MAN 1 KOTA MOJOKERTO

WELCOME TO THE NICE ENGLISH

By:ARIS SAMUDRA RIZAL,SS

11 CASES IN STUDYING ENGLISH

1. PART OF SPEECH AND DERRIVATIVES

2. TENSES AND PASSIVE VOICE

3. CLAUSES

4. ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURES

5. GERUND

6. INFINITIVES

7. CAUSATIVES

8. PARTICIPLES

9. SUBJUNCTIVES

10.CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

11. PARALELLISM

There are 8 Part of Speech should be known as :

1. NOUNS.............................................. as Subject and Object

2. PRONOUNS....................................... as Subject and Object

3. ADJECTIVES.......................................as Modifier of Nouns

4. VERBS.................................................as Predicate

5. ADVERBS............................................as Adverbs

6. PREPOSITIONS

7. CONJUNCTIONS

8. INTERJECTIONS / EXCLAMATION WORDS

A. NOUNS BASED ON THE FORMS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO : ABSTRACT NOUNS : 1. Gerunds : reading listening, etc 2. - ty : reality society,etc 3. - ion : organisation reunion,etc 4. - ment : government treatment,etc 5. -ence : performance audience,etc

REAL NOUNS : Book

Pencil

White board

Magazine

Home

Bag

Etc

S O POSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

POSSESSIVE PRO NOUN

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

SINGULAR 1 I ME MY....... MINE MYSELF

2 YOU YOU YOUR..... YOURS YOURSELF

3 HESHEIT

HIMHER

IT

HIS......HER.....IT........

HISHERS

ITS

HIMSELFHERSELF

ITSELF

PLURAL 1 WE US OUR..... OURS OURSELVES

2 YOU YOU YOUR.... YOURS YOURSELVES

3 THEY THEM THEIR... THEIRS THEMSELVES

C. ADJECTIVES BASED ON THE SYLLABLES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

:

1 SYLLABLE 2 SYLLABLES 3 0R MORE SYLLABLESOTHER

FORMATIONS

BIGSMALLLONG

SHORTHIGHTALLTHIN

THICKFAST

SLOW

-OW : Narrow,sorrow,etc

DIFFICULTIMPORTANTEXPENSIVECAREFULINTERESTINGCARELESS

- FUL : Beautiful,colorful, useful, etc

-LE : Simple, triple,humble,etc

- ABLE : readable,listenable, detectable,etc

- ER : Clever

- Y : Crazy,easy, - AL : Colonial,industrial, international,etcHandsome,stupi

d,modern, etc - IVE : Creative, positive, educative

THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ADJECTIVES

The Articles + Adjectives + Nouns

The interesting Man

A bad Boy

An easy Problem

Noun Phrase

D OE

O ThDE Si A T Sha Co

EXPLANATION : D : DETERMINER

1. Article : The, A, An

2. Possessive : My, Your, His, etc

3. Demonstrative : this,that,these,those

4. Quantity : some,any,much

O : ORDINATIVE

1. Numerals : one,two,third,fourth

2. Adjectives with comparative and superlative degree

E : EPHITET ( ADJECTIVES )

1. DE : Descriptive Enumerator : bad,good,beautiful,etc

2. Si : Size : small,big,wide,long,etc

3. A : Age : young,old,new,etc

4. T : Temperature : cold,hot,warm,etc

5. Sha : Shape : round, oval, square,etc

6. C : Color : white,black,blue,etc

O : ORIGINAL : wood,stone,etc

Th : THING : home,school,etc

EXAMPLE :1. The two nice wide old warm square brown wooden houses.

D O DE Si A T Sha C O M

2. Those longer good black iron sticks

D O DE C O M

VERBS

AUXILIARY VERBS BS MAIN/FULL VERRBS

TOBE MODALS REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS

D.

