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DEPARTMENT OF CIV

E-MAARATVolume 4

VIL ENGINEERINGA MAGAZINE BY

Cutting Edge Technology in Civil Engineering

R

www.tcetmumbai.in

www.tcetmumbai.in

DEPARTMENTAL VISION

“To become a department of

national relevance in the field

of Civil Engineering.”

DEPARTMENTALMISSION

The department of Civil Engineering is

committed to provide undergraduate

students with sound knowledge in the

field of civil engineering, and build in

them leadership and managerial skills

along with inculcating the culture of

lifelong learning and social sensitivity.

Anyone who has been successful and has knowledge to shareis a potential mentor.I believe that knowledge is the power to achieve anything inlife. It's always been my pleasure to be a part of the mostintricate part of valuable shares of ideas of the civildepartment.The students of civil department never fail to show theirutmost talent and creativity and always strive to achieve thebest they can. Their researches and response for the topic is sodiverse which keeps me amused of their capabilities.I am very grateful to the department for such mind evokingbudding students who are effortlessly working for betterfuture. I heartly congratulate all faculties, students and staffassociated with this departmental magazine, E-MARAAT.

“Engineers like to solve problems. If there are no problems handilyavailable, they will create their own problems.” Arising problems helps inmind boggling of the young minds. To achieve the sustainability goals wemust move ahead with technology and find solutions to it. Being Civilengineers and a part of this huge fraternity we are equally responsible forour prosperity.Hence I feel proud that my students are integrating ideas and transformingthemselves with the technology.We at TCET feel pleasure that our studentsget a golden opportunity to bless themselves by knowledge and team workby integrating everything in this magazine,Emarat.I feel honor to be a part or this as our students have given their level bestand have emerged as a sustainably developed future. Our theme this year,has made us come a long way to inspire ourselves that we are no longerslaves of old methods which were dire and time consuming. And I wouldlike to thank the mentors and editors for this brainstorming transition.The activities conducted by ASCE is remarkable. The overall developmentof our students assures me for a bright and constructive future ahead ofthese budding minds.I wish them luck and also bless them for their good work and capabilities tocome up with the magazine this year.

“The trick to having good ideas is not to sit around in glorious isolation andtry to think big thoughts. The trick is to get more parts on the table.”For brainstorming ideas it's always necessary how much you adapt yourselfwith the transforming and developing knowledge around you. Technology isrunning for achieving it's best version in every seconds. Hence, keeping atrack of it and knowing it well is very substantial. Hence on that note,I feelproud to introduce you with our wonderful magazine, our 4th edition ofEmarat. Our students have driven themselves for understanding the nature ofadaptation to the latest innovations and have considered them in themagazine.They have given their very best and have shown that what could intellectualand young minds do in this century of advanced technology.I am obliged to encourage my students and to motivate them to always live intheir zeal and enthusiasm. I wish them good luck and hope that theirhardwork and passion for building this startling magazine flourishes withflying colors.I hope that they bulit a better future with their understanding and startlingminds.

Our theme this year 'Cutting Edge Technology in Civil Engineering ',reflects our mindset of our awareness towards the advances in thetechnologies used in civil engineering. To grab in this opportunity, Iwould like to give my utmost gratitude to our mentors and our team,for working hard and dedicatedly in the creation of our magazine.It's been years and we always strive to come up with somethingdifferent and that always keeps us in bringing it something out of theleague. This year we have brainstorming articles based on research,projects as well as information regarding the development inconstruction with respect to innovations, inventions and technology.We have brought up information interviews which match with oursimilar interests.We believe that, “The road to success is always under construction"hence it's just our trial to step into the millennial advances and weshall even hope to contribute in it soon.I wish and hope that you all like our magazine this year too as always,and show your love to the hard work and passion of civil engineers.Thank you

It's our immense pleasure to put forward our fourth editionof 'Emaarat', Civil department magazine.We have always came up with the most amusing topicswhich are worth considering in the modern world. This yearwe also look forward to the advances and inventons whichhave helped the civil fraternity as a whole.I feel proud to put forth this masterpiece which will help inunderstanding future advances as well as latest technologiesused in civil engineering, better in detail.A heartfelt gratitude to our mentors who have guided usthroughout this intricate process and helped us to achievethis exclusive blend of young and intellectual minds that hasraised its bars this year as well by remarkably including ahigh range of articles relating to variety of concepts andproject based research of our students.

CONTENT

INDUSTRIALVENTURE

STUDENT'SCONTRIBUTION

CREDITS

FACULTY'SWISDOM

INDUSTRIALVENTURE

E-MAARAT

I N D U S T R I A L V E N T U R E

E - M A A R A TV O L U M E 4

AMIT VIJAY KALE

D.C.E, B.E. CIVILPRESENTLY WORKING AS SUB-ENGINEER IN MCGM.

I am interested in Civil Engineering as we know that this branch of engineeringdeals with new designs, constructions and maintenance of Buildings, Roads,Bridges, Dams, Canals, Water treatment plants, Sewage treatment plants etc. Aftercompleting my degree in civil engineering I have joined the project of Asian firsttraining centre for BSF located at Chakur village of Latur district. This projectdevelops my management skill (like management of resources-Labour, Material,and Machinery.etc) and communication skill, also I handled variety of structures likeMulti-storeyed buildings, Barracks (Hostels of BST students), Firing range, Armsstore room, etc. After one and half year I have started contractor ship in Bhosari with my friends, as I am interested in variety of works, so I have joined MunicipalCorporation Of Greater Mumbai.

TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEERINGSTUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEER.

WHAT EFFORTS DO YOU RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING HISSTUDY YEARS ,WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL WHEN HE JOINS THEINDUSTRY?

WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT ARE TRENDINGAT PRESENT?

While studying students should visit nearby ongoing sites of Buildings, Roads,Storm Water Drains, Bridges, etc. and observed various things that they havelearned theoretically its help them to improve their practical knowledge.

The answer to this question is very vast, according to me first, sustainable designsis the most significant trends now a days as demand for smart materials, smartbuildings with embedded sensors and other revolutionary technologies is giving civilengineers to innovate sustainable designs. As space is a major concern with the



While recruiting the fresher’s the employer checked the qualities likecommunication skill, management skill (Resource and time), leadership skill,commitment towards work, decision making power etc.

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARESEARCHED FOR,WHILE RECRUTING FRESHERS?

CAN YOU PLEASE EXPLAIN HOW IMPORTANT JOB EXPERIENCE IS IN THEFIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.?

WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE NEAR FUTURE?

WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?

WHY WOULD YOU SUGGEST SOMEONE TO TAKE UP CIVIL ENGINEERING?

explosive population growth smart use of space in housing which can ease thecongestion and pave way for sustainable urban development. Also the civilengineering design of the future is all about advanced materials that are largelyfocused on reducing carbon footprints and harnessing the energy that our planethas to offer. 3D printing technology can turn engineering designs into scale modelsor even real components required for building construction as this technologycurrently in the advance stage is ready to take on more complex civil engineeringchallenges involving full sized homes and bridges. Without doubt this is one of themost exciting upcoming trends in Civil Engineering.

Yeah experience is very important in any field as in civil engineering case firstdecide what you have to do to achieve satisfaction, there are lots of things that youcan perform in your career like Structural engineering OR Construction engineering,Soil and Geotechnical engineering, Bridge and Road engineering (Transportationengineering), Public health Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering etc.

According to me Civil engineering have huge scope as there are many projectsgoing on in our country (Govt. And Private), choice is depends on you what shouldyou have to do, to become employee or employer.

Be more innovative; come out from your comfort zone, be flexible and think out ofbox, take on new challenges. I would like to suggest civil engineering to students who are interested in designingand innovative ideas.



MIHIR VORA

B.E. CIVIL

Since childhood I have a tendency of learning and getting knowledge of new thingsas every other kid. But among all other things I always found construction anddesigning of building really interesting and was fascinated by looking at structureswith unique shape and design. So, after learning about the concepts and principlesof civil engineering, through my diploma and bachelor’s studies, I was amazed atthe human creation of ideas for shelter. Having known most of the theoreticalknowledge through my colleges I found every bit of it useful for practicalimplementation for the same. To be frank, it is the knowledge of civil engineeringthroughout the years that has helped me to implement and to lead my path ofsuccess.



WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT ARE TRENDING ATPRESENT?

As a person, who is currently working in industry, would suggest students to cravefor knowledge rather than marks. Over the years we have seen students to focusfor marks rather than knowledge and thus they tend to forget important things oncethe exams are over. It is the knowledge a person has that helps him to work orachieve something in the industry.

The basic aspects of civil engineering generally deals with the designing andconstruction of new roads ,bridges ,dams ,SWD drains to enhance the structure inthe developing areas and develop the stability in prevailing markets.

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARESEARCHED FOR,WHILE RECRUTING FRESHERS?As I said early it the student’s knowledge that he has and knows very well is thefirst thing that recruiters’ notices. Also, recruiters look for student’s curiosity aboutlearning new things and interest he has to mark his presence on the field.







Civil is the field that requires a lot of practical experience since the situations andthe work environment of a civil site can not be gained in a classroom. It is notedover the years that a person requires an initial amount of training period to allow hismind to apply and connect theoretical knowledge to practical work. So, I would sayexperience makes a huge difference in our field. Through time human-being have developed and innovated. In the beginninghumans would stay in caves and look now we see huge and tall buildings aroundus. Civil is the field that provides us one of our basic need out of “food, cloth andshelter”. It is a field that every human-being needs and will need in the future. Andwith skyscrapers around the corner I believe there will be a lot of demand for uscivil engineer for coming years.

I m not that experienced enough to give u all advice but only few request to you all'PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE IS AS PROPORTIONATE TO STUDIES' without fieldknowledge the knowledge u have gained from books are incomplete so try learningas much as u can from field so that u can compare your bookish knowledge with theouter world .

WHAT ACCORDING TO YOU ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS INTHE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TILL NOW?

From my point of view I guess,RCC members,Rebars, Prestressed concrete,Cranes, TBM machines,Suspension bridges,Overhang Bridges and many othertools and equipments required in day to day life cycle in field of civil engineering

Civil engineering is a course which has vast diversity in it.As people say every dayis a new learning ,the technology and inventions are gonna reach the greatest peakin a few years so opt for a civil engineering and make your future a better world tolive in.



MEET RAWAL

B.E. CIVIL

Hmm, I would not call myself as a “Successful Civil Engineer” since I have juststarted my career into the Civil Engineering field. My journey till date is although aninteresting one. I being from a Diploma background, I had a vision & direction whichhas led me far more than even I had thought of. Success in this field can never beachieved in a single life. By this statement, I mean to say that one cannot exploreall the domains of civil engineering in his/her one single life.




Learn – Apply – Learn – Repeat. As a Core Engineering Student, it is must for youto learn 1st, apply it to have a perception of it 2nd, learn again from the mistakesthat led to undesirable results 3rd & then repeat the cycle again to master your corecompetencies about Civil Engineering.

One can go on with a varied range of topics in Civil Engineering which are coveredin different domains as well as some are multi-domain topics. Some of the latesttrends which are prevailing in the industry are as follows: -1. Lean Construction.2. Building Information Modelling (BIM).3. GST & its effects to Construction Industry.4. RERA & its effects to Construction Industry.5. Modern Transit System in Urban Cities.6. AI in Construction Industry.7. Repairs & Maintenance of Heritage Structures.8. Irrigation through green approach.These are a few I have gone through till date, but its not limited to these only, youcan just browse through the internet for enhancing your curiosity quotient.





I personally don’t feel you need a Job Experience to be a good civil engineer. Dowe need job experience to do the daily task we do for us for others? Its just thatwhen you work for a organization, you get a different perspective of observingthings, getting to work under pressure conditions, building up that humble naturewhich is much required in civil engineering.

Okay, this is something which I asked before getting into engineering & aftergraduation as well. Not only Civil Engineering, but, even Mechanical & ElectricalEngineering have a way more required scope in a developing economy like India.There is a myth among the students that there’s no scope after engineering. It’snothing like that, rather putting it differently, the skill set required for the Core

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARESEARCHED FOR,WHILE RECRUTING FRESHERS?This is something interesting to talk upon, tell me that you are running your CulturalCommittee at the college or leading your group in the Project assigned to you in theCollege. What all qualities would you expect from yourself as well as from yourteam members to achieve the objectives or the purpose for which that team wasformed? Its similar in case of all the organization as well, they don’t seek somethingout of the box in a fresher, but the basic skill set which they feel is enough for theperson to get on board to align his/her goals with the organizational goals arerequired by any organization all over the globe. While if you wish to name me a fewI would say: -1. Hard Working in alignment with Smart Working.2. Curious.3. Enthusiastic.4. Feel for the problem.5. Diligent.6. Pragmatic.7. Self-Starter individual rather than a Kick Starter individual. (A much-required skill) Ha-ha.8. Patience.9. Receptive to new experiences/people/approach.





Keep learning more than your caliber & then one day you will earn more than yourcaliber is what I will advise to the young minds.


Let it be any invention in any industry, it is important as it leads to introduction ifsafety & comfort in our lives, so each and every invention is essential for us. Now ifI get back to the question, you can browse through the internet & then explore indepths about the invention you feel is exciting you.

Yes for sure, India is on its peak in terms of development of infrastructure as well ashousing development, so there is an ever-increasing demand of skilled civilengineer for the next three decades. Even when India attains the developed countrytag, there will always be an ever-increasing demand of civil engineers in thedomains of facilities, services & maintenance.

Branch is more than the other engineering disciplines, so it is difficult for the youngminds to fetch opportunities due to a lot of turbulence in the industry. So as afresher keep exploring the initial two years after graduation to gain those skillsetsand then enjoy this beautiful journey.



TEJ PATEL

B.E. CIVIL



First of all, basic concepts should be clear. Try to understand derivations ofimportant concepts. During vacations join internship so that theoretical knowledgecan be corelated with ongoing practice in field.

As I live in Mumbai, I can say that Transportation Engineering is in full fledge. Asmajor Infrastructure projects like Mumbai Metro & Coastal Road are ongoing &proposed respectively.

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARESEARCHED FOR,WHILE RECRUTING FRESHERS?Recruiters look at student who is confident and particular toward his work & howmuch technical knowledge he/ she has.

CAN YOU PLEASE EXPLAIN HOW IMPORTANT JOB EXPERIENCE IS IN THEFIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.?Everyday Civil Engineer learns new things even from his subordinates, so as longas he/ she remains in field more knowledge & experience to tackle differentsituation can be gained.

WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE NEAR FUTURE?Civil Engineering is evergreen field, for overall development of city or country it isimportant. As there are upcoming Mega projects like Coastal Road, Mumbai Metro& other High Rise Buildings in Mumbai there will be demand of Civil Engineering





Civil Engineering is very vast field, so it is my advice to choose one area of his/ herinterest and give it best.


There are lot of Inventions but as far as my knowledge Modular Construction forspeedy construction & BIM (Building Information Modelling) for execution ofcomplex projects smoothly are important innovations.

As there is vast scope for Infrastructure Development in India, this is one reason Iwould recommend to take up Civil Engineering

FACULTY'SWISDOM

E-MAARAT

F A C U L T Y ' S W I S D O M


COST ANALYSISE OF CONCRETE BYPARTIAL REPALACEMENT OF CEMENT

PROF. GHANSHYAM PAL

Concrete has basic naturally, cheaply and easilyavailable ingredients as cement, sand, aggregate andwater. After the water, cement is second most usedmaterial in the world. But this rapid production ofcement creates two big environmental problems forwhich we have to find out civil engineering solutions.First environmental problem is emission of CO2 in theproduction process of the cement. We know that CO2emission is very harmful which creates lots ofenvironmental changes whatsoever.Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product for manufacture of pig iron and obtainedthrough rapid cooling by water or quenching moltenslag. Here the molten Slage is produced which isinstantaneously tapped and quenched by water. Thisrapid quenching of molten slag facilitates formation of“Granulated slag”. Ground Granulated Blast furnaceSlag (GGBS) is processed from Granulated slag. Flyash is one of the residues created during thecombustion of coal in coal-fired power plants. Fineparticles rise with flue gasses and are collected withfilter bags or electrostatic precipitators. Silica Fume isa finely-divided mineral admixture, available in bothuncompact and compacted forms. This ultra-finematerial will better fill voids between cement particlesand result in a very dense concrete with highercompressive strengths and extremely lowpermeability.Granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-productfor manufacture of pig iron and obtained through rapidcooling by water or quenching molten slag. Here themolten slag is produced which is instantaneouslytapped and quenched by water. This rapid quenchingof molten slag facilitates formation of “Granulatedslag”.

