftheworkday,thefoodinstructorwillbeinterviewedbythe

experimenter.Theinterviewwillprovide2typesofinformation:1)howanormaldaylookslikeand2)how

thefoodinstructorexperiencedthedriverlessday.Togetherwiththeobservationsbytheexperimenteras

wellasthequestionnairesfromeachtrip,thiswillformthedataoftheexperiment.

Afewdaysbeforeconductingtheactualexperiment,thefoodinspectorwillreceiveanemailwiththerules

and communication protocol. The email (in Danish) sent out can to the participating food inspectors is

includedintheappendixes(Appendix3).

39

5 Results Inthischaptertheresultsfromtheexperimentsareintroduced.

Theresultsconsistofthreetypesofempiricaldata;observationsmadebytheexperimenter,questionnaires

aftereachtripandtheinterviewsfollowingeachexperimentday.Thepurposeofthechapteristoforma

baseforfurtherdiscussion.

Thenamesoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorshavebeenanonymized.However,tomaintainafriendlytone

inthethesis,theirnameshavebeenrandomlychangedtoothernames.

Picture2-Foodinspectorworkinginthecar

5.1 Maria The first simulatedself-drivingexperimentwasconducted in the lastpartofNovember2015.Mariawas

pickedupat8:00AMatherhomeaddressandtransportedacrossthewesternpartofCopenhagentothe

firststop.Thesunwasrisingduringthismorningtripandtrafficwasveryheavyresultinginadoublingofthe

transportationtimecomparedtothesametripwithnotraffic.Mariawasfullyoccupiedbyaseriesofphone

callstocolleges, includingaconversationwithhersuperior. Inbetweenthecalls,Mariaseemedtoenjoy

beingtransportedandwascomfortablewiththesituation.

Mariaonlyusedhersmartphoneandnotacomputerduringthetrips.Sheexplainedintheinterview,that

thereasonshedidnotusehercomputer,wasthatshecoulddomuchoftheworkrelatedtothevisitfrom

herphone,andthatthecomputerwasnotalwaysabletoconnecttotheinternet:

40

“(...)thecomputerdoesnotalwaysworkorcan’tconnecttotheinternet(...)butIcanalwaysaccess

theactualinspectionvisit(dataontheinspectionvisit)viathesmartphone”

Maria further explained, that she normally prepares for the visits a day in advance. The same internet

connectivity issuesasabove,madehernotevenconsiderpreparing for theupcomingvisitsduring trips.

Askedifshewouldbeabletodoso-withsufficientinternetconnectivity-sherepliedthefollowing:

“Well,Icould.I’malittleafraidofbecomingmotionsick.Butyes,Icoulddothat”

Askedifshebecamemotionsickwhileworkingonthesmartphone,Mariaansweredthatingeneralno,with

anexceptionafterlunchatvisitno.4:

“No,oryestherewasatimerightafterlunchatvisitno.4.Icouldfeelitalittlebit.Butotherwise,it

hasnotbeenaproblem”

AskedwhetherMarianormallysuffersfrommotionsicknesswhenbeingapassenger,shereplied:

“Yes,Idosometimessufferfrommotionsickness(...)especiallywhenIlookatmyphoneorreada

bookorsomething”

Mariaactuallyexplainedthatshewasabletodomuchmoreworkthanshehadexpectedandfurtheradds

thatitmighthavebeenrelatedtothewaythecarwasbeingdriven:

“Andbecauseyoudroveasyoudid,itwasverynice.Verysmooth.Yes,Iwasabletodomuchmore

thanIhadexpected”

Aftereachcompletedtrip,Mariamarkedallactivitiesconductedonthatparticulartrip.Theactivitiesduring

alltripsandthelengthofeachtripisshownintable1.

41

Table1–ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyMariaduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

OfalltherecordedtasksperformedbyMaria,19ofthemcanbecountedaswork-relatedamountingto113

minutes,and2private-relatedforatotalof7minutes.Asseenintable1,thisequalsto94%work-related

activitiesand6%private-related.Investigatingthedata,itisseenthatapproximately13%(8%+5%)ofthe

timewereusedtoprepareorprocessaninspectionmeeting,while50%(24%+26%)ofthetimewereused

forwrittenactivitiessuchascommunicatingwithacolleagueoransweringmoregeneralworkemails.These

typesoftasksrequirefullattention,andcannotbedonewhiledriving.

DuringthemorningcommuteMariawasonthephonewithcolleaguesforthemajorityofthetrip.Oneof

thephone callswith a colleaguewasof sensitivenaturebut having the experimenter in the car didnot

preventMariafromhavingthisconversation.

Askedifphonecallscouldbedonewhilesheherselfwasbehindthesteeringwheel,shedeclined:

“Iwouldnot(answerorcallonthephone)(…)IwouldthenwaituntilIhadreachedthedestination

andcallbacktheperson”

Whenreceivingprivatecalls,Mariasometimesputsthecartoastandstilltoanswerthephone:

“Whenacolleaguecalls,IusuallywaituntilIreachthedestination,butifitisprivate,thenIthinkit

mightbesomethingimportant”

Thedifferenceintheactionstaken,dependingonthephonecallbeingprivateorprofessionalrelated,are

interestingandunderstandable,especiallysinceMariaisaparentwithchildrenininstitutions.Beingableto

answer the phone and respond to situations immediately is important with children that can be sick.

42

However,thedecisiontopostponeansweringcolleaguesislikelytohaveanegativeeffectonefficiencyof

thepeoplewaitingforananswer.

Mariadidnoteatlunchduringtherides,insteadshedidthatduringthevisits.However,sheadmitsithappens

whiledrivingherself:

“Thethingwitheatinglunchwhiledriving,Idothattosavetime(…)Togethomeearlierandhave

moretimetoshopbeforeitbecomestoocrowded”

Asthiswasthefirstride,Mariaalsogavefeedbackonhowtoimprovethequestionnaire.Thisledtomore

activitiestocheckoff,aswellasanabilitytowritefree-handonthequestionnaire.

Attheeveningthatsameday,Mariarepliedinanemailthatshefeltmorerelaxedandlessstressedthanat

othercorrespondingdays(Appendix14).

5.1.1 Concluding comments on Maria

ThedaywithMariagaveanumberofinterestingfindings.

• Mariawasabletoconvertsomeofhercommuteintoactualworkingtime,especiallyinthemorning

trip. This allowedMaria to shorten the day, retuning home quicker withmore time for private

activitiessuchasshoppingandspendingtimewithherchildren.

• Maria was able to communicate with colleagues both in oral and written form while being

transported.TheeffectisthatMariaisabletoconvertunproductivetime(driving)intoproductive

time(helpingacolleagueorbeinghelpedherself).

• Maria was feeling less stressed and more relaxed in the evening. While this does not affect

productivitydirectlyitmightdosoindirectly,asemployeesexperiencinglessstresscanbeassumed

tobemoreproductiveatwork(Kristensen,2010).Combinedwiththeincreasedtimeforkidsit is

likely Maria that will experience an overall improvement in quality of life, potentially indirectly

leadingtoimprovedproductivity(Kristensen,2010).

• Maria did not experience motion sickness, except right after lunch. That was unexpected, as it

normallyhappenswhenMariaisapassengerinacardrivenbyanotherperson.Whilearealperson

alsodrovethecarintheexperiment,itissafetoassumethattheattempttodrive‘smoothly’meant

Mariadidnotexperiencemotionsickness.Itcanonlybespeculatedhowarealautonomouscarwill

eventuallydrive,butoptimizingthewayofdrivingforavoidingmotionsicknesscouldbeconsidered

amongotherthings.

43

5.2 Nanna and Knud Attheseconddayofself-drivingexperiments,2foodinspectorswerebeingtransported.Nannaonallfour

trips,withKnudjoiningonthesecondandthirdride.

NannawaspickedupatherhomeinthevicinityofCopenhagenat8.35AMandtakentoanindustrialarea

westofthecity.TrafficwasveryintensewithheavycongestionpassingHerlevStation.Duringtheentiretrip,

Nannawasfullyconcentratedonhercomputerpreparingfortheupcomingvisit.ArrivinginSøborg,Nanna

metKnudontheparkinglot.Themanagerofthefirstcompanywasnotpresentandthe2inspectorsdecided

tocomebacklater,andinthemeantimedoanotherjointvisitnorthofCopenhagen.Knudwasinvitedinto

theself-drivingcarandmentionedhefeltlikeastatesmanbeingchauffeuredwhenenteringthecar.

Thesecondtripwasamixofheavytrafficinurbanandhighwaysettings.NannaandKnudbothhadtheir

laptopsopen, andwas collaboratingonpreparing thenext inspection. The twoalsohad time todiscuss

privatematters.

ThethirdtripbroughtNannaandKnudbacktoSøborg.Onthistrip,thefoodinspectorsdebatedthejust

completedinspectionvisitandwereveryactiveontheirlaptops.Onlywork-relatedactivitieswerediscussed

duringthistransport.

Knudtookhisowncar,andNannawasdrivenhomeonthefourthtripfullyengagedonherlaptop.Traffic

waslightonthislasttour.

Table2–ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyNannaduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

As seen in theactivities forNanna in table2,95% of the transportation timewasused forwork-related

activities.Thefourtripswerealllongenoughforthetransporteestoopentheirlaptopsasopposedtojust

44

usingtheirphones.IntotalNannawasabletospend89minutesworkingwhilebeingtransported.ForNanna,

beingabletoworkthismuchwasasurprise,duedoatendencyforhertoexperiencemotionsickness:

“IhadexpectedtosufferfrommotionsicknessoratleastIhadfearedit.IthoughtIwouldsufferfrom

it.Normally,Icannotreadinacar.(…)Butitwentsurprisinglywell!”

On the first two rides, Nanna prepared for the upcoming visit by investigating the company’s website.

ReferringtothoseactivitiesNannaelaborates:

“Otherwise,Iwoulddoitduringthevisit,butitismuchbetterifIpreparebeforehand.(···)sometimes

Ijustdon’tdoit.

Later,Nannaexplains thatbeingable toprepare for thevisit,makesherperformbetterwhendoing the

inspection.Furthermore,shespecificallyadds,thatpreparinginthecarhasanotheraddedbenefit:

“WhenIworkhere[inthecar]Idonotgetdisturbedasmuch,asIdoontheoffice”

While Nanna sometimes prepares an inspection visit days in advance, the fact that the car in this case

providesabetterwork-environmentthantheofficeandthattheinformationisfreshinmemoryarevery

interestingfindings.

As seen in table 2, Nanna processed the just completed inspection visit on the third trip. A benefit of

processingthevisitrightafterleavingthecompanywasthattheinspectionwasstillfreshinmemory:

“Informationcanquicklybeforgotten”

While a driverless car provides the opportunity to process a visit right away and thereby preserve the

freshnessoftheinspectionandsavetimewhilebeingtransported,avalidpointisthatthefoodinspector

coulddotheprocessingattheparkinglotrightaftercompletingthevisit.Thoughthefoodinspectorwillnot

save timebeing transported also, the freshness and thereby the quality of the visit could be preserved.

However,itturnsoutthatNannadoesnotdothatnormally:

“Ihavesortofcloseddownmycomputeraftercompletinganinspection.AtthatpointI’malready

movingon.(…)ThenitwilljusthavetowaituntilIgetbacktotheoffice”

WhilenothingpreventsNannafromactuallyfollowuponthevisitafterleavingthecompanyonaregular

day,itisnotsomethingshedoes.Withadriverlesscarshedidthatinoneofthetrips.

45

Reflectingonthedaywithaself-drivingcarNannasays:

“Havingtriedit[aself-drivingcar]today,itmustsayitisveryefficienttobeabletowork.Andgoing

homenow,somuchhavebeencompleted”.

Inafollowupemail,Nannamentions,thatshedoesnottalkonthephonewhiledriving(Appendix16).

Knudwasonthedriverlesscarontworides.Hewasnotinterviewed,buthisresponsesinthequestionnaires

aresummarizedintable3.

Table3-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyKnudduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

JustasNanna,Knudwasactiveonhislaptoponbothtrips.HewasdiscussingwithNannaonissuesrelated

tooneofthevisits.Duringthesecondtrip,Knudindicatedthathavingadriverlesscarwasverynice.

5.2.1 Concluding comments on Nanna and Knud

• Nannawasabletoworkonalltripsdespiteanexpectationofsufferingfrommotionsickness.

• Theself-drivingcarofferedaworkingenvironmentwithfewerdistractionscomparedtotheoffice.

• Insomecases,theextraworkingtimeduringtransportationprovidedNannaanopportunitytobe

betterpreparedforsomeofthevisits.

• Inonetrip, thetransportationallowedNannatoprocessacompleted inspectionvisit rightaway,

withthevisitinfreshermemory.

• KnudwaslikeNannaabletoactivelyworkonhislaptopduringtransportations.

• Withmultipletransportees,thecarprovidedanad-hocmeetingenvironment.

46

5.3 Bente Bente lives in a small town an hour drive west of Copenhagen, but still does inspection visits in the

CopenhagenArea.Asaresult,thefirsttriplasted60minutesbeginningat8AMatherhomeaddress.When

Benteenteredthecar,shehandedtotheexperimenteranewspaperwithanarticlerelatedtodriverlesscars.

Shehadreaduponthesubjectandwasexcitedtotryasimulatedautonomouscar.Bentealsobroughther

computerintothecabin,butspendmostofthefirstcommutereadingpapers:

“Ihadalotoftimeontheroadthismorningtoprepareforthedayandwasabletoreaduponstuff

Ihadnotfoundtimetodoforthelast6months”

Thefollowing4tripswhererelativelyshortandwereusedforavarietyofwork-relatedtasks.Onalltrips,

Bente either prepared for the upcoming visit or didwork related to other visits. This is reflected in the

summaryintable4.

Table4-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyBenteduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

Out of a total of 155minutes used for transportation, Bente used 230minutes (84%) for work-related

activitiesand25minutes(16%)forprivate-relatedactivities.Bentehadthefollowingquote:

“Whendoinginspection,youareveryfocused(...)sogettingtimetomentallyclosethepreviousvisit

and prepare for the next, makes youmore prepared and focused. (...) Sometimes [when driving

herself],Iwait5or10minutesinthecartopreparefortheupcomingvisit.”

Furtherexplainingtheluxuryinprocessinganewlycompletedvisitrightaway:

“Itisreallynicetobeabletodoitrightaway,whilethevisitisstillfreshinmemory.Anditisnice

quicklytobeabletomoveontonewassignments.”

47

AskedifthecarcabinofferedagoodworkingenvironmentBentesaid:

“Well,writinginjunctionsandfinesIwouldnotdo.Igavetwoinjunctions,whichIstillhavetomake

[writeaformalletter].Butthesmallstuff,likelookingupinfooraskingacolleagueorcompletinga

visit,thatIcaneasilydo.”

Explainingwhyshewouldnotwriteinjunctionsorfineswhileinthecar:

“Ineedaccesstolegislation,andforthatIneedtorunsomeprogramswhichdonotrunverywellon

awirelessconnection.”

AskedwhetherBentewouldbeabletodothework,ifshehadaccesstoahigh-qualityinternetconnection

inthecar,sheresponds:

Yes,thenIwouldbeabletodoit(writeinjunctionsandfines)”

Bentenotedthatshedoesnotsufferfrommotionsicknessingeneralandinafollow-upemail,shementions,

thatsheoftenconductwork-relatedphonecallswhiledriving(Appendix17).

5.3.1 Concluding comments on Bente

• Bentewasabletoworkonalltrips.

• Bentedidnotexperienceanymotionsicknesswhileworking.Thiswasexpected.

• Bentewasabletoreaduponinformationshehadnotfoundtimetodoin6months.

• ThecommuteinthemorningandafternoonintotalgaveBentetwoextrahoursofworkingtime.

• Bente sometimes spends 5-10minutes in her car before entering a company’s building.With a

driverlesscar,Bentecouldprepareduringthetransportsinstead.

• Sometypesofwork,suchaswritinginjunctionsandfineswerenotpossibletodointhecarbecause

ofpoorwirelessinternetconnectivity.

o Assuming there could be better access to high-speed internet, writing documents with

injunctionsandfineswouldbepossibleinthecar.

5.4 Stine StinelivesinasmallcityanhournorthofCopenhagen,wheredoesmostofherinspectionvisits.Thefirst

tripwasinthemorningrushhourwithadestinationonRefshaleøentaking75minutes.Forlongperiodson

48

thistrip,Stinehadphoneconversationsbothwithcolleaguesandfriendsorfamily.Askedwhetherthose

typesofconversationshappenwhenshedrivesthecarherself,Stinegavethefollowinganswer:

“(...)Isometimesdocallpeopleonthephone(whiledriving),butthis(beingapassengerinaself-

driving car) ismuchmore comfortableand I can concentrate100%on the conversation. It is not

alwaysagoodideatocallwhendriving.”

Andlatersheadds:

“Ihavetokeepaneyeontheroad,whichmakesmelessconcentratedonthephoneconversation.In

addition,inaconversationwithacompany(...)Icouldmakethechangesinoursystemimmediately

andclosethecase.”

Table5-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyStineduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

Similartotheothersubjects,Stinespentmostofhertimedoingwork-relatedactivitiesat89%,asseenin

table5.ThesinglemostcommonactivityforStinewasemailing(56minutesoutof170).

Stinespentrelativelylittletimepreparing,processingorotherwork-relatedtasksrelatedtovisits.Infact,

onlythelasttwotripsincludedthoseactivities.Explainingwhyshedidnotpreparefororprocessedavisitin

between,shesaid:

“Ittakestoomuchtimetogoonlineandoffline”

Whenaskedhypotheticallyifaccesstoasuperhigh-speednetworkwouldchangethatStineanswers:

“ThenIwoulddoit!”

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Thisisfollowedupby:

“ButIdon’tthinkitwouldbeadvantageoustodoit.Ineedtoreflectuponwhathappenedduringa

visit.Iwoulddoitonthelasttripgoinghome.Notinbetweenvisits.(…)OnthelasttripIwouldhave

moretime,thenIwoulddoitallandclosetheday”

Explainingwhatshedidonthetripsin-between,Stinesaysthefollowing:

“Igeta lotofcallsduringtheday.AsanexamplesomecolleagueshadleftmessagesandIcalled

themback,whichIwouldratherdo,asitissomethingIdon’thavetoconcentrateatlottodo.Andit

helpsthem.”

