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Transmirslon Projccts DlvlslonSilr tnTrcdon Rrcord

Form No. lTRl63EAl1 lSheetNo. 1Record Sl. No. Total

Sheets 1IN$TALIJTION Eouioment Sl. No.EARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FQP -Ereiesi Bay / Feeder :

1O INSTALLATION CHECKS

1.1 Checked burial clepth of earthmat /'clveY W

1.2 Chccked ellap sf joints

1.3 Ensured use of proper electrodes for welcling

1.4 Checked for proper application of protective paint

1.5 Checked thet incase of road , trench etc.bunied pipes crossing the earthing rod / strip

, is taken belorv the crossing

1.6 Checkecl that pits are properly preparedfor electrodes

1.7 Checked earthing of structure

1.E Chccked clamping / support of earth flats

1.9 Checked eerthing of ceble supports

1.1 Checked earthing of fence and gates

1.11 Checkecl eerthing of alloquipment structureencl squipmont

1.12 ChGcked earthing of railtrecks

1.13 Checked earthing rtng inside building

1.14 Checked that alt equipmcnt / panels insidethc building areconnected to carthing ring

Remerks:

rsrrvrrr rEru l ry lvenl lc lq f ly IAcceprqd by Record formAgencyNameDate

AgencyNameDete

AgencyNameDate

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Transmission Projects DivisionSito Inspcction Ricord

Form No. lTRltrEATl SheetNo. 1Record Sl. No. Totel

Sheets 1TESTING Equipment Sl. No.EARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FQP -Project: Bev / Feeder:

1.O GENERAL lNSFECTION

1.1 Ghecked tightness of fasteners , earth clamps /conneclors

2.Q EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Meesured and recorded the earth resistsnce valueof each earth electrode by earth resistence Megger

Eerth Tester Make : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Range : . . .

3.O FINAL DOCUMENT REVIEW

lnspection record of Installation & equipment testingcheched for completness and approval

SL No.ofpit

Resista -nce inohms

SL No.ofpi t

Resista -nce inohms

SL No.ofpit

Resistance inohms

SL No.ofDit

Resiste -nce inohms

Performed bv Verified by Aqqqpted by Record formAgencyNameDate

AgencyNameDate

AgencyNameDate

Prepared by : pqrE{lt}rtChecked by : lr-{a/\-J-Date :

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Transmission Projects Division Eoc. No. TS - ll - 02

Rev 00 Paoe 1 of IInstallation Instruction

EARTHING SYSTEM

lntroduction

Electric Povrrer Systems are grounded (connected to eerth by means of earth embedded electrodes) fora number reasons :

To provide earth connection for the neutrel points of transformer , reactor , capacitor banks , filterbanks & generetorsTo provide low resistance path to the earthing switch earthed terminals , so as to discharge thetrapped charge to egrth prior to maintainance or repairsto ensure safety of operating staff by limiting voltage gradient level in the substationTo stabilise voltage during trensient conditions and therefore, to rninimise the probablity of a flash -over during transientsTodessipate lightening stfokes end so on

In general a structure is callecl grounded if it is etectricafly connected to earth embec,ded metallic structures,The earth embedded metallis structure is termed the grounding system and provides a conducting pathof electricity to earth.The purpose of this system is to provide a low impedance electrical system end earth.ldeally , the potential of the neutral of the three phase system should be the same as that of the earth.ln thlsever they touch metallic structures connecled to the systern neutrals Generally the impedance of the ground -ing syslem to earth is always e finite number Thus potential of grounclerl strscfrrres may hecorle rlifferentthen the potential at various points on eerth during abnormal operation Abnormef operation inclused highlyunbalanced operating conditions or fault conditions.Grounding systems are designed such that the possiblestructure body current does not exceed the limit under any adverse conditions considered while designing

Classification of Earthing

Earthing is broadly clessified into following categories depending on the requirements ;

Protective Earthing : To carry out work in a switchyard in service or withthe systemoutside in service where it is not sufficient to open and lockthe disconnectors in question

system Earthing : To determine which transformer neutral points in a systemmust be earthed and the mode of the transformerneutrals connection to thgEarth grid either direcily orvia an impedance

