early cosmic dust neutrinos
TRANSCRIPT
Early
dust
Erik Elfgren
Cosmic
neutrinos&
Part I Part II
Acknowledgments
SupervisorsSverker Fredriksson
Johnny Ejemalm
Hans Weber
CollaboratorsFrançois-Xavier Désert – Grenoble
Bruno Guiderdoni – Lyon
FundingNational Graduate School of Space Technology
Part I
Early dust
Eagle nebula
Cosmic microwave background
Results
First generation of stars
Spatial distribution
Dust evolution
Dust
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust Outline part I: Early dust
Cosmic microwave background
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
WMAP temperature map
Cosmic microwave background
Nobel prize 2006 – CMB
John C. Mather
– Project coordinator
George F. Smoot
– Anisotropies
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
• Expansion rate
Age of the universe
• Amount of dark matter, dark energy
Shape of the universe
• Matter distribution at t = 400,000 years
Closing in on the big bang
• Structure formation
How galaxies and stars form
Why is the CMB interesting?Stephen Hawking: “the greatest discovery of the century, if not of all times.”
Cosmic microwave background
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
CMB• 400,000 years after BB:
T ~ 3000 K
• 13.7 billion years after BB:
T = 2.725 K = microwaves
• Everywhere
Isotropic to within 10-5
• Blackbody radiation
better than the sun
Cosmic microwave background
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Cosmic microwave background
How?• Temperature map
(whole sky)
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Power spectrum
= angular correlations
First generation of stars
The Sun
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
• z ~ 5-20
~12.3-13.3 Gyr
• Heavy
~100 M
• Short-lived
~1 Million years
• Metal-poor
Z ~ 10-6
• Hot
~100,000 K
• End as supernovæ
First generation of stars
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Dust
Eagle nebula
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Why is cosmic dust interesting?• Absorbs CMB light
• Emits radiation similar to the CMB
• Absorbs star light
• Comes from the first stars
Star light
CMB light
Dust emission
Supernova
Dust
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Dust evolution
Orion nebula
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Dust density evolution:
t
ttJf
dt
td dd
d*
Analytical solution, for different dust lifetimes, t:
Dust evolution
13.5 billion years ago
12.5 billion years ago
Re
lative
d
ust d
en
sity
Time from now
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Spatial distribution
Dark matter simulation
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Spatial distribution
• Dust in filaments (100 Mpc/h)
• Dark matter N3 body simulations
• GalICS – simulation program
• Fairly realistic galaxies
DMd
Dust
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Results
The Planck satellite
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Results
Dust spectrum
CMBInte
nsity
Observed wavelength
Dust
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
dzT
zTzT
dT
dBTTBii
i
CMB CMB
CMBd
TT
CMBCMB0
Detection with Planck satellite?
An
gu
lar
co
rre
latio
n
180º/angle
• Might be possible
Results
Early dust
Local dust
Planck noise
CMB
My research
Dust
Evolution
Distribution
Stars
CMB
Results
Theory
NeutrinosDust
Part II
Cosmic neutrinos
Heavy neutrino
β δ
β
Standard model of particle physicsSM
Extensions of the SM
Preons
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Outline part II: Cosmic neutrinos
Preons in LEP data?
Summary and outlook
Dust
Heavy neutrinosNeutrinos
Neutrinos
Standard model of particle physics
Feynman diagram
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Standard model of particle physics
• The fundamental particles
(like electrons, quarks and neutrinos)
• The forces that govern their interactions
The SM describes
The SM is used to calculate
• Probability of interaction between particles
(= cross section, σ)
• Lifetimes of unstable particles
σ
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Standard model of particle physics
Fermions
Family
1
2
3
νe
e
0
-1
νμμ
0
-1
νττ
0
-1
electronneutrino
electron
muonneutrino
tauneutrino
muon
tau
d
u
-1/3
2/3
s
c
-1/3
2/3
b
t
-1/3
2/3
down
up
strange
bottom
charm
top
Flavor Charge Flavor Charge
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Standard model of particle physics
Forces
• Electromagnetic
photons – γ
• Weak
W-, W+, Z0
• Strong
gluons
• (Gravitational – not included in SM
gravitons)
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Standard model of particle physics
Shortcomings
• > 20 arbitrary parameters
(masses, coupling constants, mixings,
CP-violation, neutrino oscillations)
• Higgs boson is not yet discovered
(gives mass to other particles)
• Why three generations? Why same charges?
