专题 1 生物安全与遗传资源

菝葜复合种(Smilax china complex)物种分化的遗传基础研究 Studies of Speciation and differentiation on Smilax china complex

孔航辉 王艾丽 傅承新

（浙江大学生命科学学院，植物系统进化与生物多样性实验室 杭州 310059）

菝葜(S. china L.)为菝葜属在亚洲的广布种，是菝葜属 China 组的一个代表类群。根

据以前的形态、核型性状及分布研究，我们提出了菝葜复合种的概念，认为广布种菝葜(染

色体具有从 2X~6X 的不同倍性的连续变化)和小果菝葜、三脉菝葜、红果菝葜和硫球菝葜等

近缘种一起，构成一个以我国亚热带地区分布为主、延伸到日本岛屿、中国台湾和支那半岛

的菝葜复合种 (S. china complex)。研究发现广布种菝葜种内形态变异较多，且与近缘种

种间界限模糊，分布上存在重叠现象，关系复杂；本研究从等位酶分析方法，利用 nrDNA ITS、

cpDNA matK 和 trnT-L 等序列数据对菝葜复合种的起源和分化进行了初步的研究。

等位酶分析认为，同组的黑果菝葜不属于菝葜复合种内，确认了菝葜在神农架的唯一一

个 2 倍体居群，揭示了该 2X 群体与二倍体的小果菝葜和三脉菝葜之间的亲密关系，认为它

们很可能是菝葜四倍体、六倍体的亲本之一，或者至少存在多次基因渗透。酶谱揭示广布种

菝葜的二个四倍体居群——广西和贵州居群是异源多倍体的，推测其亲本是菝葜的二倍体居

群和三脉菝葜。等位酶分析支持菝葜复合种内的多倍体是多起源的，即多倍体形成经历了多

次不同基因型亲本的基因渗入，产生了一个多变的多倍体基因型。

对广布种菝葜 (S. china )的 12 个居群及 6 个近缘种：红果菝葜, 长托菝葜, 粗糙菝

葜, 小果菝葜, 三脉菝葜和 S. biflora 的 DNA 序列（ITS, matK 和 trnT-L）分析研究结果

表明：ITS1 长度变异在 202-233bp，ITS2 长度变异为 235-247bp，ITS1 的信息位点（45）

多于 ITS2（23）。matK 中保守位点为 1201 个，99 个位点有差异，132 个性状为信息位点。

trnT-L 的长度变异为 895-1010bp，986 个为保守位点，信息位点为 28 个。各个分子标记都

支持菝葜复合种为单系类群。在联合数据分析中，菝葜复合种分成 2个分枝。第一个分枝包

括粗糙菝葜, 红果菝葜和菝葜的金佛山居群并得到 100% BS 支持，第二分枝包括菝葜复合种

的其它类群。第二分枝中菝葜的桂林居群自成一亚枝。系统发育分析支持菝葜多倍体居群的

多次起源，桂林居群和金佛山居群可能是异源多倍体；认为菝葜的二倍体居群，小果菝葜和

三脉菝葜是该复合种的祖先种；北美的单一伞形花序木本种与亚洲菝葜组(含菝葜复合种)

是姐妹群关系。

我国濒危畜禽遗传资源保护的现状与对策 Status and Strategy of Endangered Domestic Animal Genetic Resources

Preservation in Our Country

刘丑生 （全国畜牧兽医总站畜禽牧草种质资源保存利用中心，北京 100094）

本文分析了我国畜禽遗传资源濒危的现状、家畜遗传资源濒临灭绝的特点，总结了我国

在畜禽遗传资源保护方面的法制建设、资源保护体系建设和在畜禽遗传资源保护科学研究方

面的成果，提出了我国濒危畜禽遗传资源保护和利用的对策。

植物园迁地保护中的遗传风险评价－以濒危植物秤锤树为例 Potential risk of hybridization in ex situ collection of the endangered plants in botanical garden- a case study for Sinojackia xylocarpa