ThefactthatStinedoesnotprocessacompletedvisitandwouldcontinuenottodosoevenifshehadaccess

tohigh-speedinternetisinteresting.Insteadshepreferstohelphercolleagues.

OnwhyshedidnotprepareforanupcomingvisitStineexplained:

“Iwoulddoitinthemorningorthedaybefore,butIhavebeenmanyoftheplaceswevisitedtoday

before,soIdon’tneedtopreparethatmuch.(…)Lessthan15minutes”

ThelastvisitwasinproximityofHøjbroPlads,atthecentreofCopenhagen.Trafficwasheavy,butStinewas

droppedoffatthesquare.Whenleavingthevehicle,Stinesaid(inDanish)“Luksus!”translatableinto“This

issonice!”,referringtothefactthatshedidnothavetofindaparkingspot.Sheadded:

“FindingaparkingspotinthecentreofCopenhagenisVERYdifficult”

Indeed,afterspending15minutesfindingaparkingspotnottoofaraway,theself-drivingcarwaseventually

placedinHazardWarningmodeuntilsummonedagainbyStine.

WhenreturninghomeStinewasaskedhowoftenshehastoworkafterreturninghome:

“Everytime”

Askedintoifthatwasalsothecasetodayafterhavingbeentransportedforafulldaysheadded:

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“Ididnothavetimetoregistermyhours,becausethetriphomewassofast[referringtothe40minutes

backhome.Trafficwasunusuallylight].ButIcandothattomorrow.Ihavecompletedeverythingrelated

tothevisitsIhadtodayandalsothevisitsIdidyesterday.Yes,myworkdayisover!”

5.4.1 Concluding comments on Stine

SumminguponStineitisclearthatshewillbenefitfromanautonomouscarinseveralways:

• Stinecanfocus100%onphonecallswithcolleagueswhilebeingtransported.Thephonecallshelp

hercolleagues,thusmakingthemmoreproductiveandStinecandothecallsontheroadinsteadof

eitherdrivingandreducethefocusofboththeconversationandthedrivingorstopthecarand/or

waituntilshehasanaturalstop.Asaresult,Stinebecomesmoretime-effective.

• Inbetweenvisits,Stinedidverylittleworkrelatedtovisits.Insteadshemostlyhelpedcolleaguesby

phoneormailandreflecteduponthevisits.

• Stinesavedtimenottryingtofindaplacetoparkhercar.

• Onthelasttriphome,whichispartofhercommute,Stinewasabletowrapupbothvisitsrelatedto

thecurrentdayandthedaybefore.

• Exceptforregistrationoftime,thismeantStinehadcompletedherworkday,anddidnothaveto

workathome,asopposedtoaregularday.

• Loggingonandoffofthenetworkwastoomuchofahassle.Asaresult,Stinedidverylittlework

relatedtopreparingforvisits

o However,withahigh-speedinternetconnectionavailable,Stineassumesshewouldbeable

todothatkindofwork.

5.5 Puk The lastparticipating food inspectorwasPuk.Shewaspickedupat thehomeaddressa45-minutedrive

southofCopenhagenat8AM.TheplannedvisitsforthatdaywasmostlyinHvidovreandVanløse,westof

Copenhagen.ThecommutetothefirstplaceinAvedøre,HvidovrewasviatheKøgeBugtHighway,usuallya

highlycongestedroute.Onthismorningthehighwaywasfullofcars,buttrafficwasmovingataconstant

pace.Thisgave theopportunity todrivevery smoothlyprovidingaverycomfortableexperience forPuk.

Duringthe30-minutecommute,Puktookgreatadvantageofthedriverlesscarandwasveryactiveonthe

laptopontheentiretrip.ItseemedverynaturalandPukwasplacedcomfortableonthebackseatofthecar.

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Withanexceptionofaveryshortthirdtrip,theremainingridewere10-15minutes.Pukwasgoingtothe

theatrelaterthatday,andaskedtoendexperimentattheheadquartersoftheDVFAinGlostrup.Asaresult,

shedidnothavetheopportunitytoexperiencethecommutebackhome.

ThecommuteinthemorningprovidedagoodopportunitytoworkaccordingtoPuk:

“Itwassonicetotakeadvantageof”

Theshorttripsinbetweenvisithadbenefitsaswell:

“Itismoredifficulttotakeadvantageofthesmalltrips,butyouhavetimetotakeabreak(…)and

youstillhaveenoughtimetocheckemailonthesmartphone.Doingsowasverynice,soIcouldstay

uptodate,whichIwouldotherwisenothavebeen”

Pukmentionsthatshesometimescommutesonthebus,andthatitisnotpossibleforhertodoanywork

duetomotionsickness.However,thatwasnotthecaseinthedriverlesscar:

“Ididnotexperiencemotionsickness.(…)Icouldeasilyworkonthecomputerontheentirecommute

thismorningwithoutsufferingfrommotionsickness(…)sonoproblemsthere!”

Whenaskedifshenoticed,thattheexperimenterwaswearingheadphones,Pukreplied:

“Yes,soyoucouldlistentomusic”

Thisisimportant,asitindicatesthattheattempttocreateanillusionofbeingaloneinthecabinworkedto

someextent.

Table6-ThetableshowstheactivitiesperformedbyPukduringthedifferenttripsandgivesanoverviewofthepercentageoftimeusedforwork-relatedactivities.

52

AsseeninTable6,Pukspent63minutes(71%)onwork-relatedactivitiesand26minutes(29%)onprivate

tasks.While theproportionofprivate taskswasa littlehigher compared to theotherparticipating food

inspectors,themajorityofthetransportationwasusedonwork-relatedactivities.Sincethedurationofthe

tripswerequiteshort,italsomakessensethatPukwerenotabletoinvestigateasmuchtimeinthework-

relatedtasks.Themostcommonwork-relatedactivitywascheckingemail,happeningonalltripsexceptthe

veryshortsecondtrip.Pukperformedactivitiesrelatedtoaninspectiononthreeofthetrips.

ContrastingthisbehaviourtoanormalinspectiondayPukgivesthefollowingexplanation:

“Sometimes,Ipreparefromhome,andsometimesIstayinthecaranddoitbeforeavisitandbetween

visits. (…)but this [havingadriverlesscar] ismuchmorecompact,enablingme toutilize theday

100%”

Thepointis,thatPukcanoptimizeherdaybetterwithaself-drivingcarandasaresultsavetime.Shefurther

explainsthatherdayisalmostcomplete.

“IfIhad5minutesmore,Icouldhaveuploadedthedataandthedaywouldbeover!Eventhoughit

wasashortday,Iwouldhavecompletedthework.”

Pukelaboratesthatonanormaldayshewouldprocessanduploaddatafromthevisitslater.

“IwoulddoitwhenIgothome(…)butwhenyouhavechildrenyouhavetopickthemup,soIwould

doitintheevening”

TheimplicationsforPukwithaself-drivingcarisclear;herdayawayfromhomewasshorterandshecould

almostavoiddoingworkwhenshehasreturnedhome.

Inanemail,Puklaterexplains,thatsheveryrarelyconductswork-relatedphoneconversationsinhercar.

Lessthan1-2timepermonth.Shedoesnothaveproperlyequipmentinhercar(Appendix18).

5.5.1 Concluding comments on Puk

BasedonthedaywithPukthefollowingwasfound:

• While Puk do experiencemotion sickness when going on a bus, this was not the casewith the

driverlesscar.

• Pukworkedduringthetransportationin71%ofthetime.

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• Herdaybecamebetterutilized,andasaresultthetimeawayfromhomewasshortened.

• Pukwasabletoalmostcompleteherworkrelatedtothevisitsduringtheday.

• Pukassumedthedriverwaslisteningtomusicontheheadphones.

5.6 Concluding remarks on results Atthispoint,5experimentdayswith6participatingfoodinspectorshavebeenconducted.

Thetotalminutesoftransportationtimeandtheminutesspentonwork-relatedactivitiesforallthefood

inspectorsareaggregatedintable7.

Table7–Transportationdataforallthefoodinspectors

Themainfindingsfromtheexperimentsarelistedbelow:

• Out of a total of 676 transportation minutes, 591 minutes (87%) were used for work-related

activities.

• Exceptforabriefinstance,noneofthefoodinspectorsexperiencedanymotionsickness.Thismust

becomparedtothefactthat3ofthefoodinspectorsnormallyhaveatendencytoexperiencemotion

sicknessinacarorbus.

• Nosingleactivitydominatedthetransportationtrips.Insteaddifferentactivitieswereconducted:

o Allfoodinspectors,exceptStine,atsomepointpreparedfortheupcomingvisit.

o Allfoodinspectorsonatleastonetripdidworkrelatedtoanewlycompletedvisit.

o Allfoodinspectorscheckedtheiremail.

o AllfoodinspectorsexceptStinecommunicatedwithcolleaguesinawrittenform.

o 3foodinspectorshadphoneconversationswithcolleagues.

o AllfoodinspectorsexceptStinereflectedontheirwork.

o Bentewasabletoreaduponinformationshehadnotfoundtimetodoin6months.

• Allfoodinspectorsusedthecommuteaspartoftheworkingday.

• 3outof5foodinspectorsneverorveryrarelyconductwork-relatedphonecallswhiledriving.

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6 Discussion Inthischaptertheresultsareanalysedanddiscussed.Animportantpurposeofthechapteristoconsiderthe

validityoftheexperimentsandtomovethereadertowardstheconclusiontoanswertheresearchquestion.

Aspartofthechapter,potentialbenefitsofusingautonomouscarsarefordiscussedinrelationtotheDVFA.

6.1 Validity of the results Theresultsshowedthatanaverageof87%ofthetransportationtimewasusedforproductivework-related

activities.However,thevalidityoftheresultsshouldbediscussedtakingintoaccounthowtheexperiment

was conducted, including the participating food inspectors, time of the year andmore. In the following

sections,differentaspectsofthevalidityoftheexperimentarediscussed.

6.1.1 The questionnaire

The questionnaire filled out by the food inspectors after every single trip is included in the appendix

(Appendix2).Thequestionnairewascreatedaftermultipledraftsandoptimizedthroughaniterativeprocess

tomeettherequirements:

• Easyandfasttoanswer.

• Noneedforsignificantadditionaltasksforthefoodinspector.

However,thedurationofeachactivitywasnotprecise,duetotheomissionofprecisetimeloggingofevery

activity.IfafoodinspectorcheckedherFacebookonthelaptopmostofthetime,andonlycheckedemail

verybrieflyona20-minutetour,thequantitativedatawouldpointtoanequalspendof10minutesonprivate

andwork-relatedactivates.However,theobservationsandinterviewhelpedtovalidatethebalancebetween

thedifferentactivities.Inafewinstances,theexperimentermarkedafewactivitiesonthequestionnaire,

suchasaphonecallofprivatenature.Combined,thethreeempiricaltoolsprovidearelativelyhighlevelof

precisionof thequantitativedata,especially thesplitbetweenprivate-relatedactivitiesandwork-related

activities.Asaresult,the87%work-relatedactivitiesisarealisticapproximationoftheactivitiesbythefood

inspectorsintheconductedexperiments.

6.1.2 Participating food inspectors

Whileitmightbearealisticapproximationoftheconductedexperiment,thesampleofparticipatingfood

inspectorsmustbeexamined.5ofthe6participatingfoodinspectors(83%)werewomen.However,the

55

overallgenderdistributionamongallfoodinspectorsintheDVFAis65%womenand35%men(basedon

classifiedinformationdisclosedtotheauthor).Whiletheexperimentswerenotpreciselyalignedwiththis

genderdistribution,itisacloseapproximation.Moreimportantlythough,isthefactthatallthefood

inspectorswerefromtheCopenhagenarea.ThetrafficconditionsintheCopenhagenAreamustbe

assumedtobedifferentfromtrafficinotherpartsofthecountry,especiallylowerpopulatedareas.How,

thedifferenttrafficconditionswouldhaveimpactedtheresultscannotbeknownprecisely.However,the

conductedexperimentsinvolvedamixahighwaydriving,urbandrivingandcountryroaddriving.The

differenttypesofroadswerenotfoundtodifferintheworkingopportunitiesprovidedinthecabin.As

such,conductingtheexperimentsintheCopenhagenshouldnothavecreatedabiasintheresults.

The next obvious point tomake is the fact that only 6 food inspectors participated in this research. As

mentioned,theDVFAhasapprox.300FTEfoodinspectors.Thistranslatesintoaparticipationrateof2%.If

onlythethe84foodinspectorsinFoodControlOfficeCopenhagen(Appendix15)aretakenintoaccount,the

percentagechangestoapprox.7%.Comparedtosimilarfieldworkstudiesrelatedtofutureresearch,thisis

asignificantsamplesize(Fremforsk,2016).However,thefuturisticaspectsofthisresearchmustbetaken

intoaccount. InthebookDiffusionofInnovations,Rogers(2003)presentsamodelofhownewideasand

technology spread through cultures. The model groups consumers of new technology into five groups:

Innovators,EarlyAdopters,EarlyMajority,LateMajorityandLaggards.AccordingtoRogers,newtechnology

is first adoptedby Innovators, thenEarlyAdopters and so forth. The trend is followinganS-curvewhen

plotted over time (Rogers, 2003). Some of the characteristics of Innovators and Early Adopters include

willingnesstotakerisksandfinancialliquidity,butRogersalsouseswordssuchasprogressists,hightriers,

andexperimentals (Rogers, 2003). As driverless cars are verymuch new technology, it is not difficult to

imagineagreatwillingnesstoparticipateintheexperimentbyfoodinspectors,thattypicallybelonginthe

InnovatorsorEarlyAdoptersgroups.Especiallytakenintoconsideration,thattheselectionprocessinthis

researchwasnotcompletelyrandom.Benteevenbroughtanarticleaboutautonomouscartechnologyinto

the simulated car. However, this seemsmore like a coincidence, as the food inspectors did not signup

themselves, but were suggested by management based on unknown factors. As a result, the selection

processcanbeconsideredsomewherebetweenrandomanddeliberate.Evidently,exceptforBente,none

oftheotherfoodinspectorshadanyinsightintothestateofdriverlesstechnology.

Onemorethingtoconsideriswhethertheparticipantspresentedthemselvesinafavourablelight,dueto

thefactthattheywerebeingobserved(Clarke&Dawson,1999).Whiletypicallyassociatedwithinterviews

due to a discrepancy between what people say and what they do, this behaviour is also present in

56

observations where the observer is present in the experiment. Clark & Dawson (1999) use the term

participant-as-observer. This is verymuch the case in the conductedexperiments for this research. Even

thoughtheexperimentwassetupinsuchaway,thattheexperimentercouldbeignored,itwasveryclear

thatanotherpersonwasinthecabin.However,theparticipantswereledtothinkthattheexperimenterwas

listening tomusicand thereforemighthaveactedmorenaturally thanotherwise.ThatPukbelieved the

driverwaslisteningtomusicisanindication,thatitworkedtosomeextent.

6.1.3 Time of the year

Anotherlimitationoftheexperimentwasthetimeoftheyear.Theexperimentswereconductedfromthe

endofNovembertothebeginningofFebruary,alldarkandcoldmonthsinDenmark.Arelativesmallamount

ofsunlightenteredthecabinandtheoutsidetemperatureswereverycold. If theexperimentshadbeen

conductedduringthesummer,theresultsmighthavebeendifferent.Onereasonisapotentialworsened

climate inthecar,requiringhugeamountsofair-conditionortheopeningofwindows. Inaddition,more

sunlightmighthaveenteredthecarmakingitimpracticaltodoanyworkonalaptop.However,withshields

inthewindows,thiscouldbeavoided.Pukmentioned,thatduringhotdayssheactuallylikestostandoutside

thecaransweringSMSandemails.However,thesunlightissuedoesnotseemtobelimitedtoadriverless

car,andmightaswellbethesameproblemthathappensatastationaryoffice.Atoffices,thingslikeair-

conditioning,windowcoversetc.mitigatethechallengewithsunlight.Thesamethingcouldbeappliedina

driverlesscar.Tosumup,theresultsfromtheexperimentmighthavebeenlessgoodduringsummermonths.

Butanalmostequaldropinproductivityisexpectedinastationaryofficeatthesametimeofyear.

Picture3-FoodInspectorinthecabin

57

6.1.4 Author as the experimenter

Oneimportantelementoftheexperimentthatshouldbementionedisthefactthattheauthorofthisthesis

actedastheexperimenterinalltheconductedexperiments.Thisarrangementhasanumberofpotential

strengthsandpotentialweaknesses.

Potentialstrengths:

• Duetoinductiveandexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theauthorisabletomorequicklyrecognize

interestingfindingsandadjusttheexperimentaccordingly(Clarke&Dawson,1999).

• Duetoinductiveandexploratorynatureoftheresearch,theauthorisabletomorequicklyrecognize

interestingfindingsandfollowupwithquestionsintheinterview.

Potentialweaknesses:

• Theexperimenthasanaturallimitationintime,asonlyonetheauthorisconductingexperiments.

• Multipleexperimentscannotbeconductedsimultaneously.

• Theresearchhasnoinvestigatortriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,1999)

Thepotential strengthsall relates to the inductiveandexploratorynatureof the research.As itwasnot

knownbeforehandwhat the food inspectorswouldactuallydo in theexperiment, it is important for the

experimenterquickly tobeabletorecognizepotential important findingsandmakesuretheexperiment

wouldsupportit.Asanexample,thefactthatKnudjoinedNannainthecarwasnotpartoftheplan,but

providednotabledatapointsintheobservationandgaveanextrainputtothediscussionsincethedriverless

carwasusedasanad-hocmeetingenvironment.Thiscouldbefolloweduponinthesucceedinginterview,

astheauthorhadagreatunderstandingoftheareaofresearch.

On the other hand, having the author act as the experimenter put a natural limit to the scale of the

experiment.Asmentionedearlier,itonlyallowedfor5experimentdays.Withmoredrivers,theexperiment

couldpotentiallybeexpandedandconductedinparalleltoreducethenumberofvariablessuchasweather,

timeofyear,areaetc.Otherweaknessesofonlyhavingtheauthorconducttheexperimentisapotentialbias

towardsapositiveoutcomeoftheresearchaswellastheabsenceofinvestortriangulation(Clarke&Dawson,

1999).Investortriangulationaddsthebenefitofhavingmultipleexperimentersresearchthesamekindsof

situationandaddsmultipleviewpointstothediscussion.However,thiswasnotthecaseinthisresearch.