IntroductionGround Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) isprocessed from Granulated slag. Fly ash is one of theresidues created during the combustion of coal in coal-fired power plants. Fine particles rise with flue gassesand are collected with filter bags or electrostaticprecipitators. Silica Fume is a finely-divided mineraladmixture, available in both uncompact and compactedforms. This ultra-fine material will better fill voidsbetween cement particles and result in a very denseconcrete with higher compressive strengths andextremely low permeability

ResultCompressive strength test on cube: cube compressiontest was performed on standard cubes of plain size150mm x 150 mmx 150mm at 28 days of immersion inwater for curing. 1. QUANTITY & COST FOR NINE (09) CUBE FORTHE TESTING (20G:10F:10Si) ie 60% CONSTANTCEMENTTOTAL QUANTITY = 0.0513 M3CEMENT IN KG = 16.77 KGSAND IN KG = 24.65 KGAGGREGATE IN KG = 15.93 KG(M1) 15.93 KG(M2)TOTAL AGGREGATE = 31.86 KGCOST FOR THE SAND = 24.65 X 1.32= 32.53 Rs. Ie 33.00 RsCOST FOR THE AGGREGATE = 31.86 X 1.1 = 35.046Rs. Ie 36 Rs.COST FOR CEMENT IN (20:10:10) CASE ie60%constant cement.Total weight of cement =16.77 kgBut 60% cement =0.6 x 16.77 = 10.062 kg



Hence cost of cement (20:10:10) = 10.062 x 8 =80.496 Rs ie 81.00 Rs.REMAINING 40% HAVE ( 20% GGBS, 10% FLY-ASH,10% SILIKA- FUME)20% GGBS = 0.2 X16.77 = 3.354 KGCOST FOR GGBS = 3.354 x 2.90 = 9.7266 Rs.10% FLY-ASH = 0.1 X 16.77= 1.677 KGCOST FOR FKY- ASH = 1.677 X 2.75 = 4.611Rs.10% SILIKA- FUME = 0.1 X 16.77 = 1.677 KGCOST FOR SILIKA- FUME = 1.677 X 25 = 41.92 Rs.Hence total cost for material for (20:10:10)replacement= 33+36.00+ 81.00 + 9.7266 + 4.611 + 41.92= 206.2626 Rs. ( for 20:10:10)Hence total cost / m34020.66 Rs. / m32. QUANTITY & COST FOR NINE (09) CUBE FORTHE TESTING (10G:10F:10Si) ie 70%CONSTANT CEMENT. TOTAL QUANTITY = 0.0513 M3CEMENT IN KG = 16.77 KGSAND IN KG = 24.65 KGAGGREGATE IN KG = 15.93 KG(M1) 15.93 KG(M2)TOTAL AGGREGATE =31.86KGCOST FOR THE SAND = 24.65 X 1.32= 32.53 Rs. ie33.00 RsCOST FOR THE AGGREGATE = 31.86 X 1.1 =35.046 Rs. Ie 36 Rs.COST FOR CEMENT IN (20:10:10) CASE ie 70%constant cementTotal weight of cement =16.77 kgBut 70% cement =0.7x16.77 = 11.739 kgHence cost of cement (10:10:10) = 11.739 x 8 = 93.912 Rs ie 94.00 Rs.REMAINING 30% HAVE ( 10% GGBS, 10% FLY-ASH,10% SILICA- FUME)10% GGBS = 0.1 X16.77 = 1.677 KGCOST FOR GGBS = 1.677 x 2.90 = 4.8633 Rs.10% FLY-ASH = 0.1 X 16.77= 1.677 KGCOST FOR FLY- ASH = 1.677 X 2.75 = 4.611Rs.10% SILICA- FUME = 0.1 X 16.77 = 1.677 KGCOST FOR SILICA- FUME = 1.677 X 25 = 41.92 Rs.

Hence total cost for material for (10:10:10)replacement= 33.00 +36.00 + 94 + 4.8633 + 4.611 + 41.92 = 214.3943Rs. Hence total cost / m3 4179.22 Rs./ m3

Comparing Both (20G:10F:10Si) & (10G:10F:10Si)the Replacement cost and strength.i) Hence Preferably (20% GGBS : 10%Fly-Ash : 10%Silica-Fume) are accepted.ii) Having 60% Constant Cement Replacement InThe Presence Of GGBS, Fly-Ash & Silica-Fume IsOptimum.iii) Since The Cost Is Less And Strength Is Verymuch acceptable, Also cost saving of 158.56 Rs /M3

Conclusion



STABILIZATION OF SUB GRADE SOILAND ITS BENEFITS IN TERM OFPAVEMENT RESPONSE

PROF. SWAPNIL RAUT

Soil stabilization is one of the ground improvementtechniques to improve certain natural properties of subgrade soils to meet the engineering purpose. Thetechnique has been widely recommended for theconstruction of various layers of the pavements.Unstable soils can create significant problems forpavements or structures. Effective utilization of localweak soils by imparting additional strength usingstabilization materials enable reduction in constructioncost and improved performance of pavement. Soil thatcontains high volume of silt is very unstable becauseof its low strength, low bearing capacity and higherfrost susceptibility. When this type of soils, associatedwith high water contents are used for sub grades,there will be upward movement of water and willcause the soil to freeze during winter and thaw inspring. These cycles of alternate freezing and thawingdestroys pavements. In order to prevent this situationan appropriate method of stabilization need to beadopted. The structural and functional performancesof flexible pavement sections are highly dependent onthe subsoil conditions. When the sub grade soil andthe overlying layers provide adequate support for thetraffic loads, the pavement gives satisfactory servicein the design period.

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Effect of stabilizers on failure stressUnconfined compression test specimens were preparedin a split mould of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height.The unstabilized and stabilized samples were preparedsimilar to that of CBR sample and tested in UCS testingmachine. Total 13 numbers of samples were tested anddata analyzed.

Finite Element ModelingFinite element method was employed for the analysis ofthe pavement section resting on unstabilized as well asstabilized subgrade soil. The multilinear isotropic elasto-plastic hardening model defining the constitutiverelationship of the material involved was incorporated.The pavement section was modeled as a 2-Daxisymmetric problem and 8-noded structural solidelement was used for the analysis. The stressesand deformations within the pavement section andvertical strain at the top of the subgrade were captured.

Identified soil from Taloja phase I region of NaviMumbai, India and three types of stabilizers i.e. hydratedlime, class F fly ash and polypropylene fibers wereselected for the present study. Primary engineering testswere conducted



A five layer flexible pavement system as shown in aboveFig 2 was modeled and analyzed. Pressure equal tosingle axle wheel load has been assumed to be appliedat the surface and distributed over a circular area ofradius 15 cm. For application of FEM in the pavementanalysis, the layered system of infinite extent is reducedto an approximate sizewith finite dimension. The right hand boundary isprovided at 110 cm from outer edge of the loaded area,which is more than 7 times loaded area. Roller supportsare provided along the axis of symmetry to achieve thecondition that both shear stresses and radialdisplacements are equal to zero. Similarly,the rollers supports are provided along the rightboundary which was placed sufficiently far away from theloaded area so as to have a negligible deflection in theradial direction. At the bottom boundary, roller supportswere provided, permitting free movement in the radialdirection and a restraint to any movement in the verticaldirection. Thickness of each layer of model abovesubgrade was decided based on CBR of unstabilizedsubgrade soil for traffic intensity of 50 msa. Theconfinement in pavement due to shoulder andsurrounding soil is in the range of 26 to 40 kPa. Also, thesubgrade soil assumed to be saturated and have lowpermeability. Therefore, under traffic loading, thesubgrade soil behaves in undrained manner (Chandra S,Mehndirata HC 2002). Hence, undrained triaxial testswere carried out on unstabilized and stabilized subgradesoil at confining pressure of 40 kPa. The deviator stresswith axial strain was plotted and tangent to initial portionof curve is taken as initial tangent modulus. Also,(Nagrale P et al, 2008)reported the initial tangent modulus of other pavementlayers. These values were taken as input parameter infinite element modeling.

