dumitrujohnson11wp_conflictcooperation

8/2/2019 DumitruJohnson11WP_ConflictCooperation

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ConstruCting interethniC

ConliCt and Cooperation

Wy s p h Jw o h t

hc r

By diana dumitru Carter Johnson*

Jw c:i c xy . . . . [uk] c. 1

Jw c: [w] w bk m yb w . ty w w g-, y b .2

Civilian c e c y hc b cz Jw b. a b q , w b y by , ycc -c. t c c c b w e e, x wy - Jw b, w xcb , c b , w c c.

i c c c , ck c b cc and c. W

*t c w b by C ac hc s u.s. hc m m; B c C o C sy rc, a, hc, by o y C; i i hc rc, Y v. s w by ghk s sc p s nx g h r, uk, m, B. W w c cb - c, c a Zck, Jy K, gy l, c cidcm Wk pc Cc, y .

1 sy 2005.2 s, Y v ac.

World Politics 63, . 1 (Jy 2011), 142

Cy 2011 t pc uy

: 10.1017/s0043887110000274


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2 worldpolitics

y qy c bw c c c k c- cc c w c c .

W wk cc , c y c b c -z by b c . Ccy, c c cc c c xc c y cc, w w c b cc c y . o c y cz y c, y c c bck by c c, b

b c c z by .

t y qy c cb b f by k c c w c x c c. s x w,c wk c , b bcy c x wy c y w , wy cc w . t -

, c xc cc y, b y bck y fx, cc c cc.W k bck c c ktoexplain how thesebackground interethnic relations are constructed and, more importantly, howanimosity can be transormed into anity through deliberate state policiesregarding citizenship and nationality. t cfc c c w bck c y fyc w- c c.

W b c cby wy-f cy cy c c: bw c w b w w w c, c y c, c-c b . t cz y c c y -c w w x cz c , , bw . , w w y c,

, cb - c b bwb c w cy.


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constructinginterethnicconflict & cooperation 3

3 t W W ii c -y t, w r-bc m, w y , c -y uk, c

c uk. i ct WWii c y -y y t.4 a cy Bb 228,620 Jw (11.8 c),

c p, wc j t, Jw b 370,612 (12.3c). m z W W ii c b . 98.

i. ourcases: a natural experiment

t y b c y c c-z - w cc c, w

k x wc w c z bjc c, xc- y c t, b t+1 c bjc y c -y c , w c c c, xc c. a t+2 b y ( c) b y c w c, xc . t c-

c bw w-c wc cc c c.t k c: cz w w b- jc c w ky b ky y, w y k w y.

o c c e e - -y m uk ( 1). ty c w c r c -

W W ii, w r w w nz. W x r hc bc q x: b Bb t3 c Jw z bc b,4 w w r e 1918, wc Bb j r- t j wy b s . d , b bjc x

fc -s, c c y,c, by, cy c Jw . a 1918 Bb c - -s; w, t xc y cy by s u, c cy c y


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4 worldpolitics

cy cfcy y y Jw, , z Jw s cy.

i 1941, wy- y b , Bb t w c j, c r-

, w g. i w xcr cy Jw w Bb t c c w t. a cc by nz, c Jw w , r cy c c c b -Jw cz.

a c y b w Jw - w , c c w k-

b c bw c k Bb t.o b w Jw , - y w Jw hc , w w -Jw hc w c

figure 1

approximate geographical BoundariesofBessaraBiaandtransnistriainside romaniaduring world warii


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Bb t, c r-, g, s , w w: Bb w ky c b c Jw ( x, b, , , ), w t w b (1) ky c b (2) ky b c ( x, - Jw c). W b w c c y fy bwc y cb c.W b q q .

t c c w. sc ii - c cc, c f c

c . sc iii b y y, y by c xc -c y c . sc iv w c c by c -Jw w Jw W W ii, w c c c . y, sc v by c- x cfc c y. W cc

w sc vi.

ii. literature explaining interethnic Violence

l x c c c b f c : c, , , -ycc, cc. W f y cy c. t , , ycy c, cc ccc, c -

z cc. o y b c-b b cc by by y c by kcfcy c. W cb cc by x y w c c cc c y b c: w cc c c c.

structuralist explanations

sc x c c c , y wk c c c. s f


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6 worldpolitics

c c c w c-y c c. , c cc jc b cy

by cy bc c-y c c cc w kc .5W c y cc, b cy wc c y ky c cc w wy c- xc c .

s c x c c wc c y y c. e J, x, x cz c w x c w

y b w .6 m-w s Ky c w - c by c.7 Wb k cb, c x c: wy c ck Jw cyb , c (r) x c (s u).

instrumentalistand institutionalist explanations

i c c cc, xf by wk v p g, c w cy b z c c y, c, w .8 vc y by c , b b y w.

vy c w - x, w c c . p

B, x, b h-m i -c z ywk c bw .9 s Wk- x cc c b k c c c cc c c ccy b bx.10 a vy b c

5 s, x, B 2004; p 1993; sy 2000.