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6.1.5 Number of days per food inspector

Arightfulcritiqueoftheconductedexperimentisthefact,thateachfoodinspectoronlywastransportedin

thesimulatedcarduringasingleworkdayandnotinacontinuousbasis.Astheinterviewsrevealed,manyof

theparticipantshadexpectedtoexperiencemotionsickness.Anundocumented,butplausibleassumption

isthatthefoodinspectorsforthisreasondidnotplantodoessentialpreparationactivitiesinthecar.Asall

oftheparticipantsexpressedaverypositiveexperience,itcanthereforebeassumed,thatmoreessential

activitieswouldbeconductedinthecarinasuccessiveexperiment.Itisonlyspeculation,butiftrueitwould

notnecessarily translate intoahigherproportionofworkversusprivateactivities in thecar.However, it

would mean more significant activities could be accomplished, thus increase the value of having an

autonomouscar.

Inaddition,alloftheparticipantsdidactuallydowork-relatedactivitiesonthefirsttripandthatindicates

thataverysmallamountoftimewasneededforthefoodinspectorstobecomefamiliarwiththesituation.

Thisfactmakesthevalidityofthedatahighersinceitcanbeassumedthatmoredayswerenotnecessaryto

becomefamiliarwiththedriverlesscarandperformingwork-relatedtaskswhiledriving.

6.1.6 The presence of a driver

Theexperimentwasasimulationofadriverlesscar.Acentralquestiontoaskisifthisfacthashadasignificant

effect on the results. According to Lyons and Urry (Lyons & Urry, 2005) one of the central features of

commutinginacar,isthefactthatitisaprivatesphereasthusfacilitatesactivitiesofsensitivenature,such

asconfidentialbusinessphonecallsorveryprivateconversations.Inthesimulatedexperimentadriverwas

includedandthisbroketheprivatesphere.Whetherthepresenceofthedriverpreventedpotentialsensitive

conversationsisnotknown,howeverthreefoodinspectorsdidhavephoneconversationsduringrides.On

theveryfirstride,Mariaevenhadaconversationthatcouldbeconsideredasensitiveconversationabouta

colleague. In addition, Stinehad conversationsof a privatenature.While thedetails in the calls arenot

important,thefactthatitwascarriedoutisimportant.Thispointstoanenvironmentwherethetransportee

experiencedsufficientprivacy.

In the experiment, the driver was wearing headphones. As explained in the methodology chapter, the

headphones was serving two purposes: To get voice instructions from the GPS without disturbing the

transporteeandtocreateanillusionofthedriverbeingmentallysomewhereelsealthoughnomusicwas

actuallyplayingintheheadphones.Thishelpsexplainwhysensitiveconversationswereindeedcarriedout

bythetransportees,eventhoughnoagreementwasmadeonhowtohandleclassifiedinformation.

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6.1.7 Smooth driving and motion sickness

Inthesimulatedexperiment,arealpersonwasdrivingthecar,nothardwareandsoftware.Avalidpointto

make,iswhetherthedrivingexperiencewascloseenoughtoarealautonomouscar.Asmentionedearlier,

adriverlesscarhasaccesstoarangeofdata inputs, includingsensors,GPS,mapsandmoreandhasthe

abilitytodoveryquickcalculationsaswellastobetteranticipatethetrafficaheadandaroundcorners,than

ahumanbeing(wiseGEEK,2016).Asaresult,thedrivingandcontrolofthecarwasfarfromhowadriverless

carwoulddrive.Whatisnotablethough,isthatnoneoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorswasunabletowork

whentheyintendedtodoso,andthatmotionsicknesswasnotanissue.ThiscontradictsthefindingsofSivak

andSchoettle(2015).

6.1.8 Internet connectivity

BenteandStinebothmentionedissueswithInternetconnectivityandaslowprocessoflogginginandlogging

offthecompanynetwork.Thisdirectlyaffectedtheirdecisiontousetheircomputerinbetweeninspection

visits.Forshorttrips,thetimetologin/logoffandstartupprogramswastootime-consumingandwasnot

worth the effort. Instead, theymostly used their smartphone on short trips. It is not known if a faster

login/logout-procedurewouldmakethefoodinspectorsprepareorprocesstheinspectionvisitsmore.Stine

said,thatsheactuallypreferredtospendtheshorttripstoreflectandcommunicatewithcolleagues,soitis

unlikelyitwouldhaveaneffectonher.Ontheotherhand,Mariacitedtheconnectivityissueasthemain

reasonthatshedidnotbringherlaptopintothecabin.Itcanthereforebeassumed,thatconnectivityand

login/logoffproceduredidhaveaneffect,butitisdifficulttostatehowmuchandwhatitwouldchangeifa

driverlesscarhadhigh-speedinternetavailable.

6.2 Potential Benefits Thissectionwillgiveanoverviewoftheclearestpotentialbenefitsbasedontheexperimentandfindings.

6.2.1 Commuting

Commonacrossalltheconductedexperimentswasthatallthefoodinspectorsworkedduringpartoftheir

commute.Thisfactisexciting,asitplaysanimportantroleintheefficiencyversusproductivitydebate.

Normally,thetripfromafoodinspector’shometothefirstinspectionvisitisacommuteandnotincludedas

workinghours.Similarly,thelastvisitandbackishomeisalsopartofthecommute.Commutingisnotapart

oftheworkinghours,hencethecommutetripscanbeaddedtoafullworkday.ForStineandBente,the

commutetoandfromCopenhagenamountedto1houreachway.ForMaria,thefirstcommutetripwas47

60

minutesandPukandNannaeachhadaroundhalfanhourforthefirsttrip.Theseareallofsubstantiallength

consideringanormal8-hourworkday.Inthisexperiment,nodistinctionwasmadebetweencommutetrips

andtrips inbetweenvisitsasbothprovidedopportunitiestodowork. Inmanycases, thecommutetrips

offeredthebestworkingconditions,astheywerelongandwithoutbreaks.Therefore,thecommutetrips

weretranslated intodefactoworkabletime.Whetherthecommutewillbeconsideredwork-timebythe

DVFAornotisamanagerialdecisionandpoliticaldecisionsandhasimplicationsforboththeindividualfood

inspectorsandtheorganization.

6.2.1.1 If commute is indeed considered workable hours, it has the following implications:

Fromthefoodinspector’spointofview,thismeansanincreaseinefficiency;thefoodinspectorisableto

produceanincomewithlesstime.Insteadofan8-hourdayplus2hoursofcommute,foratotalof10hours

perworkday,adriverlesscarcanpotentiallyletthesamejobbecompleteddownto8hours.Thishowever,

assumesthateachfullworkingdaycanbefullysaturatedbyworkthatwouldotherwisebedoneinanoffice,

athomeorinthiscaseinacar.

Fromacompanyperspective,itdependsonanumberofthings.Ononehand,asindicatedbysomeofthe

foodinspectors,theworkingconditionsinacarsometimesactuallyprovidesabetterworkingenvironment,

thantheirregularoffice.Theprimaryreasonmentionedbythetransportees,isthattheyarenotinterrupted

inthecar.Thisissomehowrelatedtothestudiesonregularcarsasworkingenvironments(Lyons&Urry,

2005)andaccordingtotheresearchers,oneofthequalitiesofacar,isthatitoffersasolitudeenvironment

andonewhichcanbecompletelycontrolledbythedriverorinthiscasebythetransportee.Ontheother

hand,asindicatedbyespeciallytheinternetconnectivityissues,andlackofface-to-faceopportunitiesetc.,

allkindsofactivitieswillnotbepossibleinadriverlesscar,makingitlessattractivetoconsideritastruework

timebytheemployer.Apotentialcompromisecouldbetoconsiderapartialortotalremunerationofthe

timespendoncommute,providedthetimeisusedtoconductwork.Ahypotheticaloutcomeofthiscould

be an increase in geographicalmobility as indicatedbyBamonte (2013). The reason is that the valueof

commutewillincrease,makingitmoreattractivetoapplyforjobsfurtherawayfromhome.

6.2.1.2 If commute will not be considered part of the workday:

Eachfoodinspectorwillnotbemoreefficient.However,itmightleadtomorehoursactuallybeingworked,

asthecommuteisadjacenttotheworkdayandthefoodinspectorswillcontinuetoworkbeyondthenormal

8hours.Thisexperimentdoesnotprovideevidenceof this,but studieshaveshownthat this is thecase

(Nissen,2006)(Teglkamp,2006).However,thishaspotentiallylong-termconsequences,suchasanegative

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impactonleisureandfamilytime(Teglkamp,2006).Shouldthecommutenotbeusedforworkatall,itstill

providesopportunitiestodoprivateactivitiessuchasreadingnews,Facebook,writingprivatemailsetc.The

value of commute thus potentially increases for the food inspectors, leading to an increase onmobility

(Bamonte,2013).

WhethertheDVFAshouldclassifytimeduringcommuteasworkinghoursornot, istoosoontoconclude

fromthisinvestigation.Whatisclearthough,isthattheadventofdriverlesscarswillsparkadiscussionon

thissubject,asithasimpactsonboththeorganizationandindividuals.

6.2.2 Phone calls when driving

Intheinterview,Stinementionedthatshenormallydrivesandtalkatthesametime.Assumingsomeother

foodinspectorsdothesame,thismeansthatregulartripsinacarcanactuallyalreadybeusedforproductive

activities(Lyons&Urry,2005).However,shealsoadmittedthatsheisnot100%infocuswhendriving,neither

on the call or on the traffic. In addition, talking while driving has serious traffic security implications

(Brookhuis,etal.,1990).Inaddition,onlyactivitiespossibletodoonaphone,suchasinformationsharing,

requesting informationordebatingarepossible.Activities, suchaswriting, readingetc.arenotpossible.

Furthermore, due to the lack of 100% attention, the quality of the calls will be decreased. Other food

inspectors,likeMaria,explicitlydonotdriveandtalkonthephoneatthesametime.Assomeofthetimeis

already used forwork-related activities, the 87%might be higher thanwhat should be expected.When

calculatingeconomicbenefits,amoreconservative50%timespendonworkrelatedactivitieswillalsobe

used.Thisnumberalsoincludesthetimeusedforreflectionsonwork,as5out6foodinspectorsmarked.

6.2.3 Increased productivity

33.000hourswereusedfordrivingbyfoodinspectorsin2015(Appendix1).If87%ofthistimeisconverted

intoproductivehours,ittranslatesinto28.710hours:

33.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∙ 0,87 = 28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

At the DVFA, an FTE is defined as 1.924 hours per year including holiday and sickness (Appendix 1).

Subtracting6weeksofholidaywegetaround1.700hoursofeffectivehoursperyearperfoodinspector.

Multiplyingtheeffective1.700hourswiththe300FTEs,itequals510.000effectiveworkhoursbyallthefood

inspectors.Assuch,theextra28.710hoursrepresentanincreaseofeffectiveworkhoursof5,6%:

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28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 1.700ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

∙ 100% ≈ 5,6%

Theextra28.710hoursusedfortransportationcorrespondstoapprox.17FTEswith1.700effectivework

hoursperyear:

28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

1.700 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸

≈ 17𝐹𝑇𝐸

Assumingamonthlysalaryof35.000DKK(Jobindex,2016)includingpensionandholiday,thevalueofthis

translates into595.000DKKmonthlyor7,14millionDKKannually.Ontopofthisareexpensesrelatedto

computerequipment,courses,temporaryworkingstationetc.

The87%assumesaconversionofpreviousunproductivetimeintoproductivetime.However,2outofthe5

foodinspectorsareconductingphonecallsregularlywhiledrivingthemselves.Itisdifficulttodeterminethe

length,durationandqualityofthesecalls.Tomakeupforthisfact,calculationswitha50%conversionis

added:

33.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∙ 0,5 = 16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 1.700ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

∙ 100% ≈ 3,2%

16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

1.700 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸

≈ 10𝐹𝑇𝐸

Using the samemonthly salary of 35.000 DKK it amounts to 350.000 DKKmonthly and 4,2million DKK

annually.In2015,65.000visitswereconductedby300FTEs.Thatisanaverageof216visitsperFTE.Withan

additional17FTEusingthesameaveragenumberofextravisitsperFTEthevisitsconductedwillbe:

17𝐹𝑇𝐸 ∙ 216𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑠𝐹𝑇𝐸

= 3672𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑠

If the calculation is performedwith 10 extra FTEs itwill be 2160more visits. However, the demand for

inspectionvisitsisdeterminedbyoutsidefactors,suchasnumberoffood-relatedcompanies.Assuch,the

numberofactualconductedvisitsisunlikelytoincrease.Adifferentoutcomeisthateachfoodinspectorwill

beabletoeitherspendmoretimeoneachvisitonaverageande.g.givemoreguidanceorspendtimeon

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otheractivitiesthatwillcreateahigherqualityofeachvisit.Thisincludestasksdirectlylinkedtoavisitor

othertasks,suchasreadinguponnewinformation.Asanexample,thisiswhatBentedidduringthemorning

commute.AsseeninthepoliticalagreementconcerningthefoodcontrolfromApril2015(Ministerietfor

Fødevarer,2015),morefocusedinspectionvisitsareapoliticalpriority.Driverlesscarsprovideapotential

solutiontoachievethesemorefocusedinspectionvisitswithoutaddingextrarecourses,exceptforacquiring

thetechnologyupgradesnecessaryforautonomousdriving.Thiswillbediscussedlater.

6.2.4 Increased Efficiency

Theconversionofpreviousunproductivetransportationtimeintoproductiveactivities,potentiallyallowthe

sameoutputtobeachievedbyfewerFTEs–anincreaseinefficiency.Tocalculatethepotentialreductionin

FTEs,the28.710hoursgainedinthefirstexamplewillbeusedtocalculatetheextraamountofhoursone

employeewillbeabletoworkextraperyearwithdriverlesscars:

28.710ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠

= 95,7ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

The95,7hoursextraperemployeewillbeaddedtotheexisting1.700hoursandtherebyassumingthatone

foodinspectorworks1795,7hoursyearly.Thismeansthatthetotalamountofworktimeof510.000hours

canbedistributedbetweenfewerfoodinspectors:

510.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠1795,7ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

≈ 284𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠

Thisis16fewerFTEsneededtoperformthesameamountofinspectionvisitsatthesamelevelofquality.

Ifthecalculationisbasedonthe16.500hoursgainedinthesecondexample,theworkingtimeperFTEwill

be:

16.500ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠300𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠

= 55ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

Thismeansthatonefoodinspectorisassumedtobeworking1755hoursyearlyandtheFTEsneededtokeep

thesametotalamountofworkinghoursare:

510.000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠1755ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸

≈ 290𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠

Thisis10fewerFTEsneededtoperformthesameamountofinspectionvisitsatthesamelevelofquality.

Inotherwords,apotentialreductionof10FTEscanbecarriedout.

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16fewerFTE’srepresentsareductionof5,3%:

1 −284300

∙ 100% = 5,3%

10fewerFTE’srepresentsareductionof3,3%:

1 −290300

∙ 100% = 3,3%

Thesecalculationsarebasedonsimplemathanddoesnottakeintoaccountexpensesrelatedtohiringand

firing,equipmentetc.Doingsowoldrequireamuchmoreelaboratestudyonhowtheinspectionvisitscan

be redistributed across fewer food inspectors, and amore detailed look at theworkflow. However, the

numbersindicatethatdriverlesscarsdefinitelyprovidesignificantopportunitiesforincreasedproductivity,

efficiencyorboth.

6.2.5 Upgrading the cars

Asmentioned,theDVFAhas174carsavailableforusebythe300FTEfoodinspectors.Whilethefutureprice

levelsofautonomouscarsareimpossibletoknowatthispoint,afewpresentpricedataareavailable.The

$1.000-$1.500pricerangebyFagnant&Kockelman(2015)andthetargetpricebyGeorgeHotzof$1.000

(Vance,2015).ConvertedtoDanishkroner,thisisroughly7.000DKKforanupgradeofthecar.Thedriverless

carcanpotentiallyleadtoaproductivityincreaseof17or10FTEsorastaffreductionof16or10FTEs.Using

thesamemonthlysalaryof35.000DKKthistranslatesintothefollowingyearlyproductivityincreasesand

savingswhenonlylookingatsalaryexpenses.

Valueimprovementswithproductivityincrease:

17𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 7,14𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾

10𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 4,20𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾

Costsavingswhenreducingstaff:

16𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 6,72𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾

10𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑠 ∙ 35000𝐷𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ∙ 12𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐹𝑇𝐸 = 4,20𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝐾𝐾

Dividing the lowest estimatewith thepotential costof upgrading todriverless technology at 7.000DKK,

roughly600carscanberetrofitted.Morethanenoughtocoverboththecarsownedandoperatedbythe

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DVFA aswell as the cars owned by the food inspectors themselves. Of course, in addition to the initial

investmentsmaintenance and service costsmust be added. Furthermore, the driverless technology will

eventuallydeprecate(Christensen,etal.,2004),andwillneedreplacement.Onpurpose,thesecalculations

onlyscratchthesurface.Thefuturemarketofautonomouscarsisstilltoofarawaytoreallydomeaningful

calculations.CompanieslikeUber,Lyft,andsimilarstart-ups,havethepotentialtoradicallychangethecost

structureandownershipmodelofautonomouscars.However,thecalculationshelptoillustrate,thatfrom

aneconomicalstandpoint,organizationsarelikelytobenefitfromtheintroductionofdriverlesscars.

6.3 Concluding remarks on the discussion Inthischapter,thevalidityoftheexperimentandtheresultshavebeendiscussed.Themainfindingsare:

• Intheexperiment87%oftransportationtimewasusedforproductiveactivities

o Afewfoodinspectorsalreadyconductphonecallswhendrivingthemselves.Therefore,amore

conservativescenarioof50%ofthetransportationtimeusedforproductiveactivitiesisadded.

• Thefoodinspectorswereabletoconductdifferenttypesofwork-relatedactivitiesincluding:

o Preparingforanupcominginspectionvisit

o Processingacompletedinspectionvisit

o Conductingphonecalls

o Readingandwritingemails

o Readlongdocuments,webpagesetc.

o Ad-hocmeetinginthecar

o Reflectonwork

• Someofthefoodinspectorsusedthetransportationtimeforinspectionpreparationsandprocessing.

o Thusthequalityofthosespecificvisitspotentiallyincreased.

