EARTHQUAKES

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Seismometer

• Seismograph

= the paper

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Seismometer

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Seismometer

• Modern ones are embedded intothe bedrock to cancel out human made vibrations (cars, jackhammers, etc.)

• Uses magnets to create a current

• Computers measure the current

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Richter Scale

• Each level is 10 times the amplitude of the previous

• Eg: 5.0 magnitude is 10 times 4.0

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Richter Scale

HOW DO WE LOCATE THEM?

• Primary and

Secondary

Waves

HOW DO WE MEASURE THEM?

• Richter Scale

RICHTER SCALE – IN PERSPECTIVE

HOW DO WE LOCATE THEM?

• Triangulation

• Measure the time between P and S Waves

• Figure out radial distance

• Where all 3 circles meet is epicenter

FOCUS (HYPOCENTER) VS EPICENTER

• After Shocks

• Difficult to

define

• Proximity is

used

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Tsunamis

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Tsunamis

• Japan – March

11, 2011

EFFECTS OF

EARTHQUAKES

• Tsunamis

• Japan – March

11, 2011

• 8.9 magnitude

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Tsunamis

• Japan – March

11, 2011

• 8.9 magnitude

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Liquefaction

• Occurs in loose soils that are saturated

• Turns into quicksand

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Liquefaction

• Occurs in loose soils that are saturated

• Turns into quicksand

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Liquefaction

• Occurs in loose soils that are saturated

• Turns into quicksand

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Liquefaction

• Niigata

1964

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

UNIT PROJECT