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TE.- ' ! )Doc. No. TS . l l .02

Rev 00 Page 2 of I

Transmission Projects Division

for Earthing

need for earthing arises from the fact that faults may develop in electrical equipments due to insulation

failure or leakage to ground and such conditions lead to the rise of voltage of the sound phase and shock

hazards.ln addition , the equipments may also be subjected to high voltage surges due to lightenings etc.to prevent damages it is essential to by - pass these safety to earth

Under fault conditions , the ftow of current to earth will result in gradients within and eround the substation ,maximum gradients along the ground surfaces may be adequate under very edverse conditions , to enda'

e man walking there.Further , dangerous potential differances may sometimes also exist during a fault ,earthed structures or equipment frames and the nearby earth.

Hazards arise due to step potentiel , transferred polential end tuoch potential.The min. ' fibrillation current'in the case of human body is estimated to be arounnd 0.1A at 50 Hz The voltage needed to produce this

depends on the resistence of the human body present under the conditions of contect The earthingsystem is , therefore , clesigned in such a way that during short circuits and lightening the above mentionedhazardous potentials are elem inated.

$ystem earthing stabilises circuit potentials with respect to ground , protects man and meterial from injuryand damage due to overvoltages caused by lightening surges and such other reasons lt further provides alow resistance path for fault current which results in prompt and consistent operalion of protective clevicesduring ground fault and protects burried cables from overall ground fault currents lt keeps trtaximuffi voltage

ients elong the surfaces inside and around the substation within safe limits during earth faults preventingto persons walking or touching metallic objects near the substation.

Methods Of Earthing

methods of earthing are available and in all cases , the intention is to make elemental lines of currentspread over to the earth surrounding the electrodes so thet low resistance values aer obtained :

By means of earth plates : A copper plate of about 1m X 1m in size is burried to a depth of about 2m in theground and equipments to be earthed are connected to it.Depending on the situation , sometimes severalplates are seperated by a distance of about 2 to 3 m and ll connected in parrallel , are also used to obtainlow earth resislance.

By means of steelverticallyinto graval

By means of horizo -

ntally laid electrodes

: Long pipes vertically driven into the ground , eer the most suiteble form ofelectrodes to obtain low earth resistance since the elemental lines ofcurrent can radiate over greater volume of earth as compered to a squareor round plate electrode.

: In this method of earthing , the electrode takes the form of a wier or striplaid horizontally end burried in ground to a suitable depth. Horizontal

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Transmission Projects Division Doc. No. TS . ll - 02

Rev 00 Page 3 of 9Installation Instruction

By means ofEarthing Mat

earthing , also known as counterpoise earthing , can be arranged incontineous counterpoise and radial counterpoise.

ln this type of earthing , strips of suitable size are laid horizontally andand interconnected to form a mesh or mat . burried in low resistivityground , underneath foundations of buildings or dams or in running water,

Earthing Mst and Eerthing of outctoor substation '

Earthing mat covers the entire substation area excluding foundation of towers , structures , transformers .Earthing mat is made up of Gl strips of suitable size leid horizontally & interconnected to form a mesh or matburried in low resistivity ground.The equipment to be earthed canbe directly joined to the mat if it is close bylotherwise the equipment is connected to an earthing bus which is , in turn joinecl with the mat by duplicatelsize called risers.suitable testing points are provided to check the effectiveness of themat at an appropreateloistance

important advantage of mat earthing is that the potentials developecl within the mat under fault conclitionsbe easily controlled by a careful design of earthing system , thus makingthe entire substation safe.

remerkable feature of this form of earthing is that it cherecteristically provides multiple paths forthe feult currenl to flow and therefore , incase there is anybreak or bad connection in the mat , it does notmatter.Thus safety is assured

Substation earthing is necessary for connecting neutral points of transformers and generetors to ground andalso for connecting non - current carrying metal perts such as structures , overhead shielding wires , tanks ,frames etc. to earth The function of substation earthing system is to provide a grounding mat below groundsurfece in and eround the substation which will have uniform zero potential with respect to earth and lowestearth resistance to ensure thet all non - current cerrying parts connected to the earthing system shall be

y at zero potentialwith respect to ground.The floor on which the operation and maintainance staffshell be at ground potential and during any earth fault in the substation , the potentiel of structures

s and other non - current carrying parts does not rise to unsafe value.