• Oneofthefoodinspectorsusedthecommutetoreaduponinformationshehadneverfoundtimeto

do.

• Approximately13%ofthetransportationtimewasusedforprivate-relatedactivities.

• Motionsicknesswasnotanissue.

• Byworkingduringthecommute,thefoodinspectorswereabletoalmostcompletetheirworkdaybefore

arrivinghome.

o Theywereabletocreatethesameoutputusinglesstime,inturnbecomingmoreefficient.

• Thequestionnaireprovidedlittleaccuracy,butcombinedwithobservationsandinterviews,thevalidity

oftheexperimentwasrelativelyhigh.

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• Theparticipatingfoodinspectorswerenotrandomlyselected.Thisresultedinagroupofparticipants

thatwereallwomenandfromtheCopenhagenarea.

o Whilethismadetheexperimentlessrepresentativeitalsoremovedvarianceintheresults.

• Thevalidityoftheresultsisbelievedtoimprovebythefollowingchanges:

o Extendingthenumberofexperimentaldaysperfoodinspector.

o Removethedriverfromtheexperiment

o Providebetterinternetconnectivity

• Importantdiscussionsmustbemadeonwhethertoincludecommuteintheofficialworkinghours.

• Driverlesscarshavethepotentialtoincreaseproductivityforthegroupoffoodinspectorsby3,2%-5,6%,

equallingtoapotentialadditionof10-17FTEs.

• Driverlesscarshavetopotentialtoincreaseefficiencyforthegroupsoffoodinspectorsby3,3%-5,3%,

equallingtoapotentialneedfor10-16fewerFTEs.

• Thevalueofthepotentialimprovedproductivityandefficiencyarehigherthanthelowestestimatesof

costforupgradingcarswithautonomoustechnology.

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7 Conclusion Theexperiments involvingasimulatedself-drivingcarhaveshown,that food inspectors fromTheDanish

VeterinaryandFoodAdministration(DVFA)areabletoconvertupto87%oftheautonomoustransportation

timeintoproductivework-relatedactivities.Theconductedwork-relatedactivitiesinclude:

o Preparingforanupcominginspectionvisit

o Processingacompletedinspectionvisit

o Workrelatedtootherinspectionvisits

o Readingandwritingemails

o Havingphonecallswithcolleagues

o Readinginformationfromwebsites

However,theactualconversionisless,assome(inthisthesis2out5)foodinspectorsarealreadyconducting

somephonecallswhiledriving.Assuch,amorerealisticconversionof50%isproposed.

Asmostofthelistedwork-relatedactivitieswouldhavetobeperformedbythefoodinspectorsatadifferent

timeattheofficeorathome,thisincreasestheefficiencyofthefoodinspectors.Thisefficiencyimprovement

potentiallyallowstheDVFAtoconductthesamenumberofvisitsatthesamequalitywith10–16fewerFTEs

(3,3%–5,3%).

Someoftheparticipatingfoodinspectorsusedthetransportationtimeimmediatelybeforeandafteravisit

toprepareorprocessaninspection,potentiallyleadingtoahigherqualityofthevisit,processingandthe

followinginspectionreport.Inaddition,allthefoodinspectorswereabletocommunicatebetterwiththeir

colleagues both in relation to concentration when they were not driving and in relation to giving an

immediateresponse.Furthermore,oneofthefoodinspectorswereabletoreaduponinformation,thatshe

normallyneverwouldhave found time todo.The increasedquality,better communicationand time for

readinguponinformationalltranslateintoanincreaseinproductivity.Converting50%-87%ofthe33.000

hoursusedfortransportationin2015intowork-relatedactivitiesisequivalenttohavinganadditional10-17

FTEfoodinspectors(3,2%–5,6%)employed.

Apotentialincreaseinefficiencyandproductivitycannotbeachievedatthesametime.However,amixof

eachoneispossible.Ultimatelyitisuptothemanagementorthepoliticianstodecideonwhethertofocus

onefficiency,productivityorboth.

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Thestudywasperformedwithonly5femalefoodinspectorsallfromtheCopenhagenFoodControlOffice

andbasedononedayofexperimentforeachinspector.Nevertheless,thefollowinghypothesisisproposed:

A largeamountof transportation time ina driverless car canbeused forwork-relatedactivities,

potentiallyleadingtoanincreaseinproductivity,efficiencyoramixofboth.

7.1 Suggestions for further research As the research showed, self-driving cars did have an effect on productivity and efficiency for the

participatingfoodinspectorsattheDVFA.However,theexperimentonlylookedahomogeneousgroupof

people,usingcartransportationaspartoftheirworkday.

Afirstapproachistobroadentheexperimenttoincludemoredaysperpersonandmoresubjectsingeneral.

Anobviouswaytoconductfurtherresearchistobroadenouttheparticipatinggroupofpeopletoinclude

peoplewithsimilardrivingpatterns,usingcartransportationaspartoftheirjob,butalsopeoplewhoonly

useacarforcommutingpurposes.Howwillthisaffecttheirproductivityandwillitleadtoshorterdaysaway

fromhome?Inaddition,researchcanbeconductedoncartransportnotonlyrelatedtowork,butrelatedto

all mobility in a society and how self-driving cars will affect aspects such as stress-levels andwork-life-

balance.

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8 Reflections Thisfinalchapterwillpresentsomeofthebroaderperspectivesusingdriverlesscarsandrelatethemtothe

findings in the research. In addition, alternative technologies will bementioned and contrasted against

autonomouscars.

8.1 Potential benefits of driverless cars in other companies Today, some companies are using private chauffeurs or taxis to transport their employees between

customerstodotheirwork;anexampleisLægevagtenwhereaprivatechauffeurdrivesadoctortotheir

patient(RegionHovedstaden,2014).Thismakesitpossiblefortheseemployeestoworkduringthetrip,e.g.

doingpaperworkforthepatient.However, this isnotapracticethat isadoptedbymanycompaniesand

severalcompanieshaveemployeesthatdrivetheentiredayfromcustomertocustomer.Attheendofthe

daytheywillhavetodotheirpaperwork.Thesecompanieswouldpotentiallybenefitfromdriverlesscars

sincetheirproductivitycouldbeincreasedbasedonthisstudy.Furthermore,thecompaniesthatareusing

taxisandprivatechauffeurscouldobtainaneconomicbenefitusingdriverlesscarssinceachauffeurdoes

notneedtogetpaid.

8.2 General commute and working hours in driverless cars Itshouldbenotedthatifcompaniesingeneraldecidetodefinethecommuteinadriverlesscarasworking

hoursthiscouldpotentiallyhaveamajorimpactonthestructureofoursociety.Nevertheless,itrequiresthe

specificjobtocontaintasksthataresuitableforworkinginadrivingenvironment.

Ifcommutingcanbeusedforworkingthiscouldpotentiallyloadoffseveralhoursofworkandmakeitmore

advantageoustolivefarawayfromyouroffice,sincetheemployeewillbeabletospendsomeoftheworking

hoursinthecaronthewaytotheoffice.Thiswillreleasetimeintheotherendfortheemployeetousewith

familyorotherpersonalactivities,ifassumedthattheworkinghoursinoneweekwillstaythesame.Oneof

thechangesthatthiscancauseinthesociety,isade-urbanisationoflargercities,suchasCopenhagen.This

canleadtoalargechangeinthemarketofrealestateandhowthepricesarespreadthroughoutthecountry.

8.3 Inverse commuting As autonomous cars provide working opportunities during a commute, sometimes even a better

environmentduetofewerdistractions,somepeoplemightprefertoonlyworkinthecarinsteadofgoingto

theoffice.Whenphysicalmeetings arenecessary, the autonomous carwill simply drive to a designated

70

destination, or justmeet upwith otherwandering driverless cars,with humanworks inside. The design

studio,IDEOhascreatedaninteractivewebsiteshowcasingthisscenarioathttp://automobility.ideo.com/.

Suchafuturescenarioseemsfuturistic,howeverastheautonomoustechnologydevelop,itmightverywell

happensoonerthanmostpeoplethink.

8.4 Competing technologies While thepreliminary resultsof this research shows thatautonomouscarsdohaveapositive impacton

productivityandefficiency,itisalsorelevanttolookatotheremergingtechnologies.

AtechnologicalareaundermajordevelopmentisVirtualReality(VR)(Strickland,2007).Majorplayerssuch

asFacebookthroughOculus(Oculus,2016),Samsung(Samsung,2016)andSony(Sony,2016)areveryactive

inthisfield.WithVR,virtualworldscanbecreatedinsomecasesmimickingthephysicalworld(Strickland,

2007).AstheVRtechnologyprogressesitisnotdifficulttoimagineareducedneedforface-to-facemeetings

andasaresult,areducedneedforcartransport.ElementsofVRarepotentiallyrelevantforfoodinspectors,

astheywouldbeableto“visit”thecompaniesvirtually.However,recordingequipmenthastobepresentat

thepremisesofthecompaniesandinmanycasesmultipleroomshavetobechecked.Furthermore,thefood

inspectorsalsodobacteriatestsandinspecttheoutsideofbuildings.Itisdifficulttoimagineafullinspection

visittobeconductedthroughVR.

AnotheremergingfieldexperiencingrapiddevelopmentisInternetofThings(IoT).Moreaphenomenonthan

anactualtechnology,inthiscaseIoTcouldbetheintroductionofinternet-enabledsensorsinstalledatthe

companies (Uckelmann, et al., 2011). The sensors could report back to the DVFA levels of bacteria,

temperatureetc.Thisinturncouldreducetheneedforsomepartsoftheinspectionvisits.However,asmost

of these inspected companiesemploy realpeople, it resembles surveillance, and the sensorshave tobe

installedandmaintained.Thecostoftheseinstallationsisatthispointunknown.

WhileVRandIoTcombinedmightreducetheneedforsomeinspectionvisits,itisdifficulttoseeameaningful

impact. As such, the need for physical transport persists in the DVFA even with the advent of these

technologies.

8.5 The Second Machine Age Theadventofself-drivingcarsisaprimeexampleofthemajorchangesmadepossiblebydevelopmentsin

ITandAI.InthebookTheSecondMachineAge,BrynjolfssonandMcAffee(2014)explainhowtheybelieved

drivingwasadisciplineimpossibleforacomputertomaster.However,withtherapiddevelopmentsenabled

71

byMoore’sLaw(Brynjolfson&McAfee,2014)computationalpatternmatchinghasbecomegoodenoughfor

self-drivingcarstobepossible.Whiledriverlesscarswillbringmanybenefits,asfoundintheliteratureand

illustrated in this research, they are also eliminatingmany typesof jobs.Asmore andmore carswill be

autonomoustheneedfortaxidrivers,truckdrivers,deliverydriverswillnolongerbeneeded(Jiang,etal.,

2015).However,associetyenterstheSecondMachineAge,notonlyjobswithinthetransportationindustry

areindangerofbeingeliminated.Artificialintelligencepotentiallyenablescomputerstodiagnosedeceases,

operate interactive voice-response systems in call-centres and provide legal assistance (Brynjolfson &

McAfee,2014).Societiesasawholewillbericher,atthecostofrisinginequality.Thepoliticalandsocietal

responsestothesedevelopmentsareexcitingandwillmostlikelybeamajorthemegoingforward.Topics

suchastaxreforms,politicaltransformationsandbasicincomearesomeofthepotentialsolutions(Reich,

2015).

8.6 Autonomous cars do not exist yet The research conducted in this thesis is special in the sense, that the investigated technology is not yet

availableandmeasureshavebeentakentosimulateanon-existingtechnology.Inaddition,fortheauthorit

has been great to be able to design and conduct a real-life experiment,which are relatively rare in the

cand.merc.(it.) concentration at CBS. A highly unlikely risk exists that driverless cars never enter the

marketplaceandinthatcase,thefindingsinthisresearchareuseless.However,theriskofcreatinguseless

findings is compensated by the enjoyment of conducting research within a new, exciting and highly

developingfield.

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10 Appendices

Appendix 1: Email from Flemming Petersen, FVST, 17. February 2016

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Appendix 2: Questionnaire

Sæt kryds ved en eller flere udførte aktiviteter under netop overståede køretur:

Aktivitet Sæt kryds

Forberedt det kommende kontrolbesøg

Opfølgning på det netop overståede kontrolbesøg

Aktivitet vedr. andre kontrolbesøg

Læst op på nye regler / bestemmelser vedr. kontrolbesøg

Læst ting fra intranettet eller fvst.dk

Kommunikeret med kollega skriftligt

Kommunikeret med kollega via telefon / Skype

Læst / svaret på arbejdsmail

Forberedt internt møde

Reflekteret over ting på arbejdet

Andet, arbejdsrelateret___________________ _______________________________________

Prøvet at arbejde, men kunne ikke pga. støj, blev køresyg, for lidt plads, osv.

Andet, ikke arbejdsrelateret, fx skrive til læge, sende privat SMS osv.

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Appendix 3: Mail to the participating food inspectors prior to the experiment day

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Appendix 4: Maria observations Trip1:8:00-8:47.Hjem,xxxx->VanløseMegettrafik.Kø-kørsel!TogdobbeltsålangtidsomestimeretafGPSSolenstodopistarten.Koldtognovember-agtigtvejrMariavirkederimeligafslappet.SnakkedeitelefonpåstørstedelenafturenSnakkedeomproblemermedkollegaer.Deresproblemer.Snakkedemedchefomkringarbejdsforhold.Virkedetilatchillenårderikkevarsamtaler.Badikkeommusikellertemperaturændringer.Viljegsigetilhende.Sammemedfrokost.Havdecomputeribagagerum,brugtekunmobil.Trip2:9:15-9:25->xxxx,VanløseKorttur.Intettrafik.Lidtproblemermedbagagerum.Måttehjælpeindenvikørte.Virkedeendnumereafslappet.Somomhunligeskullevænnesigtilkonceptet.Fikindenvikørteforklaretathunkunnebedeomradio,temperaturetc.Sagdedahuntogsintaske,atdettekunnemangodtbliveafhængigaf.Ingensnak,kunskriftpåmobil.Trip310:15-10:25,xxxx,NVKorttur.IntettrafikVirkedetilatslappeaf.Forsøgteatkøremegetkonservativt.Afslappetatmosfære.Naturligt.Trip410:50-11:00.xxxx,NVKortturBlivermereogmerenaturligt.Trip513:3012:48.xxxx.BørnehaveMariaslappedeaf,hostedelidt.Blevklartilnæstebesøg.Varpåmobilmest.Trip6.13:30-13:55.HjemBadomathøreradio.Lavekorrektiontilsidstomomvej,vedegenvej.Slappedeheltaf.MegetnaturligtAppendix 5: Maria interview Morten:Hvordansynesdudetvar?Maria: Jamen, jegsynesdetvarmegetbehageligt,detvarvirkeligdejligtatslippeforforatkøreogbarekunnetjekkemailogjegharfåettjekketrigtigmangemailsogfåetsvaretpårigtigtmange.Ogdetvarnogetsomjegellersskullegørevedsidenaf.Såjegharsparetrigtigtmegettidvedatgøredet.

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Morten:Jafordihvisdukørtenormaltselv,såvilledusåskullegøredetentennårdukomudforetbesøgellerligeinden?Maria:Jaligepræcis.Morten:Ogvardettilatignoreremig?Maria:Ja,detvarfaktiskoverraskendelet,synesjeg.Altsådetvarlidtmærkeligtistartenmenmanvænnersighurtigttildetogdetharvijoaftaltpåforhånd,sådervarikkenogetmærkeligidet.Morten:Jajegsyntesogsåklartatopleveatligedeførste5minutterskullemanligevænnesigtildet,mensåvardetretnaturligt.Maria:Ja,detvardetfaktisk.Detvardet.Morten.Ladostageennormaldag,nårduerudeogkøre.Hvornårforberederdudinebesøg?’Maria:Detplejerjegatgøreaftenenfør,forsåerdetheltfriskierindringenogsåharjeggennemgåetdesenestekontrolrapporterforligesomatvidehvadjegskaludtilogdeternormaltsådanjegforberedermig.Morten:Jaforjegkunneogsåsepådeafkrydsninger,atdermåskeligemedundtagelseafhertilallersidst,lavededustortsetikkenogenaktiviteterrelaterettildebesøgduskulletil.Maria:Nej,sletikke.Morten:Erdetnormalt?Maria:Ja,deterdet.Forjeggørdetheleafteneninden.Morten:Trorduhvisnuduvænnededigtilatdublevkørtrundt,villedusåændrepådenrytme?Maria:Ja,detvillejegnok.Morten:Hvorfor,gjordedudetsåikkenu?Vardetfordidualleredehavdeforberedtdigeller?Maria:Detved jeg ikke,dethar ikke tænktover,altsånormalt så skal jeg jo forberedebesøgvedat jegplanlæggerdemisystemet,sådansådeerindeisystemet.Ogdetsynesjegermegetret,fordeterikkealtidat computerenvirkerellerat jegkankommepånettet.Såderforerdetaltid rartathavedensikkerhedhjemmefra.Menselvekontrolbesøgetdetkanjegaltidkommepåviatelefonensådetvillejeggodtkunnegøreibilen.Morten:Ognuaproposdetmedbilen,dubesluttedesåikkeattagecomputerenmedind,fordidusagdeatde ting du skulle kunne lave det kunnedu alligevel gøre påmobilen,menhvadhvis vi antog at du ikkeforberedtedigaftenenfør,mengjordedetiløbetafdagenibilen?Maria:Altsådetkunnejeggodt.Jegerlidtbangeforatblivekøresyg.Menellers.Detvillejeggodtkunnegøre.Morten:Ogdublevikkekøresygmedmobilen?Maria:Nej,fordervarsåmegetatlavepåmobilen.Nuvardetnokogsåfordijeghavdeværetsygisidsteuge,såderlå40mails.Sådeternokderfor.Morten:Såduføltedigikkekøresyg?Maria.Nej,ellerjodervarligeettidspunktligeefterjeghavdespistfranr.4besøg.Derkunnejeggodtligemærkedetlidt.Menellerssåerdetgåetfint.KørselandredageMorten.Hvormangetimerbrugerdunormaltpåatkøreisnit?Maria:Isnitdererdetnokcaentime.Foroftesåprøvermanatplanlæggetilsynenehvordeliggerrigtigtætpåhinanden. Jegharsådenudfordringat jegprimærtkørermedøkologi, såderforerminestrækningermegetlange,menpåennormaldagimitfastedistriktiHundestedsåkørerjegikkesærligtmeget.Såvilledetværemaks.entimeMorten:SådukørerdertilogsåikkesåmegetkørseliHundestedogsåtilbageigen?[Tællerikkemedide60minkørsel,selængerenede]Maria:Jaligepræcis.Morten:Kunnedunoglegangefindepåatgåmellemdeenkeltesteder?Maria:Jadetkunnejeggodt.Morten:Hvisduhavdeenselvkørendebil,villedusåaltidkøre?

