Earthquake TestReview

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Which type of stress stretches rock?

Tension

Compression

Diversion

Shearing

This is a break or a crack in the rock.

Fault

Fissure

Fracture

Mine

This type of fault is caused by compression.

Normal

Reverse

Strike-slip

Oblique strike-slip

The type of fault shown below:

Normal

Reverse

Strike-slip

Oblique strike-slip

Which type of stress creates the fault below:

Tension

converging

compression

shearing

The location where an earthquake begins

epicenter

fault line

focus

seismograph

The point directly above the focus.

Seismogram

Epicenter

Stress

Fracture

All earthquakes happen at plate boundaries

True

False

The waves that move out in all directions from the focus on an earthquake.

Seismic waves

Sonic waves

Sound waves

Sonar waves

Type of seismic wave that does the most damage.

Primary Wave

Secondary Wave

Surface Wave

Sound wave

The first type of wave to arrive at a seismograph station.

Primary Wave

Secondary Wave

Surface Wave

Sound wave

This type of wave travels only through solids.

Primary Wave

Secondary Wave

Surface Wave

Sound wave

How many seismograph stations are needed to determine the epicenter?

One

Two

Three

Four

This measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake.

Intensity

Strength

Depth

Magnitude

The magnitude scale used today.

Mercalli scale

Richter Scale

Moment Magnitude Scale

Seismograph Scale

Earthquakes can be predicted.

True

False

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Types of Stress Three main types of stress:

– Tension: rocks are stretched

– Compression: rocks are squeezed

– Shear: rocks slide horizontal in opposite directions

5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries

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Fractures and Faults A fracture is a break or crack in

rock.

• If rock on side of a fracture has moved relative to the other side it is called a fault.

• Three main types of faults

• Normal faults

• Reverse faults

• Strike-slip faults

5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries

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Reverse Faults Reverse faults result from compression stress and slope at an angle. Hanging wall up relative to footwall.

5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries

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Normal Faults

Normal faults result from tension stress and slope at an angle.

Hanging wall down relative to footwall.

5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries

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Strike-Slip Faults Strike-slip faults result from shearing stress and are often vertical. San Andreas Fault in California. (p.212)

5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries

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Focus & Epicenter The focus is the location on the

fault where an earthquake begins.

6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries

• The closer the focus is to the surface, the stronger the shaking will be.

• The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter.

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Focus & Epicenter The focus is the location on the

fault where an earthquake begins.

6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries

• The closer the focus is to the surface, the stronger the shaking will be.

• The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter.

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Earthquakes Away from Plate Boundaries

6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries

Not all earthquakes happen at plate boundaries. New Madris Earthquakes of 1911

• Millions of years ago, a long zone of intense faulting was formed when the crust began to pull apart, but did not break completely.

• Today, the crust is being compressed, or squeezedtogether. (p. 246) Return to quiz

Seismic Wave

• Waves move outwardfrom the focus in alldirections.

• 3 main types of seismic waves.

Waves of energy that are produced at the focus of an earthquake.

6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

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3. Surface Waves

6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

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1. Primary Waves (P-waves)

6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

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2. Secondary Waves (S-waves)

6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

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Locating an Epicenter Triangulation is used to locate the epicenter.

• This method is based on the speeds of the seismic waves.

• At least three seismographs must record the distances.

6.3 Measuring Earthquakes

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Measuring Earthquake Size Magnitude measures the amount of energy released

by an earthquake.

• Determined by the buildup of elastic strain energy in the crust, at place where rupture occurs

• Magnitude scale is based on record of height of ground motion and ranges from 0–9.

• Richter Magnitude Scale

6.3 Measuring Earthquakes

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Moment Magnitude Scale Used today because it is a more accurate scale for

measuring earthquake size.

• Based on the amount of energy released during an earthquake.

6.3 Measuring Earthquakes

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Predicting Earthquakes At this time, geologists cannot predict earthquakes. Geologists can, however, determine the seismic risk by locating active faults and where past earthquakes have

occurred. Geologists create seismic risk maps. (p.274)

6.3 Measuring Earthquakes

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