姚小洪

（中科院武汉植物园，武汉，430074）

迁地环境下近缘种间的自然杂交会破坏迁地保护濒危种的遗传完整性，同时，迁地条件

下距离相临近的同属种间的自由授粉也可能使用于恢复和回归引种的种子和幼苗造成遗传

污染。秤锤树和狭果秤锤树是中国特有濒危种，在自然条件下它们的分布区不相互重叠，由

于同时都被迁地保护在武汉植物园中，因此可能存在潜在的杂交风险。本研究从2003到2005

年连续三年进行了人工授粉和传粉生物学初步研究来探讨两种植物是否能够进行杂交。实验

结果表明在武汉植物园中，两个物种的花期重叠时间为 14—20 天、在整个开花季节具有相

同的传粉昆虫且种间不存在花隔离机制，因此，可能存在种间花粉的传播、遗传渐渗、栽培

种的遗传完整性的丢失的现象。人工授粉结果证明这两个种间杂交能够结实且产生种子。由

此可见，种间不存在传粉后障碍，空间隔离是种间杂交的重要的障碍。因此，对于花期相近、

具有相同的传粉昆虫的同属种而言，空间隔离是使自然杂交最小化所应该考虑的因素。鉴于

此，濒危植物在进行回归引种的种源选择时必需防范这种潜在的杂交风险。

烤烟种质资源的遗传多样性分析 Genetic Diversity of Flue-cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L)

许美玲

（中国烟草育种研究南方中心 云南省烟草科学研究所，玉溪，653100）

为加快优质、多抗烤烟新品种选育的步伐和提供具有不同农艺性状的烤烟种质资源供育

种者选择利用，对 700 多个烤烟种质资源的植物学性状、主要农艺性状统计，并与主要栽培

品种进行比较和分析，结果表明：烤烟种质资源的遗传多样性较为丰富，主要表现在株型、

叶形、茎叶角度、叶耳、叶尖、株高、叶数、腰叶的长和宽等多方面的差异和多样性。各性

状指标的多样性分布有一定的规律性。多样性的烟草种质资源可供育种者选择适合于不同育

种目标需要的亲本材料。本研究可为培育优质抗病的烤烟新品种提供一定的理论参考依据和

有重要价值的烤烟种质资源材料。

喜旱莲子草生态型对生物防控的不同反应与其遗传多样性不相关性 Genetic diversity of alligator weed ecotypes is not the reason for

different responses to biological control

李静 叶万辉 （中国科学院华南植物园，广州 510650）

莲草直胸跳甲能够有效地控制水生型喜旱莲子草，但对陆生型的控制能力却很小。为了

了解这一差异的可能的遗传背景，我们用简单插入序列重复（ISSR）分子标记检测了不同生

态型的喜旱莲子草的遗传多样性。结果显示，一方面同一生境下生长的种群不具有种群内和

种群间的遗传差异，另一方面，不同生境下生长的种群即陆生种群和水生种群间也没有遗传

差异。因此，我们认为遗传变异不是导致我国不同生态型喜旱莲子草对莲草直胸跳甲不同反

应结果的基本原因。结合以往的研究和观察，莲草直胸跳甲在不同生态型喜旱莲子草上的不

同的化蛹能力可能和喜旱莲子草茎秆直径的表型可塑性相关，而与遗传因子之间没有联系。

红河大翼橙的遗传多样性分析 Genetic Diversity of Citrus hongheensis

杨杨

（中国科学院昆明植物研究所生物多样性与生物地理重点实验室，昆明 650204）

在 100 个随机引物中选取了 13 个可扩增出稳定且特异性高的引物，对云南特有柑橘种类

——红河大翼橙 6 个居群的 120 个个体进行了 ISSR 扩增，实验结果表明，红河大翼橙居群

之间表现出较高水平的遗传分化，为柑橘遗传资源利用和保护方面提供了分子水平上的依

据。

环渤海区域林蛙的多样性 Diversity of wood frogs in the region around Bohai

李丕鹏 陆宇燕

(沈阳师范大学化学与生命科学学院，沈阳 110034)