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Maria:Detkommeranpåhvortætdesåligger.Hvisdeterligeovrepådenandensideafgaden,såvillejeggå.Menellersvillemannoktagebilen.Morten:Erdernogledagehvordukørermere?Maria:Altsåvifårbareikkebetalingtildetførstebesøgoghellerikkefradetsidste.Sådettællerikkemediarbejdstiden.Determinegentidjegbrugerder.Morten:Sånårdusigerentimeisnit,erdetaltmellembesøg1og5?Maria:Ja,deterdet.Ellerserderenheldelmere!Morten:Såervimåskeoppepå2-2,5time?Maria:JaMorten:Hvormegetfylderkørselmentalt,nårdutænkerpåimorgenskaldupåarbejde?Maria: Det fylder meget. Men det er faktisk primært fordi vi har problemer med at vi ikke har nokfødevarebilertildetrådighed,sådetkangodtværeenudfordringatkommetilatudføremitarbejde,fordijegmangleretkøretøj.Ogdeterstressende.Ogirriterendeatmanskaltænkeoverdet.Sådetfyldermeget.Morten:DeternogleafFødevarestyrelsenbiler,somdusåskalindoghenteiGlostrup?Maria: Ja, vi har dem stående ude i landet.Nu kører jeg som regel fra Frederikssund af og der har vi 2fødevarebilerståendehvorjegharendagpådeneneogendagpådenanden,mendetdækkerikkeheltmitbehov.Sådeterenudfordring,forellerssåskaljegkøreiminegenbil.Ogjegvilhelstikkestilleminegenbiltilrådighedfordidetødelæggerbilenmeddetherstart-stopspecieltnårmankøreridieselbil,sådeternogetdervirkeligtsliderpåbilen,såderforhar jeg ikke lysttilatstilleegenbiltil rådighed.Såderforerdetenudfordringpådenmåde.Morten:SådetergrundentilatdukøreriFødevarestyrelsensbil?Maria:Ja.Morten:Forandreharjegindtrykafbrugerderesegen?Maria:Ja,deterderrigtigtmangedergørogformangederkandetogsåsvaresig,hvisdeharenbenzinbilogdearbejderlangtfrahvordebor.Såkandetgodtsvaresig.Morten:Sådetvilsige,atnormalttagerdutogettilFrederikssundså?Maria:Nej,jegkørernormaltiegenbiltilFrederikssundfordijegboriValbyligenu,menjegskalflyttetilFrederikssundogminebørngåriinstitutionderoppe,såderforsåliggerjegogkørerophverdagmeddemogsåkørerjegsåviderederfraienandenbil.Morten:Sådetfylderendel.AktiviteterMorten:Jeglagdemærketilatmangeafdeaktiviteterdukrydsedeaf,bl.a.snakkeitelefonogreflektereoverarbejde,detkunnedusådansetgodtjoogsågørenårdukørernormalt.Maria:Ja,Morten:Kunnedumærkeforskel?Maria:Ja,formanharmererotilatgøredet.Normaltnårjegkørersåhørerjegmusik.Ogslårtidenihjelpådenmåde.Såjo,jegharfåetmereudafikkeselvatskullekøre.Morten:Foreksempelpåførstetur,derhavdeduendelsamtaler.Villeduhavetagetdemhvisdukørteselv?Maria:Ej,detvillejegikke.Morten:Villeduhavestoppet?Maria:Nej,såvillejeghaveventettiljegvarnåetfremtildestinationenogsåvillejeghaveringettilbagetilvedkommende.Morten:Såpådenmådevarderenklarfordelatdubarekunneringe?Maria:Ja,detvarder.Virkeligt,detvarder.Morten:Hvordanhvisduskalprøveatsammenlignemednårdunormaltkommerfremtiletsted,nårduharkørtrundt,føltedudigmereklarellervardetdetsamme,nårdetkomtiletbesøg?Maria:Detvardetsamme.Morten:Sådetvarmestbareenluksus,detvarikkesådandukunnebliveenormtmereudhviletogmentaltparat?

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Maria:nej,ikkemereudhvilet.Detvarikkefordijegsadogsov,menjegsaddaogblundedelidtnoglegange.Detvarrartistedetforheletidenatværepåheledagen.Morten:Hvorgoderdutilatholdepauser?Hvisduselvkører?Maria:Ikkesågod.Deterogsådetdermedatspiseenmadpakkemensmankørerforatsparedentid.Morten:Erdetforatkommetidligerehjem?Maria:Jadeterdet.Ogmeretidtilathandlenårjegkommerhjem.Indenderkommerformangeibyen,detersådanjegtænker.Morten:DeterselvfølgeligogsåenformforstressatmankanundgåellerreduceredetMaria:Jadeterdetheltsikkert.ForventetafforsøgetMorten:Hvadhavdeduforventetafforsøget,vardetsomduhavdeforventet?Maria:Jegsynesfaktiskdetvarbedreendjeghavdeforventet,fordidetvarmereafslappendeendjeghavdetroetdetvar.Ogogsåfordidukørtesomdugjorde,detvarvirkeligrart.Megetsmooth.Jo,detharjegfåetmereudafendjegegentlighavdeforventetiførsteomgang.Morten:Fordidutroededetvilleværelidtbumpyogstart-stop?Maria:Jaogsåtænktejegnokogsåatjegvilleblivekøresyghvisdetvarjegsadogkiggedeformegetpåtelefonenellerpåcomputer,mendetsynesjegegentliggikfint.Morten:Hvadmednårdukørerienandenbilmedenandenchauffør,hardusåtendenstilatblivekøresyg?Maria:Ja,detkanjeggodtblive,detersåikketitjegbliverdetmendetersomregelhvisjegsidderogkiggerpåtelefonenellerlæserenbogellersådannoget.Morten:Såbaredetaktivitetsniveaudugjordeidagvilledunormaltblivekøresygafhvisdetvarenperson,derkørtesommannormaltkører?Maria:Ja.Morten:Jegforsøgtevirkeligogsåatkøresmooth.Maria:Jo,janårdeterminmandderkører,såvillejeggodtkunneblivekøresyg,hehe,jadetvillejeggodtkunne.Morten:Mendettrorjegogsåduvillehvisjegkørtenormalt,manpressersiglidtmereligeoptildetnæstelyskrydsMaria:Jomenheltsikkert,detvarmegetsmooth.Rigtigdejligt.Morten:Vardernogetduvarsådan,dusigerselvfølgeligduvaroverrasketoverat.Vardernogetandetduvaroverrasketover?Maria:Jegvaroverrasketoverhvorhurtigtduvarpåplettennårjegegentligvarførfærdig,detvarjosuper,forsåkomvihurtigerevidereogsådervarikkenogetmedatjegskulleståogvente.Detgikbarehurtigt.Morten: Jafordihvisduhavdekørtselv,såskulledusåbrugetidpånogetparkering.Fylderdetnormaltmeget?Maria:Nej,ikkedestederhvorjegkørernormalt.NukørerjegjonormaltikkeindeniKøbenhavn,menderhvor jeg kører der plejer der altid at værepladser, nu kører jegogså rigtigmangebørneinstitutioner ogkantinerogdereraltidpladserpåparkeringspladsernesådeterikkenormaltetproblemMorten:Menflereafdinekollegaerharjegindtrykaf.Maria:Jadeharudfordringer!JegvedogsåDorthe,hunplejerikkeathaveproblemermedatfindepladser,menalligevelsåerderrigtigtmangebilerindenpåChristianshavnhvorhunogsåkørerogjegkunnegodtforestillemigatderkunneværenogleudfordringerder,specieltogsåimyldretidenMorten:Ja,detmådervære.Morten:Trorduathvisduhavdesådanenselvkørendebiltilrådighedvilledusåbegyndeatblandeprivatog arbejdsliv, at de ville svæve endnumere sammen, sådan at dumåske ville begynde at have privatesamtaleribilen?Maria:Mendetkanjeggodthaveogså,menikkemensjegkører.Såstopperjeg,hvisjegkanseatjegerblevetringetopafenprivat,såskaljegligehørehvaddeter.Omdeternogetvigtigtellerhvad:Morten:Sådukørerindtilsiden?Maria:Ja

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Morten:Ogerdetforskelligefrahvisdetvarenkollega?Maria: Ja det er det, altså med en kollega, der plejer jeg som regel godt at kunne vente, til jeg nårdestinationen.Menhvisdeterprivat,såtænkerjegatdetkanværeetellerandetvigtigt.Morten:Jadetkanhaste.Ogdusnakkeraldrigitelefonmensdukører?Maria:Nej,determegetmegetsjældent.Deterdet.Prøverjegatundgå.Jegharikkeheadsætpåellernoget.Såhardetihvertfaldværetpåhøjttaler,hvisjegharsnakketmensjegharkørt.Morten:Hvadmen,dervarnoglesvarmulighedersomatlæseopnoglenyeregler,forberedeetmøde,vardettilfældigtatduikkegjordedetidag?Maria:Jafordidervillejegnokogsåblivekøresyg,hvisdervarnogetspecifikthvorjegskullesiddeogfordybemigmegetsåjegatjegvilleblivepåvirketafdet.Morten:Oghvadhvismanforestilledesigatbilenikkesåudsomdengjordeidagmenatdenhavdeenstologetbordogencomputerforandigatdukunnemåskeståop.Trordudetvilleændrepåsituationen?Maria:Atjegstodop?Morten.Hvisdetnærmestvaretkontorpåhjul.Maria:Ja,såkunnedetgodtværedervaranderledes.Mensomregelsåerdetnogetsomjeggodtkanlideatsiddemedmedbeneneplantetpåjordenogsåsiddeoglæseisærsådannogetlovstof.Morten:Jegtrordetvardet:)Appendix 6: Nanna & Knud observations Trip1Nanna8:35-9:00Hjem,xxxx->SøborgMegetkøomkringHerlevSt.NannagikigangmedatarbejdepåcomputermeddetsammeÆnsedemigikke.Skrevløs,megetintensivt.Havdealtmedindikabinen.Drakvandundervejs.Guidedevej tilhuset,dahun ikkekunnehuskehusetsnummer.Lossinevantervære ibilen.Holderudeforan.Mødtekollegapåp-pladsenTrip2.9:10-9:34->StrandvejenHurtigtudibilenigen.Ejeraffirmaikketilstede.HavdekollegamedibilenKnud.Livligsnakpåbagsædet.“Somatværeminister”fraKnud.Motorvejskørsel.Ænsedemigikke.Beggearbejdepåcomputer.EfterlodprinterogvanteribilenTrip310:50-11:15->GeneratorvejTilbagetilGeneratorvejLivligsnak,computerfrem.Tjekket,læstogskrevetpåcomputerSnakketmedKnudomovenståendebesøgMotorvejskørsel.MegettrafikOkglidendekørsel.EfterlodvanteribilenTrip4.12:05-12:25->hjemLavedemerearbejde.Fuldtkoncentreret.Megetlidttrafik.Godstemning

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Appendix 7: Nanna interview Morten:Allright,Nannatakfordiduvilleværemedher.Nanna:Detvarsålidt.Morten:Detvarnogetafendag.HvordansynesdudetharværetNanna:Fedt,detharværetrigtigtgodtMorten:Hardetføltesnaturligt?Nanna:JaMorten:Skulledutænkemegetoveratduskulleignoreremigellergikdetafsigselv?Nanna:Detgikrimeligtafsigselv.Morten:Detvirkedeogsåtilatdumegetnemt,altsåførstegangdusattedig indsåbegyndtedubareatarbejde,detkørtebare.Nanna:JaMorten.Dunævntenogetmedforbindelsenvardetetproblemundervejs?Nanna:Nejoverhovedetikke,dervarforbindelsehelevejen.DetvarkuniNordsjællandpåtilsyndervarlidt,menibilenvarderforbindelsehelevejen.Morten:Hvisnuduskulleforestilledigatdetherskulleforegåhverdag,hvadkunnedusåmeretænkedigindenikabinen?Sådansådetblevlidtmereenarbejdsstation.Nanna:Såkunnedermåskeværeetlillebord,detvedjegikkeomvillegøredetlettere.Detskulleværetilatmanikkefikondtiarmenemensmansadogskrev.Morten:Sådetjeghørerdigsigevaratdetikkevarikkeetstortproblem,atdetvarindrettetsomenbil?Nanna:NæMorten:Hvadhavdeforventetafimorgesafforsøget.Nanna:Jeghavdeforventetatblivekøresygellerfrygtetdet.Jegtænkteatdetkunnejeggodtblive.Jegkanikkesiddeoglæsenormaltienbil.Morten:Hvadmedattjekketelefonogsånoget?Nanna:Nej,detplejerjeghellerikkeMorten:Oghellerikkeselvomdetikkeerdigdererchauffør?Nanna:Nej.…Mendetgikoverraskendegodt.Morten:Sådethavdedufaktiskforventet,atduvilleblivekøresyg,mendetblevdusletikke?Nanna:NejMorten:HvordanvardetderKnudvarder?Hvordanvardetatinterageremedham?JeggårudfraatdurelativtoftekørermedenandenpersonNanna:Hvisjegselvhavdekørtellerogsåbarenormalthvisjeghavdesiddetvedsidenafogdetvarenandenderkørte,såvillejegikkeligesmidemailenafstedmeddetsamme,detgjordejegmensjegsadher.HvisKnudhavdeetspørgsmål,somviligeskullehaveopklaret,såsendtejegbaremailenafstedmeddetsammeistedetforatdetskullejeghuskenårjegkommertilbagepåkontoretnormalt.Morten:Ahokay,sådukunnehurtigereligefåfulgtoppådetbesøgduligehavdeværetpå?Nanna:JaMorten:Villeduikkehavenårduselvkørernårduhavdeværetpåetbesøgsåsendedennårdusattedigudibilen?Nanna:Nej,overhovedetikke,detvillejegfaktiskventemedMorten:Hvadkandetvære,atduikkevillegøredetmeddetsamme?Nanna:Deterfordiderharjegligesomlukketcomputerenned,nårjegerfærdigmedettilsyn,såerjegpåvejvidere.Morten:Ogmanvilsikkertogsågernevækderfrapåenmåde.Nanna. Jaogsådet,mendetgør jegaltid,deterbarevidere,såmåaltdetderventetil jegertilbagepåkontoret.Morten:Menkandusåikke,hardusåikkenoglegangepåfornemmelsen,athvisduførstkanfølgeopbesøg1kl3omeftermiddagen,kandusåikkehaveglemtnogledetaljer?

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Nanna:Jo,detkanjegsagtens.Mensådanerdet,såharjegskrevetdetnedistedetienbogellerpåcomputerMorten:Okay,menherderkunnedubaregørdetligemeddetsamme?Nanna:JaMorten:Såmankangodtlidtantageatsåvardetmereeffektivtogfriskierindringen?Nanna:Ja,detvardet.Derkanhurtigtgånogetinformationtabtmenogsåsåkanjeghaveglemtatjegskullespørge.NuvarderetspørgsmålKnudhavdehaftfrasidsteuge,sånurykkedehanmigligesåtænktejegnuskaljegligehuske.OmkringaktiviteterMorten:Jegkunneseatduhavdekrydsetafpåenafturene,atduogsåhavdeforberedtdigtildetkommendekontrolbesøg,detduskulleudtil.Gjordedudetfordiduvidsteatduvillehavemulighedfordetherellervardetbarenogetduforberedtdigekstra?Nanna:Bådeog,altsåbådefordijegikkehavdenåetdetogvidstejegdajegstodopimorgesatdetkunnejeggøreher.Tjekkehjemmeside,ligeseomhanhavdedethanskullehavepåhjemmesiden.Ellersvilledetværenogetjeggjordepåtilsynet,mendetvirkerbedreatjegerforberedtinden,mennoglegangesåbliverdetnogetjegligegørpåtilsynetellerogsåsåfårjegdetikkegjort.Morten:Okay,såmankansigeduvarfaktisklidtbedre,dukunneværetlidtbedreforberedt.Nanna:Ja,ja.Morten:OkayNanna:Mankansige,hvisjegsidderherbliverjegikkeforstyrret,hvisjegsidderpåkontoretligeatskalgøredet,såkanmanretofteligebliveforstyrretafnogetandet.Morten:Hvadmedsådannårdutildagligkører,såkandetmåskeogsånoglegangeværerartatmansådanlidtkoblerhjernenfrapåenellerandenmåde.Nanna:Deterrigtigtogdethavdejegogsåtænktover,atdeterjorentfaktiskderatjegplejeratsiddeogslappeaf.Mendetsynesjegoverhovedetikkevarnogetproblem,altsåjegslappedeligesåmegetafnutrorjeg,ellerpåenandenmåde.Jegfiknogetafdetudafverdenjegskullehaveudafverdenistedetforattænkeoverdet,hvaderdetnujegskalhuskenårjegkommertilbage.Morten:Ja,såforeksempelhvisviantageratduharfåetekspederetdetduskullehaveekspederet,jamensåerduegentligtfærdignu,hvorderellersvilleliggenogetatvente.Nanna:Ja,mankunnenånogleting,fåafsluttettilsyneneundervejs.Morten:Ogfåsatfluebenveddem?Nanna:JaMorten:Sådetjeghørerdigsigeeratnormaltslapperduafnårdukører,mennukunneduslappeafpåenandenmåde.Ogkiggelidtudadvinduet.Nanna:Ja,mendetgjordejegdogikkesåmeget.Morten:Jaforduvarmegetproduktivmensdukørte?Nanna:Ja,derkunnejeggodtlukkealtandetude.NormaldagMorten:Hvisvitagerennormaltdag,sidsteugeforeksempel,hvormegethvormangetimerbrugerdusådanisnitpåatkøreialtinkl.frahjemtilførstebesøg?Nanna:Jadetbaresåfrakontoretnormalt,mendeterogsåligemeget.Hmm,derskaljegnokregnemedhvisvisigerjegkører3dage4dageomugen,såbrugerjeg6timer,jegkansjældentgøredet.Nanna:AltsåimorgenskaljegfxtilKøge.Hvismantogdetidagsåbrugtejeghvadpåkørsel?Morten:Omkring1,5timer.Nanna:OgimorgendaskaljegtilKøgeogdetbliverjoogsåihvertfald1,5timehvergangjegkørerafsted.Morten:Ja,forsøgerdunormaltatklumpebesøgenesammen?Nanna:JaMorten:Vardetenspecielcaseatvikørtetilbageidag?Nanna:Ja,detvardet?Morten:Villeduhavegjortdethvisduselvkørte?Nanna:Ja,detvillejeg.

