E-booksresemblemotelrooms—blandandefficient.Booksarehome—real,physicalthingsyoucanloveandcherishandmakeyourown,tilldeathdoyoupart.Ortillyourunoutofshelfspace.

—MichaelDirda

“Itdoesn’tmatterhowgoodorbadtheproductis,thefactisthatpeopledon’treadanymore.”

—SteveJobs[AfterreleaseoffirstKindleReaderin2008,iPadnotintroduceduntil2010]

“WithapologiestoMarshallMcluhan,itmaybelessthemediumandmorewhatweaskourstudentstodowiththematerial.”

—AnonymousMusicProfessor

StatusofOnlineCollegiateTextbooksforMusicTeachingandLearningPETERR. WEBSTER(UNIVERSITYOF SOUTHERNCAL I FORNIA)

DAV IDBRIANWILL IAMS( I LL INOISSTATEUNIVERSITY,EMERITUS)

PowerPointslidesavailableathttp://teachMusicTech.comD

Challengeofprintvs.onlinefortextbookrevision◦Whatfactorsinfluencetextbookdeliveryformats?◦Whataretheindustrydriventrends?◦Whatresearchisavailableontheeffectivenessofonlinevs.printtextbookmaterials?◦Whatmodelsarebeingusedpresentlyforcollegemusictextbooks?

Twoissueswithbookdesign:thecontainer&thecontentAsnotedbyNaomiBaronin

“WordsOnscreen:TheFateofreadinginaDigitalWorld”D

Whatfactorsinfluencetextbookdeliveryformats?

D

“Collegetextbookforecast:Radicalchangeahead.“IoannaOpidee,UniversityBusinessAugust2014

“Whydigitalnativespreferreadinginprint.Yes,youreadthatright.”WashingtonPost,February22,2015

“TheDeathofTextbooks?”TheAtlantic,March6,2015D

ProductioncostR&Dcost

Profit

DeliveryandLearningeffectiveness

Publishersandpoliticiansseetheonlinedeliveryissuesintermsofcost;lessconsiderationisgiventothebasicissuesofwhichdeliverymethodsenhancethelearningexperience.Itisabalancingactbetweeneconomicissues,studentpreference,andindividualizedlearningneeds.D

Whataretheindustrydriventrends?

D

“CollegeTextbookForecast:RadicalChangeAhead”UniversityBusiness,August2014

◦ AccordingtotheU.S.PIRGEducationFundandStudentPIRGs,65percentofstudentssaidtheydidn’tbuyarequiredtextbookbecauseitwastooexpensive,evenas94percentofthisgroupexpressedconcernthatitwouldhurttheirgrade.Nearlyhalfofallstudentssurveyedsaidtextbookcostsaffectedhowmanyorwhichclasses theywouldtakeinagivensemester.

◦ Amajorpushisbeingmadeintoadaptivelearning.JosefBlumenfeld,seniorVPatCengageLearning,sayshiscompany’s“focushasbeenoncreatinga“personallearningexperience”forstudentsthroughprogramssuchasMindTap,anonlineplatformthatcombinestextwithmultimedia content,games,quizzesandtests.

AdaptiveLearningtermoftenmisused?

PIRGPublishedInterestResearch

GrantFund

D

“Whydigitalnativespreferreadinginprint”WashingtonPostOctober7,2015

◦ DonKilburn,NorthAmericanpresidentforPearson,saidthemovetodigital“doesn’tlooklikearevolutionrightnow.Itlookslikeanevolution,andit’slumpyatbest.”

◦ Textbookmakersarepushingthese“digitallearningenvironments”tomakescreenlearningmoreattractiveandincreasesales

D

StagesoftheLumpyEvolution:

1. StraightconversionofprinttoeBookformOpentextbook/bookmovementsasubset(e.g.,RiceUniversityOpenStax Collegeopentextbookprojectamongothers)

2. MovingpreviousCDresourcestotheweb(virtualcontent)orintegrationwithMoodle,Blackboard,andthelike.

3. Integratedonlinetextwithvirtualmedia,tutorials,guidedlistening,quizzesandexamswithorwithoutaprintedtext.REVELandMindTap andC4E’sOnMusicgoodexampleswithinstructorcustomization.