6 J 2007.7 Ky 2006.8 g 199495; g 2004.9 B 2003.10 Wk 2004.


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c c c b , w wb c c cy z , -c c ky b c.11

iy, x, b - c rely on the presence o extant interethnic tension. a- , y c c z, b y y cc. t -y x c w wc bc. Wk, x, cc preexistingy b c y.12 K-y , y, c c ky c-c w x c z .13 W b

x w x z c w c cc x c x cc.

emotional-psychological explanations

p x c c w c cc, y c y c-ycc x x bck-

y bw c .14

s K ModernHatreds xy: c yb bz. . . y wy kw cc c y-yb cxjf y .15 t y, cc K, c cc cz wc c w b b w.hwz y k fc - w cz c y, , ,cb ccc c : W y

, w c f c y y-. n c c bf c x c toutcourt.16

11 vy 2002.12 Wk 2004, 2.13 Ky 2006.14 i c w fc x c

cc. C gz ycy c , b wk w -

w . t , , b jc cc. sgz 1963; gz 1973. x jc cc, K 1993.15 K 2001, 30. Bbk wk w

q w. s Bbk 2004, 22.16 hwz 2001, 123.


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8 worldpolitics

t bck y c, b cy cc ccbw c . B x c

bck c y fx c. ty x w, x, c c fyc cc.17

constructiVist explanations

t c c cc cc-.18 Cc x c by wc , b x w c b . a C K c w :

Cc y c c b ,b y cc wy k y ( wy c x bz c).19 Ky, y, ccz c w cc c c.20i , cc w - fy c b c c-c. o c bz x w c

c c, w c c, w c c b cc c c . eqy , cc c yc, c y c c cz, z f-y c outlivethe lie o the state itsel.

iii. state constructionofinterethnic conflictand cooperation

W w y y c c, c t (b r) t+1 (y 1 [Bb] w r, y 2[t] w s u). W -c t+2 (b r c).

17 J d l w c cc w c

c c, y c fy ccb. s l, 1996.

18 s C 2001; W 2008; lc 1997; p 2003.19 K 2004.20 c xc c, Ky 2008.


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time t: BessaraBiaand transnistriawithin tsarist russia

Bb t w b r - 1812. t w w y c, w c-

b Y-k Jw , y y w c.21 i Bb cy, c r w jy w 228,620 Jw, c 11.8 c .o , 48 c w (c 50,237 K, c Bb), 26.5 c w, 25.5 -c .22 i y uk c p-,23 wc j t, Jw b370,612, 12.3 c 1897; jy w b 14 c .24 tb cy t, o, 138,935 Jw, w c- 34 c .25 t b Jw w y y c.26

t r e w - -s-. t xcy -sc , wcy cc w fc w . d

r, , nc i, c y: t c

Kk27. . . . .

[t]y W r . . . .ty c, ck

x.28 t y -sc. x, w cy t ncii fcy c Bck h, c r kw -sc -b z r e.29

ofc c r w Jw ww. W xc, Jw w y b bc -c, c c c b y c,

21 r Jw r, n 2002, 119.22 Jw v lby 2008.23 p w w uk, m by

d w W gc by s B. i b vy .

24 Jw v lby 2008b25

hy 1991, 251.26 ay 2003, 216.27 t r w Zhyd, y Jw .28 dbw 2001, 2:14.29 dbw 2001, 3:131.


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10 worldpolitics

c x c y, w c w w p s wc b Bb t

w . 1881 1905 r c -Jw , c nznb c w 1935 by cy.30 o Jw y -, y.31

t r w qy -sc c - cb . tq r w, dky, w c: h[ Jw] b y c y by

[r], y by w b.32 i 1880 yNovoe Vremea, r wy w, b- c Zhid Idet! (t Kk i C!), wcb Jw c cy, b b, c-, bw, c .33 r b w f pc e Z, c w c ccy b Jw w . t c y

1903 w Znamia w b z bw 1905 1907 s. pb, mcw, .34 a y w Bb (Bessarabetz), cc- , yc b Jw . . . [ c] c wc c x Jw .35 acc s dbw y, -sc c -c w w y b w w p.36

t ccc b f -, , , y , c - c ck c.37 tycy, c b,y w c y w c by c. t w ycy c y c

30 lq 2001, 581.31 Yky 1928, 39.32 dky 1949.