In any outdoor substation of any size , the various supports and non - current carrying parts of equipments i.e.subsletion struclures , shielding wires or masts , equipment tanks and trestles etc to be earthed , are spreadover a large area and therefore , it becomes essenliel to lay a grounding mat to which earthing strips comingdown from the various items . are connected.

typical system of a substation compries the following :

Eerth mat (grid) formed by copper or mild steel bars or cables placed in the ground at a depth of 0.5min a horizontal plane.The crossings are welded.The grid is meant for the entire substation area and sometimes

few melers beyond the fencing.The earthing rods are run along the border of the fencing of the substation

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Transmission Projects Division Doc. No. TS - ll - 0?

Rev 00 Paqe 4 of IInstallation Instruction

Eerth electrodes driven vertically into the earth at several locations.These electrodes (spikes)aer connectedto the earth mat , lerge number of earth eleclrodes give lower earlh resistance.

Earthing risers are used for connection between lhe structures , equipment bodies and the earthing mat.These are normally clampecl or welded or brazed ( soldering is no permitted )

Earthing strips between the transformer neutrals and mat are usually in the form of bere copper cable or strips

$urge Arresters need independent earth but these in turn , ere connected to the station grounding bus.

It is necessery and also statutory to have duplicate earthing connections so that even if one of themis broken , the safety of the substation remains unaffected.The general practice is to form a ring of the earth -ling bus,which in turn,is is connected to the earthing electrodes.ln a big substation , if the earthing is laid to adepth of 400 to 600mm , it may serve es a grounding mat , although use of some pipe / rod electrodes forlutilising good earth conductivity et depths which are not affected by weather conditions is considered to be alOood Practice , particularly in the vicinity of Surge Arresters and Transformer neutral earthing points , where itlis necessary that lightening surges should be discharged into earth.I

lThe earthing pits are usually composed of 1 - a earthing rods connected together via link to the main eerthgrid.lThe rods are copper cled steel rods of 1 - 2 meter length ,which may be extended with other rods by threaded

lioints,The test links are utilised for resislance measuremenlboth of the earlh grid and of lhe earlhing pitlEarthing pits can be added , if neededII

lSince very low earth resistance value is required in a substation , a number of pipe and rod electrodes arelconnected in parallel and placed in such e manner that their areas of influence do not overlap With thisllayout and connecting the electrodes at suiteble depths , say between 400 & 600mm , the electrode$ canlbe made to perticipate in dissipating ground current to eerth like horizontal counterpoise.IIlln short , the eerthing system in e substation usually tekes the shape of grounding mat with necessary orladditional grounding except in the case of small installations. lt is true that grounding pipes / rods make litlelcontribution in lowering earth resistance in a big EHV substation but these ere essentiat for maintaining lowlvalues of resistance under all weather conditions,This is particularly important where the system earth faultlcurrents are heavy.IIlLayout of earthing matIIlLayout area of Earthing Mat is decided based on the foundation plan of the substation lt should surround thelfence line at a distance of lm.Within the area earmarked , the conductors are laid in parallel lines and atlreasonably uniform spacing.Wherever practicable , these ere located along rows of structures or equipmentsf to facilitate of ground connections.Some cross - connections are desirable to provide multiple paths to thelcurrents , specially from transformer neutrals etc. , but too many represent a somewhat inefficient use sincela concluctor is obviously less effective in en erea already occupied by another

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Doc. No. TS - ll - 02

Rev 00 Page 5 of I

Trensmission Projects Division

are avoided as far as possible because of the greater concentration of elemental lines of currenting rise to steeper poteniielgradients.Where essential , a few extra cross connections may be added to

a closer mesh at corners

Laying of Earthing Mat

Eerthing layout is prepared indicating the location of trenches end foundations of equipment.Trenches are duga cfepth of ebout 1m.The base of trenches is leveled and made free fromstone.The base is filled with soft

soil free og stones.The soil is rammed and leveled.Earthing rods are laid.Grounding spikes are driven in the.Seperate grounding rocks ere provided near Surge Arresters , Transformer neutrals and Coupling

rods and structure foundations,The joints are welded after proper clamping.Bitumen paint is applied toioints.The trenches ere fifled with the eerth coverev by crushed stone of 5 to 8cm size.Re$istance of

Earthing System is measured.

