EarlyResultsfromSPURS-2

LucRainville(APL-UW)

CraigLee,KylaDrushka,CharlieEriksenTomFarrarAndrey ShcherbinaElizabethThompsonLucaCenturioni,Verena HormannBenHodges,RaySchmittandtheSPURSPIs

Aquarius

Firstspace-basedglobalobservationsofoceansurfacesalinity.25August2011through7June2015

Currently,globalsalinityisretrievedfromSMAPmeasurements

NASA'sGoddardSpaceFlightCenterScientificVisualizationStudio

Whatarethephysicalprocessesresponsiblecontrollingtheupperoceansalinitybalance:air-seainteractions,mixing,oceanictransport,etc.

SPURSprogramsinvolvecoordinatedfieldwork,numericalmodels,andremote-sensing:TowedSurfaceSalinityProfiler,Asheretal.,UWSPURSDataManagementSystem,Binghametal.,UNCMulti-scaleModelingandDataAssimilation,Chaoetal.,RSSNear-surfaceTurbulence:Lagrangian Floats,D'Asaroetal.,UWTowardaSalinityBudget(fluxmooring),Farraretal.,WHOIMultiscale AutonomousSurveys,Fratantoni etal.,WHOICharacteristicsSSSFluctuations,Gordonetal.,LDEOUpperOceanSalinityfromGliderSurveys,Leeetal.,UWMulti-ScaleModelingandDataAssimilation,Lietal.,JPLMeasurementsofT,S,WindSpeed,andRainfall(floats),Riseretal.,UW

MicrostructureandMixing,Schmittetal.,WHOI(NSF)SSSDriftersforSPURS,Centurioni etal.,SIO(NOAA)Prawler Mooring,Kessleretal.,NOAA/PMEL(NOAA)SustainedOceanObservations,Goni etal.,NOAA/AOML(NOAA).

Lagrangian Floats:Shcherbina,D'Asaro,Harcourt,MaximenkoWaveGliders:Hodges,SchmittTowedSurfaceSalinityProfiler:Asher,Jessup,DrushkaSurfacemeteorology:Clayson,EdsonDatamanagement:Bingham,Li,LiHydrography:SprintallSeasnake:SchanzeSurfacedrifters: Centurioni,Chao,MaximenkoSeagliders:Rainville,Eriksen,Drushka,LeeArgofloats:Riser,YangMooring:Farrar,Plueddemann,Edson,Zhang,Yang,KesslerModeling:Li,Bingham,Li

PICOmoorings:Kessler(NOAA)Rainlenses:Drushka,Asher,Jessup,Rainville(NSF)

Whatgovernsthestructureandvariabilityofupper-oceansalinityneartheITCZ?

Wheredoesthefreshwatergo,andhowdoestheoceandistributeitfromthesmallscalesoftheinput(clouds)totheregionalscaleoftheeastPacificfreshpool?

Whatlocalandnon-localeffectdoesthefreshwaterfluxhaveontheocean?

Howdoesoceansalinityfeedbackontheatmosphere?

SPURS-1

SPURS-2

GPMIMERGrainrate

30min0.1° gridspacing

DatacompiledbyE.Thompson, APL

SPURS-2centralmooring

SEPTEMBER2016

latitud

e

longitude

RainispatchyRainisepisodicRainisintense

Lagrangiancomponent

Euleriancomponent

Use of schooner Lady Amber for SPURS-2A novel and flexible observational approach, motivated by a need to capture the highly dynamical oceanic circulation at the isolated SPURS-2 site.

April 2016 to December 2017

9 cruises, every 2 months for 1.5 years. • Deploy surface drifters and floats every 2 months,

• Recover, service, and redeploy autonomous instruments (Wave Gliders, Seagliders, MLF, etc.)

• Near-surface and atmospheric measurements during regular visits to the site.

1st cruise: 9 Jun – 5 Jul 2016

2nd cruise: 29 Aug – 25 Oct 2016

3rd cruise: 1 Dec 2016 – 15 Jan 2017

• Deployed15surfacedrifters• RecoveredMixedLayerLagrangianFloat• Recovered2WaveGliders,deployedone.• Underwaysampling(T,S,atmosphere)

• Deploy15surfacedrifters• ServicedWaveGlider• Underwaysampling(T,S,atmos.)

• Deployed15surfacedrifters

4th cruise:????