33Novoe Vremea 1880.34 lq 2001,499503.35New York Times 1903.36 dbw 2001, 2:248.37 J 1992; K lbz 1992.


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c.38 t y cc y uk(c , t) Bb. t -b Jw c t, wc k

c 1905 o,39

bw 302 1,000.40

t wy kw Bb cc 1903 K, 47 Jw , 500 w, 2,000 . gy by y by c cc c, Jw c - r.41

t z, w q Z g, c Jw r s u:

t mc 1917 w by w jy Jw cb r e. ty c w wc cf p, c , c, y y , w, cx Jw by x , cy b p l, y w y .42

timet+1

t W W i w b c Jw e e. d c w 1917 r r, Bb j r. t y t, w, bc wy s.

territory1, BessaraBiawithintheromanianstate: state-sponsoredanti-semitismandthecontinuedconstructionofinterethnicconflict

r WWi by b -cy cy. t Jw wy

38 o c, w w y c, c b , : ty w b Jw, w w . s dbw 200, 3:34.

39 o w w kw -Jw c; k c 1821, 1859,1871, 1881, 1905. c x , K 1992,1334. o 1871 c, Z 1985, 11428.

40 s Wb 1987, 2, . 2. h 608 , 302 c c c Z o 1910, 130.

mw f 1,000 Jw c v 1960, 615.41 acc dbw , y 19056, y 230,000 r u s. d w y f w w w, b 50,000 75,000 y. s dbw 2001,3:148

42 g 1972, 69.


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12 worldpolitics

r w 4 c, y BbJw c 7.2 c.43 a p, r c ,

c cz w Jw ,wc c 1923 c.44

d b, w, y -c Jw cy r- w y b w c.45 t 1923r c, x, w qy Jw, y b Jw cz cy w . i 1928 y r Jw z, jy Bb.46 i-

k Kk, , w: d qy , cc r Jwand Bessarabian Jewsin particular c c cz: c c - y c w b , bc cw c wy k c.47 hrb C w : -r, - y w qy cy c, .48

a-sc c w c w cy w . i 1923, x, w Jw q c. ay 1926 r Jw k c Jw , , , y.49 a r Jw [] Jw c c y c . . . b cy y.50 Kk -sc k

c Bb bw 1929 1932.51By 1930, -s -

c c : bc, , c

43 sc r c r 1996, 10; c Bb c rz 1996, 78.

44 r 1996, 11; hcc 1996.45 s, x, i C hc r 2005, c. 1.46 lz 1995, 123.47 Kk 1996, .48

C1997. Jw c w b by; , x,c - r c ax C. Cz.49 r w Bessarabia 04/03/26, n. 1220; c Kk 1996, 349.50 Q Kk 1996, 350.51 p, o Cy (1929), lc (1930), B (1930), r (1932).


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w -s y , b c c c, by c-. pc c w c, c i g

Cz, y y c, C c r c e e.52 t Bc i bc -b -s. a bc y, ncpc, x, w b w -s w x-cy b c Jw: C w x- wy bb k? . . . t w b ,, wy .53 nc i, r by r

, w 1937 [ Jw] wk c-c c y c , k . . . y q y w w cy. . . . ty z cc, k , ccy jb, ,w , y y .54

By 1937 oc g ax Cz, c Czpy, r w w ccw x y w c by Jw -

.55

mw, b c c Jw , xf by C-z r lw. a l r x: a wc r v.56 o Z ccb Jw : p c . mb b y b- y . . . . pc c Jw c, j, c - b.57

o Bbw cy Jw , wc bc 1937 c,w b c y w -sc , Cz i g.58 W cc -w 2008 2009 Bb wc

52 C 1997, 113.53 pc 1924, 31.54 i 1937, c i C hc r 2005, 28.55Adevrul Dimineaa.56

r 1996, 18.57 Ky 1989, 4, c Kk 1996, 352.58 i dcb 1937 y c, Cz c

Bb: 21.3 c, 9.15 c r w. ecy c Bb w Cz . s ec 1937, 522, 523.