Measurement of Earthing Resistance

The resistance of earthing system should not exceed the following values :

For substations of 1000 V and earth feult current exceeding 500A , the resistance shall not exceed0.5 ohm

For installations of 1000 V but earth fault less than 5004 . earth resistance shall not exceed 125 | |ohms.However , earth resistance shall not exceed 4 to 6 ohms

For installations up to 1000 V , Fower 1000 kVA , eerth resistance shall not execcd 6 ohms.

resistance of earth system is measured by means of earth resistance tester.The earth resistancetester has e built - in ohm ' meter, hend driven DC generetor.The range selector switch has 3 ranges0 - 10, 0 - 100 and 0 - 1000 ohms

The accuracy is around + - 10 % .The current flow through the mat and auxiliary earth connection.The voltegebetween the earth mat and voltage electrode is used for measurement.The voltage spike is moved over elong

distance and the meesurement is carried out at each step of about 1m (between the earth met endauxiliary earthing connections).

s the handle of DC generator is driven , the current is flown through the earth between the earth mat and theauxiliary earth connection , the voltage between the eerth met end the voltage electrode is sensed by the

coil of ohm - meter.The ohm - meter measuers V / | which is e measure of the earth resistance.Thevalue R remains constant over a long length (between the earth matand auxiliary connections).This constentvelue is called earth resistance to the earth mat.The earth resistivity is calculated from measured value of theeerth resistence by using the following expression :

Earth resistivity = 9"66 resistance / 0.003 ohm -cm

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Doc. No. TS - ll - 02Transmlssion Proiects Division

Neinfenance and inspection of the resistence of earthing system is measured once in 5 years'The resistance

of earthing syStem subjected to intensive corrosion , is measured more frequently

An earthing system is also checked for.continuity and earlhing connections for good electricel contact'For

this check the system .under test is fed'through erheostat of 500 VA with secondaryvoltage 1? V.The poor

electricat contect or lack of current is indicated by oscillations of a meter - pointer.Arcing or heating takes

at points of poor etectrical contact.Portable test sets are used for checking earthing system without

sturbing services continuitY.

Measurement of Earth ResistivitY

ln the evaluation of earth resistivity for substations and generating stations , atleast eight test directions shall

chosen from the centre of the station to cover the whole site ThiE number shall be increased for very large

sites as the test results obtained at various locations show a significant difference ' indicating

ariations in soit formation.

Wenner's four electrode method is used for measureffient.ln this method , foru electrodes are driven into the

earlh atong a streight tine at equal intervals A current I is passed through the two outer electrodes end the

earth voltage difference V , observed between the two inner electrodes.The current I flowing into the earth

an etectric field proportional to its density and to ihe resistivity of the soil The voltage V measured

between the inner electrqdes is , therefore, proportional to lhe fielcl Colrseqrtently , l lre resislivily is

proportional to the fielct Consequently , the resistivity is proportional to the ratto of the voltege to current-

t the selected test site in the shosen direction , four electrodes ere driven into the earth along a straight line

at equel intervals The depth of the electrodes in the ground shall be of the order of 10 to 15 cm.The megger

is plaCed on a steady end epproximale level base , the between terminals P1 and Cl opened and the four

connected to the instrument terminals.The readings are taken while turning the crank at about135 rev / min.

Earthing Electrode

Each application of the principle of eerthing demands rather stringent charecteristics of the electrocles to be

used for meking earih connection.lt is measured that the resistance to earth of the electrode to be used is

low enough toperform its duties efficiently , most of the requiredcharecteristics will be complied with.Byresistance toearth is meant the resistance between the metal of the electrode in question end the general

of earth i. e, between the specific electrode and the imaginary electrode of zero resistance placed at

infinity.