• Recover3Seagliders• Deploy3Seagliders• Deploy15surfacedrifters• DeployMLF• ServiceWaveGliders

04September2016

20September2016

20September201630September2016

9°N 11°N

Spatialsection

Timeseries

Sep Oct Nov Dec AprJan Feb Mar

Sep Oct Nov Dec AprJan Feb Mar

0

50

100

150

200

depth

[m

]

10

15

20

25

0

50

100

150

200

depth

[m

]

32.5

33

33.5

34

34.5

sg191 26 Aug 2016 to 28 Mar 2017 (214 days), 1492 profiles

TEMPERATURE

SALINITY

20°C

12°C

26°C

20°C

12°C

26°C

28°C

MeasuringrainusingpassiveacousticsJie YangGeoffSchilling,BarryMa,JasonGobatJeffNystuen,Svein Vagle

Yangetal.2015(TOS)

Listeningtothenoisethatwindandrainmake.

Floats(Riser,Yang)MooringsGliders

NEXRADweatherradaronGuam2Seaglider missions,recordingcontinuouslyat200kHz(ONR,forMarineMammals).

IMERG

NEXRAD(230kmrange)

GliderdatafromG.Shilling,J.Lubby,APL

GUAM

Rainville&Shilling,OSST

Here,wehaveanacousticestimate(soundpressurelevelspectrum)every5sec…

GliderdatafromG.Shilling,J.Lubby,APL

GUAM

IMERGGlobal30min12km+

(shadedinsideNEXRADrange)

NEXRAD230kmradiusfromradar15minabout1-2km

Glider acousticestimatesNEXRADestimatesIMERGestimates

GUAM

SPURS-2September2016

SeaglidersWaveGlidersMLF

DriftersMooringsRevelle (withSSP)

…with2-daytails

IMERG

SSSin9kmROMSrunfromZhijin Li,JPL

NECC

NECITCZ

Ekman

Budgets50-kmbox,1-2weeks

Seasonalchanges200-kmline,2weeks

Lagrangian drift2monthschasingMLF

Seaglider program3Seagliders7-monthmissions,withmicrostructureandpassiveacoustics

Budgetsaroundthemooring

TurbulenceestimatesfromSeaglidersExtended(manymonths)dissipationmeasurementfromanautonomousplatform.

FullyintegratedsystemdevelopedatAPL/UW

Low-power,littleimpactonflightandendurance.

Real-timeturbulenceprofileaftereachdive.

Samplinginbothdirections,resolvingthediffusiverolloff athighwavenumbers.Dataqualitycomparabletofree-falling.

Successfuldeployments,upto7-months

Persistentmeasurementsoftemperaturemicrostructureandshearmicrostructure

Realtimeprocessing.

SPURS,sg191,dive100

221to223mOverviewofthemethod:

TemperaturemicrostructuremeasuredwithFP07sat400Hz.Spectraarecalculatedonboardon10sblocks(1-2m).Log-averagedspectra(12pointsperblock)aresentbackattheendofeachdive.

Estimatec ande byfittingtheBatchelor spectrumtothedata(Ruddicketal.2000).

e = 10-9.1

c = 10-8.5

•Near-realtimeprofileofturbulence•Adaptivesampling

glider

basestation

TurbulenceestimatesfromSeagliders

increasing e

increasing c

SPURS,sg191,dive100

221to223mEstimatec ande byfittingtheBatchelor spectrumtothedata(Ruddicketal.2000).Getanestimateoferrorfrommisfit.

e = 10-9.2

c = 10-8.7

Rawdata(400Hz)aresavedonboardandprocesseduponrecovery.

•Similarmethodforshear

TurbulenceestimatesfromSeagliders

increasing e

increasing c

Budgetsaroundthemooring

Budgetsaroundthemooring

9°N

11°N

Seasonalchanges

SALINITY ugeos

9°N 11°N

… waitingforrescue(?)

TheLadyAmberhasbeenabletodotheturnaroundcruise(Seagliders,WaveGliders)yet.

Power-savingmode(loiteringatdepth)

Recovertogetrawmicrostructureandrawpassiveacoustics

3glidersreadytodeploy

WecontinuetoworkwithLadyAmber,hopefullydoing5ormorecruisesinthenext10-12months.

cooleratsurface

Fresheratsurface

InSPURS-2,theuseofautonomousplatformsenablesustocapturemanydifferentevents(persistence),whichisessentialtolinkthedifferentscalesimportantforthewatercycle.

3500profileswithin50kmofthemooringover7months

CollaborationwithFarrar,Hodges,Riser,etc.,forresolvinggradientsandtendencies.

Patchinessoftherain:PALs,moorings,ships.

Fromraineventtolargescale:ships,WaveGliders,Moorings,remotesensing,Argo,etc.