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Morten:Såvilledubarehavebrugtendnumeretidbagrattet?Nanna:Ogmankansigenuerdetslutningenafåret,såskal jeg jonådetilsyndernuertilbage.Når jegstarter i startenafåret, såerdet lettereat samle,altså såhar jeg4 iKøgeelleretellerandet.Mendetforsøgerjegheleåret,atsamledemderskaltagesinærheden.Morten:Oggrundenerforatminimerekørsel?Nanna:JaMorten:Nårdutænkerpåditjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører.Fylderdetmentalt?Nanna:Ikkesærligtmeget,deterbareendelafdet.Inden,såtænktejegatdeterderjegsidderogslapperaf,hørernogetmusikoghørerradio.Mennårjegsåharprøvetidag,deterreteffektivtatkunnesiddeogkunnearbejde,altsåderermegethvorjegtænkeratdeterklappetafnårjegkommerhjem.Morten:Hvor,normaltkandugodt lideatkøre?Erdetnogetdusyneserfedtellererdetbareendelafjobbet?Nanna:Detvarierer.Jegtrorjegslapperaf,såpådenmådekanjeggodtlideatkøre,mendererdaogsånoglegangeblivetræls,hvisjegskaltilFrederikssundfx.Morten:Oghvadhvisdererkø-kørsel?Nanna:Ja,såbliverjegirriteret,isærhvismanharenaftaleidenandenende.Morten:LagdedumærketilatvikørteretmegetikøforbivedHerlevstationidag?Nanna: Jegbemærkede ligeenenkeltganghvor jegbare ligenoteredeuretogomKnud ligeskullehavebeskedomatjegvarpåvejellermenellersdergiketstykkeførjegopdagededettrorjeg.Morten:Ja,fordervarfaktiskretmegetkø,dervarmegetstopandgo,jegforsøgteatgøredetsåglidendesommuligt,mendetkanværelidtsvært.Mendetermegetsjovtatdukuntænktemegetlidtoverdet.Nanna:JaMorten:Hvadsynesduvardetfedestevedidag?Nanna:Detvaratkunnesiddeoglavenogetaltsåbareikkeatskulletænkeoveralledeandrebilerdervarpåvejenoghvadman.Altsåbarekunne,hvisjegligekomitankeomnogetjegskullehuskesåkunnejegbaregøredetmeddetsamme.Morten:Oghvis,nuantagerjegatduergladforditjob,villedetgøreenstorforskelforditjobsomhelhed,hvisdervarsådanenordninghermedenselvkørendebil?Nanna:Altså,jegtroratjegvillenånogetmereellerpåenandenmådeihvertfald.Altsåjegvillegodtkunnevænnemigtildet.Jegtrorbareatsomidaghvorjegikkeslappedeafpånogettidspunkt,såkunnedetgodtværehvismannuhavdetagetettilsynmereatmanbarehavdevalgtatsiddeogkiggeudadvindueti10minellerhørenogetradioMorten:Jaformankansigeatnufikdunæstenikkenogenpauser.Nanna:NejMorten:Oghvadgjordedumedfrokostegentlig?Nanna:Detgjordejegikke,forjeghavdeglemtminmadpakke,mendetkanjeggodtfindepåatspiseibilennårjegkørerselv.Såspiserjegminfrokostder.Morten:Mensdukører?Nanna:Mensjegkører,hehe.Morten:DetvillemanjosåbarekunnegørenumensmanbliverkørtNanna:Ja,menaltsåvigårjoikkesåmegetopifrokostiFødevarestyrelsen;)Altsåihvertfaldikkeidenudkørende,omdetligeerkl12ellerhalv12,deterjobarenårderertid.Morten:KandunoglegangefindepåatspiseindenhosNanna:Nejdetgør jeg ikke,ellerdethar jeggjortengang imellemhvis jegharskullesiddeogskriveogklokkenerblevetmangeogjegspørgeromdeterokayatjegspiser,mendetersjældent:Morten:Ja,sådervilmangerneholdeenrenfacade?Nanna:JaMorten:Parkering,erdetnormaltnogetdestederdukører,erdetetproblem?Nanna:HvisjegkørerindeiKøbenhavn,derernoglegangejegtagertogetMorten:Såtagerdusimpelthentoget,foratundgåparkering?

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Nanna:Ogkøderind,dettagerjomegetlængeretid.Altsåkl9imorgenenindenvedKongensNytorv,deterhelt…Morten:Okay,såtagerdutogogsågårduså?Nanna:JaellertagercyklenmedOpfølgningafbesøgMorten:Nuhardunogleflereting,erdernogletingduskalfølgeoppåidagNanna:JaMorten:Ogdetskaldugørefordiduikkenåededetibilenellerfordiduikkekunne?Nanna:Fordijegbareprioriteredenoget,såjegnåededetikke.Detvarnogetjegsagtensvillekunnegøreibilen.Morten:Allright,jegtrordetvardet:)Nanna:Detharværetrigtigtfedtatværemed.Appendix 8: Bente observations Trip1.8:10-9:10Hjem,xxxx->RødovreLangtur!Ca.1timeMåttetankebenzinistarten.Lodsomingenting.Motorvejdetmeste.UdfordringermedtemperaturogdugibilenBentebadfleregangeomændringerIntetkø.LodsinetingværeibilenspisesnacksogdrakundervejsLæsemangepapirer,ikkecomputerSkrevpåsmartphoneTrip2.10:45-10:50.TilRødovreigenKorttur5minBrugtetelefonRingedetilsidst,ligedavivarstoppet.Erdetmondendelafkørslen?Parkeringsudfordringermedlastbil,derholdtivejenog“skyggede”forSkoda’en.Bentemåtteringeeftermig.Trip3.10:50-12:00RødovreRigtigkortturSagde hun ville spise frokost, men det ikke. Spurgte om turen tids, kun 6 min forventet. Fixede negleundervejs:)Havdetelefonsamtaleogsagdehunvillekiggepådetnårhunkommerhjem.Måskeskerdetteibilenpåvejhjem?Trip4.12:55-13:10RødovreSnakkedemedkollegaomkommendebesøgSpistenogetfrokostDervarlukketTrip513:15-13:20RødovreLukketdetforrigested,såhurtigtafstedigen.

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MåttetjekkeoppåintranetSværtatfinde.MatchedeikkeheltmedGoogleMapsTrip614:20-15:20->Hjem,xxxxLangturhjemHavdecomputerenfremmehelevejen.GlidendekørselSupergodt.Jegvartræt!

Appendix 9: Bente interview Morten:Nåh,menvikanjoligestartemed.Jegspurgtediglige,dutagernormaltturenellerellerhvordanerdet?Bente:JegtagernormaltturenherentenfraAsnæsherellerstationeniHolbæk,sånoglegangekørerjegitog,mendeterenlang,sådergårmegettidmedspildtidogogsåkørselikøfordiderplejeregentligatværemerekøenddervaridag,jegtrorikkeviharkørtikø.Morten:Nejmegetlidt,dervarderjegkørtehertilimorges,ogsåfrygtedejegvirkeligturentilbagefordetvarheltvildt,mendervarikkenogetind.Bente:Nej.Morten:Kørerdunormalttidligere,trordudeterderfor?Bente:Jegharfaktisklidtsværtvedatfindeudafhvornårkøentopper,jegtrorfaktiskikkederernogetheltfuldstændigtsystemidet.Nogledageerretforfærdelige,såtagerdethalvandentimeandregangekandetgodtgørespåentime,sådetafhængerlidt.Morten:HardualtidkontrolbesøgiKøbenhavnellerdetnoglegangeogsåpåandrestederpåSjælland?Bente:DeteraltidiKøbenhavn.JegharprøvetomjegkanfånogetsådanherVestsjælland,mendeterikkesålængesidenjegstartedeidenherafdeling,sådeeroptagede,detilsynderliggerher.Morten:Duvarvedatnævnenogetiforholdtilatbyggeethus?Bente:Viervedatbyggeethus iHolbæk, såderforborviegentligtpermanent lige nu iet sommerhuslængerevæk,mennårminmanderpåarbejdeogtagervæknogledageadgangen,såborjeghernedevedminesvigerforældrefordijegnokikkeharsåmegetlysttilatværeidetdertommehusinogetmegetmegetmørkt.Såflytterviligeherned.Morten:Okay,ognårIflytterihusettilHolbæk,så…Bente:SåkommerjeglidttætterepåmenikkesåmegetMorten:Jasåvildetmåsketage40minutterBente:Ja,ellermerehvisdererkøMorten:Jadeterdet.Hvordansynesdudetharværetidag?Bente:Jegsynesdetharværetrigtigtrigtigtrigtigtgodt.Detkunnejeggodtbliveforfaldentil.Deterbestemtenmegetmerebehageligmådeatkøretilsynpå.Foraltsåmanermegetpånårmanerindeoglavetilsynsådeteregentligtdejligtatkunneslappelidtmereafnårmansåkørerfradetenetildetandet.Ogforberedesigpådetnæste,fordeterligepåoghårdtfradetenetildetandettildettredje,sådetdermedatmanligekannåatpakkedeteneordentligtvækogfindedetandetfremogligekigge.Hvadskaljegegentlighentilnu,såermanlidtmereforberedtpåhvadskaljeghuskeatfokuserepå.Morten:Nårdukørernormalt,ellernårduselvkører,slapperduafnårdukører?Bente:Ja,detgørjegegentligt,menjegkommerfremogermindreuforberedtsåsidderjegnoglegangeogbruger5eller10minibilenpåatfindeudafhvaddeterjegskalindtil,detdetsparerjomegettidMorten:Såkunnedusåmærkeidag,nårduvartilenkontrolbesøg,føltedudigsåklarereihovedet,vardernogenforskel?Bente:Jamendetsynesjeg.JeghavdejoogsåretgodtidpåvejenindimorgestilatgøreklarogjeghavdeenddatidtilatlæseoppånogetjegikkehafthafttidtildetsidstehalveårMorten:Holddaop.

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Bente:Dererretmeget,altsådeterjoetstortlovgivningsområdevioperereri,såderermangeting,derligekanfaldelidtudafdenklarehukommelse,sådeterrartatfålidttidtilatfriskedetop.Morten:Jaognunævnteduselvfølgeligatderernogletingduikkeharlæstoppåiethalvtår,sådetkanjeggodtregneduikkevilhavegjortellers,menhvadmednogleafdetingdulavedeundervejs,hvornårvilleduellershavegjortdet?Bente: Ja,mendet ville jeghavegjort imorgen indenpåkontoret. Ellershvis jeghavdekørtenkorteretilsynsdagsåværetindenpåkontoretogfåringettilenkollegaogfåetspurgtomnogetellersøgtpåhvemvartilsynsførendeførforjegskullebrugenogleinformationeromdet.Sådetjoegentligrartatkunnegøredetmeddetsamme,menstingeneerifriskerindringoghurtigerekankommevideremedatstarteoppånyeopgaver.Morten:Vildusigeatvardetligesågodtheribilensomhvisduvarpåkontoret,ellervarderenforskel?Bente:Nej,detvarligesågodt.Altsåjegskalselvfølgelighavedetpakketsammennu,mendetjoikkesådandetheltstorekomplekse.Altsåatskullesiddeogskriveetpåbudellerenbødedetvillejegnokikkeellerdetharjegikkekastetmigover.Jeghargivet2påbudidag,sådemskaljegstadighavelavet,mendedersmåting,sommanfårsamletsammen,skalhaveundersøgtellerspurgtnogenomellerafsluttetdemkanmanfintlavepådenhermåde.Morten:Oghvadkandetværeatsådannogetsomatskriveenbødeellerlaveetpåbud,atduikkegjordedetherpåturen?Bente:Ja,derskaljeghavefatinogetmerelovgivningogderskaljegindoghavefatinogleprogrammersomikkekørersågodtnødvendigvisnårmansidderpåsådanenonlineforbindelsesådererdetenfordelatvære.Morten:LadosantageatduhavdesuperbredbåndsforbindelseogdetspilledebareogduhavdemåskeogsåetlillebordvedsidensomdukunnelæggenogetpåBente:JamensåvillejeggodtkunnegøredetMorten:Detvilledugodt?Bente:JadetvillejeggodtkunneMorten:Spændende,hvadmedsådaniforholdtilfølerdudignormaltkøresygellerhartendenstildet?Bente:NejMorten:Nej,menlæserdunormaltenbognårdukørerellerandrekører?Bente:Detkanjeggodt,menjegharikke,mendetgørjegjoikkenårjegselvkørerMorten:OK,sådetvaroverhovedetikkenogetproblemBente:NejMorten:Dettyderjo,detjomegetspændendeforfremtiden.Hvadhavdeduforventetafidag?Bente:Jamenjeghavdedaforventetatdetvarennemmeredag,forståetpådenmådeatjegikkeselvskullekøre,ogdervarjomangetingjegikkeselvskullegøreidenforbindelse,selvfølgeligdendelatkøreogfindevejenogbrugetidekstrapåeventueltatholdeikøogatjegkunnegøremangefleretingsamtidigtmedatvikomfradetenestedtildetandetsåjeghavdebestemttænktatdetblevretgodtsådanendagher.Morten:Kunnejegignoreres?Bente:OrkjaMorten:Okay,jegoplevede,sidstegangjegkørteførjulatdetvarvarmereivejret,dervarjegtrorderernogetmedmotoren,jegtrornårdetersåkoldthersåvardetlidtsværereatsætteigangisæridesmågear,såjegvarlidtnervøsforomdusynesdenbumpedelidtformeget.Bente:Nejnej,detsynesjegikke,jegsyntesdukørtemegetbehageligt.ogdervarikkenoget,altsådervarikke noget hvor jeg sad og tænkte kører du for hurtigt eller for langsomt nu, det var ikke sådan at jegbemærkedenårduoverhaledeellernogetMorten:duignoreredefuldstændigtforsædetheroppeBente:Ja,sådetenestejegegentligttænkteatjegundgikveddether,detvardenderfølelseafligeatkigget,omdetsnerherellersådannogletingharjegikkeligebemærketsåmegetMorten:Nej,fordetvilledunormaltdunårdukiggedeud,menduhavdenogleenkeltegangesatkrydsvedatdubarereflektereoverarbejdetogkiggedeudadvinduet,sådetgjordedudogenlillesmule?

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Bente:Ja,jegtænkteogsåatjegskulleligeslappeafogklaretankernelidt.Påettidspunktdersadjegdaligeogfulgtelidtmedhvorvivar,mendetvarikkemeget.Morten. Ja, fordet jospændendeegentlighvaddervilske, formankansige idagnårduselvkører,derselvfølgeligskalmanbrugeenergipåatkøre,menmankanstadigsådantænkelidtogslappeenlillesmuleafmåske,deterdernogledergør,hvoratidennehersituationen,hvadvildersåske,vilmansåfølesigsådanatnej jegskalarbejdeheletiden,sådansåmanglemmeratslappeaf.Ellererdetegentligokayatslappeaf.Deterlidtspændendeatsehvaddersker.Bente:Ja.Morten:Hvormegetfylderkørselnormalt,nårdutænkerpåogforklareromditjob,hvorstorendelfylderdetatdukørermeget?Bente:Tænkerduprocentvis?Morten:Jadeterlidtetmærkeligtspørgsmål,mennårdutænkerpåditjob,tænkerdusåatduerenkørendeperson?Bente:Jamendetsynesjegegentligatjeggør,fordiivoresjobblivervimåltpåhvormangetilsynforvilavetogfårhvertenkelttilsynfølgerderjokørselmedsommanligesomikkebliverhverkenmåltellerbelønnetforsådeterjoegentligspildtid,såhvismanbarekunnelaveattilsynenestodfordøren,atmangikfradetenetildetandettildettredje,såvillemanjohaveennogetmereeffektivdag,såtidenerjosådansetspildtidhverdag.Sådetgælderjosåomatplanlæggedagen,såderersåmindstmuligtkørsel.NuhavdejegvalgtRødovreudenheltathavesethvortættilsynenelå,menjegenformodningomatjegikkehavdesåmegettidimellem.Dervarnoktilatmanligekunnenåfradetenetilsynogforberedesigtildetandet.Såpådenmådevillejegjosåikkeidaghavesåmegetspildtid,ogdetjogodtnok.MenindimellemerdetjoenturtilHillerødfraGlostrupogsåenturtilKarlsundeellersådannogetogsåbrugermanfaktisk3timerellersådanetellerandetiløbetafenhelarbejdsdagogsåenfrokostpauseogsåmanmåskenå2tilsynogsåerdagengået.Mensåblevdetogsåkuntil2.Morten:Ogdetvil såsigeatselvommanhavdefuldstændigtselvkørendebiler,såvillemanformentligtstadigforsøgeatlæggetilsyneneinærhedenafhinanden,såmankunnenåflereting.Bente:JadetmanMorten:Jaforselvetransporttidenvilleværenogenlundedetsamme.Bente:Mendervilledetsåværeenfordelhvismanhavdedeselvkørendebileratsåkunnemandalavenogetandetimens,detkangodtværemanikkenåedesåmangetilsyn,menmankunnesånånogetandet.Morten:Fxlæseoppånogetmanikkehargjortiethalvtår?Bente:Jaellerbaredetatfølgemedogfåskrevetmailsogtjekketmailsellerløstenellerandenopgaveellernogetsagsbehandling.Morten:Ligehurtigt,nårdukører,kørerduiegenbil?Bente:Beggedele.Morten:Nårdutagertogetbrugerduselvfølgeligderes.Bente:Jegbrugerikkeminegenvilsåmeget,mendetharsinfordeldegangeatmangørdetfordiatmankanpåenellerandenmådenemmerehavesinetingder,altsåmanved.Hvismankørertilsyndagligtisinegenbil,såvillederikkeværemegetmanskullehavemedogslæberundtpå,opladerogdrikkedunk,enmassetingmankunnehaveliggendeibilen,somvillehjælpetilmedattingenevarnemmere.KittelogsåvidereMorten:Nåhsådan.Jasådetvarfaktiskmegetrartatdukunneladedinjakkeligge,detvarligesombasedether.Bente:Ja,deterrigtigt.Morten:Jegtrorikkeharflerespørgsmål.Hardunoglespørgsmål:)Bente:Nej:)

