earthquakes and tsunamis in the puget sound area from liquefaction evidence presented by lauren...
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Earthquakes and tsunamis in the Puget Sound area from
liquefaction evidence
presented by Lauren Savage
Snohomish River Delta
Snohomish River Delta
Snohomish River Delta
Snohomish Sedimentary Environments
In succession from deeper to shallower:
subtidal channelslower intertidal flats and point barssupratidal marshlower delta plain and levees
Subtidal
Subtidal environments currently submerged, so direct observation is impossible.
Mostly sand and gravel.Source of sandy dikes and sand
volcanoes that will be mentioned later.
Lower Intertidal
Location: near delta front and along channel point bars.
Contains sand, silt, and mud. Unvegetated.
Upper Intertidal
Location: above lower intertidal flats, upper point bar and lower cutbank
Contains olive-grey mud.Vegetation: Carex lyngbyei (sedge),
Triglochin maritima (arrowgrass), Scirpus maritima (bulrush)
Upper Intertidal Vegetation
Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritima Scirpus maritima
Supratidal
Location: lower delta areaMore vegetation and driftwood than
Upper Intertidal.Vegetation: Deschampsia caespitosa
(tufted hair grass), Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail), in addition to that found in Upper Intertidal region.
Upper 30 cm weathered and oxidized.
Delta Plain
Contains immature soils on a peaty mud substrate.
Vegetation: grasses, shrubs, trees.
Evidence of Seismic Activity
AD 130-530: Event A1 (Tsunami) AD 420-640: Event A2 (Tsunami)AD 850-980: Event B (Tsunami,
Liquefaction, Subsidence)AD 910-990: Event C (Liquefaction)AD 1040-1400: Event D (Subsidence) AD 1430-1640: Event E (Liquefaction)
Evidence of Seismic Activity
Events A1 and A2 - Tsunami
Events A1 and A2
A1 is a thin layer of medium-grained sand, and is present at one site.
A2 is a thin layer of course-grained to granule-rich sand, found 45-70 cm below A1. It is present at 5 sites, and was traced 40 meters at one site and 50 meters at another.
Events A1 and A2
A1 - possible tsunami deposit unusual grain size deposited within supratidal environment
A2 - possible tsunami deposit fines and disappears inland deposited in intertidal and supratidal
environments sand deposited in thin sheet
Event B - Tsunami, Liquefaction, Subsidence
Event B
Sand-Clay Couplet 25-50 cm above A2 deposited on vegetated olive-grey mud layer of fine- to medium-grained sand
from a few mm to 5 cm thickfines upstreamthicker over low topography, thinner over
high
Event B
Layer of grey clay5 cm thickthicker over low topographyno thickness variation between sitesmedium light grey silty claysharp contact
Event B
Sand layer - tsunami deposit thin, widespread layer thins upstream and disappears graded and top laminated (rapid
deposition from suspension) unique deposit since AD 700, so it must
have been from a rare event presence of subtidal diatoms
Event B
Liquefaction sand dikes (mm-m wide) some dikes cut through sand-clay
couplet, meaning they are younger others form sand volcanoes or spread
laterally at the sand-clay couplet, meaning they occurred at the same time
Liquification
Liquification
Event B
Subsidence no change in lithology above and below
sand-clay couplet, but change in plant fossils
plant fossil succession from deeper to shallowerCarexTriglochinScirpus acutus
Upper Intertidal Vegetation
Carex lyngbyei Triglochin maritima Scirpus maritima
Event B - Subsidence At one site, the Triglochin is found below the
couplet, and Carex found above. Triglochin doesn’t reappear for another 50-75 cm.
At another site, spruce grows before the couplet, disappears after the couplet, and reappears 30-100 cm later.
Of 28 sites, 15 showed abrupt subduction of variable amounts.
Likely caused by compaction and liquefaction rather than tectonic subsidence.
Events C & E - Liquefaction
Events C & E
Dikes that cut through the sand-clay couplet are younger and are not associated with event B.
Sand lenses (from sand volcanoes) occur at two different horizons, corresponding with events C and E.
Event D - Subsidence
Event D
Vegetation change: as in event B, plant species disappear at event D, only to reappear again 50-100 cm later.
Stratigraphic change: from olive-colored, plant-rich sediment to grey, plant-poor sediment
Possible Earthquake Sources
Possible Earthquake Sources
Events A1 and A2 (AD 130-640) could be the result of
tectonics or of a landslide
no other evidence for an earthquake, but there is a large undated landslide to NW
Possible Earthquake Sources
Event B (AD 850-980) could correlate with
an earthquake on the Seattle fault (AD 900-930), which is known to have produced a tsunami
Possible Earthquake Sources
Event C (AD 910-990) post-dates large Seattle Fault
earthquake no evidence of faulting to NW evidence for earthquake in
Puget Lowland could also be plate-boundary
earthquake or deep intraplate earthquake
Possible Earthquake Sources
Event D (AD 1040-1400): currently only one possible Puget
Lowland earthquake at AD 1200Event E (AD 1430-1640):
little evidence for corresponding earthquake
Bibliography
Overmeier, S.F., 1998, Seismic Liquifaction Features: Examples from Paleoseismic Investigations in the Continental United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-488.
Bourgeois, J. and Johnson, S.Y., 2001, Geological evidence of earthquakes at the Snohomish delta, Washington, in the past 1200 yr: GSA Bulletin, April 2001; p. 482-494.
Images: http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/482/F04 http://maps.google.com/ http://dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/carnation/images/homepage/snohomish-river.jpg http://www.geocities.com/cpusrv/Debs-UCUT.jpg http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/aksedges/images/cover2.jpg http://www.em.ca/garden/native/triglochin_maritima1.JPG http://tematico.princast.es/mediambi/siapa/web/espacios/espacios/rn/eo/eo_limonium_th.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-488/thumbs.html