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14 worldpolitics

Jw w . 59 W Jw w, m cf c bw Jw

-Jw, z qy x, xcy by c 1930.60

r-w ky - b c Jw c. t x Jw y cy -. x, r c c 1930 w , w y [] y[ c Cz] w k w , [w] w bk Jw, y w b ,

w b y .61 t y -w z Jw -, c x .r c c Bb cy c Cz py y.62 a - c b w by c c c-, w n ac m: [t] kykk . . . w w jc

c k. . . . [a] c . . . y w C [ r w] - c wc l.a.n.c. [Cz py].63 t cc cf -sc c w C y fcy y cc bw C Jw.64

territory2,transnistriaunderthesoVietunion:inclusiVenationalitypoliciesandtheconstructionof

interethniccooperationt Jw t w c Bb. d w C py c qy b c c c . W c c k by s- cfcy bf cc c c- bw Jw c t. ,

59 t w w cc u s hc m m60

v 2008; r 2008.61 tc 1944.62 Bb r pc ic 1927, 32.63 Bb r pc ic 1927, 33.64 sc dc pc 1929, 370.


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qy w Jw cz, w y ; w qy, by w. t c bc c, wc b b -s-

c Jw w cy.t w w- cc w c Jw w cy. t, Jw - w ycy cy, wc cJw c c k w cJw wkc, w y b . t c qy cy bw Jw cc c c.

ab , w b w c w -cc by c c cc c w , c w c. t c c, w , cc c c c b z by c c b s u w -c by -sc r c W W ii.

i y k s u -s, c, y w su -s W W ii . hw, s u w y c y--yy, w c W W ii w cy c, y -z , c, Jw.65

y b, C py -s. d c w, wc - W

-c r (191721), x, c- w c Jw. h c w cfcy Jw Jw c. t w y by b W ay, c , uk.66 t xy w - Jw c, Jw c -

, Jw .67

s65 s cy m 2001.66 a 1990, 284.67 s 1999, 110.


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16 worldpolitics

k c y t, - fc bw Jw -Jw - .68 o y t,

k c ryb, Ky, dby, Ky oz, Bz. t r ay, w, , wk c: a , -c s c c y Jw .69

goVernmentaction: fullequalitywithotherethnicgroupsinsociety

t Jw wy b s c

cz w w b c . mfcy, (1) c p sb by , Jw w w b c- cc s u; (2) Jw w y wc c y; (3) Jw w wk y ,c c c, c, y b c . , c

y y , c Y, wcc fc w fc c w w Jw w .70

t b , w c bw c s cz by c b c bxc cy, b w w z cz c b , cy. t c r, w qy wy b w wk cc qy.

goVernmentaction: puBlicdiscourse

t c y by s -c c w c bc c b Jw. ts y y Jw w, . t cc by (1) b-sc k bcy, (2) cc y, (3) cc Jw w cy.

68 s, x,k, a, gw 2002, 4243.69 Q g 1972, 160. s b r ay c Jw-

, Yky 1928, 57.70 s g 1972, 395; Yky 1928, 130.


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t b -s w bc, c c , c w by c. ty m w

c c - c b c w .71rb Wb, bk b Jw -b Jw w , x -sc c b c. o x c rcc w, 1935, w c f-y c Jw c-wk -sck. a x w w cc wk c 1937 -sc y -

y k.72 t s u, cy 1930, w cy w xy -, z by . t c y b cy, c -s.hw, w w bw, s w c y b -sc b.

t x cc Jw yw w c bc , w c,

c c, , f, . g, x, c w s c c b -s w fc yck -s bc c.73 t s , mk K, b bc 1927 c t JwQ, wc cc y Jw .74 e y cc c- C W, Bk c b -s. d 1920 xy

y b Jw w c, w , c Cross and Revolver (1925), c y Jw k C.

t w s , w, y w cc -s cc y; , c-y bz yy - Jw cc w

71 m 2001, 392.72 Wb 1998, 67.73 g 1972, 455.74 s 2006, 159.


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18 worldpolitics

cc. W, j, c, , c wk, -s c, , w y

Jw Jw . t y c- b s c cy.75 t wcy w Jw c , by w c-c cz: (1) wy y ccy, wc w y y c jc, (2) cy , bckw c, wc -, bb c, , y, xc cy.

ex cc . sf, c Hirsh Lekert(1927) Prison Labor(1929), z c cb Jw 1917 -, w y C W. ex yy c b bc y ck Jw ; : l Jw c y.76 s

w f 1930, c Five Brides (1935) Dnepr on Fire(1937)., c y bc -

c w -s. t c w s u. a ac j w - K 1932 cb c c: ck cc c -sc .By y, ck c bck -s b f jb c

w-y cy cy c- -s. e ck b, Jw , y: cc -sc wk .77

goVernmentaction: physicalintegration

t j y c ycy Jw b s cy. Jw c,

75 c c c s u , Kz1985.