4. AdaptiveonlinelearningusingAItocustomizelearningpathforeachstudent.McGrawHill’sALEKS(Assessment andLearninginKnowledgeSpaces)goodexamplewithKamien’s SmartBook forhisMusicAppreciationtext.

Publishersintheendnomatterwhat“container”usedneedtomakeaprofit

D

Whatresearchisavailableontheeffectivenessofonlinevs.printtextbookmaterials?RESOURCESL I STEDONLASTS L IDE

D

StudiesinHigherEducation(2015)M.Hendersonetal

Ourstudyclearlyfindsdigitaltechnologiestobeacentralelementofundergraduateeducationandassociatedwithsubstantialchangestothewaysinwhichstudentsexperiencetheirstudies.However,ouranalysisalsosuggeststhatdigitaltechnologiesareclearlynot‘transforming’thenatureofuniversityteachingandlearning,orevensubstantiallydisruptingthe‘studentexperience’.

Thisthenraisestheoverarchingquestionofwhat– ifanything– needstobe‘done’.Universitystudentsarecertainlyfindingandmakinggoodusesofdigitaltechnologiesthat‘workbest’forthemwithinthecontextoftheirundergraduatestudies.However,theseusesandpracticesarenotthemostexpansive,expressive,empowering,enlighteningorevenexcitingwaysthatdigitaltechnologiescouldbeused.D

JamesMadisonUStudy

Results“showedthat studentsarenotlikelytousetheaddedmultimediafeaturesthatmakesome-textbooksinteractive.Thelinkstothesemodulesaretypicallyimbeddedwithinthetext,butstudentsgenerallywanttofinishthereadingfirst.Thosereadinge-textbooksweremorelikelytoskipembeddedmultimediaandhyperlinksthantheywouldiftheyusedafreewebsiteconnectedtotheprintedtextbook.”

D

WordsOnscreen:TheFateofReadinginaDigitalWorldbyNaomiS.Baron.Digitalreadingisincreasinglypopular.Readingonscreenhasmanyvirtues,includingconvenience,potentialcost-savings,andtheopportunitytobringfreeaccesstobooksandotherwrittenmaterialstopeoplearoundtheworld.

Yet,Baronargues,thevirtuesofeReading arematchedwithdrawbacks.Usersareeasilydistractedbyothertemptationsontheirdevices,multitasking isrampant,andscreenscoaxustoskimratherthanreadin-depth.Whatismore,ifthewaywereadischanging,soisthewaywewrite.Inresponsetochangingreadinghabits,manyauthorsandpublishersareproducingshorterworksandonesthatdon'trequirereflectionorclosereading.D

FavorPrint◦ 25%ofstudentspurchaseaprintversionoffreeebooks◦ Readwithmoredepth,greatercomprehension◦ Lessdistractionwithprint(noemail,twitter,Facebookdistraction)◦ Easilywritenotesandhighlightkeyconcepts◦ Rentalprintedtextbooksareusefulwhentheycontainpreviousnotesandhighlightedmaterial◦Mind-mapsforkeycontenteasilycreatedfromthephysicalityofbooks◦ Easiertousewhenstudyrequirescomputerwork,e.g.,learningtousemusicsoftwareapplicationorscorestudy(screenspacelimited)

PewInternet&AmericanLifeProjectstudy foundthehighestprintreadershipisintheagebracketof18to29(2014)

D

FavoreBooks◦Lessexpensive(dependsoncontent&publisher)◦Eliminatesweightofcarryingtextbooksaround◦eReadingbetterforskimmingor“prowling”text◦SomestudentsfavoreBooksforlighterreadingorforclassicliteraturebutprintformorein-depthtextbookstudy◦Convenientfromsmart- oreReader-tablets(Kindle,iPad,Androidtablets)

P

Relatedissues◦StudiesshowvariouspreferencesforeBook&Printversions:Pearson’s52/48%isatypicalfigure

◦eBooksastheygetmoresophisticatedarebeingpriceduptothecostofprinttextbooks

◦Minimalresearchonlearneroutcomes,moreonformat&application.AGAIN,the“container”isthefocus,notthe“content.”