Mixed Incremental- IterativeAlgorithm for Nonlinear Analysis

This algorithm combines the advantages of bothincremental and iterative schemes. External load isapplied incrementally and after each load increment,successive iterations are performed to achieveequilibrium.Case I - Keeping Base thickness as 250 mm andDBM thickness of 115 mm, the subbase thicknesswas varied from 300 mm for unstabilized pavementsection and verticalcompressive strain at top of subgrade was captured.Case II - Keeping the subbase thickness as 300 mmand DBM thickness 115 mm, the base thickness wasvaried from 250 mm and vertical compressive strain attop of the subgrade was captured. Similar runs weremade for the pavement sections resting on lime, flyash and fibre stabilized subgrade.

This algorithm combines the advantages of bothincremental and iterative schemes. External load isapplied incrementally and after each load increment,successive iterations are performed to achieveequilibrium.

From the present study it is observed that mechanisticapproach of stabilization of subgrade soil and itsevaluation of benefits in term of pavement response isa valuable tool for design of flexible pavement.Following important conclusions are drawn from thepresent study.· Based on CBR test result and UCS test result, theoptimum quantity of lime, fly ash and fibre found to be4.5 %, 10 % and 0.5 % by dry weight of soilrespectively.· C.B.R value of subgrade soil was increased from4.67 to 15.91, 8.13 and 8.47 % due to lime, fly ash andfibre stabilization respectively.· The value of vertical compressive strain at the top ofsubgrade soil decreases from 1131.4 microstrains to898.33, 988.67 and 1009.1 microstrains when soil isstabilized withoptimum percentage of lime, fly ash andfibre respectively.· Vertical compressive strain, stress and deformationgoes on increasing as the layer thickness decreases.· Lime stabilization technique of the subgrade soil ismore effective as compared to fly ash and fibrestabilization.

Conclusion


STUDYING PROJECT MANAGEMENTSYSTEM FOR MUMBAI METRO

As the ci ty of Mumbai is undergoingtremendous infrastructural development andMumbai Metro is going to be an iconicproject being undertaken by the government.We intend to work on studying someimportant aspects of Construct ionManagement such as Studying ProjectManagement System, Risk and ValueAnalysis. Further we also intend to do a r iskassessment and measures taken for r iskmit igat ion of Mumbai metro and also thecost assessment and overheads caused dueto delays and the measures taken tominimize the impact of such delays so thatproject is completed on scheduled t ime. Asthe project is under construct ion r ight nowthere would have been many such delaysand steps would already have been taken tomit igate the impact of such delays causeddue to unforeseen factors l ike rains. MumbaiMetro is a rapid t ransi t system serving theci ty of Mumbai Maharashtra. The system isdesigned to reduce traf f ic congest ion in theci ty, and supplement the overcrowdedMumbai suburban Rai lway network. I t isbeing bui l t in three phases over a 15-yearper iod, wi th overal l complet ion expectedin2021. When completed, the core systemwil l comprise eight high-capaci ty metrorai lway l ines, spanning a total of 200ki lometers (120 mi) (20% underground, therest elevated, wi th a minuscule port ion bui l tat-grade), and serviced by 169 stat ions.

Abstract Introduction

Need to Study

Metro 7 of the Mumbai Metro is part of themetro system for the city of Mumbai, India.The 33.5 km (20.8 mi) l ine is elevatedpartially. (16.475 km (10.237 mi) section underconstruction, and 13.5 km (8.4 mi) sectionapproved) and partially underground (3.5 km(2.2 mi) underground section approved), andconsists of 29 (14 elevated underconstruction, 12 elevated approved and 3underground approved) stations, stretchingfrom Golden Nest, Bhayander in the north toCSIA T2 in the south.Contracts for Line 7. Thefollowing is the division of construction workaccording to area

Metro l ine 7 is a mega construction projectwith an expected budget of 6208 cr. It is notpossible that a project of this magnitude takesplace without the proper management.Construction management is therefore animportant tool for successful management ofany project. This leads to safety of theworkers involved, efficient use of the money,faster revenue generation and timelycompletion of the project.


-PROF. ARPIT VYAS

Contruction Management- Proper management ofconstruction work can be done by givingimportance to Risk, Cost and Schedule. The studyof this professional service with the help ofspecialized management technique will help tooversee the planning, design, and construction ofa project from start to end.


objective is to study the same and learndifferent ways of identifying and mitigatingthe impact of riskScheduling: To make sure that a project is completed ontime, it is necessary to prepare a schedule.First step for preparing a schedule is toidentify all the activities involved. Then, aprecedence relationship based on theseactivities is prepared. Once that is done, wecan find out a critical path which issingularly responsible for determining theduration of a project. It is also necessary toallocate all the resources (manpower,equipment and materials) and determiningthe cost required for each day.Once theschedule is prepared, it is handed over tothe execution team or to the contractor (incase a different company is given the jobfor construction management) so that theactual work starts. We can identify if thereis any delay by looking at the schedule anddetermining the work that should have beencompleted according to the schedule. ForMetro Line 7, construction managementwork has been handed over to threeconsultancy companies: AICA, Italferr andAyesa. We plan to study the method andsoftware by which schedule for Line 7 hasbeen prepared and also to compare thesame with the modern and recent softwaresused around the world for the same. Cost Assessment: Construction cost assessment during bidpreparation is the most tedious andresponsible stage.Evaluators have to takeinto account a multitude of various factorsaffecting construction cost. They include thefollowing in case of the conventionalconstruction pattern: the chosen methodsand technologies of facility construction;options of construction provision with


Risk Assessment: The r isk is a measurable par t ofuncerta inty, for which we are able toest imate the occurrence probabi l i ty and thesize of damage. The r isk is assumed as adeviat ion f rom the desi red level . I t can beposi t ive or , which most of ten happens, i tcan be negat ive. Therefore, the r isksanalys is is so important for pro jectselect ion and coordinat ion of construct ionwork. The r isk analys is is regarded as theanalys is of adverse events even at thestage of p lanning and programming of aconstruct ion pro ject .Risk Analys is a ims to answer three mainquest ions: What is the worst th ing that can happen?Likel ihood of the occurrenceImpact of the occurrence. . Risk analys is involves three main steps 1) Ident i f icat ion of r isk: This is the f r is ts tep in r isk analys is . In order to tackle ormi t igate the impact of any future advers i ty ,i t is important to f i rs t ident i fy that r isk.There are many types of r isks in aconstruct ion pro ject . Some of them arepol i t ica l r isk, market r isk, economical r isk,contractual r isk, envi ronmental r isk,technical r isketc. Once ident i f ied, s tepscan then be taken to mi t igate the impact .2) Assesment of r isk: This step involvesanalys ing the impact of a l l the r isk. I t helpsto ident i fy more severe and important r isks.3) Al lo tment of r isk: Af ter the f i rs twosteps, r isk are then a l lo ted to respect ivepart ies which can tackle a par t icu lar r isk. As metro is a b ig government pro ject , a l lth is would a l ready have been done and our

Methodology


Gantt Bar Chart: A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates aproject schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the startand finish dates of the terminal elements andsummary elements of a project. Figure above isthe gantt bar chart for metro line 7. It tells us aboutthe work remaining after june 2017.First columntells us about all the activities or task name.second column tells us about the scope or the totalunites of that particular activity. thirsd column tellsus about the unit for the activity. Fourth columntells us about the work already completed till June17 and the following column tells us about thebalance of work remaining. From the data abovewe can say that casting of the piles is the activitywhich has most number of units to be completedafter june 17 and this is very important as all thefollowing activity depends on this. Extent of theBlue line against an activity indicates the month tillwhich therespective activity is to be completed andthe number above the blue line in each monthindicates the units scheduled to be completed inthat month.