76 Wb 1998, 36.77 s 2006, 16465.


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x, b , x-cy c. a,w, w wkc, y b -. my Jw w c -

c z y by c ., 1920 c bk cyc cy c y bz r. m, w w b c, : [] s u w f cy w -y b af ac , cy y c c s afac.78 i c, s rbc uk (w tw c) w by m

yc cy su.79 t, y w Jw cc - b y w cy c j w - w , c w, c, c c, .

indicatorsofsuccess

t c cc -

y z Jw , b cy y. i uk, x, b Jw -Jw w w 3.7 c 1924 18.1c 1939, f Jw w -Jw w 4.5 c 15.8 c.80 iuk, w Jw w 5.4 c , y w 13.1c uk C py.81 g cb Jw w y b y c c.82 Bj n k [] 1920

1930, Jw w c- c c y w-c c s cy, j, yc, c-, cc, w, , c, nep, , .83

ac c c -Jw Jw w c q cy by b . d w cc 2008

78 m 2001, 17.79

m 2001, 37.80 a 1998, 74.81 g 1972, 401.82 g 1972,117.83 n 2002, 2.


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20 worldpolitics

w t w b c w, x qy w c: W w .t w y Jw w m . . . wk

b f, y c b , w c.84 o q c: i - . . . i y [ -w] w c bw Jw, m, uk-;85 ey w f. m, r, Jw . . . w wk!86 [Jw] w y , y wk.87 tq q h iw pjc, wccc - w 195051 w scz w u s. m y j-

y s qy, q: t qz - b c c s y. a[]y y, w k.88

t c Jw , w - y , w by c. Jw wcb c cc x [ ,s] . t g , w

b.89

t wy Jw w-, y jy cc c , c .90 o, w w c bb mcw, : [t] r i c wy y by b Jw, y i y b c c. i c b i c-kw b Jw w .91

t -s w -

; c -s c. hw, s cy -s cb Jw w qy bc b r y.

t s c qy w w fc. Y szk b uk

84 pc 2008.85 oc 2008.86

lk 2008.87 nck 2008.88 m 2001, 389.89 Yky 1928, 109.90 Yky 1928, 107.91 Yky 1928,116.


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w c b Jw cc.92 Yky c []-s, cy r, c . . . .

t c jc k y wy.93

hw, c cb bkw -s, c Jw c y. m y c, Yky z w:

a c bk w jc g. t Jw by s cz w cy, c c b -y. i, g c cb

-s s g. a-Jw c, y .94

t b c, w s u w , , Jw . a w , J wy by c , Zw cy c y ccz s .W w y z, w, wc y c y, fcy -s, c qy c Jw s cy wy b y.

iV. timet+2: methodology

W w c q , c u.s. hc m m

i Y v. W c q w w . s - xc b , r y cby Jw Bb c t (w b y ); y xc t , r g cby c b c c, w w k.

W y b wy: we ound incidents o cooperation and confict rom

92 szk 1994, 436; g 1972, 386, 98, 4023.93 Yky 1928, 113.94 Yky 1928, 115. s m q .


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22 worldpolitics

individuals o both territories. Y w b - c, q bw b . W w q c w

q c w yc c- -Jw b w Jw c y. W c j c b w

c. , w c y hc. t c c b y , c, xc, - c, c (cc c ). sc-, w c y survivors, , c, w w w k by c , ck c, w

by by b cyc. t c c c c c . hw, c ycy c -y , , , b c c - w.

a b b c -

w c, w x b by w (1) -c , c c , (2) w cc w -Jw w w hc r,(3) - y, (4) cy c. t w q c w w c.

a w x y c -Jw b, w b-y xc x c

, c b c c fc w bc x ax w. mc b w- b ccc c .95

hw, y c c x w yc c.96 t c, wc fc c c ycy c b - by r y, nz, xy , b w c f .

95 t w c b y k xc. s, x, Bw 1993; g 1996.

96 s, x, g 2001.