P

ResultsfromPeter’sstudents--WiththeexceptionofEnglishcoursesthatrequirethereadingofshortstoriesandnovels,RARELYhaveItakenacourseinmy9yearsofhighereducationthatjustifiedthepurchaseofa$100-200textbook.

--OneoptionthatIthinkisfairtostudentsisfindingtextbooksavailableonGoogleorothersimilarwebsitesthatareavailabletodownloadorrentfor6monthsatasubstantiallylowerpricethanpurchasingahardcopy.Textbookpricegougingisabsurd,nottomentionthecostofgoingtocollegeingeneral,andIpersonallywouldhopethatprofessorsaredoingeverythingintheirpowertominimizetheamountofextramoneytheirstudentshavetospendonbooks.

P

Whatmodels arebeingusedpresentlyforcollegemusictextbooks?

P

Hypotheticalmodelstoguideourresearch1. PrinttranslateddirectlytoeBookformat2. Printand/oreBookwithupdatedorancillarymaterialonline3. Printand/oreBookwithonlinestaticimages,video/animation,audio,static

quizzes,playlists formusic(formerlyCD/DVDmaterials)4. Printand/oreBookwithonline interactivequizzes,gaming,tutorials,learner

andauthordevelopedplaylistsformusic(e.g.,Spotify,AppleMusic,Pandora,etc.)

5. Online(abandonprint)virtualcontentwithinstructorcustomizedguidedtutorialswithintegratedtextandmedia

6. Online(abandonprint)contentdrivenbyartificial intelligence foradaptiveorpersonalizedlearning

P

AnalysisofSelectedCollegeMusicTextbooksSelectedCourses◦ Musiclistening(non-Major)◦ FreshmanTheory◦ IntrotoMusiceducation◦ MusicHistorySurvey◦ Fewothers

SelectedPublishersPearson,CengageLearning,McGrawHill,Connect4Education,Routledge,W.W.Norton,OxfordUniversityPress,GIA,RowanandLittlefield,UofCaliforniaPress,UofChicagoPress

P

MusicCity Wynn UofChicagoPress PopularMusic

SellingDigitalMusic,FormattingCulture Morris UofCaliforniaPress PopularMusic

JustGoodTeaching SindbergRowmanandLittlefield MusicEducation

OxfordHandbookofMusicEducation,Vol.1and2

McPhersonandWelch,eds

OxfordUniversityPress MusicEducation

Mozart'sChamberMusicwithKeyboard HarlowCambridgeUniversityPress

MusicHistory/Performance

1.PrinttranslateddirectlytoeBookformat

P

PrinttranslatetoeBookformat

P

2-3.Printand/oreBookwithancillarymaterialonlineTeachingBandThroughPerformance Miles(ed) GIA musicclips

OxfordHandbookofChildren’sMusicalCulturesCampbell&Wiggins

OxfordUniversityPress

Musicclips,photos,graphics streamingmusic

TheJourneyfromMusicStudenttoTeacherM.Raiber&D.Teachout Routledge

Annotatedlinks,&instructorresources

videos ofteachingepisodes interviewswithteachers

ComposingElectronicMusic RoadsOxfordUniversityPress musicclips streamingmusic

TheEnjoymentofMusic

Forney,Dell'Antonio,Machlis WWNorton

StudySpace: Playlists,ChapterResources,listening guides

StudySpace: Streamingmusic, video

ComprehensiveAuralSkillsJ.Merritt&D.Castro Routledge

Additionalauralskill&dictationw/recordingsandanswerkeys Dictationrecordings

MusicinChildhood,4thEdP.S.Campbell&C.Scott-Kassner CengageLearning

60audiofilesofsongsfromtext;videoofclassroomsettings

TeachingMusicinAmericanSociety S.Kelly RoutledgeChapteroutlines,weblinks tousefulsites P

Models2&3Printwithonlineresources

P

4a.Printand/oreBookwithonlineinteractivequizzes,gaming,tutorials,learnerandauthordevelopedplaylistsformusic(e.g.,Spotify,AppleMusic,Pandora,etc.)