我们对环渤海区域 8 个地区的林蛙物种多样性进行了调查，共采集到林蛙 6 种，并对它

们进行了核型等实验研究和形态学观察，发现桓仁林蛙和昆嵛林蛙的核型在黑龙江林蛙种组

比较特殊，前者是 2n=24，后者是 2n=6。通过对中国林蛙、镇海林蛙和峨眉林蛙模式标本以

及环渤海区域的标本进行测量和比较，可以看出，由南向北中国林蛙体型逐渐增大；山东徂

徕山的长肢林蛙种组物种具有镇海林蛙和峨眉林蛙的中间过渡性状，可能为一个隐存种。黑

龙江林蛙种组的 4 个物种呈间断地分布于我国环渤海区域、东北和新疆，其中黑龙江林蛙和

桓仁林蛙与东北林蛙呈重叠分布。而分布于山东的中国林蛙、昆嵛林蛙和徂徕山的林蛙则呈

现出彼此隔离的分布格局。东北林蛙和中国林蛙在分布上可能相互重叠，值得进一步深入研

究。

生物入侵对自然保护区的危害 The Damage of Invasive Species in Nature Reserves

赵 衡

（西南林学院保护生物学学院，昆明 650224）

外来生物入侵已成为全球生物多样性减少的第二大原因，对人类健康、经济发展和社会

文化等方面都产生了较大的影响。前人的研究结果认为自然保护区生态系统和物种受到人为

保护，是生物多样性较完整的区域，外来种不易在这些环境中形成危害，但是，近年来关于

外来种危害自然保护区的报道越来越多，人们应该对外来种的认识提升一个高度。本文从外

来种的入侵途径出发，介绍了外来入侵物种对自然保护区的危害现状，特别是紫茎泽兰、薇

甘菊、互花米草等外来恶性杂草，以及外来有害昆虫等对自然保护区已经产生了巨大的危害。

外来种对自然保护区的危害直接体现在排挤土著种，竞争生存资源，破坏原有生态系统，以

及在经济、文化等方面产生负面影响。最后，综合以往的研究经验提出了预防和保护建议。

Genetic diversity and population structure in Vallisneria

spinulosa (Hydrocharitaceae), a dominant submerged macrophyte

in lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

陈磊 （中国科学院武汉植物园，武汉 430074）

Vallisneria spinulosa is a dominant submerged macrophyte in lakes of the

middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Allozyme variation, clonal diversity

and population genetic structure were investigated for a total of 396 individuals

sampled from 10 extant populations. V. spinulosa maintained high levels of genetic

variation both at the species and at the population level. Although aquatic

macrophytes commonly exhibit low genetic variation within populations, the

obligately outcrossing mating system of V. spinulosa, pervasive gene flow resulting

from seed dispersal, and regular sexual recruitment likely account for the high

levels of diversity maintained within populations. A significant excess of

heterozygotes was observed across all populations, suggesting that selection for

heterozygotes may have occurred in this species. All V. spinulosa populations

contained high clonal diversity with a mean proportion of distinguishable genotypes

of 0.57 and a mean Simpson’s diversity index of 0.95, indicating that populations

were founded sexually or that successful seedling recruitment occurred after initial

colonization. Partitioning of genetic diversity revealed a surprisedly low

population differentiation (GST = 0.059) as compared to other hydrophilous

angiosperms. No evidence of isolation-by-distance was found, suggesting that gene

flow was not restricted geographically. The UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that

several widely separated populations grouped together, suggesting the long-distance

gene flow among populations. The high vagility of V. spinulosa and extensive

hydrologic connectivity among populations facilitate long-distance seed dispersal.

Historically, frequent water-mediated long-distance seed dispersal among

populations probably has resulted in pattern of population genetic structure in V.

spinulosa observed in lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

东亚黄精叶钩吻属（Croomia）遗传多样性与亲缘地理学研究 Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Croomia

李恩香 邱英雄 傅承新*

(浙江大学，植物系统进化与生物多样性实验室、国家濒危动植物种质基因保护中心 杭州 310059 )

黄精叶钩吻属是单子叶纲百部科(Stemonaceae)植物，共有 3 种，即 C. japonica Miq.,

C. heterosepala (Bak.) Oku. and C. pauciflora (Nut.) Tor.。本属植物为东亚-北美间

断分布，且花为 4 基数，这些特征引起了植物学家及植物地理学家的广泛兴趣。通过 ISSR

标记对来自 10 个 C. japonica 居群，6 个 C. heterosepala 居群和 1 个 C. pauciflora（美

国）居群共 303 个个体的研究，发现种内居群间遗传变异大于居群内的变异，特别是 C.

japonica 居群间出现很大的分化，甚至有的居群间遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离。C.