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timet+2: eVidencefrom wwii

Bb w by cc by s u j - w ( Jy 1940 J 1941) w m-

rbb pc. t w ax pw s- u, g r y c.97 sc qcky ww b c c r g c w . a , Jw b t Bb w y -c (78 c) b (w ).98

BessaraBiaunderromanianoccupation: oVerView

W Bb Jw b t, w c w -y , , Bb w cy w Jw b. x, mc Zb- w w , z t b dbz, cbw c k x, ck, b w k b Jw.99 t Z b c . k ef, Z, w

r , y b w w m100 k y, , m- b, m c Jw w cy.101 a Jw Z b c wy cy .102 o cb -c b 103 c w Jw.104

97 t g 11 ay w r w ss ez d.98 t b Jw b c cy

sc W W y , , c .i Bb xy 7.2 c (204,858) w Jw; w t- xy 8 c (200,000) w Jw. t c b Jw

t 1926 w xy 300,000, b 100,000 Jw tw c w b J 1941. c Bb, m 1940, XCiii; Jw t, o 1993, 136.

99 Zb 2006, 19.100 my cb c m Bb uk-

t, c c , cf(m yyy w r). n, c uk B-b w qy c Jw, uk t

w ky ; y c m/r t w

ky b c.101 k, Y v ac, 23, 14.102 g 2006.103 a 2006.104 g 2006.


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24 worldpolitics

o [w] w bk my b w . ty w w g, y b . . . . t m w

w ss. . . . ty b , c . . . .W y c b k wy, y w c bb [Jw] w .105

W Jw b , w - , Bb w cby - t, c . o wy t, Bb , Jw w by c : Y -. r b , c b w

ck w w y c c. my w b y.106 a , o (Bb), [w] xc , Jw Bb cy,b y x b .107

a Bb Jw B, w y w by , ck y y, y c . . . . t

w cy : z , .108

ocb w b w by w b by, , wc c Jw.109 e w, cc k oc, w b Jw k y b .110

o cy ck cc c w sc, w w w cy w by w- Jw ;

w w k , y, k c.111

transnistriaunderromanianoccupation

o kb f c t- w cy : we did not nd evidence o a single anti-

105 s, Y v ac.106 mck, Y v ac.107

Kck 2005.108 gc 2005.109 ay (37) 2005.110 ac 1986, 448.111 ac 1986b, 579.


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Jewish pogrom anywhere in Transnistria. p Bb w - by c c c-y c, b c b t, w

c c c , -c, cy c w c.m y, y k w c-

t, wc b c uk s sc rbc. s xcy: i uk w b Bb.112my uk113 ,114 uk w b,115 y c -,116 jy b.117 o ,

w o (Bb), x-c t, [ Jw] c c , w xc cb, w jy [ c ] c Jw w - . . . b . . . jy c ccy w , b Jw .118 a , t, cc cy (m-pk) yc w Jw y

y w cb w c Jw w c cy .119 s c , c w , y c t w c w ck w c Jw c.120

B w xc t.o c, [t uk] w . ty w w, b y w y c.121 i w y c- w w b, c c w-

b y, wk. W c w Jw c

112 2006.113 s w uk b w c , c c

r. W c uk t w ky b c- uk Bb w ky b cc.

114 B 2006.115 t 2006.116 m 2005.117

s 2006.118 i r: Nu se simtea cine stie ce ura; Kck 2005.119 gb 2005.120 ac 2001, 72121 g 2005.


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26 worldpolitics

t y by b.122 sy, c- y cc y b ck c; c c

c c y c w .Kk a, x, akck c, -cb c by w wc wc (w c w c). t w w - yby w , b w . . . w b .123

t w c Jw c b by t- c .124 t r cc -

cf ccc c Jw c b by uk .125h scwz, Ky, cb c b , w w f w. a b c, h -y c w w w .126

W w f c , b, c by c t, cc w

by w Bb. m y, c w wy c w c,wc w k c w w Bb. t b-c c w qf c , wc w x c.

quantitatiVe eVidence

t c, w k w c. ,w k fy (

w ) c w y -Jw c y cb cc c b -- Jw - hc. t , w c c c w -4 +4 c c cb by c - w k b c . i w, y c bw Jw Bb t, cb by Jw w

122 ay (46) 2006.123 Kk, Y v ac, 1314.124 m 2005.125 u s hc m m ac m. rg-25.003 m, 279.126 scwz, Y v ac.