Title Authors Publisher Print eBook

Supplementaltext,links,

etc.

Staticimages,

audio,video

Statictutorials,games,quizzes,playlists

Interactivetutorials,games,quizzes

Personalized

adaptivelearning Assessment

HistoryofWesternArtMusicandNortonScores

Burkholder,Grout,Palisca WWNorton yes yes OperaVideos

IntegrationwithanumberofCourseManagementSystems

TheoryforToday'sMusician2ndEditionw/Workbook

R.Turek&D.McCarthy Routledge yes PDF

FlashcardsandSpotify/iTunesplaylists

Tutorialw/drillsofbasicconcepts

Scoresemailedtoinstructor

WhatintheWorldisMusic?

A.E.Arnold&J.C.Kramer Routledge

Printedsupplementtoe-text

"interactivee-textbook"

Video&audiofrom"aroundtheworld"

Spotifyaccountrequired

P

4b.Printand/oreBookwithonlineinteractivequizzes,gaming,tutorials….

Title Authors Publisher Print eBookSupplementaltext,links,etc.

Staticimages,

audio,video

Statictutorials,games,quizzes,playlists

Interactivetutorials,games,quizzes

Personalized

adaptivelearning Assessment

UnderstandingMusic,8thEd J.Yudkin Pearson

MusicListening/Non-Major yes yes

PPTslides;PDFinstructor'smanual;testbankforBlackboardorWebCT

Visualsandlisteningexamples;visualguides;videos

Activelisteningguidesforeachchapterw/streamingaudio

"WritingSpace"forwrittenassignments;"Needle-Drop"listeningquizzes

REVELalternative

pre-,post-,&chapterexams;writingfeedback;LMSlinkforMusicLabw/gradebooksync;accesstoPearsonMyTest

ListeningtoMusic,8thEd C.Wright

CengageLearning

MusicListening/Non-Major yes

MindTaponline;eBookversionthroughMindTapReader

Listeningexercises;activelisteningguides;

streamingmusic,YouTubevideos,iAudiolectures

Activelisteningguidesforvideoandmusiclistening

Quizzes,Beat-the-Clockgames

StudyissequencedthroughMindTapsystem

TestingthroughCognerosystem;LMSsystemwithinMindTapshowingallstudentprogress

FoundationsofMusic,Enhanced7thEd C.J.Christense

CengageLearning

MusicFundamentals yes no

Demonstrationsoftextmaterial

Musicthroughtheinteractiveguides

Computer-aidedguidesforexperiencingmelodiesfromtext;Ss createcompositionsthroughthecomputer

P

Model4Print/eBookwithonlineinteractivematerial

P

Title Authors Publisher Print eBook

Staticimages,

audio,video

Statictutorials,games,quizzes,playlists

Interactivetutorials,games,

quizzes

Personalizedadaptivelearning Assessment

OnMusicAppreciation Author(s)unknown

Connect4Education

MusicListening/Non-Major

No(printmaterialfromtheonlineversion)

Yes,butintegratedonlinew/virtualcontent

400musicpieces,video,graphiclisteningguides,composerprofiles

Integratedtext&mediawithonlinedictionary,listeningguides,interactivemaps,tests&quizzes

auto-gradedquizzesandtests

SurveyofMusicHistory Author(s)unknown

Connect4Education MusicHistory

No(printmaterialfromtheonlineversion)

