Earth Science:Earth Science:CST Review CST Review

Day #1Day #1CST Released Questions #1-20CST Released Questions #1-20

YM 2010

1. Define Hypothesis:

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1a,1i,1n)

1. Define Hypothesis:1. Define Hypothesis:

A testable, possible explanation of an A testable, possible explanation of an observation observation

2. Define Inference:

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1a,1i,1n)

2. Define Inference:2. Define Inference: To make a prediction based on observation.To make a prediction based on observation.

ex ex It is a cake for some one turning 3 years old.It is a cake for some one turning 3 years old.

3. Define Theory:3. Define Theory:

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1a,1i,1n)

an explanation based on an explanation based on experimental tests that have experimental tests that have been tested and confirmed been tested and confirmed many times many times

3. Define Theory:3. Define Theory:

4. Why is it necessary for an experiment to include a

control group?

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1a,1i,1n)

4. Why is it necessary for an 4. Why is it necessary for an experiment to include a experiment to include a

control group?control group?

a set of conditions are needed for a set of conditions are needed for comparison purposescomparison purposes

5. 5. * *A teacher demonstrated the possible A teacher demonstrated the possible effects of acid rain by placing several types effects of acid rain by placing several types of rocks in separate beakers containing a of rocks in separate beakers containing a

vinegar solution with a pH of 3. vinegar solution with a pH of 3. *As time passed, some of the solutions *As time passed, some of the solutions retained a pH of 3 while other solutions retained a pH of 3 while other solutions

gradually reached a pH of 7. gradually reached a pH of 7. *Which of the following *Which of the following best explains this best explains this

variation of pH in this demonstration?variation of pH in this demonstration?

The rocks have varying The rocks have varying chemical composition, so chemical composition, so

some but not all of them react some but not all of them react with acid. with acid.

5. 5. * *A teacher demonstrated the possible A teacher demonstrated the possible effects of acid rain by placing several types effects of acid rain by placing several types of rocks in separate beakers containing a of rocks in separate beakers containing a

vinegar solution with a pH of 3. vinegar solution with a pH of 3. *As time passed, some of the solutions *As time passed, some of the solutions retained a pH of 3 while other solutions retained a pH of 3 while other solutions

gradually reached a pH of 7. gradually reached a pH of 7. *Which of the following *Which of the following best explains this best explains this

variation of pH in this demonstration?variation of pH in this demonstration?

A Saturn is less dense than Earth.A Saturn is less dense than Earth.

B Saturn is much farther from the Sun than Earth. B Saturn is much farther from the Sun than Earth.

C Saturn rotates more rapidly than Earth. C Saturn rotates more rapidly than Earth.

D Saturn’s orbit has greater eccentricity than D Saturn’s orbit has greater eccentricity than Earth’s. Earth’s.

6. 6. A day on Saturn A day on Saturn takes about 10 Earth takes about 10 Earth hours. *Which fact hours. *Which fact would would best explain best explain

this short day? this short day?

A Saturn is less dense than Earth.A Saturn is less dense than Earth.

B Saturn is much farther from the Sun than Earth. B Saturn is much farther from the Sun than Earth.

C Saturn rotates more rapidly than Earth. C Saturn rotates more rapidly than Earth.

D Saturn’s orbit has greater eccentricity than D Saturn’s orbit has greater eccentricity than Earth’s. Earth’s.

6. 6. A day on Saturn A day on Saturn takes about 10 Earth takes about 10 Earth hours. *Which fact hours. *Which fact would would best explain best explain

this short day? this short day?

7. Which ancient astronomer developed a geocentric model of the universe

explaining the observable motions of the planets?

Investigation & Experimentation (I&E 1a,1i,1n)

7. Which ancient 7. Which ancient astronomer developed a astronomer developed a geocentric model of the geocentric model of the universe explaining the universe explaining the

observable motions of the observable motions of the planets?planets?

PtolemyPtolemy

Bornc. AD 90Egypt

Diedc. AD 168Alexandria, Egypt

Occupation

mathematician, geographer, astronomer, astrologer

34 meters34 meters

45 meters45 meters

8. 8. The highest The highest elevation on this elevation on this

topographic map can topographic map can be no more than be no more than

aboutabout

34 meters34 meters

45 meters45 meters

8. 8. The highest The highest elevation on this elevation on this

topographic map can topographic map can be no more than be no more than

aboutabout

9. 9. In an area where a river has In an area where a river has cut deep into Earth, there are cut deep into Earth, there are several layers of very different several layers of very different

rock exposed. rock exposed.