TOBE :

MODALS :

REGULAR :

IRREGULAR :

V1 V2 V3

AM – WAS - BEEN

IS - WAS - BEEN

ARE- WERE - BEEN

V1 V2 V3

CAN – COULD – COULD HAVE

MAY – MIGHT – MIGHT HAVE

MUST – HAD TO – HAD TO HAVE

SHALL - SHOULD – SHOULD HAVE

WILL – WOULD – WOULD HAVE

V1 V2 V3

OPEN – OPENED – OPENED

CLOSE – CLOSED – CLOSED

ADMIT – ADMITTED – ADMITTED

ORDER – ORDERED – ORDERED

TRY – TRIED – TRIED

PLAY – PLAYED – PLAYED

V1 V2 V3

CUT - CUT - CUT

HIT - HIT - HIT

PUT - PUT - PUT

BUY - BOUGHT - BOUGHT

THINK - THOUGHT – THOUGHT

BRING - BROUGHT - BROUGHT

SWIM - SWAM - SWUM

SING - SANG - SUNG

1. NOMINAL SENTENCE is the Predicate of the verbs are using TOBE

2. VERBAL SENTENCE is the Predicate of the verbs are using

MAIN/FULL VERBS

EXAMPLE : She is a student ( Nominal Sentence )

S P O

She is studying English ( Verbal Sentence )

S P O

ADVERBS

ADVERB OF TIME :

NOW,YESTERDAY,

TOMORROW, ETC

ADVERB OF PLACE :

HERE,THERE,CLASS,ETC

ADBERB OF MANNER :

ADJ ECTIVE + LY ADVERB

-BEAUTIFULLY,CALMLY,HARD

ADVERB OF FREQUENCY:

OFTEN, NEVER,EVER, ONLY,

USUALLY,SELDOM,RARELY,ETC

D.

THE EXAMPLE OF SENTENCES

The beauty beautifies her beautiful face beautifully

S/Pro N P/V O/N ADV of Man

Those kids are playing the ball at the yard now

S/Pro N P/V O/N ADV of place ADV of time

They often make the unforgetable mistakes

S/Pro N ADV of freq P/V O/N

TENSES AND PASSIVE VOICE

TENSES

PRESENT FORMS( reality )

PAST FORMS( telling )

FUTURE FORMS( plan / idea )

1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE2. PAST CONTINUOUS

TENSE3. PAST PERFECT TENSE4. PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS

TENSE3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE4. FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT FORMS

(+) S + V1(s/es) + O + ADV

(-) S + do/doesn’t + V1 + O + ADV

(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are) + V3 + by + O+ ADV

(-) S + TOBE(am,is,are) not + V3 + by + O+ ADV

(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are ) + V-ing + O+ADV

( - ) S + TOBE (am,is,are) not + V-ing + O+ADV

( ? ) TOBE ( Am,Is,Are ) + S + V-ing + O + ADV ?

(+) S + TOBE (am,is,are) + being + V3 + by + O + ADV

(-) S + TOBE (am,is,are) not + being + V3 + by + O + ADV

(-) S + has/have not + V3 + O + ADV

(?) Has/Have + S + V3 + O + ADV

(+) S + HAVE/HAS + been + V3 + by + O + ADV

(+) S + HAS/HAVE + been being + V3 + by + O +

FOR.../SINCE + S+V2

(-) S + HAS/HAVE not + been being + V3 + by + O +

FOR.../SINCE + S + V2

(?) S + HAS/HAVE + been being + V3 + by + O +

FOR.../SINCE + S + V2 ?

FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE

PRESENT

TENSE

PRESENT

CONTINUOUS

TENSE

PRESENT

PERFECT

TENSE

PRESENT

PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

TENSE

(?) Do / Does + S + V1 + O + ADV ? (?) TOBE ( Am,Is,Are ) + S + V3 + by + O+ ADV ?

(?) TOBE (Am,Is,Are) + S + being + V3 + by + O + ADV ?

(+) S + has/have + V3 + O + ADV

(-) S + HAVE/HAS not + been + V3 + by + O + ADV

(?) HAVE/HAS + S + been + V3 + by + O + ADV ?