japonica 居群的多样性指数与繁育系统（花粉与胚珠的比例）密切相关。通过 cpDNA (trnL-F

和 atpB-rbcL) 单倍型的研究，发现单倍型的分布与地理间有密切的关系，推测 Coomia 在

东亚大陆与东海---日本岛屿分离前曾广泛分布, 而最近的冰期使它们退缩在我国的天目山

---黄山一带,以及日本的九州、四国、静冈县和大阪与、歌山县地区，成为可能的冰期避难

所。根据 ISSR 和 cpDNA 的结果，可以认为 C. pauciflora 是较原始的种，而 C. heterosepala

可能是 C. japonica 的一个后裔种。由于主要的遗传变异出现在居群间，建议在进行保护时

要尽可能保护多的居群。

Patterns of Genetic Variation in Swertia przewalskii, an

endangered endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Shilong Chen (陈世龙), Defang Zhang (张得芳), Shengyun Chen (陈生云), Dejun Zhang (张得钧), and Qingbo Gao (高庆波)

Swertia przewalskii Pissjauk. (Gentianaceae), is a critically endangered and

endemic plant of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. It is distributed only in the

area of the Qilian mountains in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau. S.

przewalskii grows on marsh, rocky crevices, and scrublands at altitudes between 2970

m and 4200 m. According to our expedition during the twentieth century, the

populations of S. przewalskii were found in all gorges of the Qilian mountains before

1980. At present, only three populations exist. Many populations of this species

have become extinct in the last two decades. The threats to the species are related

to grazing and local farming activities as well as overcollection. In addition, S.

przewalskii has been used by Tibetans as a traditional herbal remedy to treat

hepatitis and cholelith, because this species contains some active constituents such

as mangiferin, swertiamarin, swertisin, oleanolic acid, and three xanthones. RAPD

and ISSR analyses were carried out to assess the extent of genetic variation in the

remaining three populations. A total of 63 individuals were analyzed, and PPB was

94 % (156 bands) for RAPD and 96 % (222 bands) for ISSR. A pairwise distance measure

calculated from the RAPD and ISSR data was used as input for analysis of molecular

variance (AMOVA). AMOVA indicated that a high proportion of the total genetic

variation (52 % for RAPD and 56 % for ISSR) was found among populations; pairwise

ΦST comparisons showed that the three populations examined were significantly

different (P < 0.001). The significant genetic differentiation was found based on

different measures (AMOVA and Hickory θB) in S. przewalskii (0.52 on RAPD and 0.56

on ISSR－0.4317 on RAPD and 0.3895 on ISSR). The differentiation of the populations

corresponded to low average gene flow (0.33 based on RAPD and 0.39 based on ISSR).

Our results indicate that genetic diversity is independent of population size. We

conclude that although sexual reproduction and gene flow between populations of S.

przewalskii are very limited, they have preserved high levels of genetic diversity.

The main factors responsible for the high level of difference among populations are

the isolation and recent fragmentation under human disturbance. Considering that

most remnant populations are getting smaller as a result of human disturbance,

however, it is quite possible that the process of habitat fragmentation will lead

to a loss of genetic diversity by dramatically increasing mating opportunities

between relatives within small populations. The observed strong genetic

differentiation among populations of S. przewalskii indicates management for the

conservation of genetic variability in S. przewalskii should aim to preserve all

three populations. Because there are not any management actions that are already

in practice, clearly conservation action is urgently required to safeguard remaining

populations of S. przewalskii. Given the genetic differentiation among populations

recorded here, any in situ conservation strategy should aim to include populations

from the range of S. przewalskii, if the full breadth of genetic variation within

the species is to be conserved. Moreover, the participation of local people is

necessary for an effective in situ conservation programme, involving protection from

browsing by yak or sheep and development of sustainable harvesting approaches. For

a species under such a severe degree of threat, ex situ approaches may also be

appropriate as part of an overall conservation strategy. As the present study has

recorded a high degree of genetic differentiation between wild populations, there

is clearly a need for further sampling from as many plants as possible. The

development of the ex situ population in cultivation in the gorges of Qilian

mountains could be of value to an overall conservation strategy for S. przewalskii.

Such a strategy could potentially include restoration of populations which have been

degraded, through reintroduction of plant material. However, any reintroduction

must be undertaken at sites which are themselves protected, such protection is

lacking at present.