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hc r. i c ( x, yc ck Jw w), w c

c, w c ( x, ), w c.mc cy c 1960 1970

kb c cy y c.127sy y c, c cc, , x, w , w , . W cc - c. x, -1 -2 cc b wc yc c (-1 c Jw, -2

b Jw ), -3 -4 yc c Jw (-3 yc -c c y Jw b c by fc, -4 yc c ). o , +1 +2 c bw k w (+1 ,c c Jw; +2 c- b, c b w kw

Jw b ); +3 +4 - Jw w k w (+3 Jw, +4 Jw k w ).128 t 50 c 105 c .129

2 cy w : (1) Bb ky c cc c c cy c w t , (2) t-

ky c c c c w Bb . W c-b c cc c c; -cy fc c-q 0.001 . t c w w w .(s tb 1.)

127 s, x, C, lk, pz 1982; , tcy, s 1985; r Bk 1997; r . 1974.

128

r g b Jw. s a 2003, 244.129 ec y c cb; ( x, t Bb X t t Y), w -c w y. s c w ( x, c bw Jw -Jw); w c.


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28 worldpolitics

t , w, c b c c - y c. W b t- Bb xy b Jwb w, Jw w b Bb y b Bb b b t, w y w y. t w Jw b xc Bb x-c t. t b w -c c t w c c Bb , wc k yb .

taBle 1conflictand cooperationBasedon prewarstate nationalitypolicies

Interwar Region o Actor

Type o Action Perpetrated USSR Romania Total

Cc 15 26 41(20%) (87%) (39%)

C 60 4 64

(80%) (13%) (61%) t 75 30 105(100%) (100%) (100%)

C-q = 40.02; p.


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hw, b c b cc c: b b w wc cc Jw Bb c cc Jw

t, wc k y b cc -. i b, w systematically lower levels o violencecommitted on the Transnistrian side, wc cfc .

surVey

W y Jw hc r- w b Bb t.130 i - q q b xc, w k

c, c 110, c w Jw, w 1 w y 10 w y y. Wc xy xy . hw, c,w c w xc b t- Bb. o xy , xcb ; c c w y, c c cc xy-f y , w c b y b.131 hw,

w y , f y . ty cf c w : 87 c t b Bb; 13 c q c c y; none c Bb t-. t c Bb w 2.4, c t w 4.3. o y-w w xc t y, y c 5.1 10.

t x yc, c c w Jw h-c cfc . o xc c c byYzk a, w x c g cc e e g Einsatzgruppe, w , Jw c.132 i k a y, w c

130 a w b ushmm b.131 d c , w w xc y

Bb.132 a 2003.


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30 worldpolitics

: cc nz , b wy- y s w -Jw cy. x, l, y

r b w w c s c, Einsatzgruppec- : sc cc l by gay, c wy b.t l b w b c k Jw.133 mw, Einsatzgruppe y s B :

t , [ B-

, wc b s u], c b cb y -w g. . . . a c b. . . . gy,w, w Jw g c, b cb, w cc, k Jw. . . . i w b Jw.134

i c, a xcy s w b b sb 1919, c y - Jw w .135

i , w c , y Jw- y, w w -Jw w hc r, c cc: Bb c w Jw 1941, t c w Jw 1941. t

w w cc c c w -z by . i w y b c ck by s , - b w c w s -sc r . i, thebehavior o cooperation persisted, even when it posed a risk the lives o thoseindividual gentiles. i r c t , w c w c -s, y b w

133 a 2003, 235.134 a 2003, 236.135 a 2003, 244.


31/42


y y w Jw , b c .

V. alternatiVe explanations

ethnic compositionoftransnistriaandthe roleofukrainians

t t y w y c uk (w r r) w , wBb w y r. C b cuk, c , y w Jw c r? W f x cc-. t c , y, c c, c uk -y y b -sc. g, x, -s uk.136 t c c y y -c Jw uk. d r C W(191721), W ay -s uk z y.137

t w c c Jw, w xy b y , cy uk. t - w q x, c by b uk n y: g c 1,236 uk bw 1918 1919; B c 30 j uk 1918, 685 j ck, 249 ck Jwc by 1919; a bw 30,000 50,000 Jw w c c w bw 1918 1920.138

m, w c k y uk thatdid not all under Soviet control during the interwar period. W y c , b w cc - cy c y c by c uk Jw . x, W uk cy l w p c w . p w kw -scc ( by w r). a p

: t ycy xc Jw . . . 136 g 1972, 403.137 Yky 1928, 55.138 a 2003, 23334; B 1976, 220.