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Appendix 10: Stine observations Trip1.8:25-9:40xxxxx->RefshaleøenLangtur.GlidendetrafikindtilbyenMegettrafikibyenStinetaltemegetitelefonmedflereforskelligebådeprivateogmedkollegaerBadomathøreradioBadomvolumenændringVirkedetilatnydeturenGladogenergiskTrip211:00-11:13.Refshaleøen->PapirøenKørtemegetforsigtigtpga.bumpFikfuck-fingeraflastbilbagfra:)SnakkedeitelefonhelevejenAfsatteStineveddørenHolder1minvækAftalteatStineringernårhunvilhentesTrip312:00-12:22.Papirøen->IslandsBryggeStinespistefrokostBadomathøreradioSlappedeafJegkørteforkertStinefortalteatjegvarkørtforkert.Jegkom5minsenereIkkenogetproblemforStineTrip4.13:50-14:10.IslandsBrygge->HøjbroPladsStinesnakkedemednyvirksomhedovertelefonKørseliindrebySatafmidtpåHøjbroPlads“Luksus”sagdeStineBehøvedeikkeatparkereselvGørjeg,hvilketermegetsvært!StineringernårhunvilhentesTrip5.15:50-16:30.HøjbroPlads->Hjem,xxxxRigtigtmegetkøiKøbenhavnGlidendeudgennemÅboulevardogpåmotorvejStinearbejdedehelevejenStinelagdeikkemærketilhvorhurtigtdetgikAppendix 11: Stine interview Morten:Takfordiduvilleværemed.Hvordansynesdudetvar?Stine:Jegsynesdetharværetrigtigrigtiggodt,jegharfåetslappetlidtafindimellemkontrolbesøgeneogsåharjegsimpelthenogsåfåetbåderingettilkollegaerogligesomafsluttetminarbejdsdagpåvejhjemog

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indenjegkørteindfikjegjoligeringettilnogleafdemjegharprøvetatfåfatpåellerharskullethavefatpåikk,sådet…Morten:Sådetvirkertilathaveværetengodblanding?Stine:Ja,lidtprivatogrigtigmegetmedkollegaer,jaMorten:Ogdentype,mangeafdemvaropkald,gårjegudfra,dubådemailedeogringede,vardernogleafdeaktivitetersomduikkegørnormaltnårdukørerselv?Stine:Øh,altsåmankansigedetmedatsiddemedcomputerenherogfåafsluttetdetilsynjegligeharlavetogsvaretpånoglemails,detgørjegjoselvfølgeligikkenårjegkørermenjegkangodtfindepåatringeoptilfolk,mendetermegetmerebehageligtdethermedatmankankoncentreresig100%omdet,fordeterikkealtidengodideatringeopnårmankører,selvomatdetgørvijoaltsårentfaktisknoglegangeogjegspiserogsånoglegangeselvomjegerigangmedatkøre,fraAtilB.Morten:Entileratfindefremtilnummeretogringeop,deterselvfølgeligsværtnårmankørermenhvadmedselvesamtalennårduselvkører,kontranu,kunnedumærkeenforskel?Stine:Deterklartjegermerefordybetisamtalenendhvisjegvarudeogkørebilogsnakkeritelefon,altsåhvisjegkørerogsnakkersamtidigtmedatjegogsåskalholdeøjemedvejensåerjegikkesåkoncentreretidensamtalejeghar.Plusjeghavdeensamtalemedenvirksomhedjegligehavdebesøgt,derskullefindeudaf noget til mig og det meldte han jo så tilbage allerede nu her så kunne jeg gå ind og ændre det påkontrolrapportenjeghavdelavettilhamogsåkunnejeggåindogændredet ivores interneoplysningerogså,såjegkunnefåafsluttetden.Jegskalikketilatindogstarteopimorgenpådetelleridag?Detfikjegsimpelthenklaret.Morten:Såmankunnesigesåkanvarogsåværenogletingdermåskegiktabt,detvarmåskebesøgnr.1Stine:Heltsikkertogdeterenrarfornemmelseatkunnefåafsluttetdet,altsånårviharsådanenløsenhængendeatskulleundersøgenogetomkringnogetbio-affaldogsåkanhanringetilmigogjegkansvarehammeddetsammeogjegkanligefremfåafsluttetaltdetdervaromkringdensnak,såjegikkeskalbrugetidpådenigenimorgen.Morten:Hvortitnårdukørerselv,harduarbejdesomdutagermedindnårduerfærdig?Stine:HvergangMorten:hvergang?Stine:jaMorten:Trorduduharnogetnu?Stine:Jegnåedeikkeattidsregistrerefordidetgiksåhurtigt[ikkesåmegettrafiksomderplejer]altsåhvadjegharlavetidag,detplejervijoogsåattidsregistrere,menellersdetkanjeggøreimorgen,menellerssåharjegfåetafsluttetaltdetjegharhaftomkontrolbesøgidagogdetsomjeghavdeigårogsomjegikkenåedeatafslutte.Morten:Såduharfaktisknæstenfyraften?Stine:Ja,detharjegfaktiskMorten:Øhm,nulagdejegmærketilatvikørteindenfraKøbenhavnomkringlidtifireogvivarderindehalv10vardetså.dettidsrumdetsvarerjoikke…InterviewafbrudtMorten:Man kan sige din arbejdstid derinde var jo så kun 6,5 time, for som jeg har forstået det så ertransportenderindogtransportenhjemernormaltikkeendelafarbejdsdagenStine:Nej,Morten:Erdetentypiskdag,fordiatdusåarbejdernårdukommerhjem?Stine:Øh,jadetvilledetværeogsåkanmansigeindenvikørteudimorgesvarjegogsåligepånettetogfiklavetnogetmailogplanlagt,viskal læggevoreskontrolbesøgofflineosv.Detkunnejeg ligenå indenjegkørte.SåmankansigeiogmedatjegharsiddetoggjortnogleandretingibilensåharjegværetpåarbejdehelevejenigennemMorten:Oghvismanforestillersigensituationhvordethervarhverdag,jamensåkunnemankomprimeredinarbejdsdagstortsetfradugikudaddørentildukomhjemigen

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Stine:Jaheltsikkert,altsånårjegtidsregistrerersåtidsregistrererjegjohvisjegforeksempelharkørtfraAtil B, øh så tidsregistrerer jegdet somkørt og så tidsregistrerer jeg kontrolbesøg somenanden særskiltaktivitetogmankansigeidagsåvillejeghaveenlillebittesmulekørselmenikkesærligtmeget,detvillerenogskærværekontrolbesøgellersagsbehandling.Såkørslendenerjoikkeeksisterendeogrentpersonligtsåslipperjegforatskulleloggemigpånufordijegharfåetminarbejdsdag.Morten:KombineretmedpendlingStine:PræcisMorten:Hvadhavdeduforventetafforsøgether?Stine:Jamenjegsynesegentligdetlevermegetgodtoptildeforventningerjegharhaftogjegkunnemærkejegvarogså lidt trætsådetvarpåenmådesådanen lillesmuleærgerligtatvialleredevarvedatværehjemmeforjegvarligevedatværefærdigogsåkunnejeghavesiddeti5minutteroghaveslappetaf.Dethavdejoogsåværetrartendag,formanermegetpå,vifradettidspunktvitræderindivirksomhedentilvigårudigensåsnakkervijouafbrudtog2udafde4stedervivaridagvarpåengelskogdetblivermanjoogsåbaretrætpåenandenmådeatmanheleskalskal,sådeterrartnoglegangeatentenbareligeklarehovedetellerligelandeovenpådetmanharsnakketomogoplevetidagMorten:Ogføltedusåetprestilatduskullearbejdeellerfølteduatdetvarokayatduligekunne?Stine:Nej,jegsynesdetvarfint.altsånormaltvillejegjogåindogloggemigpåogfåafsluttetdagensåjegstarterfraenfriskimorgenogdeterrigtigfartatjegikkeskalindoggøredet,såjegsynesheltklartdeterenfordeloghavdejegværetrigtigtræt,jamensåhavdejegbareslappetafogladetoppåenandenmåde.Såvardetselvfølgeligminfritidkanmansigeikke,fordijegsåselvkunneladeopellerja.Morten:Kunnejegignoreres?Stine:Ja,detsynesjegdetgikfintMorten:PåtrodsafatjegligekørtegaltenenkeltgangStine:Jadetkunnejegsagtens,dethavdejegegentligtænktat jegkangodtlideatsnakkesåmanskulleselvfølgelig lige over den der hurdle med at jeg ikke skal sige noget til dig eller at jeg kom ud fra etkontrolbesøg,såhavdejegligelysttilatsigeetellerandetomhvadjegligehavdeoplevetMorten:Jamendetharman.Sådanfølerjegdetogså,detersådanlidtnå.Isærnårderharværetenellerandensjovoplevelse.Fx,nårdevarikkederindeeller.JasådanerdetMorten:Idagerdetenrettypiskdag,altsåsådanen4-5besøg?Stine: Det er en typisk tilsynsdag, jeg har jo også rigtigmange dage på kontoret ellermed noget andetadministrativtellerprojektarbejdeellersådannoget,såjegprøveraltidatlæggeheletilsynsdageogdeterogsådagvibliveropfordrettil,forsåkørermanenheldag.Morten:Ogerdetprimærtpga.afreduktionaf transporttidenellererdet forman ligesomer ietandetmode?Stine:Nej,deterprimærtforatværemereeffektivpådedagemansåkøreratmanikkeskalliggeogkørefremogtilbageMorten:Sådeterafhensyntiltransporttiden?Stine:Jadeterdet?Morten:Så-lidthypotetisk-hvismanforestilledesigatduhavdeenselvkørendebilhverdagsåkunnemanmåskeblandedetlidtmere?Stine:Øh...,jadetvillemankunneogdetgørjegselvfølgeligogsånoglegange,hvisderernoglemøder,såjegkunkankommeudogkørehalvdelenafgangene,menderskalbarelidtmereplanlægningtilogmerespildtid.AltsåderermerespildtidhvisjegskalkørefrakontorettilKøbenhavnforatlaveetbesøgMorten:Nårdunormaltskaludtilbesøg,hvornårforberederdudigtil,duhar5besøgpåendag?Hvornårforberederdudigtilalledefem?Stine:Ja,detvillejeggøreigårellertilmorgen,ogsåmangeafstedernehvisjegharværetderførsåskalderikkeligesålangforberedelsetil.Menderaltidefterfølgendeerderaltidnogetderskalordnes,altsådereraltidsagsbehandlingafenellerandenart,nogetderskalafsluttes.Morten:Jaogigendetvillesåblivetilsidstefterheledagenergået,såduskalkunnehuskehvadderersketpåbesøg1?

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Stine:Ja,altsåjeglaverjoenkontrolrapportmennudenenafdem,derskullehanjoundersøgenoget,sådetvilsige,derskullejegsåindogskrivedetomjeghavdelavetogsåskullejegsendehamenny.Jeggadsåikkeatprinteud,detsynesjegvilleværeforbesværligt,sånuharjeglagtdenklartilatjegskalprintedenud,når jegkommer indellernår jegkommer indpåkontoret imorgen.Menaltså såerderaltidmegetplanlægning,menmankansigeogsåpåvejud,nuharjoså,nårjegeronline,sågårjegindogplanlæggertilsyneneogsålæggerjegdemoffline,sådetvilsige,nårjegerudevedenvirksomhed,såer jegfordetmesteoffline.Mendetskaljegjogøreindenjegtagerderudogdeterplanlægningsdelenafdetogsåskalmannoglegangeindogundersøgeenhelmassetingindenmantagerderudikke,såfordijegvidsteatduskullekommeidagsåhavdejegjogjortdetiforgårs,menellersnogleloggerjegpåligeommorgenenogklarerdetsidsteellerjatjekkermails,fordekommerjoogsåiløbetogdetharjegjoogsåfåetpåmintelefonidag,somjeghartjekket.Morten:Baresådanetslagpåtasken,hvormegettidbrugerduca.påatforberededigtiletbesøgogtilatsagsbehandletiletbesøg?Ognuvedjeggodtderermegetstoreforskelle,bareetslagpåtaskenStine:Ja,derermegetmegetstoreforskelle.Hvisdeterganskealmindeligtukomplicerettilsyn,såvillejegsigealtsåenhalvtimeihverende,ejikkeengang.Etkvarterindenogsåenhalvtimeefterfølgende.Sådansomdeterligenu,fordiviskalindogkørenogletingindivoresregisteromkringvoresaktiviteter,detersådanenekstratingligeiøjeblikket,menellershvisdeterukompliceretsåskaljegbaresynkroniseredettilbageonlineogdettagerikkesålangtid,determåskeetkvarter,førogefter.Morten:SådeterligelidtmereendhvadvikørtemellemhvertbesøgStine:JaMorten:Såselvhvisduhavdeenperfektfuldautomatiskbil,såvilleduikkeheltkunnenådetmellemhvertbesøg?Stine:NejfordetersimpelthenforlangsomtatgåonlineoggåofflineMorten:Menladossigeatduhavdeensuperbredbåndsforbindelse,såcomputerenvarlynhurtigt?Stine:SÅvillejegkunnegøredet,mendetjegsynesikkealtiddeterenfordelforjegharogsåbrugfornoglegangeselvligeatgennemtænkehvadvardetegentligvikomfremtilogerderegentligetellerandet,altsådettrorjegikkealtjegvillegøre.Jegvillegøredetnårjegkørtehjem,jegvilleikkegøredetindimellem.Ogsåogsåfordimanbliverringetmegetopiløbetafdagen,nuvardernoglekollegaerderhavdelagtbeskederogsomjegringedetilbagetilogdetvillejeghelleregørefordidetersådannogetjegikkeskalsådantænkesåmegetover,ogdethjælperdem,menaltdether,detvillejegnoksågørenårjeghavdesamlettidnårjegkørtehjem,såharjegfåetdetordnetogsålukkerjegdagen.Morten:Okay,determeget interessant.Hvisduskalkarakteredit jobnårfortælleromdettilvennerogfamilieellertænkerpådetjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører?Stine:Ja,menaltsådedagejegkørertilsynerjegjomegetpåvejen,ognoglegangesidderjegrigtigtmegetikø.AltsåbaredenderstrækningindenfraHøjbroPladsogudtilogforbiRådhuspladsenogsådanaltsådetkanjotageenhalvtimeihvertfald.Morten:Jegtrordettogihvertfaldetkvarteridag.Stine: Jaogdetvar ikkesåslemt,fordinoglegangekanmannårmanholderder,såkommerbusserne4busserindforanheletiden,sådetkanmanbrugerigtigrigtiglangtidpå.Ogprøveatsiddeogirriteresigover,menaltsådeterder,detkanjegikkebrugetilnoget,såjegtagerbaredentiddettager,mendetfylder,detkangodtfyldemegetogsåkanmansigeidagharjegjoikkebrugtnogettidpåparkeringoverhovedetogdetvarogsåderforjeghavdevalgtdehervirksomhederderliggeindeicentrum,fordetkanjeggodtbrugeenhalvtimepåatliggeogkørerundtogfindeMorten:Perbesøg?Stine:SÅvillejegsåogså,altsåmankansigehvisjegsåskulletilHøjbroPlads,såvillejegtagehøjbropladsogsåvillejeggåoptilGammeltorv,såderforvillejegsåparkerelidtderfraoggådetderkvarterhentilogsåvillejegsågåimellemenhederne,sådetvilsigedererselvfølgelignogettransportmendetersåbarepågåben.Morten:Okay,mendeterstyretafdenherudfordringmedatfindeparkering?