Chloroplast phylogeography of Dipentodon sinicus

(Dipentodontaceae) in southwest China and north Vietnam

QING-JUN YUAN * ZHI-YONG ZHANG SONG GE and HUA PENG* (* Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy

of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of

Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China

Agricultural College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China)

The evolutionary history of plants in southeast Tibetan Plateau (i.e. Hengduan

Mountains) might be one of the most complex around the world because of the extremely

complex topography and climate in this area. We conducted a phylogeographic study

using chloroplast sequences on a monotypic genus Dipentodon with an attempt to test

how historical events such as tectonic movements, orogenesis and Quaternary climate

oscillation shaped the plant population structure in this area. The results showed

that D. sinicus had high genetic diversity (hT=0.902) and high genetic

differentiation (NST=0.987 and GST=0.948). The high genetic diversity may be

attributed to its long evolutionary history, highly diverse habitats and outcrossing

life form. The seed dispersal via elasticity, complex terrains in the distribution

range of D. sinicus and the influence of human activities could account for the high

genetic structure in this species. Nested clade analysis supported that allopatric

fragmentation induced by orogenesis could explain the highly differentiated

structure, especially in southeast Tibetan Plateau. However, the haplotype network

did not reflect the geographical distribution of this species, as geographically

approximate Dian-Qian-Gui clade and Yungui Plateau clade were the most strongly

differentiated. We hypothesized that tectonic movement of northwest Yunnan might

be the main reason for this phylogeographic pattern. In addition to plate movement

and orogenesis, Quaternary climate oscillation also played an important in shaping

the phylogeographic pattern of D. sinicus. The results of this study will provide

additional insights into the evolution and conservation of biodiversity on Tibetan

Plateau and adjacent areas.

Ecological risks caused by introduced insects –The case of

European bumblebee and exotic stag beetles-

Koichi Goka & Masahiro Yoneda (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan.)

We have introduced a lot of exotic species, and some of them have come to be

invasive alien species. Invasive alien species would cause many ecological impacts

on the native species. Don’t you think “Increase of the exotic species in Japan

will produce rather good results because biodiversity will increase”? The answer

should be NO. The locality of genetic constitution and fauna created through long

time evolutionary process support the global biodiversity. However, the artificial

transportation of many species between incredible far places for an incredible short

time will cause homogeneity of gene and fauna everywhere, which will result in

breakdown of global biodiversity.

We here report the case of introduction of the European bumblebee Bombus

terrestris which is used as pollinator of agricultural crops, and the case of exotic

stag beetles sold as pet in Japan. The market size of these introduced insects has

came up to be over 1 billion dollar now in Japan. Here we will show our data of the

study for ecological risks of these alien species through competition, genetic

introgression and bringing alien parasites. And also, we would like to discuss about

economic and social aspects driving the invasive alien species problem.

Present situations of bumblebee pollination in tomato

greenhouse in Japan.

Masahiro Yoneda & Koich Goka (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan.)

Commercial colonies of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, have been

imported for the pollinating agent to vegetable crops in green houses in Japan since

1991. The bee is apparently an effective pollinator for tomato in the houses and

can contribute sufficient reduction of working time for farmers, the annual number

of hives used for the pollination has increased to 70,000 in 2004. Beside such useful

aspects of B. terrestris, the bee has another aspect of an exotic invasive alien

species (IAS). Since the ecological niche of B. terrestris is potentially

overlapping with that of the Japanese native bumblebees , it is considered that it

will disrupt the co-evolved native pollinating systems between the native bees and

endemic flora in Japan. Some ecologists have claimed that, instead of using an exotic

B. terrestris, pollinating method using native bumblebees should be developed and

progressed for pollinations of crops in greenhouses in Japan.

However, there are still some controversies in using the native bumble bees for

pollinating; it tend to be considered that the native bees should be ecologically

safety than the exotic species, but the mass transportation of manufactured bees,

regardless of alien or native species, will disturb the native ecosystem if they

would be used under un-controlled conditions.

The Ministry of Environment in Japan enacted a new law “Invasive Alien Species

Act” for restricting invasive alien species in 2005, and the European bumblebee

has been defined as invasive and to be restricted in this law. This situation will

accelerate the increase of use of the commercial native species.

Here, we will introduce the present situation of bumblebee pollination in Japan

and the response of the farmers to the new restriction for the bees.

入侵植物薇甘菊的化感作用 Allelopathy of Invasive Plant - Mikania micrantha H.B.K.