machinery and mechanisms, labour and materialresources; conditions of payment for executed worksand supplied resources, which affect the formation offinancial flows during construction. We intend to studythe same in metro project and also applying EarnedValue Management technique if possible. EVM:It is a powerful tool for monitoring and controlling theproject, It is one tool which can be used to determinethe performance of the project and to check theprogress made by the construction project. Frequentgeneration of EVM reports results in better controllingof the project and compels a construction manager tothink about path to be chosen to minimize the impactin case of a delay. EVM also tells us whether theprject is overrun by cost or not. This techniquecompares the actual work performed with the value ofwork scheduled to be performed at a particular stageof the project. Here all the values are in terms of onebasic unit that is money. Since, the unit of all theactivities is not same, it is necessary to convert thescheduled work and work performed in terms ofmoney. EVM is an important tool and is already usedextensively in developed countries like USA, UK andJapan. Success of a project is determined by the costused and cost used also depends on the amount ofdelay. If there is a delay in a project, additional costwill be used up to minimize the impact of the same.Thus, EVM is an important tool which tells about thesame and steps can then be taken to avoid hugeoverheads or delay. DATA ANALYSISScheduling:The above is a part of the schedule for metro line 7. Itshows duration of each activity performed and it alsoshows the location of each pile.


Essential practical knowledge is needed forapplication of Project Management System in thismega project. Risk mitigation is also an importanttool for this project. In addition, application of theconcept of Earned Value Management which isfairly new in the industry. The use of ProjectManagement System will help in minimizing theimpact of delay in this project. To make the projectefficient proper scheduling is required which wasdone is usually done by software like MicrosoftProject and Primavera. Microsoft project has beenused in extensively for planning Mumbai MetroPhase 2. FOR MMRDAThe Mumbai Metropolitan Region DevelopmentAuthority is finding ways to deal with the increaseof population in the financial capital of the country.The world is moving ahead with technologicaladvancements and hence it is necessary toimprove the transit systems for the citizens tosave time and money . The growth in populationhas led to many difficulties for the authorities forefficient transport system in the island city. Thus,Mumbai Metro project will help in reduction oftraffic on the Western Express Highway which isalways busy with traffic. The project will also helpin reduction of fuel emission and will help inconservation of energy and time. Services suchas Mumbai Metro also help in reduction ofpollution in a drastic manner. We as students aregoing to help the authorities in preparing a Riskregister and are also going to suggest riskmitigation strategies.

Outcome


S Curve: It is defined as curve of cumulative project cost plottedagainst time, which typically follows the shape of theletter "S": the beginning represents a slow, butaccelerating start, while the end represents adeceleration as the project approaches to an end. TheS curve can be considered as an indicator of goalsachieved, baseline, cost, time etc. The above graph isbased on the schedule of metro line 7. Y axisindicates the money spent in crores and x axis isrepresented by the months in 2017. This graph tellsus about the cost to be used in each month based onthe schedule.

Resource Allocation Chart : The above chart tells us about the resource allocatedfor a particular activity each month. First column tellsus about the activity. 2nd column indiactes unit of thatactivity. Third column indicates productivity per monthper unit. And, the fifth column indicates max quantityin a partivular month.


BLIND SPOT- THE REASON BEHINDTHE ACCIDENTS ON HIGHWAYS

E v e r y w e e k n e a r l y 2 , 6 5 0 p e o p l e g e tk i l l e d a n d 9 , 0 0 0 g e t i n j u r e d d u e t o t r a f f i ca c c i d e n t s . I n 2 0 1 3 , l a t e s t y e a r f o r w h i c hd a t a i s a v a i l a b l e , 1 3 7 , 4 2 3 p e o p l e d i e da n d 4 6 9 , 9 0 0 p e o p l e g o t i n j u r e d d u e t or o a d a c c i d e n t s i n I n d i a . I n d i a i s t h e o n l yc o u n t r y i n t h e w o r l d w h i c h f a c e s m o r et h a n 1 5 f a t a l i t i e s a n d 5 3 i n j u r i e s e v e r yh o u r a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f r o a d c r a s h e s .I f t h e t r e n d c o n t i n u e s , t h e t o t a l n u m b e ro f r o a d t r a f f i c d e a t h s i n I n d i a w o u l di n c r e a s e b y 1 0 0 % b e t w e e n 2 0 1 3 a n d2 0 2 7 . W i t h o u t i n c r e a s e d e f f o r t s a n d n e wi n i t i a t i v e s , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f r o a dt r a f f i c d e a t h s i n I n d i a i s l i k e l y t o c r o s st h e m a r k o f 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 b y 2 0 2 5 .C a u s e - w i s e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r o a d a c c i d e n t si n I n d i a i n 2 0 1 3 s h o w s t h a t d r i v e r s ’ f a u l ti s t h e s i n g l e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o rr e s p o n s i b l e f o r a c c i d e n t s . D r i v e r s ’ f a u l ta c c o u n t e d f o r 7 8 % o f t o t a l a c c i d e n t s ,7 6 . 5 % o f t o t a l i n j u r i e s a n d 7 3 . 7 % o f t o t a lf a t a l i t i e s i n 2 0 1 3 . T h i s 7 8 p e r c e n t o fd r i v e r s f a u l t i n c l u d e s o v e r s p e e d i n g ,i n t a k e o f a l c o h o l , d r u g s , o v e r l o a d i n g a n do v e r c r o w d i n g a n d o t h e r s . M a n y r o a d a c c i d e n t s a r e c a u s e d e a c h y e a r b y ad r i v e r f a i l i n g t o s e e t h a t t h e r e i s a c a r i nh i s b l i n d s p o t . A b l i n d s p o t i s a p l a c e i n e i t h e r l a n ea d j a c e n t t o t h e o n e b e i n g d r i v e n i n a t a na p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 - d e g r e e a n g l e t o t h ed r i v e r w h e r e n e i t h e r t h e s i d e v i e w o rr e a r - v i e w m i r r o r p i c k s u p t h e p r e s e n c e o fa n o t h e r m o t o r v e h i c l e . ( R e f e r F i g u r e )


-PROF. PRITESH BHANNA



Most accidents involv ing Mult i Axle Vehiclebecause the Mult i Axle Vehicle has severallarge bl ind spots and the dr iver of a smal lermotor vehic le operator unaware of the bigr ig ’s unique safety requirements.A motor ist to be aware of th is and nevertravel or at tempt to pass a Mult i AxleVehicle on the r ight, even in s low-movingtraf f ic. Avoiding bl ind spot accidents thereare several safety t ips to help a dr iverminimize the chances of being involved in abl ind spot accident. Bl ind spots exist for al lb ig t rucks, including dump trucks, garbagetrucks, tanker t rucks and tractor- t rai lers. First is to dr ive within the speed l imitdesigned to maximize a dr iver ’s abi l i ty toavoid potent ia l col l is ions. Second is to know that other dr ivers havebl ind spots also and minimize the t ime spentin them to only a br ief second whi le passing.Also, do a physical head check to make surethat another dr iver t ravel ing in the bl ind spotcan be seen.

STUDENT'SCONTRIBUTION

E-MAARAT

S T U D E N T ' S C O N T R I B U T I O N


AUGMENTED REALITY FORARCHITECTS AND CIVIL ENGINEERS

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that allows you to superimpose computer-generated images created in CAD or building information modeling (BIM) softwareonto a users view of the real world, which creates a composite or augmented view.The building and street are real, but the underground pipes are computer models.This “virtual excavation” is an example of augmented reality. We saw how AR can be used in CAD and manufacturing. A brief history ofaugmented reality technology dates back to the 1950s when Morton Heilig wasdesigning the Sensorama Stimulator. This led to augmented reality in themainstream in the 1990s, with the popular application of virtual first-down andscrimmage lines in live football games on television. Revenue forecasts for the technology show a potential for $1 billion this year butshoot up to $120 billion by 2020. Considering that AR is already touching so manydifferent industries, such as archaeology, art, commerce, education, fashion,gaming, medical, military, navigation, sports, television and other entertainment,the forecast is easy to believe. For comparison, the global fast food industrygenerates around $570 billion in revenue. Augmented reality is no longer science fiction. Within the last few years, this hasall become possible with the appropriate CAD software, 3D data from that software,a smartphone or tablet with a camera and the right amount of computing power.With this technology, you point your device (which includes a camera) on an objectin the real world while computers add (augment), align and scale the 3D modelswith your view. The computer models appear in the real world, where they would beif completed. A “target,” often a printed QR code, is used to sync the location of thedigital 3D data with the real world. You can walk around the object and look up ordown, just as you would if it was there in real life. In addition to smart phones and tablets, recent advancements in technology haveadded an additional option for augmented reality viewing. Head-mounted displayscan be modified to utilize see-through glasses or goggles that can project imagesover what you are looking at in real life. The Microsoft HoloLens, Google Cardboardand the ODG R-7 smartglasses are just a few examples.

