Early Modern European Transitions in the History of Engineering

• Importance of the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700)

• A Revolution in Metallurgy and Mining Technology

• Newton's First Law (also known as the Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.

• Newton's Second Law states that an applied force, F, on an object equals the time rate of change of its momentum, p. Mathematically, this is written as Assuming the mass to be constant, the first term vanishes. Defining the acceleration to be results in the famous equation which states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to its mass. In the MKS system of measurement, mass is given in kilograms, acceleration in meters per second squared, and force in newtons.

• Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A Revolution in Metallurgy

• The Rise of Proto-Capitalism – the Thaler

• The Emergence of New, Practical Laboratory Techniques

• Accurate Surveying Techniques Becomes Critical Due to Land Claims

Great Britain the Industrial Revolution

• A New Source of Energy – Coal (Depletion of Timber)

• The 18th Century Development of the Steam Engine

• Iron as a Building Material

• Canals, Lighthouses, Bridges

Loudon McAdam --Remarks on the Present System of Road-Making (1816)and

Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Roads (1819)