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Stine:Heltsikkert,altsåhvismankommerindogskalfindeenpladsaltsåindeiindreby,dererdetmegetmegetsværtMorten:Detvarogsådetjeglagdemærketil,atdubrugteordetLUKSUS,dadukomderind,atdukunnebarestigeudStine:Ja,mendetvarfuldstændigtMorten:Dukunnebareringe,også1minutefter,såvarmanderStine:Ja,detheltsikkert,altsåfordidetdermedatskullefindeparkeringsplads,detkanmangodtbrugelanglangtidpå.Morten:Såparkeringogkø-kørseliindreby,detfyldermeget?Stine:JaMorten:ogkandusådanfåheltnegativenergiomkringdeteller?Stine:KunhvisjegharenaftalejegskalnåudtilenellerandenvirksomhedkletellerandetellerssåtagerjegdetsomdetkommerMorten:SåregistrererdudetbaresomtidStine:Såerdetbarekørselogsåhørerjegradio,jegkørerogsåheroppeiHelsingeogiGræsted,somliggertæt på, og der er det jo klart, der er kørslen så mellem stederne længere, men som regel er der ikkeparkeringsproblemer,somderindeibyen.DetvarderforjegtænktedetvarbedstatkommederindhvordetvirkeligkanværeudfordrendeatparkereogkommerundtMorten:Jadetvarsåmigderhavdeden:)Jegfandtetgodtstedmedhavariblinketpå.Jegtrordetvardet.Appendix 12: Puk observations Trip1.8:30-9:00.Hjemixxxxx->AvedøreHolmeArbejdedepåcomputerhelevejen.Megetkoncentreret.Motorvejskørsel,menglidendepåKøgeBugtGodkørselSagdeikkeetordTrip2.9:55-9:58.Avedøre->AvedøreMegetkortturKiggedeudadvinduetReflekteredeomprivatetingTrip3.10:35-10:45.Industriholmen->FrihedenTrafik,menkørteglidende.Pukspistelistsnack/frokostBrugtesinmobil.Koncentreret.RetsværtatfindedenpræcisebutikGoogleMapserikkepræcisnokTrip4.11:45-12:00.Frihedensbutikscenter->LokalBrugsenPukspistefrokostBrugtesintelefonFortalteathunefterarbejdeskaliteaterogderforgernevilsættesafvedFødevarestyrelsenTrip5.12:15-12:30.LokalBrugsen->Avedørest.PukspistemerefrokostArbejdepåsinPC

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VarkoncentreretRoligkørselpålandeogby-vejeTrip6.14:00-14:15.Avedørest.->FødevarestyrelsenDagenssidsteturPukvillehaveenhotdogVistoppedevedtankDerudoverblevderarbejderpåPCogspisthotdogAppendix 13: Puk interview Morten:Allright,detvarsådagenskørsel,Puk,fedtduvilleværemed.Hvordansynesdudetvar?Puk:Jegsynesdetvarenfornøjelseatkunneudnytte,jegvilsigedetersværtatatudnyttetidennårdeterkortedistancer,såerdetmerebaresådanligepuste,hvormanslapperheltaffordiduikkeskaltænkepånoget.Mensådanlidtlængeredistancerkunnemanlidesiddemedsin,mankanikkenåaltså,på5minuttererdetsværtatåbnecomputerenmenåh,menhvisdervarlidtlængeretideller5minutter,dakunnemansagtensstadignåattjekkesinarbejdsmailpåmobiltelefonenogdetvarfintatkunneholdesigorienteretogfådetgjorthvilketmanellersikkevillegøre.Morten:Oghvadsåmeddenførsteturderimorges?Puk:Jamenderkunnemansigedetkunnejegudnyttemeget,ogpåsammemådehvisjeghavdetagetturenhjemvillejegogsåhaveudnyttetheletidenaltsådetsidstestykkeher,derogsåvarlidtlængerederkunnejegogså,dersadjegafsluttedetilsynene,mensåvillejeghavekiggetpånogleandretingom,måskeogsåbareslappetheltafellergåetpåFacebookellernogetandet,altsåudnyttettidenpåenellerandenmådepåsincomputerfordimanharenbærbarcomputer.Morten:Dunævntepåettidspunktatduvarlidtbangeforomduvilleblivesådankøresyg,hvordanvardetsåderpådenlangetur?Puk:Jegblevikkekøresyg,mendeterfordijeghar,noglegangetagerjegtogetindogderudnytterjegogsåarbejdstiden ved at sidde i togetmen så har jeg nogle gange taget bussen herind, kombineret detmedbussen,menbussenkanjegsimpelthenikkearbejdeiMorten:Okayoghvad,hvorfortrordudet?Puk:Jamenjegveddetikke,deterkørslenpåenellerandenmåde,startstop,mendetvarderaltsåikkeibilenjegkunnesagtenssiddepåcomputerenheleturenindudenatblivekøresygellerfølteatjegblevsådanpuha,sådervarikkeproblemer.Sådetermindrebilhvorbussendenpåetellerandenmådedererlidt….Morten:Mankansigejegforsøgteogsåsådansågodtjegnukunneatsådankørelangsomtogikkeaccelererealtformeget,detharformentlignogetmeddetatgøre.Puk:JA,ej,mendetdethardethøjstsandsynligt.Mendeterihvertfald,dervarikkenogetder,hvorbussendet,derharjegaltsåikkekunnet.DetharværetsåtydeligtMorten:Vardetsomduhavdeforestilletdigellervarderetellerandetderoverraskededig?Puk:Øhhm…nejmenjegharsådantænktlidtoveratdetdermedparkering,nuhavdejegjofaktiskikkegivetdiginformationeromhvaddetvarforetstedvikomtilogdettænktejeglidt,jeghavdejokungivetenadresse,dettænktejeglidtdetvarmåskemegetrartathave,mendetvedenselvkørendebilvelhellerikke,hvisMorten:Nejformentligikke,jegtænkteogsåoverdet,fordidetvarnæstenvedallestederneatjegvarsådanlidtusikkerPuk:Jadeterdeterher,ogjegvidstejogodthvaddetvarfornogetsådan,detvarenkantinedeførste2stederjegskulletiloghøjstsandsynligtderbarestårfirmanavnogsåmåjegselvfindeudafhvorjegskalgåindhertilsidstvidstejegogsåatdetvaretpizzeriamendethavdedujoingenideomformankunneikkesehvormanskulleparkereogdetersådanlidthvorsætterbilenmigsåafogskaljegsåkunnetrykkepåenknapogsåkørerdenligetilbagetilmignårjegkommertilbageellerhvordanskaldetsådanligesådanlogiskhængesammen…

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Morten:DererklartnogleudfordringerPuk:Kandenbareparkerederetstedogsåkørerdenautomatiskhenogparkereretstedforjegharskrevetdestinationenogsåveddenatdenmåparkerederogoverholderparkeringsreglerne,detersådanmeredetlogiskeidetMorten:AltsåmankansigepåGoogleMaps,somjegbrugteher,pådeflesteafstedernedervarsådan,altsåmankunnegodtseatderstodettegnoverbygninger,altsåderstorpizzeria,shawarmaogsådannoget.Jegtrorbarejegmenneskeligtmangledeligeatlavedenkobling,mencomputerenvidstedet,denhavdeadgangtildendata,såmankansigederernokikkesålangttilatmangodtkunneregnedetud,elleratdubarekunnesigedetpizzeriaPuk:Jamendetburdejoogsåhøretildenadresse,påGoogleik,kanmansåsigeik.Mendetermeredetderhvordankommerjegligepræcistilbagetilbilen,nårjeg,jasådanogdetparkererefterreglerneogja,jadervarsådanligesådantankeniden,hvisderikkevarenchaufførpå,altsåatdetvarenselvkørendebil.Morten:Hvisnumanforestilledesigatnuerdetjosådanmedatdetherdeterdinbilogderforerdetklart,atnårduerinde,såskaldinbilparkeres.Hvisnumanistedetforforestilledesigatdetvarsådan,detvarheltsådanflydende,atnårmanskulletransporteresetstedsåvardetbareenellerandenbil,derligevartilrådighed,derkomoghentededigopogtransporterededigfraAtilBognårdusåvarfærdigsåkørtedenvidereudipuljenogsamledenogleandreop,sådansåmanheltfjernede…sådanenslagsservice,ligesomtaxieregentligerPuk:Altsåsåville,hvisdenkunneværederligesåsnartatjeg,altsåfordetjosværthvorlangtidtagerettilsynMorten:Ja,dermåmaxgå1,5minutPuk:Ja,detskulleværenogetdersådankommerhvismankantrykkepåetellerandetpåsintelefon,herharjegbrugforatbliverhentetafenbil.JamensåvilledetjoværefintnokatdetikkevarenbestemtbilMorten:Jafordukangodt.Ogdetduharder,dethardujoidintaskePuk:Ja,normaltvillejegbarehavealtingimintaske,mennoglegangevillejeggodtkunnehavenogetandetekstra tingmed, fordi at, ja ellerman får købtet eller andet,menaltså så.Det ville ikke væreet størreproblem,detkanmansagtenstagemed.DetvilledetsagtenskunneMorten:Nogleaffremtidsscenarierneernemligatdetsigerdet,fordienbilidagholderstille90%aftidenogdetøkonomiskjoerretåndssvagtogmanskalbrugealledeparkeringspladser,såhvorforikkeoghvisdealligevelkørersigselvogmanpådenmådeikkelængereharfølelsenafatdeterminbil,jegkørerden,menbaresådantaxi.Puk:Altsådentankeharsletikkestrejfetmig,mendeteregentligmegetfascinerende,detenestevilleværesåathvordanvarmansikkerpåatdeterokayrenligebiler,altsånuvarjegmåskeligekommettilatkrummelidther,mendetkunnedeandrejoogsågøre,detvilleværesådanlidtulækkertatsættesigindisådanenbil…Morten:Altsåmankansige,detjoogsågældendeforentaxiPuk:JaMorten:SådansetPuk:MenherderjoikkederholderøjemedensådansetsåharfolklidttendenstilatMorten:VærelidtlemfældigePuk:Ja,menderkunnejoselvfølgeligværeenellerandenovervågningsåmanligesom,okayderbliverlagtmærketilhvemdersidderder,såetellerandetstedburdedetikkeværeetproblemMorten:Ligeiforholdtil,hvordandindagnormalt,nunævntedujoligeatduligehavdeafsluttetnogetherpåkontrolbesøget.Kanduforklarelidtomhvordanserdindagnormaltud,hvorduselvkører?Puk:Øh,jamenaltsåhvisjegselvtagersådanenheltilsynsdagsomidag,såkørerjegjoogsåtilogfra,noglegangekanjegfindepåogligesiddederhjemmeogarbejdelidt[ogforberede]ognoglegangekanogsåfindepåatligeblivesiddendeibilen,ligeetstykketidogligesiddelidtekstratidnårjegsåkommerfrem,indenbesøgetogmellembesøgeneogså,hvisdetenteneratsvarepåenSMSprivatellertjekkearbejdsmail,mensåsiddermanbareibilenfordinårdeterregnvejr,sågidermanikkeståudenfor,menellershavdejegmåskebareståetudenforogbareligenydtsolskinsvejret,såaltsåhvormankansigedetermegetmerekompakt,

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sådanheratmanfårudnyttetdagen100%optimalthvoratdetandet,dervilledetjosåværelængerepausermellemikkeogvitidsregistrererjoiFødevarestyrelsen,dertidsregistrerervivorestransportogderharjegfaktisktænkt,atdererjoikkerigtigtnogetjegkanregistrereidagfordiatmanegentligudnyttertiden,detkunligeganskekortmensmangår.Sådet jominimalt,såderkunneFødevarestyrelsen,derbrugerdejomegettidpåatbetaletilatvitransportereros,sådervilleihvertfaldværelidtatspareMorten:Menvildunårdunormaltkører,nusigerduefteretbesøg,såligestårudeforanogsåligesådanrunderdetaf,nårdusåatblivefærdigmedetbesøg,fårapporteretdetellergemmerdudettildagenerslut?Puk:Altsåjegvilsigeatviskaljooverføretilsyneneindtilvoresdatabaseogdethavdejegikkegjortendnu,detjegsluttedeafdetfordiviskalindogrisikobaserenoglevirksomhederogdetersådannemtligeatgøre,detgjordejeghermenatoverførtetilsynenetilselvevoressystem,dettagerhellerikkesærligtlangtid,såhvisjegligehavdehaft5minmeresåhavdejegoverførtdetjaogsåvardagensarbejdeligesomslutindenjegkomhjem,såkunnemansigeatnårmanførstkomhjem,selvomdetmåskehavdeværetenkorterearbejdsdagsåvillehavesluttetaltingafsådanforidagik,Morten:Hvorimodnårduselvkører,såvilledusletikkegøredetderPuk:Detvillejegførstgørenårjegkomhjem,hvisjegvarkørthelevejenhjem,såhavdejegkørthjemogsåhavdejegeventueltsiddetognårjegkomhjemieftermiddagognårmanharbørnsåskalmanjohentedem,ellershavdejegsiddetomaftenenogligefåetsluttetdetafMorten:Oghvormegetbrugerdutypisk?Puk:Deterikkefordidetja,efteren,afhængigtafhvormeget,detkanværeenhalvtimenoglegangemere,altsådetvillepassemedenkøreturhjem,såhavdejegafsluttetdethele,mensåerderogså,jegkørersådannogleengros-tilsynogderermereplanlægningi,fordiviskallavenogetkontrolplanogsådannogetogdetvilletagelængeretidatplanlægge,såhvisjegskulleudtilsådanetbesøg,dettypiskharvihøjst2engros-tilsynperdag,hvordetdetail-tilsyn,derharvi4-6tilsynpåendag,menengros-tilsyndetvillevære2tilsynogdetværeentimeogetkvarter-1,5timehvertstedmendervillejegbrugelængere,derkanjeggodtbrugeenhalvtimeentimepåatforberedehverttilsynMorten:Ja,sådetvilledunæppekunnegøreibilenPuk:Detvillejegikkerigtig.Jegvillekunnegørelidtmenikkenådethele,afhængigtafhvorlangtdervarmellemstederneog..Morten:Øhm,hvormegetsynesdunårdutænkerpåditjob,hvormegetfylderdetatdukører,fylderdetmegetfordig?Puk:Nej,egentligikke,fordeterjoogsåsådanetellerandetstedsåermanmegetkoncentreretnårmanerindehosvirksomhederneogudføredetherkontrol,manersimpelthenpåogsåerdetogsåetellerandetstedrartmankommerudtilbilenogsåegentligbaresådankanåndeoghørelidtmusik,nufikjegikkegjortdetidagfordijegligesadlavededether,menbarekøreogikketænkepånogetsåetellerandetstedgørdetikkenogetderligeer,nårdeterdederkortestræk.Derhvorjegsynesdetvirkeligharværetrart,detharværetdetlangestræk,hvorjegharudnyttetMorten:JaisærKøgeBugtmotorvejenPuk:Jaligepræcis,altsåderharjegsimpelthen..Mellemdeder5-10minutterdergørdetikkenogetligeatkoblefra.Morten:Trordu,villedusågarsavnedet?FornuvardujosådanmegeteffektivPuk:Jamenjegtænktenuskullejegvirkeligprøveatsehvormegetjegegentligkunnenåogsådanikke,mendervarogsåtidspunkterhvorjegbaresadogspiste,ligetjekkedeminegneSms’erogdetvarjofantastiskatkunnegøredet.IkkeatjegSms’ermeget,menalligevel,determegetrartatkunnegøredet.OgdetvillejegjostadiggodtkunnegøreMorten:Medmindreselvfølgelig,atduføltedigpressettilatskullearbejdePuk:Det jo sådet,hvis vi ikke rigtigkunne rapportereeller indrapporterenoget transporttidatdetblevgodtgjortivoresarbejde.Jaatdetikkeerarbejdedentransporttid.Sådansåmanstadigføleratmanfårdetderpauser,breaksåmanligekanåndemellem

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Morten:Mankansigedetjosådannoglespændendediskussionerderkommertilatskedenæste5-10-15år,netophvadenvirksomhedsomFødevarestyrelsenvælgeratsepådet…Puk:Jaaltsåfordi,følermansigsåforovervåget,altsåsådaniforholdtilatmanikkebareligekanmentaltkobleheltfra.Atmanbareskalvære100%Morten:Hvorførgavdetsigselvatmankørtesåmanhavdelidtpausepåenellerandenmådeogsåalligevelikkehelt,hvornuerdetsådanatmankanbarearbejde,mensamtidigvedmanjoogsågodtdetervigtigtmanholderpauserPuk:Altsåjegerikkeendergårudogholderenrygepause,menalligevelharmanstadigbrugforenpauseMorten:Hvorgladerduforatkørebil?Kandugodtlideatkørebil?Ellererdetbareennødvendigtonde?Puk:Detgenerermigikkeatkørebil,menaltsåjegsynesogsådeter..altsåderhjemmeerdetaltidmandenderkørerMorten:Dukunnegodtvænnedigtildether?Puk:Jegkunnesagtensvænnemigtildether,detmåskeogsåmeredenmandschauvinist,dererder:)Ej,jegkunnesagtensvænnemig,altsådersidderjegaltidbarepåpassagersædetogjegsynesdeterdejligtbareatsiddeder,detgenerermigikkeatikkeskullekørebil.MenjegharhellerikkenogetimoddetMorten:NormaltsåkørerdudinegenellerbrugerduFødevarestyrelsens?Puk:Deterenkombi.NukanmansigeHvidovresåerdetnemmerenoglegangeatkøredirektehjemmefraogsåhjemigenafhængigtafhvorjegbrugerpåtilsynmensåharjegogsåtilsyniNordsjælland,ejmensåkører jeg ind og henter en bil og kører afsted, det kommer an på hvad der bedst kan betale sig forFødevarestyrelsenogformig,fordetkunneikkebetalesigatjegkørertilNordsjællandaltsådervildejohaveatvibrugerderesbilerogdetjoogsåfintformig.MentilHvidovredererdetnæstensammedistance,sådererdettænkerjegikkedenstoreudgiftogsåerdetnemmereformigMorten:Kunnejegignoreres?Vardetsværtatignoreremig?Puk:Øh,nej,detvarikkesværtatignoreredig.Selvfølgelignårduerder,såerdetsværtikkebareatsigehejnårmankommerindibilen,fordidenderhøflighed,menjegprøvedeatladeværemendetvarlidtsvært.Menellersja,såtænktejegikkeoverdet.Morten:Lagdedumærketilatjeghavde[ørebøffer)Puk:Ja,sådukunnehørelidtmusikMorten:Detvarfaktiskikkeengangderfor,mestbareforGPSenogsåogsåforatviseatjegikkevartilstede,dervarfaktiskikkenogetmusikPuk:JegtænkteatatdeterfintMorten:SåhavdedetdenønskedeeffektPuk:JadethavdedetMorten:Detergodt.Parkering,hvormegetfylderdetatduskalparkere?Puk:Øh,detkommeranpåomjegkanfindeenparkeringspladsellerej.Detsidstestedher,detvarjotydeligteksempelpåhvorskullemanparkerefordetvarprivatparkering,såvillejeghave,jegfandtudafatdervarpådenandenside,afdethercenteratdervarnogetparkeringoptilenNetto,mensåskullejeghavebrugt,altsåjegskullenokhavebrugten5-10minpåatfindeenparkeringsplads,fordiatmanikkekenderområdet.Jegkendteikkenogleafdevirksomhedervivarhosidagogdetgørdetjoogsåsværthvorlangtidermanderlige,mensåderhavdejegbrugtekstraarbejdstid,deterheltsikkertpåatfindeenparkeringsplads,hvoratdederkantiner,dervardettilatfindeenparkering.Morten:Hvadmedindeibyen,kørerdunoglegangeder?Puk:Indeicentrum,dercyklerjeg,dertagerjegtogetmedcyklenMorten:Pågrundafparkeringogtrafikgenerelt?Puk:Detersimpelthenbeggedele,ogsåsynesjegdeterikketilatparkereindeibyenogsåerdetbarenemtmedencykelogfritmedencykel,mankanparkereligeforan.SÅdeterforatspareparkering,hvorherudepålandetderkandetikkebetalesigandetendhvismanharchaufførpå:)Morten:Jegharikkeflerespørgsmål:)

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Appendix 14: Email from Julie after experiment

Appendix 15: Email from Jakob Munkhøj Nielsen, March 29 2016

Appendix 16: Follow-up email from Nanna, March 29 2016

Appendix 17: Follow-up email from Bente, March 29 2016

Appendix 18: Follow-up email from Puk, March 29 2016