倪广艳，彭少麟*

（中山大学生命科学学院，广州 510275）

薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K.）是世界性十大害草之一，目前在我国华南地区对

农、果、林业和自然生态系统造成了严重危害。薇甘菊的成功入侵，不但与其较宽的生理生

态耐受性和强繁殖能力有关，还与其化感作用有关。随着生物入侵和植物化感作用等领域的

研究发展，化感作用作为外来植物在入侵地入侵和扩散的“新式武器”得到越来越多的重视。

薇甘菊的化感作用研究也引起了广泛关注。

到目前为止，从薇甘菊中已经分析得到各种化学物质，可大致分为类黄酮、酚酸、单萜、

倍半萜及其衍生物等。薇甘菊能以挥发及进入土壤等方式发挥化感作用，其化感强度都是以

提取物进行生物测定得到的。薇甘菊的挥发油、茎叶和根的提取物都具有化感作用，各种生

物测定结果表明其能够抑制昆虫，杂草，伴生树种、作物，植物病原菌等的生长。薇甘菊通

过向周围环境释放化感物质，营造不利于其它植物生长繁殖的环境，抑制了其它植物的生长，

从而使得自身迅速繁衍并且逐渐占据优势地位。

薇甘菊繁殖容易，生长迅速，针对其化感物质，学者们将其开发作为植物药，植物源杀

虫剂，生物除草剂等。未来薇甘菊的化感作用研究需从以下方面得到加强：从微观和宏观两

个层面进行其机理研究，力争掌握并能够调控机理，阐明生物入侵的客观本质，为控制薇甘

菊的“疯长”提供指导。微观如将化感和生理、生化以及细胞生物学，分子生物学等结合研

究，探索化感物质形成的机理和生物合成途径；宏观如了解化感物质在从植物体释放出来达

到受体植物，微生物，动物等相关生物的生态过程，并从个体，种群,群落以及生态系统不

同层次，甚至和全球变化等环境因素联系在一起综合考虑，进行自然环境下的研究。深入系

统地探讨薇甘菊中的次生代谢物的结构与功能，其毒理作用研究将为薇甘菊利用提供理论依

据。

云南南部泽蛙 (Rana limnocharis) 核型比较研究 A Comparative Study on the Karyotypes of Rana limnocharis in South of

Yunnan Province

付蔷 (西南林学院保护生物学学院，昆明，云南 650224)

用骨髓细胞蒸汽固定法制作染色体标本，分析云南个旧、绿春、江城三地泽蛙的染色体

核型。结果表明它们的核型均为 2n＝26，NF＝52，染色体组式为 5L＋0M + 8S，染色体次缢

痕均出现在 6p 上。个旧泽蛙的 No.3 为 SM 染色体，其余染色体均为 M 染色体；绿春大黑山

的泽蛙 No.2、6、7 为 SM 染色体，其余均为 M 染色体；江城康平的泽蛙 No.2、9 均为 SM 染

色体，其余为 M 染色体，显示出不同地区泽蛙核型的差异性。最后比较了滇南三地和国内外

不同地区泽蛙染色体组型，结果显示，染色体核型模式及其大型染色体组比较稳定，但次缢

痕位置不稳定，小型染色体组变异较大。

外来红树植物无瓣海桑生物学特性与生态环境适应性分析 Biological characteristics and ecological adaptability for

non-indigenous mangrove species Sonneratia apetala.

廖宝文 郑松发 陈玉军 李玫 李意德 （中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所，广东广州 510520）

