Describe the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains in relation to plate margins.

Describe the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Constructive, e.g. Mid Atlantic Ridge; Destructive, e.g. South America; Conservative e.g. San Andreas.

Composite cone volcano; Shield volcano

Advantages Fertile soils Geothermal power Tourism diamonds

Disadvantages Death!! Lava flows,

pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash fall

Climate change Loss of income and

farm land Loss of houseing

The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.

They can generate electricity from the volcano using geothermal power;

The volcano attracts tourists and residents of nearby Messina and Catania earn money from renting accommodation to tourists;

The Italian government have invested money in prediction and they are willing to take the risk

The height of the volcano gives snow, - skiing

Measured on the Richter scale; Primary effects include collapsed buildings; Secondary effects include gas fires, disease

and tsunamis

More deaths occur in LEDCs; Greatest financial loss occurs in MEDCs; More deaths occur in urban areas; The time of day is important.

Poor quality buildings/infrastructure/roads/bridges; which easily collapse; As building regulations are not enforced; High population densities; Poor medical services/hospitals/get destroyed; Therefore people cannot be properly treated for

their injuries; Lack of planning/emergency procedures/emergency

shelters/level of preparation; Poor education eg earthquake precautions; Lack of money for re-building/assistance/rescue;

etc.

Los Angeles, USA, interplate 17 Jan 1994

4.31 am 6.6 47 dead 20,000+, in tents 2,300 InjuredPoints to noteFires, water, housing

Infrastructure , FEMA, economy

Maharashtra, India, intraplate 30 Sept, 1993

4.00 am 6.4 22,000 dead10,000+, in anything 4,800 Points to noteHousing, disease , water,

rescue 36 hours after by scouts, by hand

The main activities in the Alps are connected with:

Tourism; dairy farming; Forestry; HEP; and industry.

These include Climate; Transport; Farming; Industry; and low population density