earthquakes forces in earth’s crust. how does stress change earth’s crust? stress is a force...
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EARTHQUAKES
FORCES IN EARTH’S CRUST
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How does stress change Earth’s crust?Stress is a force that acts on rock to change its shape
or volume.Stress= force / unit of area
Pressure = Force / Area
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The movement of Earth’s plates can create strong forces that slowly bend
or fold many rocks like a caramel candy bar.
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An earthquake is the shaking of the ground cause by seismic waves.
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Tension, compression and shearing work over millions of years to change the shape and volume of
a rock.
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TENSION occurs where two plates pull apart.
The stress force that pulls on the crust and thins rock in the middle is called
tension.
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COMPRESSION occurs where two plates come together.
The stress force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.
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SHEARING occurs where two plates slip past each other. Shearing can cause rock to break and slip apart or to change its
shape.
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HOW DO FAULTS FORM?When enough stress builts up in rock, the
rock breaks, creating a fault.
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Normal Fault.- Rock is pull apart by tension.
The fault cuts through rock at an angle, so one block sits over the
fault ( hanging wall) and the other block lies under the fault ( footwall).RIO GRANDE RIVER flows through a
wide valley in Mexico.
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NORMAL FAULT
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REVERSE FAULTS.- The blocks move in the reverse direction. The hanging wall
moves up and the footwall moves down.
R. F. form where compression pushes the rock of the crust together.
The northern Rocky Mountains rise high above the Western United States
and Canada.
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STRIKE-SLIP FAULT. – The rocks slip past each other sideways, with little
up or down motion.They form when compression pushes
the rock of the crust together. The hilly plains in Southern California.San Andreas fault is an example of a
transform boundary.
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Type of faults
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SAN ANDREAS FAULT
SAN ANDREAS FAULT
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1. Normal Fault.- hanging wall slips down relative to the footwall.
2. Reverse Fault.-The hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
3. Strike-slip fault Rocks on either side4. Of the fault move past to each other.
1 2 3
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Plate movements create new landformsOver millions of years, the forces of plate
movement can change a flat plain into features such as :
anticlines and synclines, folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and
plateaus.
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ANTICLINE
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ANTICLINE
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FOLDS are bends in rock that form when compression
shortens and thickens Earth’s crust. A fold can be a few
centimeters across or hundreds of kilometers wide.
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ANTICILINES AND SYNCLINES( By Compression forces)
Upward and downward fold in rock.A fold in rock that bends downward in to
form a V shape is a syncline.The central Appalachian Mountains in
Pennsylvania.
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EARTHQUAKES PLATE MOVEMENT
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SYNCLINES
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SYNCLINES
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FOLDED MOUNTAINSCollision of plates , compression and
folding of crust over a wide area.Largest Mountain Ranges:
Himalayas ( Asia ), Alps ( Europe )
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FOLDED MOUNTAINS
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Folded mountains/ anticiclines
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Salt Lake City to Los AngelesCross the Great Basin , region with many
mountains, valleys or basins.Region formed by tension and faulting.
Fault-block mountains formed where two plates move away from each other.
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SALT LAKE CITY/ UTAH
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GREAT BASIN . NEVADA
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GREAT BASIN NATIONAL PARK NEVADA
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GREAT BASIN /NEVADA
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PLATEAUSLarge area of flat land elevated high
above sea level.Forces that raise mountains , uplift a
large flat block of rock ( crust).Plateaus have many different flat layers.Colorado Plateau in the “Four Corners” , regions of Colorado, Utah , Colorado and
New Mexico.
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COLORADO PLATEAU
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LESSON 2
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EARTHQUAKE is the shaking and trembling that results from movement
of rock beneath Earth’s surface.
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LOMA PRIETA .- SAN FRANCISCO
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SEISMIC WAVES are vibrations, that are similar to sound waves.
They travel through Earth carrying energy released by an earthquake.
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TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES• Focus point• Epicenter
• P waves.- waves that compress and expand
• S Waves .- waves that vibrate side to side. Vibrations at an angle 90 to the
direction that they travel.
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P Waves travel through liquids and solids.
S waves can not move through liquids.S waves reached the surface and shake
structures violently. Surface waves are P or S waves that
reach the surface.S.W. move more slowly than P or S waves, but they can produce sere
ground movements.
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KABUL INDU KUSH REGION ( AFGHANISTAN )
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Most earthquakes start in the lithosphere within about 100 Km.
beneath Earth’s surface.Seismic Waves carry energy.
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CAN VIBRATE THE GROUND SIDE TO SIDEP WAVES
CAN MAKE THE GROUND ROLL LIKE THE OCEAN WAVE
CCOMPRESS AND EXPAND THE GROUND
S WAVES
SURFACE WAVES
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SEISMOGRAPH is an instrument that records and measures an earthquake’s
seismic waves.
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The magnitude or size of an earthquake is measured on a seismograph using the
RICHTER scale.
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The amount of earthquake damage or shaking is rated using the Modified
Mercalli scale.
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The Moment Magnitude Scale rates the total energy an earthquake releases.