本文根据作者近年来的调查观测数据和收集国内外有关资料较全面地论述外来红树植

物无瓣海桑的形态特征、地理分布、生物学特性（包括物候、种子品质与苗木生长、苗木

抗逆性、种苗扩散性、种内竞争特点）和生态环境适应性（包括气温、光照、盐度、潮滩

与土壤）；据此分析了无瓣海桑生态入侵的可能性，并提出相关的建议，为我国进一步研究

该外来种引进后的生态效应以及该树种的合理开发利用提供科学依据。

四川西部亚高山暗针叶林建群种云杉的遗传多样性变化

王中生 安树青 冯珏 张帆 颜超 魏娜 陈姝凝 （南京大学生命科学学院，森林生态与全球变化实验室， 南京 210093）

四川西部亚高山暗针叶林作为四川森林的主体，是长江上游重要的生态屏障，也是我国

生物多样性保护的热点地区之一。二十世纪二十年代开始的大规模森林采伐致使该区域原生

植被遭受严重破坏，森林面积急剧下降。砍伐迹地的植被恢复主要是采用云杉等树种营造大

规模的人工林。与自然更新的林地相比，人工林的生物多样性通常较低，它在生物多样性保

护方面的价值遭到了广泛的质疑。然而，在皆伐迹地或退化迹地上，植被的自然更新较为困

难，而人工林的营造将有效改善立地的环境状况，为林下物种的恢复与发展提供合适的生境，

进而促进林下物种的演替及生物多样性的恢复。遗传多样性是生物多样性的基础。林木作为

森林生态系统的主体，其遗传多样性对于森林生态系统的可持续性和稳定性具有举足轻重的

作用。云杉人工林在四川西部发展迅速，分布面积迄今已达 2.0×106 hm2，占川西林地总

面积的 28%，成为川西植被组成的主体。选择 3种类型的立地：原始云杉林、皆伐后自然更

新的次生林及皆伐迹地上不同林龄的人工云杉林；在林龄较大的云杉林内采集了云杉更新

苗。利用 ISSR 分子标记对云杉 14 个种群 232 个个体进行分析。目的在于检测人工林建群种

云杉的遗传多样性水平，揭示森林皆伐后人工与自然更新方式对优势树种及林下恢复物种遗

传多样性的影响并分析其原因，从而就遗传多样性保护的角度为森林管理提供建议。对云杉

采用 10 条 ISSR 引物扩增出 83 个可分析位点，多态位点百分比（PPL）为 68.7%。POPGENE

分析表明，云杉种群平均水平的多态位点百分比（PPL）为 45.1%，Nei’s 基因多样性（HE）

为 0.123，Shannon’s 信息指数（S）为 0.191；物种水平的 HE 和 S 值依次为 0.182 与 0.284，

与云杉属其它物种相比，具有中等偏低水平的遗传多样性。各种群间的遗传分化程度较高

（Gst = 0.330），遗传分化主要发生在种群内。原始林云杉种群遗传多样性最高（HE = 0.145 、

S = 0.205 ）；人工林和天然次生林种群没有显著性差异；人工林和天然次生林下的云杉更

新苗种群的 Nei’s 基因多样性（HE）和 Shannon’s 信息指数（S）显著高于成年云杉种群

（P

community

倪广艳，宋莉英，张军丽，彭少麟* （中山大学有害生物控制与资源利用国家重点实验室，广州 510275）

外来植物入侵对自然生态系统和生物多样性造成了严重危害，越来越多的研究证明植物

化感作用在外来植物成功入侵中扮演重要的角色，但是对于其机制，尤其是化感物质如何影

响土壤微生物的研究较少。为此，研究了华南入侵植物薇甘菊的化感物质对土壤微生物结构

的影响。实验在经薇甘菊根提取液处理的土壤上进行，处理液浓度为 0.05 g dw/ml，土壤

微生物群落结构用磷脂脂肪酸方法测定。结果表明薇甘菊根提取液增加了单体 PLFA 的含量，

显著增加土壤真菌 PLFA 和总 PLFA，从而显著提高真菌与细菌的比值。通过主成分分析还发

现薇甘菊根提取液处理改变了土壤微生物结构。可见，薇甘菊正是通过改变土壤微生物的群

落结构从而帮助自己更好地入侵。

牛膝菊种群构件生物量结构的研究 Studied on module biomass structure of Galinsona parviflora population

齐淑艳

（沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院，沈阳 110044）

牛膝菊（Galinsona parviflora）原产南美洲，一年生草本。1915 年在云南宁蒗和四

川木里采到标本，1964 年在辽宁大连星海公园采到标本为东北新记录，现分布于除西北以

外全国各地。牛膝菊具有种子量大、生长快速、蔓延迅速等入侵植物的特点，是一种难以去

除的杂草，适应能力强，发生量大，对农田作物、蔬菜、果树等都有严重影响。目前牛膝菊

在沈阳地区正呈现爆发式生长态势，入侵和危害草坪，也见于荒山、路边、宅旁，疏林果园

及蔬菜地。本文从构件水平对牛膝菊种群各构件生物量结构特征,及各构件生物量之间的关

系建立相应的模型进行了定量分析，旨为入侵植物深入研究提供科学依据。研究结果表明，

牛膝菊种群各构件生物量之间关系表现为茎＞叶＞花序＞根；各构件生物量在个体生物量中

所占的比率表现为茎＞叶＞根＞花序；牛膝菊种群茎生物量、叶生物量与植株高度呈显著的

正相关关系；牛膝菊种群根生物量与茎生物量、叶生物量呈显著的正相关关系；花序生物量

与茎生物量、叶生物量呈显著的正相关关系；它们均可用幂函数模型较好的表达出来。

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