-KEERTHANA NAMBIAR



BACTERIA-BASED SELF-HEALING CONCRETE

A typical durabi l i ty-related phenomenon in many concrete construct ions iscrack format ion. Whi le larger cracks hamper structural integr i ty, a lso smal lersub-mi l l imeter s ized cracks may resul t in durabi l i ty problems as part icular lyconnected cracks increase matr ix permeabi l i ty. Ingress water and chemicalscan cause premature matr ix degradat ion and corrosion of embedded steelreinforcement. As regular manual maintenance and repair of concrete construct ions is cost lyand in some cases not at a l l possible, inclusion of an autonomous sel f -heal ing repair mechanism would be highly benef ic ia l as i t could both reducemaintenance and increase mater ia l durabi l i ty. Therefore, wi thin the Delf tCentre for Mater ia ls at the Delf t Universi ty of Technology, the funct ional i ty ofvar ious sel f heal ing addi t ives is invest igated in order to develop a newgenerat ion of sel f -heal ing concretes. In the present study the crack heal ingcapaci ty of a speci f ic bio-chemical addi t ive, consist ing of a mixture of v iablebut dormant bacter ia and organic compounds packed in porous expanded claypart ic les, was invest igated. Microscopic techniques in combinat ion with permeabi l i ty tests revealed thatcomplete heal ing of cracks occurred in bacter ia l concrete and only part ly incontrol concrete. The mechanism of crack heal ing in bacter ia l concretepresumably occurs through metabol ic conversion of calc ium lactate to calc iumcarbonate what resul ts in crack-seal ing. This bio- chemical ly mediated process resul ted in ef f ic ient seal ing of sub-mi l l imeter s ized (0.15 mm width) cracks. I t is expected that fur therdevelopment of th is new type of sel f -heal ing concrete wi l l resul t in a moredurable and moreover sustainable concrete which wi l l be part icular ly sui tedfor appl icat ions in wet environments where reinforcement corrosion tends toimpede durabi l i ty of t radi t ional concrete construct ions.

- PARTH TAMBOLI



HOW DRONES ARE ADVANCING CIVILENGINEERING AND SURVEYING

Drones are everywhere. High pr iced and low, they're the decade’s new toy. I fyou have one, you f launt i t . I f you don' t , you want one. Regardless, there's nodoubt that they are also real ly making their presence fel t throughout industr ia lappl icat ions. From real estate to gol f ing and farming, they chal lenge users tocome up with new ideas.Unmanned aer ial vehic les (UAVs), including drones, provide invaluable helpand cost savings with wide views of inaccessible and otherwise di f f icul t andtough to navigate locat ions. I t sends back a ful l image of the terr i tory toteams planning logist ics for next steps.Overviews reveal assets and chal lenges, as wel l as the broad lay of the land.They indicate best access and concerning hazards. The overhead perspect iveand 360° panoramas relay a real- t ime scenario. And, wi th th is input,engineer ing teams can pr ior i t ize their approaches. Operators can share theimaging with personnel on si te, in headquarters and with sub-contractors.Planners can meet v i r tual ly to discuss project t iming, equipment needs andchal lenges presented by the terrain.Surveying Drones mean a quantum leap for surveying. They provide eyes thatcan reach and hover above speci f ic s i tes. Their height and cameras can beadjusted remotely. And, equipped with sensors, they can measure, t ransmitand store data.Global posi t ioning has created greater interest in Geographical Informat ionSystems (GIS). According to Drone Analyst , “GIS professionals provide a widevar iety of land-related services l ike ident i fy ing property boundaries,subdividing land, and surveying construct ion si tes for placement of bui ld ings.They also produce topographic and hydrographic maps, volumetr iccalculat ions for stockpi les, and f lood insurance maps, among other services.”Other benef i ts to surveying with drones include:Disrupt ion- The drone operator can work from a considerable distance and notworry about natural or art i f ic ia l barr iers to the sight l ines.Imagery - Images are high resolut ion and serve a var iety of users. They canbe transmit ted, shared and pr inted. Software can turn them into topographicalmaps, heat maps and more.Risk- Drones present no safety r isk for the operator and el iminates r isks toground and air personnel.Environment- Battery-operated, drones produce no toxic fumes

-VICKY GUPTA



PLASTIC ROADS

The world’s product ion industr ies have generated tremendous amounts of economicgrowth since the 1800s, but the industr ia l izat ion of c i t ies has also led to s igni f icantchal lenges such as overcrowding and extreme pol lut ion. Because urbanenvironments are of ten home to many industr ia l faci l i t ies, people come to the ci tyseeking employment, but large metropol i tan hubs are running out of space to housetheir residents. With overcrowding, resource demands are increased, and as ci t iesgrow, urban environments may face more pressure in their at tempts to provide largeurban populat ions with sustainable support ive infrastructures l ike food, water, andsafe roads. Advanced civ i l engineers are needed now more than ever to providesolut ions to these cr i t ical issues; below are several developing innovat ions current lybeing used around the world to improve socio-environmental sustainabi l i ty.As aresponse to massive local waste and plast ic pol lut ion within their country, India’sgovernment began exper iment ing with plast ic roads dur ing the ear ly 2000s, wi thwaste plast ic being used as a construct ion mater ia l . An ear ly report by India’sCentral Pol lut ion Control Board discovered that even af ter four years of use,Jambul ingam Street in Chennai—one of the f i rst p last ic roads—had not sustainedmuch damage. The board ci ted that no potholes, rut t ing, ravel ing, or edge f laws werediscovered dur ing the evaluat ion. This level of performance attracted the interests oflocal governments, who were looking to r id the Tamil Nadu region’s urbanenvironments of the discarded shopping bags, foam packaging, and otherunrecyclable plast ic products that l i t ter the streets. As of 2015, any Indian ci ty wi th apopulat ion of at least 500,000 is required to construct their roads using waste plast icas a core mater ia l , in ef forts to promote greater pol lut ion control and environmentalsustainabi l i ty for Indian communit ies. Al though the concept of using waste plast ic in roads is st i l l in i ts ear ly stages, wi thvery few plast ic roads current ly exist ing in the Western world, c iv i l engineer ingresearchers in countr ies l ike the United Kingdom and the United States are workingto design new technologies to support the safe implementat ion of waste plast ic inroad construct ion. One such development involves convert ing waste plast ics intosmal l bal ls that, when combined with asphalt or other common road components,create a strong, permeable surface that features hol low spaces that al low stormwaterto seep through the road and more ef fect ively recharge groundwater.Transi t ioning to the use of plast ic roads wi l l lead to more manageable plast ic wasteand potent ia l ly, safer roads, but there are st i l l some concerns regarding hazards thataccompany plast ic roads as they age. As these roads gradual ly deter iorate due toheat and l ight, they may dissolve into micro-plast ics that give of f harmful pol lutants,af fect ing the funct ional i ty and biodiversi ty of soi l and water resources. Creat ive civ i lengineers play a s igni f icant role in ensur ing that the science behind using wasteplast ic for roads is accurate, and that future i terat ions of th is concept are carr ied outwith considerat ion for environmental heal th and safety.