Yes,butintegratedonlinew/virtualcontent

400musicpieces,video,graphiclisteningguides,composerprofiles,150scores

Integratedtext&mediawithonlinedictionary,listeningguides,interactivemaps,historicaltimelines,tests&quizzes

auto-gradedquizzesandtestsincludingmidterm&finalexams

OnMusicEducationMusicMajor Author(s)unknown

Connect4Education MusicEducation

No(printmaterialfromtheonlineversion)

Yes,butintegratedonlinew/virtualcontent

Graphics,videoofclassroomscenarios&demonstrations;glossary,musicrecordings

Textintegratedwithmediaaswellas36optionalassignments

quizzesandtestsincludingmidterm&finalexams

5.Online(abandonprint)virtualcontentwithinstructorcustomizedguidedtutorialswithintegratedvirtualcontent

D

Model5:Completelyonlinewithinteractivevirtualcontent

D

6.Online(abandonprint)contentdrivenbyartificialintelligenceforadaptiveorpersonalizedlearning

Title Authors Publisher Print eBookStaticimages,audio,video

Interactivetutorials,games,

quizzes

Personalizedadaptivelearning Assessment

Music:AnAppreciationwithSmartBook

Kamien&Mehta

McGrawHill

MusicListening yes

SpecialformatcalledSmartBook.Asasubjectismastered,SmartBookintelligentlypromptsstudentstodemonstratecommandofthematerial,providingfeedbackandhelpwhennecessary.

Graphics,videoofclassroomscenarios&demonstrations;glossary,musicrecordings

LearnSmartquizzesstudentsoncoreconceptsandidentifiesknowledgegaps,promptingstudentstowardstrengtheningweakskillsandretainingthemostimportantconcepts.

ALEKSisanadaptive,onlinelearningprogramproventoraisegrades,retention,andpassrates.

Selfassessing

D

Model6:Trueadaptivelearning:SmartBook&ALEKS

D

D

WhatareDave&PeteGoingtoDofortheir4th EditionEMT?Orwhatquestionsdowestillneedtoask?Option1

1. Determinewhat“container”oronlinetoolsourpublisherhastooffer

2. SettleforaLevel4modelwithsupplementalmusictechnologymaterialandupdatesbi-annually

3. Developa“playlist”(sotospeak)ofthird-partyonlineconceptorsoftwaretutorialsforeachsection(‘Viewports’)forthestudents and/instructortochoosefromoraddtheirown

4. Provideindustryupdatesforsoftwareandhardwarechanges

Option2

Research“container”optionsandtheroleofstudentandinstructorlearningandteachingstrategiesforfutureeditions

PD

◦ The Death of Textbooks? The Atlantic: March 7, 2015◦ Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World: Naomi S. Baron, 2015◦ Leaders Discuss Transition to Digital Textbooks: The FCC, the U.S. Department of Education & CEOs from the Digital

Education Ecosystem Announce Actions to Move U.S. Schools to Digital Textbooks. http://www.leadcommission.org/news/leaders-discuss-transition-digital-textbooks

◦ E-Reading Rises as Device Ownership Jumps. Pew Internet and American Life Project, January 16, 2014. http:// www.pewinternet.org/ 2014/ 01/ 16/ e-reading-rises-as-device-ownership-jumps.

◦ Survey on Students and Tablets 2012. Pearson Foundation (no longer exists)◦ E-textbooks flunk an early test. Rough Type, May 12, 2011 http://www.roughtype.com/?p=1478 ◦ Why digital natives prefer reading in print. Yes, you read that right. Washington Post, February 22, 2015◦ College textbook forecast: Radical change ahead. Ioanna Opidee, University Business, August 2014◦ E-textbooks Effectiveness Studied. James Madison University. Accessed 10/25/2014.

http://www.psyc.jmu.edu/ug/features/etextbooks.html◦ What works and why? Student perceptions of ‘useful’ digital technology in university teaching and learning. 2015. Hendersen,

M & Selwyn, N, & Aston, R. Studies in Higher Education. Accessed 10/25/2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1007946

Resources