(+) S + HAS/HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE + S +

V2

(-) S + HAS/HAVE not + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE +

S + V2

(?) HAS/HAVE + S + been + V-ing + O + FOR.../SINCE + S +

V2 ?

PAST FORMS

FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PASTTENSE

(+) S + V2 + O + ADV

( - ) S + didn’t + V1 + ADV

( ? ) Did + S + V1 + ADV ?

(+) S + TOBE(was/were) + V3 + by + O + ADV

(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not + V3 + by + O + ADV

(?) TOBE(was/were) + S + V3 + by + O + ADV ?

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

(+) S + TOBE(was/were) + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S

+ V2

(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE

+ S + V2

(?) + TOBE(was/were) + S + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE +

S + V2 ?

(+) S + TOBE(was/were) being + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE +

S + V2

(-) S + TOBE(was/were) not being + V3 + by + O + WHEN /

WHILE + S + V2

(?) TOBE(was/were) + S + being + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE

+ S + V2 ?

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(+) S + Had+ V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2

(-) S + Hadn’t + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2

(?) Had + S + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2 ?

(+) S + HAD + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2

(-) S + HADn”t + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2

(?) HAD + S + been + V3 + by + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V2 ?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(+) S + had + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /

BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

(-) S + hadn’t + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN /

WHILE / BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

(?) Had + S + been + V-ing + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE

/ BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

(+) S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /

BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

(-) S + hadn’t + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN /

WHILE / BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

(+) Had + S + been + being + V3 + by + O + for.... + WHEN / WHILE /

BEFORE / AFTER + S + V2

FUTURE FORMS

FORMS ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE FUTURETENSE (+) S + SHALL / WILL + V1 + O + ADV

(-) S + SHALL / WILL not + V1 + O + ADV

(?) SHALL / WILL + S + V1 + O + ADV ?

(+) S + SHALL/WILL be + V3 + by + O + ADV

(-) S + SHALL / WILL be + V3 + by + O + ADV

(?) SHALL / WILL + S + be + V3 + by + O + ADV

?

FUTURECONTINUOUS TENSE

(+) S + WILL be+ V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1

(-) S + WILL not be + V-ing + O + WHEN /WHILE + S + V1

(?) WILL + S + be + V-ing + O + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 ?

(+) S + WILL be being + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1

(-) S + WILL not be being + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1

(?) WILL + S + be being + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 ?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(+) S + WILL HAVE + V3 + WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by....

(-) S + WILL not HAVE + V3 + WHEN / WHILE + S + V1 +

by ......

(?) WILL + S + HAVE + V3 + WHEN / WHILE + S + V1 + by

..... ?

(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by .....

(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by .....

(?) WILL + S + HAVE + been + V3 + by + O +

WHEN/WHILE + S + V1 + by ....... ?

FUTUREPERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR... + by ......

(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + V-ing + O + FOR....+ by ....

(?) WILL + S + HAVE + been + V – ing + O + FOR....+ by...?

(+) S + WILL HAVE + been + being V3 + by + O +

FOR... + by...

(-) S + WILL not HAVE + been + being V3 + by + O

+ FOR... + by...

(?) WILL+ S + HAVE been + being V3 + by + O +

FOR... + by... ?

EXAMPLE : Andrew makes some mistakes every day ( Active )

Some mistakes are made by Andrew everyday ( Passive)

They aren’t riding their motors right now ( Active )

Their motors aren’t being ridden by them right now ( Passive )

Has mother learned Chinese with her friends this Afternoon ? ( Active )

Has Chinese been learned by mother with her friends this Afernoon ? ( Passive )

We have been studying English since our teacher came home from England. ( Active )

English has been being studied by us since our teacher came home from England (Passive )

The students did the exam seriously. ( Active )

The exam was done by the students seriously. ( Passive )

My son wasn’t playing his ball while his mother washed his clothes ( Active )

My son’s ball wasn’t being played by him while his mother washed his clothes ( Passive )

Had you met her when I visited her parents ? ( Active )

Had she been met by you when I visited her parents ? ( Passive )

They had been calling me for a while before my mother slept ( Active )