No known connections between ingredients
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Extensions of the SM
Feynman diagram
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Extensions of the SM
Superstring theory
• The fundamental particle is a vibrating string
• Includes gravity and all other forces
• No testable prediction
Grand unified theories• Unifies all forces except gravity
• Predicts many new particles
Supersymmetry• All fermions have a partner with spin = 0
• Neutralino could be dark matter
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
M ~ 100 GeV
Extensions of the SM
A fourth generation?
νe
e
0
-1
νμμ
0
-1
νττ
0
-1
N/L? 0,-1
electronneutrino
electron
muonneutrino
tauneutrino
muon
tau
d
u
-1/3
2/3
s
c
-1/3
2/3
b
t
-1/3
2/3
Q1,Q2? -1/3,2/3
down
up
strange
bottom
charm
topβ δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Preons
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
β δβ
Electron
Preons
Basics
• Preons (spin = ½)
• Dipreons (spin = 0)
• Fermions: preon + dipreon
Charge +1/3 -2/3 +1/3
preon α β δ
antidipreon )δα()δβ(
He
Atom
np p
n
Nucleus
du
u
Proton Quark
10-10 10-15 <10-18 <10-18Size ~
ββ δ
)βα(
(βδ) (αδ) (αβ)
α νe μ+ ντ u s c Z0/Z’ W+ Z* α
β e- τ- d X b W- Z’/Z0 W’- β
δ νκ1 κ+ νκ2 h k t W’+ Z” δ
)βα()δβ( α β δ
μν
*Z
Leptons Quarks Force carriers
)δα(
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Preons
Features• No Higgs boson needed
• Only three fundamental particles
• Fundamental particles are stable
• Symmetry between quarks and leptons
• Mixings explained (of neutrinos, quarks
and gauge bosons)
• Lepton number conservation
= Dipreon and energy conservation
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Preons in LEP data?
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
OPAL event
e+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Preons in LEP data?
Why LEP?• Right energy scale Emax ~ 210 GeV
• Clean signal from e+e-
• (I have worked in the OPAL group)
Predictions/2 eee
/2 / We
/21
/ / qqW
chbkee /
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Heavy neutrinos
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Heavy neutrino
Heavy neutrinos
Contribution to dark matter• Heavy neutrinos annihilate slowly
Most of them remain even today
Annihilation still going on
and gives gamma raysNN
N N
)()()()(3 22 TnTnvTnTHdT
dt
dT
dneqall
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Re
lative
ne
utr
ino
d
en
sity
Heavy neutrinos
Clumping enhancement•Annihilation of proportional to
• enhancement due to galaxies etc
(Calculated with GalICS)
NN2Nρ
2Nρ
No clumping
With clumping
2
0 )( ,)(DM
halosDM
DM
halos DMhalohalo
m
mm
m
mzC
dz
dIzC
dz
dIβ δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Heavy neutrinos
Gamma ray signal• Peak at Eγ ~ 1 GeV
• MN ~ 100 or 200 GeV could fit with data
dTdT
dt
dE
dnN
vnTCI
T
TE
tot
04)(
2
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Ga
mm
a r
ay
inte
nsity
• MN ~ 100-200 GeV excluded by EGRET
Heavy neutrinos
Gamma ray signal
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Ga
mm
a r
ay
inte
nsity
Heavy neutrinos
Finding new particles• Weak signal
• Significant background
• Multiple variables
(like energies, momenta, angles etc)
Monte Carlo cuts
• Change variable cuts randomly
• If better signal over background
keep
• Iterate
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust
Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Summary and outlook
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Summary and outlook
Summary
He
Atom
np p
n
Nucleus
du
u
Proton Quark
ββ δ
N N
Supernova
Starlight
CMB light
Dust emission
Planck detector1st stars Dust
• Dust
• Preons
• Heavy neutrinos
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos
Summary and outlook
Outlook
Heavy neutrinos
• Contribution to reionization
• Spatial correlations
• Collaboration with Lyon
• Dust in the first galaxies
Preons
• Neutrino oscillations
• Top decays
Dust
βtβ α
β δ
β
SM
Extensions
Conclusions
My research
Theory
Preons
LEPe+
β δβ
β δ
β
e-
Dust Neutrinos
Neutrinos