The oldest rock layer is The oldest rock layer is most most likely to be the layer that is likely to be the layer that is

Below the other layers.Below the other layers.

9. 9. In an area where a river has In an area where a river has cut deep into Earth, there are cut deep into Earth, there are several layers of very different several layers of very different

rock exposed. rock exposed.

The oldest rock layer is The oldest rock layer is most most likely to be the layer that is likely to be the layer that is

10.10. *A student models an impact *A student models an impact crater on the Moon by dropping a crater on the Moon by dropping a

marble from a known height onto a marble from a known height onto a pan of smooth flour.pan of smooth flour.

*Before reaching any conclusions *Before reaching any conclusions about the results of this simple about the results of this simple

experiment, the student repeats the experiment, the student repeats the activity several times WHY??? activity several times WHY???

Differences produced by standard Differences produced by standard variability in conditions become clear.variability in conditions become clear.

10.10. *A student models an impact crater on the Moon *A student models an impact crater on the Moon by dropping a marble from a known height onto a by dropping a marble from a known height onto a

pan of smooth flour.pan of smooth flour.

*Before reaching any conclusions about the results *Before reaching any conclusions about the results of this simple experiment, the student repeats the of this simple experiment, the student repeats the

activity several times WHY??? activity several times WHY???

11. 11. The existence of The existence of extraterrestrial life may never extraterrestrial life may never be proven, but this idea will be proven, but this idea will become more scientifically become more scientifically

acceptable over time.acceptable over time.WHY??WHY??

If increasing scientific evidence If increasing scientific evidence supports the idea.supports the idea.

11. 11. The existence of The existence of extraterrestrial life may never extraterrestrial life may never be proven, but this idea will be proven, but this idea will become more scientifically become more scientifically

acceptable over time.acceptable over time.WHY??WHY??

12. 12. An astronomer notes the change An astronomer notes the change in position of Mars over several in position of Mars over several

nights and then calculates that Mars nights and then calculates that Mars orbits the Sun once every 400 Earth orbits the Sun once every 400 Earth

days. days. -This figure is considerably lower -This figure is considerably lower

than the 687 Earth-day orbit that is than the 687 Earth-day orbit that is widely accepted for Mars. widely accepted for Mars.

-The scientist should:-The scientist should:

gather a new set gather a new set of data and see of data and see if the results if the results remain the remain the same.same.

12. 12. An astronomer notes the change An astronomer notes the change in position of Mars over several in position of Mars over several

nights and then calculates that Mars nights and then calculates that Mars orbits the Sun once every 400 Earth orbits the Sun once every 400 Earth

days. days. -This figure is considerably lower -This figure is considerably lower

than the 687 Earth-day orbit that is than the 687 Earth-day orbit that is widely accepted for Mars. widely accepted for Mars.

-The scientist should:-The scientist should:

13. 13. How the planets of How the planets of the solar system form?the solar system form?

They formed They formed from a from a nebular cloud nebular cloud of dust and of dust and gas.gas.

13. 13. How the How the planets of planets of the solar the solar system system form?form?

A MarsA Mars

B MercuryB Mercury

C VenusC Venus

D Uranus D Uranus

14. Which planet was 14. Which planet was formed from the light formed from the light

gases of the outer solar gases of the outer solar nebula?nebula?

A MarsA Mars

B MercuryB Mercury

C VenusC Venus

D Uranus D Uranus

14. Which planet was 14. Which planet was formed from the light formed from the light

gases of the outer solar gases of the outer solar nebula?nebula?

15. The diameter of Saturn is almost 15. The diameter of Saturn is almost ten times that of the Earth, yet its ten times that of the Earth, yet its

density is much less. density is much less. This can This can best be explained by the best be explained by the

fact that Saturn :fact that Saturn :

is a gaseous planet.is a gaseous planet.