I had been being called by them for a while before my mother slept ( Passive )

He will not be waiting for us after school tomorrow ( Active )

We will not be being waited by him after school tomorrow ( Passive )

She will have watched that show by 07.00 pm tonight ( Active )

The Show will have been watched by her by 07.00 pm tonight ( Passive )

CLAUSES

Before studying about Clauses let’s get the definitions about :

SENTENCE is an arrangement of words which has a meaning

SIMPLE SENTENCE is a sentence with a minimum 1 Subject and 1 Predicate

COMPOUND SENTENCE is a combination of two or more Simple Sentences with the

conjunction words

MAIN CLAUSE is a simple sentence with the unchanged of it’s parts

SUB CLAUSE / CLAUSE is a developing part of MAIN CLAUSE with minimum has 1 Subject

and 1 Predicate

COMPLETE SENTENCE is a sentence with includes the Main Clause and Clause

CLAUSE

ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE NON ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

To make a COMPLETE SENTENCES we need the helping words of WH-Questions

WH - QUESTIONS AS POSITIONS

WHO PRONOUNS SUBJECT

WHOSE POSESSIVE SUBJECT/OBJECT

WHOM PRONOUNS OBJECT

WHICH NOUNS SUBJECT/OBJECT

WHERE ADVERBS ADV OF PLACE

WHEN ADVERBS ADV OF TIME

THAT ALL ALL

EXAMPLE :

1. MAIN CLAUSE : She rides a big motor everyday

CLAUSE : We never see her again

COMP. SENTENCE : She whom we never see again rides a big motor

everyday

2. MAIN CLAUSE : They like playing a basket ball

CLAUSE : Their friends are only watching it

COMP. SENTENCE : - They whose friends are only watching a basket

ball like playing it.

- They like playing a basket ball which their

friends are only watching.

3. MAIN CLAUSE : Jakarta is a big City

CLAUSE : Our family have been living there for 15 years.

COMP.SENTENCE : Jakarta where our family have been living there

for 15 years is a big City

ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE

THE DEFINITIONElliptical structure is a combinationof two simple sentences which havethe same parts and elimante themby using the auxiliary verbs andconjunction words.

Based on the auxiliary and conjuncton

Elipptical structure can be divided into :

1. (+) and (+)

a. .......and......too

b. .......and so......

c. .....either....or....

d. ...not only...but also....

2. (-) and (-)

a. .......and.....either

b. .......and neither ......

c. ....neither...nor.....

d. ....not only...but also...

3. (+) and (-) / contrary

a. ...but....

b. ...whether...or not

4. Both...and.....

EXAMPLE

1. (+) We stayed in Bali Last year

(+) He stayed in Bali Last year

a. We stayed in Bali Last year and he did too

b. We stayed in Bali Last year and so did he

c. Either we or he stayed in Bali Last year

d. Not only we but also he stayed in Bali Last year

2. (+) He is coming from America

(+) Anita is coming from America

a. He is coming from America and Anita is too.