The following factors influence the resistance of an electrode or combination of electrodes(a) the composition of soil in the immediate vicinity(b) the temPerature of the soil(c) the size and slope number end spacing of electrodes and(d) the dePth of the electrode'

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Transmission Projects Division Doc. Ho. TS - ll - 02

Rev 00 Peoe 7 of9Installation Instruction

Measurement of Earth Electrocle Resistance

i) Fall of potential method : In this methocl , two auxiliary earth electrodes , besides the test electrode , areplaced at suitable distances from the test electrode.A measured current is passed between the electrode A tobe tested and an auxiliary current electrode C and the potefltial difference between the electrode A and theauxiliary potential electrode B is measured.The resistence of the electrode A is given by :

R = V / l W h e r e R = resistance of the test electrode . in ohmsV = reading of the voltmeter , in voltsI = reading of the ammeter , in amperes

lAt the time of test , where possible , the test electrode shatl be seperated from the earthing system.Thelauxiliary electrodes usually consist of 12.5mm diemeter mild steel rod driven up to 1 m into the ground.All theItest electrodes and the current electrodes shall be so placed that they are independent of the resistance arealof each other.lf the test electrode is in the form of a pipe , rod or plete , the auxiliary current electrode shatllbe placed et leest 30 m away from it and the auxiliary potential electrode B midway between themII

lii) Alternative method : The ebovg methoct may not give satisfactory resutts if the electrode is of very low

limFedance (one ohm or less).This applies particularly , while measuring the combined resistence of largelinstallations.ln these cases , the following method may be adoptedlIlTwo suitable directions , atleast g0 degrees apart , are first setectect The potential lead is laid in one directionland an electrode is placed 150 to 300 m from fence.The current tead is taken in the other direction and thelcurrent electrodelocated at the seme distance as the potential electrode.Areading is taken under thislcondition. The current electrode is thenmoved out in 30 m steps until the seme reading is obteined lor threelconsecutive locations.The current electrode is then left in ihe last foregoin position and the potential electrodelis moved out in 30 m steps until three conseculive readings are obtained without a change invalue.The lastfreading then conesponds to the value at eerth resistance.

Eerthing of $teel Structures

Gentry sleel work and high voltage equipment supports are earthed by connecting atleast one ofthe legs tothe grid by means of earth strip.Structuresstanding on more than one foundation have an earth connectionateach foundation if the earth fault current path through the steel is greeter than 10 m.Earth strip s clampedon to the structure at every0.75 m.

Earthing of transformer and High Voltage apparatus

Power Transformer neutrels are directly connected to the earth grid by duplicate condctors each dimensionedfor the maximum fault current.The earth wire from the transformer tenk shall be connected direcily to the grid.

High voltage equipment is normally earthed vie steel structures exceptions being items of equipment with

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Trensmission Projects Division Doc. No. TS - l l .02

Rev 00 Faoe I of IInstallation Instruction

neutrel oullet surge diveriers and potentiel lransformers , which are earthed seperately.Also seperatelyeerthed are earthing switches and seperately mounted operating mechanisms as well as terminal boxes forcables.

Earthing of Surge Arrester

For overvoltage protection of high voltage equipment , Surge Arresters ere used.These Surge Arresters haveproved to be very effective in protection of Transformer stations.The Surge Arrester grounding conductorshould be connected to the common stetion earthing system and should be as straight & short as possible ,connection to the earth grid being es direct as possible.lt should never be seperately earthed as it then maycancel the protection of the Transformer.

lEarthing of fencingI

Ithe fencing for outdoor yard should be atleast 2.8 m high and should cover the entire switchyard.A grounding

lrod or bare cable is run paratlel to the fence at a distance of about 1 m and at e depth of 0.5 m and each postlof the fence is connected to this grounding rod.IlOverheaO earth screen