15. The diameter of Saturn is almost 15. The diameter of Saturn is almost ten times that of the Earth, yet its ten times that of the Earth, yet its

density is much less. density is much less. This can This can best be explained by the best be explained by the

fact that Saturn :fact that Saturn :

16. Evidence suggests that Earth is 16. Evidence suggests that Earth is about about

4.6 billion years old, even though no 4.6 billion years old, even though no Earth rocks have been found that can Earth rocks have been found that can be dated at more than 4 billion years be dated at more than 4 billion years

old. old.

This discrepancy is This discrepancy is most likely most likely caused by Earth’s original crust caused by Earth’s original crust

being :being :

subject to subject to

extensive extensive

erosion.erosion.

16. Evidence suggests that Earth is 16. Evidence suggests that Earth is about about

4.6 billion years old, even though no 4.6 billion years old, even though no Earth rocks have been found that can Earth rocks have been found that can be dated at more than 4 billion years be dated at more than 4 billion years

old. old.

This discrepancy is This discrepancy is most likely most likely caused by Earth’s original crust caused by Earth’s original crust

being :being :

17. It has been determined that the 17. It has been determined that the oldest rocks retrieved from the Moon oldest rocks retrieved from the Moon

by Apollo astronauts were formed by Apollo astronauts were formed 4.44 billion years ago, while the 4.44 billion years ago, while the

oldest rocks found on Earth are less oldest rocks found on Earth are less than 4 billion years old. than 4 billion years old.

WHY??WHY??

Earth’s oldest rocks Earth’s oldest rocks have been recycled have been recycled

by by

plate tectonics and plate tectonics and erosion. erosion.

17. It has been determined that the 17. It has been determined that the oldest rocks retrieved from the Moon oldest rocks retrieved from the Moon

by Apollo astronauts were formed by Apollo astronauts were formed 4.44 billion years ago, while the 4.44 billion years ago, while the

oldest rocks found on Earth are less oldest rocks found on Earth are less than 4 billion years old. than 4 billion years old.

WHY??WHY??

A 186,000 years.A 186,000 years.

B 6.5 million years.B 6.5 million years.

C 4.4 billion years.C 4.4 billion years.

D 15 billion years.D 15 billion years.

18. Before humans visited the Moon 18. Before humans visited the Moon and brought back lunar rocks, the and brought back lunar rocks, the

age of the Moon was unknown. age of the Moon was unknown.

Radioisotope dating of these rocks Radioisotope dating of these rocks showed that the age of the oldest showed that the age of the oldest

lunar rock was closest to: lunar rock was closest to:

18. Before humans visited the Moon 18. Before humans visited the Moon and brought back lunar rocks, the and brought back lunar rocks, the

age of the Moon was unknown. age of the Moon was unknown.

Radioisotope dating of these rocks Radioisotope dating of these rocks showed that the age of the oldest showed that the age of the oldest

lunar rock was closest to: lunar rock was closest to:

4.4 billion years4.4 billion years

19. Which of the following is the best 19. Which of the following is the best evidence that Earth’s continents evidence that Earth’s continents

were once in vastly different were once in vastly different positions than they are today? positions than they are today?

A Penguins are found only in the Southern A Penguins are found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Hemisphere.

B Fossils of tropical plants are found in Antarctica. B Fossils of tropical plants are found in Antarctica.

C Volcanoes encircle the Pacific Ocean. C Volcanoes encircle the Pacific Ocean.

D Major rivers form deltas from continental erosion. D Major rivers form deltas from continental erosion.

19. Which of the following is the best 19. Which of the following is the best evidence that Earth’s continents evidence that Earth’s continents

were once in vastly different were once in vastly different positions than they are today? positions than they are today?

Fossils of Fossils of tropical tropical plants are plants are found in found in Antarctica. Antarctica.

20. Early telescopes showed stars as 20. Early telescopes showed stars as only points of light, while the planets only points of light, while the planets

appeared to be much larger, appeared to be much larger, providing evidence that providing evidence that starsstars must must

A be more plentiful in our solar system than planets. A be more plentiful in our solar system than planets.

B travel in elliptical orbits like planets. B travel in elliptical orbits like planets.

C be much farther from Earth than planets. C be much farther from Earth than planets.

D reflect much more light than planets.D reflect much more light than planets.

20. Early telescopes showed stars as 20. Early telescopes showed stars as only points of light, while the planets only points of light, while the planets

appeared to be much larger, appeared to be much larger, providing evidence that providing evidence that starsstars must must

be much be much farther farther from from Earth Earth than than planets. planets.