b. He is coming from America and so is Anita

c. Either he or Anita is coming from America

d. Not only he but also Anita is coming from America

3. (+) He swalows some candies

(+) Jacky swallows some candies

a. He swallows some candies and Jacky does too

b. He swallows some canies and so does Jacky

c. Either he and Jacky swallows some candies

d. Not only he but also Jacky swallows some candies

4. (+) Anton can speak Japanese well

(+) Andrew can speak Japanese well

a. Anton can speak Japanese well and Andrew can

too

b. Anton can speak Japanese well and so can

Andrew

c. Either Anton and Andrew can speak Japanese

well

d. Not only Anton but also Andrew can speak

Japanese well

5. (+) They had had a lot of money

(+) We had had a lot of money

a. They had had a lot of money and we had too

b. They had had a lot of money and so had we

c. Either they or we had had a lot of money

d. Not only they but also we had had a lot of money

6. (+) I open the door

(+) I open the window

a. I open the door and the window too

b. I open the door and so the window

c. I open either the door and the window

d. I open not only the door but also the window

1.(-) He doesn’t know that problem

(-) I don’t know that problem

a. He doesn’t know that problem and I don’t either

b. He doesn’t know that problem and neither do I

c. Neither he nor I know that problem

d. Not only he but also I know that problem

2. (-) We wouldn’t come’ to her party

(-) He wouldn’t come to her party

a. We wouldn’t come to her party and he wouldn’t either

b. We wouldn’t come to her party and neither would I

c . Neither we nor he would come to her party

d. Not only we but also he wouldn’t come to her party

3. (-) Jhony can’t sing dangdut

(-) Jhony can”t sing pop

a. Jhony can’t sing dangdut and pop either

b. Jhony can’t sing dangdut and neither pop

c. Jhony can sing neither dangdut and pop

d. Jhony can’t sing not only dangdut but also pop

1. (+) Andy made some toys

(-) Andy didn’t make bubbles

Andy made some toys but didn,t make bubbles

Andy didn’t make bubbles but some toys2. (+) He is a student

(-) She isn’t a student

He is a student but she isn’t

She isn’t a student but he is

3. I will visit my grandfather although my parents allow me or do not allow me

I will vist my grand father whether my parents allow me or not

4. Although you like it or you don’t like it, we are still your friends

Whether you like it or not, we are still your friends

4. (+) Emilia studies English well

(+) Erma studies English well

Both Emilia and Erna study English well

5. (-) She doesn’t say the word

(-) She doesn’t say the name

She doesn’t say both the word and the name

GERUNDS, INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES

GERUND is the NOUN made of VERB + ING

INFINITIVE is the 2nd , 3rd, 4th VERBS into a

simple sentence

PARTIPLE is the the VERB’S MODIFIER

THE EXAMPLE OF GERUNDS

STUDYING ENGLISH MAKES ME BORED

S P O ADJ

WE LIKE DRINKING MILK

S P O O

Now differ them with these

WE ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW

S P O ADV

WE ARE DRINKING TEN GLASSES OF MILK NOW

S P O ADV

INFINITIVES

INFITIVES with ‘to’

1. AS A Subject2. AS Modifier

a. Modifier of NOUNSb. Modifier of ADJECTIVESc. Modifier of VERBSd. Modifier of WH - QUESTIONS

To – V1

BARE INFINITIVES without ‘to’

1. After Modals

2. If there are the words like : a. Dare not

b. Would rather

c. Had better

d. Would sooner

3. If there is the word ‘ LET ’

4. CAUSATIVES

THE EXAMPLE OF TO –

INFINITIVES

( TO – V1 )

AS A SUBJECTa) To solve this problem needs a lot of ways

S / Inf P O

b) To listen this news makes me sick

S / Inf P O Adj

AS MODIFIER

MODIFIER OF NOUNS :

a) She buys this story book to read

S P O Inf

b) They give their money to donate the poor widow

S P O Inf O

MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVES

a) English is difficult to study

S P Adj Inf

b) She is too young to be married

S P Adj Inf V3

MODIFIER OF VERBS

a) I speak to influence the people

S P/V Inf O

b) He reads to have a new experience

S P/V Inf O

MODIFIER OF WH-QUESTIONS

a) We didn’t know what to do

S P/V wh-q Inf

b) Andrew will decide where to stay

S P/V wh-q Inf

THE EXAMPLE OF BARE

INFINITIVES

( INFINITIVES WITHOUT

TO ) AFTER MODALS

a) She can speak English fluently

S M V1 O Adv

b) You must study hard

S M V1 Adv

She dares not go alone

S V1 Adv

We would rather try to study more

S V1 Inf Adv

You had better prepare yourself to face the final examination

S V1 Pro N Inf O/N phrase

They would sooner hand in their task

S P/V O

Let me be alone

O P Adv

ACTIVE

SHAS/HAVE

MAKE

LET

GET

+ O1 + V1 + O2

+ O1 + TO-V1 + O2

PASSIVE

S

HAS/HAVE

MAKE

LET

GET

+ O1 + V3

EXAMPLE :