IlL ightening can ceuse damage by direct and surge comilrg in over ex;xrser l l r ()w()r l i r rcs Srrrgc rrray bc lhelresult of direct strokes to the line some distance away or they may be electrostatically induced voltages

lDamages due to direct stroke cen be minimised by providing a direct path of low resistance to earth.Lightning

lcan not prevented , it can only be intercepted or diverted to a peth which . if well designed and constructed ,I witl not result in demages.Complete protection can be provided by enclosng the object in a complete metallor metal mesh encapsuletionIIlThe switchyard can be protectecl from direct strokes by earth wires or by lightening rods on the portals for thelbusbars end overhead lines.The purpose of the overheacl eerth wire is to intercept lightening strokes whichlwould otheruise strike the live line and to conduct such charges to earth , through the transmission lineI toarers or special earth leads and earthing installations in the case of wooden - pole lines.IIlThe earth wires ere normally erected over the live conductors and must heve sufficent clearance from theselload carrying conductors to avoid the danger of flashover before the stroke is conducted toearth.ln the cese oflsteel

- tower lines the steel tower themselves must have a sufficienily lowresistance to avoid the excessivelbuild up of voltage during the discharge to earth , so thet the danger of ftashover eccross the line insulationIto the live conductors i$ eleminated.The earth wire or lightening rods should be connected by adequate downlconductor to eerth.lt is necessary that the down conductor shoutd not inctude any high - resistance or high -lreectance portions or connections and should present the possible impedence to earth.There should be nolshorR bends or loops since shorp bends or loops increase the reactance of the conductor thereby increasingIthe fault current due to very high frequency of the surge front,

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Trrntrnlselon Profrct Dlvl*lon Iloc,1{o. T8.l l - 02

Rev 0O PasaIsf9lnsilrllston lnsilruction

An certh wlllprwidc edequate protection to any contluc,tor lying bcfw a quailer circle drewn with its cantrt ctthc hoight of thc earth wirr srrcl e rndus equal to the height of thc 6erth wirs abort the ground.lf tws morteerth wirur erc ussd , the vulnerable aree between thc two carth wires may betrken es e scmiclrcls hatrlngar its dismGtcr s linc connecting the twp eartirwircs.ln actusl fect the protec'ted area tends to b€ gtesterfor very intansc strokes snd srraller for less intense strckc$.

Thc aborrc sssumes the resistsnct to eErth sf the earth wirt to be low.lf thc resistance ls not lw enough e,vcr! high potentislwill appear on the earth wire and steel mEst whon E surgc is boing condwtcd to csrth.ThisItrtgtr potGrrtlal may last long anough to flsshorrir to the conductors resulting furthcr damage.At a generel rulcItnc ruli*sncc to earth of any towcr or earthing leed rhould bc lees than 0.2 ohm for e*h ltilovolt of r.m.s.llnc - to - linc voltage.

errth wiru strielding systcm is generally found to bc of considerably lowcr height comparsd with a med$ystGm.shleltling of thc attached orrerhead lines by m6en* of an overhead groundcd conductorsoma kilometers out from the station , is accepted prac'ticG.This results dirwt droket on this

gaction of thc line end reduccs the duty of the stetion $urgc anssters.

protec'tion of switdfyard elso includes the prot;c{ion of stetion oguipment by means of SurgeThssc Affcstem are required to be pleccd clo€c to thc principal equipment wttich thcy Breffpccielly trsnsform srs.

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Trenemlsslon Prof ects DivleionSltr Ins{on Rrcord

Form No. |TR101GNR11 lSheetNo. 1Record Sl. No. lTotel

Shects lRECEIPT AND STORAGEEARTHING SYSTEM FQP ref. No. FCIP -Project: Bav / Feecler:

1.O REGEIPT

1.1 Receiving inspection

All items are receivsd with respect to the follorrring Oelivery ChallansDelivery Ghallan Nos.

1.2 Msual Examination

$hortages and darnages checked w.r.t.Packing List

No shortages and damagesi

Yes, shorteges and damages are there &t'lDR initic*ecl . W1.3 Proper storege

All item$ are stored property

$pccial instruction from Manufacturerregarding $torage followed

Not applicable

Acceptablc, instruction No$.

Remarks:

Performed by Verified by Accepted by Record formAgcncyNameDate

AgencyNameDete

AgencyNameDete

Prepared by : fririF{1qt"tchecked oy: |4'ALUDeto :

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