- SHRUTI MISHRA



GREEN ROOF SYSTEMS

The Environmental Protection Agency defines a green roof as a “vegetative layer grown on arooftop.” Today, green roof systems have become popular all over the world, not only for theirbeauty, but also for the benefits they provide toward environmental sustainability. Germany iscurrently leading the world in green roof technologies, and they have implemented green roofingsystems on approximately 10% of German homes since the technology emerged in the early1970s. Civil engineers are responsible for ensuring that the green roof’s supportiveinfrastructure—for instance, a comprehensive watering system—is engineered to consistentlydeliver an appropriate amount of resources, and the roof itself must be designed to effectivelyprovide working improvements to environmental sustainability. However, civil engineers still face some obstacles when planning the installation andmaintenance of green roof systems, like high costs and harsh climates, but innovations inmodern engineering techniques for green roofing systems have allowed the industry toconsistently offer the following environmental benefits to urban communities:Enhanced Urban Biodiversity: Green roofs accommodate new flora, which may act as newhabitats for different species of plants and animals.Cooling of Buildings: The vegetation on the roof acts as thermal insulation, storing excess heatand decreasing peak temperatures within the building. This means less energy must beconsumed to heat the building, resulting in decreased energy costs and lower pollutantemissions.Reduced Runoff Quantity: On average, green roofs retain 40-60% of total rainfall. Storing thisrainwater as it falls has been shown to result in runoff reduction of 34% between Septemberand February, and 67% between March and August. By reducing runoff, civil engineers thatdesign green roof systems can limit strain on sewage systems and mitigate the costs of roofdamage.Pollution Control: Green roofs are composed of plants that absorb nitrogen, lead, zinc, andairborne pollutants like carbon dioxide. This absorption also reduces the negative effects of acidrain by raising the pH values of acid rainwater before it becomes runoff water. Although the concept of using waste plastic in roads is still in its early stages, with very fewplastic roads currently existing in the Western world, civil engineering researchers in countrieslike the United Kingdom and the United States are working to design new technologies tosupport the safe implementation of waste plastic in road construction. One such developmentinvolves converting waste plastics into small balls that, when combined with asphalt or othercommon road components, create a strong, permeable surface that features hollow spaces thatallow stormwater to seep through the road and more effectively recharge groundwater.Transitioning to the use of plastic roads will lead to more manageable plastic waste andpotentially, safer roads, but there are still some concerns regarding hazards that accompanyplastic roads as they age. As these roads gradually deteriorate due to heat and light, they maydissolve into micro-plastics that give off harmful pollutants, affecting the functionality andbiodiversity of soil and water resources. Creative civil engineers play a significant role inensuring that the science behind using waste plastic for roads is accurate, and that futureiterations of this concept are carried out with consideration for environmental health and safety.

- ALISHA CHAUDHARY



ECO FLOATING HOMES

Af fo rdab le hous ing and overc rowd ing in c i t i es a re pu t t ing p ressure onurban popu la t ions to make changes . To combat these i ssues , c i v i leng ineers a re des ign ing f loa t ing homes—prac t i ca l l i v ing spaces tha ts i t upon the wate r . The homes a re des igned to res is t f l oods byf loa t ing on top o f wa te r us ing a founda t ion o f concre te and S ty ro foam,wh ich makes them v i r tua l l y uns inkab le . Th is approach means tha thomes can be bu i l t i n spaces tha t were p rev ious ly o f f - l im i ts , l i ker i ve rs , lakes and o ther bod ies o f wa te r . C iv i l eng ineers p red ic t tha tmodern f loa t ing home techno logy w i l l l ower the cos ts o f f l ood damagein u rban c i t i es , wh i le a lso p rov id ing compac t inner -c i t y popu la t ionswi th more d ive rse hous ing op t ions . The concep t o f f l oa t ing bu i ld ings i s no t new, as they can be found a l lover the wor ld , espec ia l l y in t rad i t i ona l As ian v i l l ages . A l though w i thmodern c iv i l eng ineer ing knowledge , these s t ruc tu res—and thein f ras t ruc tu re needed to make them sus ta inab le—are g radua l l ybecoming more re l iab le and eas ie r to ma in ta in . However , i n t roduc ingth is concep t in u rban env i ronments w i th la rge popu la t ions w i l l p roveto be somewhat t r i cky , as s t ruc tu res be ing bu i l t w i th in o r on above-ground wate r sources cou ld impac t env i ronments nega t i ve ly byd is tu rb ing the na tu ra l s ta te o f the land beneath bod ies o f wa te r (e .g .lake bo t toms o r the ocean f loo r ) . The e f fec t o f humans on the env i ronment shou ld no t beunderes t imated e i ther , so c iv i l eng ineers w i l l need to rema in focusedon c rea t ing sys tems tha t inh ib i t f l oa t ing houses and the i r res iden tsf rom d is rup t ing loca l wa te r ecosys tems, wh i le improv ing the v iab i l i t yo f th i s techno logy fo r use in low- income areas .

- DHRUV SHAH



VERTICAL FARMING

Using mult istory high-r ises to grow food is known as “vert ical farming,”and The Associat ion for Vert ical Farming has found that, when comparedwith t radi t ional agr icul tural methods, growing food indoors uses 98percent less water and 70 percent less fert i l izer on average. To generatethe amount of l ight and water necessary to keep plants heal thy, whi leremaining as cost-ef fect ive as possible, vert ical farmers use acombinat ion of energy ef f ic ient LED l ights and hydroponic technology(plumbing, i r r igat ion, f i l t rat ion). By implement ing modern automationtechniques to regulate these systems, c iv i l engineers can also l imit thecost of labor required to maintain these farms. The costs associated withvert ical farming are st i l l qui te high, but as science in th is f ie ld advances,civ i l engineers wi l l be able to provide the populat ions of un-farmableregions with opportuni t ies to grow their own natural produce. Many entrepreneurs and scient ists are current ly evaluat ing how growingfood inside of bui ld ings coincides with improving social andenvironmental sustainabi l i ty. Vert ical farms also have higher y ields thantradi t ional farms, al lowing the product ion of more food, using far lessurban space. Signi f icant progress in the study of vert ical farming couldlead to improved food diversi ty, especial ly for residents of populat ion-dense urban areas and in places that are normal ly unable to growproduce using tradi t ional methods.

- ROSHNI THAKUR



RAINWATER HARVESTING

Harvest ing rainwater is a c l imate adaptat ion strategy that has been used inmany ancient and modern societ ies. The ant iquated rainwater harvest ingtechniques of the past were at tempts to cope with severe cl imate condi t ions bystor ing the water as i t fe l l , a l lowing populat ions to dr ink the water or preventoversaturat ion of the land dur ing extreme precipi tat ion. Modern rainwaterharvest ing is fundamental ly the same in theory, but advancements in scienceand engineer ing have introduced sophist icated f i l t rat ion and rain-captur ingtechnologies that boost the ef f ic iency of the process. Dutch engineers and researchers have observed that ef fect ive large-scaleimplementat ion of rainwater harvest ing infrastructure can reduce stormwaterrunoff by 20 to 50 percent, mit igat ing the strain that excess storm precipi tat ionusual ly places on sewers and drainage systems. This is made possible bymount ing rainwater catchment devices on the roofs of bui ld ings, then rout ingthe rainwater that is col lected by the catchment through a treatment system andinto a storage tank. To ensure the ef fect iveness of these rainwater-harvest ingsystems, the contents of each storage tank must be depleted before signi f icantrainfal l events occur. Therefore, c iv i l engineers must obtain the knowledge andexperience necessary to analyze the precipi tat ion patterns and water usagerates of a region before instal l ing any rainwater harvest ing systems. With cost-ef fect ive approaches to the catchment, storage, and f i l t rat ion technology usedin rainwater harvest ing current ly being implemented and improved, large- scalerainwater col lect ion is poised to become a widely used, economical ly v iablesolut ion to urban potable water shortages and stormwater management. Large ci t ies of ten come with many social benef i ts, but there wi l l a lways bedisadvantages to having large populat ions that are constr icted to a f in i teamount of space. Ensur ing that humans can l ive sustainably in highly populatedurban environments requires creat ive solut ions to infrastructural issues l ikeroad safety, housing cr ises, and food and water shortages. An advanced degreein c iv i l engineer ing wi l l provide an indiv idual wi th an in-depth understanding ofthe environmental , structural , and infrastructural engineer ing knowledgerequired to work with the civ i l engineer ing innovat ions l isted above.