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32 worldpolitics

c. t Jw c b- cy.139 a, Bbk cc: i Z- Jw (p), w Z

p 1930.140

W nz , w c ck by cuk Jw.141

a : t uk [ t-] ! t W uk, uk w s u, y w . . . uk b, w w !142

fearofthe soViet return

g wy kw cc s , b x w c c t sc W W w - s . t x fc . , w e e (c Bb) s c- m-rbb c 1940 c y xc fc s ; -

c s ck c Jw .sc, 1942, cc s cy w wc x. t q 1943 w w, w, nz w s. t, y, y c x wy t- w w to help c Jw. s cc c,c , w Jw w c w -

. c s w, c-z b cfc c c k Jw b k c c c by Bb.

roleofresentment

r p bk Understanding Ethnic Violence x -c c y e e, y

139 p 2002, 122.140 Bbk 1996, 97.141 p 2002,128.142 mck, Y v ac.


33/42


Bc bc, B, p - . p cc () - c c, f c

c , , . h j c cc Jw 1941 by -c c c Jw b s k m-rbb pc, 1940 1941. Wp y cfcy, su ccy Bb, cc c - c Jw b cb w s w c y cy

.143 W s , cc x, -c y c w Jw b .

W c xc ck Bb w by . hw, - ck Jw - t, b . t c k uky w fc c c uk ;

w b ck Jw, w w b w c. , s , w , Jw c -, y, cy , ; w w . mw uk wy , c k uk 193233. , ky w Jw c s ; , wy- y s c t the re-

gime promoted a cooperative, integrated, and inclusive relationship betweenthe ethnic groups and that cooperation was internalized by the populationitsel. g w c c by p, w b w cc-y by s u y.

material explanations

s cc c Jw e e c -

y c ck.144

i c Bb t, c 143 o c cb Bb Jw w s, s 2007.144 d 2004.


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34 worldpolitics

c : s u, x,w cy w bby qy bw Jw t Bb.

hw, w y c by b c x- c. W b w y - x ck . r w y, , w k w c -c cy w b b.

, c Jw Bb w c by w, -ck wy r, uk, r. i, w, w w wk c -

c w y, y cky Jw wy . o c, r- c ck cfcy Jw, wcc x wy y Jw w . hw, w s cy, Jw w y - , w, c, c w s . W r t, Jw cy -

c b c b, c b x ck. n, Jw w ck . t w c cy, b : bb Jw t, w cc uk k c bck Jw. B w w c w c c Jw w w, , c .

sc, w b y,

ck y wy Jw. i, ck b wy Jw; y ck , Jw, w y c- wy . i c, w Jw w Bb c k cy bc w and the Bessarabian knew he was poor, b Bb k Jw .145

t c Bb b w cy. i, Jw c w -

w r b w b, c w by. i c, Jw

145 e 1944, 4748.


35/42


Bb, w b, xc c c b- w b, y c ck c , c, y y

hc. i w c fc, b, c-c Jw y r , c-b w w c, by c w c Jw b. t s u, w, cc w Jw b Jw, b c, b, q. i k b w - cy. i p, , -s c W W ii c jy

Jw , x y, .146

Vi. conclusion

t c b x -c c c. W -c c c y x c y

c c ccc. a cc c c, y x y b c w x -y . m y, w yc c b by cc cc y b b c by .

o c c x, c -

c w Jw y m uk. Bb t b b bjc y -sc c 1812 1918; x wy- y Bb c- w -s, w t y w - y c y cy. W , f , t cc w s c c c -s

c b c c cy.146 p -s W W ii , g 2007;

c c -s, Ww 1968 w y -scc.


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36 worldpolitics

hw, w y c wc c w w . , s q-y Jw cz. sc, cy c

bc -s, w y c-c y cc Jww cc. t s w c cz y b -s; w b c-. t, ycy Jw b cy w c c f- c .

W -s w t,

w c c - w Jw . d w, r c -s c Jw , Bb w ky c c Jw t- , wc w ky Jw. sc s w , ky - t z c

c c Jw b w w cz Jw y y . W c w w w w Bb t fy y w z.

W cfy q q c y , w w , y cc w , c c, -

w w -Jw w hc, cy.

W c c c k . m , w k w b b -c c y, x y c c e-, x, w y y xy w w- c c, c c cy ck. i w cc,

c c c wc c c . sc -c c b cc cc c c. a , u.s. -


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y c -- ac ac c w cy.

W b y y cb

b w c w -b hbb w w y b, cy.147 o by b y cc f w cc f c b byc c, y y b qy y w c- c by c . i w y x, c y qcky w ( x, rw) c hbb w, w wc c x, w w y c -

- c c. ec y c-c w q y cy by cy c c b - c.

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