He has me study English hard

They got him to say that word

I had had her write this letter

Joan let him make this chair

Marry is making me eat this meal

ACTIVE

He has the English studied hard

They got that word said by him

I had this letter written

Joan let this chair made

Marry is making this meal eaten

PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE

S

V3 + N

V-ing + N

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

EXAMPLE :

We saw the standing man overthere

Active Participle

The signed agreement has been sent to Jakarta by Mr Georgipe

Passive Participle

Verbs are always followed by the INFINITIVE :

agree

desire

intend

prepare

tend

attempt

fail

learn

pretend

try

claim

forget

need

refuse

want

decide

hesitate

offer

seem

wish

demand

hope

plan

strive

Verbs that are always followed by GERUND :

admit

delay

miss

regret

risk

recall

appreciate

deny

postpone

report

suggest

resume

avoid

enjoy

practise

resent

can’t help

finish

quit

resist

consider

mind

Verbs that are followed by either the INFINITIVE or GERUND :

begin

like

can’t stand

love

continue

prefer

dread

start

hate

EXAMPLE :

John expected to begin studying law next semester

Mary admiited stealing the jewels

We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years

Mary learned to swim when she was very young

He started to study after dinner

He started studying after dinner

Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school

Joan hates riding her bicycle to school

SUBJUNCTIVE

MAIN CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSE FACT

S + V1 WISH S + V2 S + V1

S + V2 AS IF / AS THOUGH S + M3 /HAD + V3 S + V2

S + HAD + V3 WOULD RATHER S + M3 /HAD + V3 S + V2

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

MAIN CLAUSE CLAUSE FACT

IF S + V1 S + M1 + V1 S + V1

S + V2 S + M2 + V1 S + V1

S + HAD + V3 S + M3 + V3 S + V2

TOBE

V2 = WERE

EXAMPLE :

If I were rich, I would travel around the world

Fact : I am poor / I never go abroad

If he has the time, he will go to jakarta

Fact : He is so busy / He doesn’t have any time

If she had seen the movie, she would have told you

Fact : She stayed at home / She went nowhere

If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter

Fact : We didn’t know that you were there so that we didn’t write you a letter

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer

Fact : It is not winter

I wish that I had enough time to finish my work

Fact : I don’t have enough time

He looked as though he had been leaving

Fact : Perhaps he was leaving

PARALELLISM

DEFINITION : When information in a sentence is given in the form of a list or series, all components

must be grammatically parallel or equal. There may be only two components or there may be many

components in a list; how ever, if the first is, for example, an infinitive, the rest must also be infinitives.

Consider these following ciorrect and incorrect sentences :

Not parrallel : Peter is rich,handsome, and many people like him

Parrallel : Peter is rich, handsome, and populer

Not parrallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician and he teaches

Parrallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician and a teacher

Not parrallel : She likes to fish, swim, and surfing

Parrallel : She likes fishing,swimming and surfing

She likes to fish, to swim and to surf

REPORTED AND UNREPORTED SPEECH

( DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH )

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

ACTIVE : DS : S + V2, “ V1 + O !”

IS : S + V2 to + V1

PASSIVE : DS : S + V2, “ Don’t + V1 !”

IS : S + V2 not to + V1

WH- QUESTIONS

EXAMPLE :

DS : Susi says , “ I have some reading books.”

IS : Susi says that she has some reading books

DS : Susi said, “ I had some reading books last year.”

IS : Susi said that she had had some reading books the year before

DS : Susi said, “ I have some reading books now.”

IS : Susi said that she had some reading books then

DS : Andrew asked,“ Take my book on that desk,please!”

IS : Andrew asked to take his book on the desk.

DS : Andrew asked, “ Don’t take my book on that desk!”

IS : Andrew asked not to take his booh on the desk

DS : Mary asked, “ What are you doing now ?”

IS : Mary asked what I was doing then

DS : Andy asked, “ Where did she stay last night ?”

IS : Andy asked where she had stayed the night before

THANK YOU