- KOVID PRABHAKAR



BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

Bui ld ing- integrated photovol taics (BIPV) are photovol taic mater ia ls thatare used to replace convent ional bui ld ing mater ia ls in parts of thebui ld ing envelope such as the roof, skyl ights, or facades. They areincreasingly being incorporated into the construct ion of new bui ld ings asa pr incipal or anci l lary source of electr ical power, al though exist ingbui ld ings may be retrof i t ted with s imi lar technology. The advantage ofintegrated photovol taic over more common non- integrated systems is thatthe in i t ia l cost can be of fset by reducing the amount spent on bui ld ingmater ia ls and labor that would normal ly be used to construct the part ofthe bui ld ing that the BIPV modules replace. These advantages makeBIPV one of the fastest growing segments of the photovol taic industry. The term bui ld ing-appl ied photovol taics (BAPV) are sometimes used torefer to photovol taics that are a retrof i t – integrated into the bui ld ingafter construct ion is complete. Most bui ld ing- integrated instal lat ions areactual ly BAPV. Some manufacturers and bui lders di f ferent iate newconstruct ion BIPV from BAPV. In some countr ies, addi t ional incent ives, or subsidies, are of fered forbui ld ing- integrated photovol taics in addi t ion to the exist ing feed- in tar i f fsfor stand-alone solar systems. Since July 2006 France of fered thehighest incent ive for BIPV, equal to an extra premium of EUR 0.25/kWhpaid in addi t ion to the 30 Euro cents for PV systems. These incent ivesare of fered in the form of a rate paid for electr ic i ty fed to the gr id.

- KEVAL SHAH



STRUCTURAL BUILT-UP OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS USED FOR 3D-

PRINTING EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES

Addit ive manufactur ing and digi ta l fabr icat ion br ing new hor izons to concreteand cement-based mater ia l construct ion. The possibi l i ty to bui ld concretestructures without formwork is a major advantage in terms of product ion rate,archi tectural f reedom and cost reduct ion; as noted in, formwork represents 35–60 % of the overal l costs of concrete structures. Moreover, i t a l lows human labour to be replaced by digi ta l ly control led robotsand furthermore al lows the implementat ion of these new techniques in highlypol luted environments and in spat ia l appl icat ions. Var ious techniques have been developed in recent years; for example, smartdynamic cast ing is a resul t of a combinat ion of s l ipforming and digi ta lfabr icat ion techniques Another fami ly of concrete digi ta l manufactur ing hasbeen inspired by the 3D pr int ing technique .This technique is commonly cal led‘addi t ive manufactur ing’ and consists of jo in ing mater ia ls to produce objects,layer upon layer, f rom 3D model data. Examples of such techniques belongingto this fami ly of d igi ta l -aided construct ion are the “Concrete pr int ing” processdeveloped at Loughborough Universi ty and the “Contour Craft ing” methoddeveloped at the Universi ty of Southern Cal i fornia. One way of addi t ive manufactur ing in construct ion of concrete is to combineconcrete extrusion with digi ta l fabr icat ion techniques. As noted in the object iveis a scal ing-up of a desktop 3D pr inter to the size of a bui ld ing si te. At th ist ime such techniques are not suff ic ient ly developed for industr ia l appl icat ionbut have succeeded in producing wal l e lements under laboratory condi t ionsNevertheless, addi t ive manufactur ing extrusion technique can be developedinto a very ef f ic ient and robust construct ion technique at an industr ia l scale.To achieve this end and opt imize the process, two major constraints need to beovercome .First ly the bonding between the layers which is a weakness in thepr inted structure. I t is worth not ing that the bonding strength decreases withthe t ime gap between layers .

- RAHUL YADAV



The second constraint is the monitor ing of the mater ia l hardening over t ime:The mater ia l must be hard enough to sustain the weight of the subsequent lydeposi ted layers. This constraint may lead to a prolonged product ion t ime.The juxtaposi t ion of these two constraints confronts us with a paradoxconcerning the product ion rate of th is process. The t ime gap between twodeposi ted layers must be suff ic ient ly long to provide adequate mechanicalstrength capable of sustaining the weight of the subsequent ly deposi ted layersand also short enough to ensure both opt imized bonding strength and bui ld ingrate. I t therefore appears that the opt imized t ime gap between layers should be theshortest that al lows the stabi l i ty of the structure dur ing construct ion. Suchopt imized t ime gap br ings the highest bonding strength and bui ld ing ratecompat ible wi th a stable structure of deposi ted fresh concrete. The abi l i ty of the deposi ted layers to sustain i ts own weight is l inked to i tsrheology and more part icular ly to i ts y ie ld stress .Dur ing the layer by layerbui ld ing of a wal l , the f i rst deposi ted layer undergoes the heaviest load. Inorder to ensure the wal l stabi l i ty dur ing the process, the yield stress must besuff ic ient to sustain th is load. At th is point , a new paradox appears: the pastemust be suff ic ient ly f lu id for extrusion purpose but suff ic ient ly f i rm for thestructure mechanical stabi l i ty. A way around this paradox is to use the structural bui ld-up of the concrete toensure both, suff ic ient f lu id i ty dur ing extrusion and stabi l i ty af ter deposi t . Theyield stress of cement-based mater ia ls increases over t ime at rest , th isreversible behaviour is due to the nucleat ion of cement grains at their contactpoint by CSH format ion dur ing the dormant per iod before the sett ing t ime .Thisyield stress increase is commonly model led using a l inear relat ionship withrest ing t ime dur ing the f i rst hour of rest . Recent ly, Perrot et a l . have proposed an exponent ia l re lat ionship thatdescr ibes the yield stress increase up to the sett ing t ime . I t has been shownthat the structural bui ld-up propert ies of cement-based mater ia ls can be usedto predict or opt imize concrete product ion. For instance, formwork pressurereduct ion or dist inct- layer cast ing issues can be predicted using the structural



bui ld-up rate of sel f -compact ing concrete. In the present case, structural bui ld-up is used to descr ibe and model the compet i t ion between the load increase,l inked to the bui ld ing rate, and the mechanical strength of the f i rst deposi tedlayer of the structure which is l inked to the cement-based mater ia l y ie ld stress. The aim of th is paper is to propose a model that predicts the structure fai lure(or stabi l i ty) dur ing the addi t ive manufactur ing process of a concrete structure.This model is potent ia l ly a tool for opt imizing the bui ld ing rate of concrete in3D pr int ing. a theoret ical f ramework is developed for structural bui ld-up of cement-basedmater ia ls and load due to 3D pr int ing is proposed. Experimental tests are thencarr ied out on a f i rm paste to s imulate the loading due to the pr int ing of aconcrete column. Final ly, the comparison between both the theoret ical f ramework and theexperimental resul ts highl ights the f inding that structural bui ld-up must betaken into account in addi t ive manufactur ing extrusion technique in order tof ind the highest acceptable bui ld ing rate.

CREDITS

E-MAARAT

CREDITS

E-MAARAT

MAGAZINE HEAD - EDITORIAL HEAD - CHIEF DESIGNER - DESIGNER - IN HOUSE - IN HOUSE -

KEERTHANA NAMBIARPARTH TAMBOLIVICKY GUPTA

ALISHA CHAUDHARYSHRUTI MISHRA

DHRUV SHAH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

E-MAARAT

Team E-MAARAT would like to extend ourdeepest gratitude to the Chairman, Trustees andCEOs of the Thakur Educational Group. Also,we are deeply thankful to our Principal, Dr. B.K.Mishra, vice principal Deven Shah and MentorDr. Sanjay Kumar for their constant support andvaluable inputs.We would like to thank our HOD Dr. SeemaJagtap, Faculty in charge Ms. Rutuja Shinde,helpful friendly seniors and all our fellowcolleagues for helping us in putting up this 4thedition successfullyThank You!

The Editorial TeamE-MAARAT

e-maarat - thakur college of engineering and technologydevelops my management skill (like management...

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