ecografia clinica in emergenza approccio base · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians....

31
Americo Testa [email protected] Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facolta’ di Medicina e Chirurgia ROMA Scuola di Ecografia Clinica in Urgenza, D.E.A. U.C.S.C - ROMA BENVENUTI Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Accettazione POLICLINICO UNIVERSITARIO “A. GEMELLI “ L.go A. Gemelli, 8 ROMA www.ecourgenza.com Scuola S.I.M.E.U. di Ecografia Clinica in Emergenza-Urgenza Scuola Specialistica S.I.U.M.B. di Ecografia in Emergenza-Urgenza ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA URGENZA APPROCCIO BASE MASTER EMERGENZE PEDIATRICHE UNIVERSITA’ “LA SAPIENZA” di ROMA Roma, 20 Aprile 2012

Upload: others

Post on 06-Jun-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Americo Testa [email protected]

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Facolta’ di Medicina e Chirurgia

ROMA

Scuola di Ecografia Clinica

in Urgenza, D.E.A.

U.C.S.C - ROMA

BENVENUTI

Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Accettazione POLICLINICO UNIVERSITARIO “A. GEMELLI “

L.go A. Gemelli, 8 – ROMA www.ecourgenza.com

Scuola S.I.M.E.U.

di Ecografia Clinica in

Emergenza-Urgenza

Scuola Specialistica

S.I.U.M.B.

di Ecografia in

Emergenza-Urgenza

ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA – URGENZA

APPROCCIO BASE

MASTER EMERGENZE PEDIATRICHE UNIVERSITA’ “LA SAPIENZA” di ROMA

Roma, 20 Aprile 2012

Page 2: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Al medico d’area critica, perché parliamo di

ECOGRAFIA CLINICA,

cioè eseguita direttamente da lui.

A chi è diretto questo Corso ?

Page 3: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Perchè diffondere

l’Ecografia Clinica in Emergenza ?

Page 4: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Risposta 1 – Perché è INNOCUA PER IL PAZIENTE.

Risposta 2 – Perché è CLINICAMENTE UTILE.

Risposta 3 – Perchè è RELATIVAMENTE FACILE.

Risposta 4 – Perchè è TECNICAMENTE REALIZZABILE.

Page 5: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

MA in DEFINITIVA,

CHI CE LO FA FARE ?

Risposta 1 – Per il PAZIENTE: Migliora la Sicurezza.

Risposta 2 – Per l’AZIENDA ed il SSN: Migliora l’Efficienza.

Risposta 3 – Per NOI: Migliora l’Efficacia.

Page 6: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Approved October 2008

POLICY

STATEMENT

Emergency Ultrasound Guidelines

Originally approved by the ACEP Board of

Directors - June 2001

“bedside US … should be immediately available 24 hours a day for

ED patients” and

“emergency US procedures are standard emergency physician skills”

American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP Policy Statement. Emergency ultrasound guidelines. 2001

Page 7: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

SIMEU

Gian Cibinel

Gino Soldati

Roberto Copetti

Vito Cianci

Americo Testa

2005

Page 8: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Emergency US was incorporated in the guidelines of the College of Emergency Medicine, UK in 2006.

Emergency medicine ultrasound—level 1 training document (2006) College of Emergency Medicine, Ultrasound Subcommittee. March

Page 9: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Bedside US has emerged as a valuable technology for the

emergency department physician. It impacts clinical decision-

making and the safety of procedures, and it decreases the time

and increases the efficiency for completion of procedures.

The portability, accuracy and noninvasive nature of US make it

an ideal tool for the trained clinician.

Bedside pediatric emergency evaluation through ultrasonography.

Dietrich AM, Coley BD

Pediatr Radiol 2008 Nov;38 Suppl 4:S679-84. Epub 2008 Sep 23.

Page 10: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Bedside ultrasound in the pediatric emergency department.

Levy JA, Bachur RG.

Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Jun;20(3):235-42.

...only recently, however, has this tool been embraced by

pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this

technology develops and becomes more available

pediatricians should understand its uses and limitations.

In a review of the literature, it is clear that emergency

bedside ultrasound has a role in pediatric emergency and

critical care medicine. Much more research is needed,

however, to determine which sonographic assessments are of

the greatest value.

Page 11: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

While it has only recently been applied to critically ill pediatric

patients, several of the well-established adult indications

may be applied to pediatric patients.

Bedside emergency cardiac ultrasound in children.

Doniger SJ

J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Jul;3(3):282-91.

...bedside emergency ultrasonography does not serve to

replace formal comprehensive studies, it serves as an extension

of the physical examination.

Future research remains to be carried out in determining the

efficacy of bedside ultrasonography in pediatric-specific

pathology such as congenital heart disease.

Page 12: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

We conducted a cross-sectional survey on the use of bedside

ultrasound in pediatric intensive care units in the United

States.

...128 of 230 eligible hospitals responded (56% response rate).

.

Ultrasound was used at least once for vascular access in 82%

(105 of 128) of responders. A significant portion of responders

use bedside ultrasound for nonvascular procedures such as

assessing pleural or pericardial effusions.

National survey of bedside ultrasound use in pediatric critical

care.

Lambert RL, Boker JR, Maffei FA. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011 Nov;12(6):655-9.

Page 13: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Bedside ultrasound in pediatric critical care: a review.

Srinivasan S, Cornell TT.

Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011 Nov;12(6):667-74.

Bedside ultrasound, as practiced by the pediatric intensivist, has

the potential to improve pediatric critical care medicine, but

data supporting its use is limited.

There is a need for a standardized educational curriculum,

and questions remain as to the optimal mode of education and

quality assurance of ultrasound operators.

Page 14: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

The socioeconomic pressures of health care in all economies ranging from developed, developing and the underdeveloped will benefit from this boom of ultrasound in Emergency Medicine.

Page 15: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

“POINT OF CARE ULTRASONOGRAPHY” e

“ULTRASOUND STETHOSCOPE”

Page 16: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand
Page 17: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

ECOGRAFIA – OGGI

STUDIO DETTAGLIATO DEI PARENCHIMI (ELASTOGRAFIA)

USO DEI MEZZI DI CONTRASTO

STUDIO DEI FLUSSI EMATICI (POWER-ANGIO)

RICOSTRUZIONE 4D (VASI, FETO)

GUIDA A MANOVRE INTERVENTISTICHE

EMERGENZA - URGENZA

URGENZA ASSOLUTA (EMERGENZA)

URGENZA RELATIVA

URGENZA DIFFERIBILE (PSEUDO-URGENZA)

Page 18: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Emoperitoneo (rottura di milza)

URGENZA ASSOLUTA (EMERGENZA)

(Golden hour)

Emotorace massivo

PNX iperteso

Edema polmonare acuto

Tamponamento cardiaco

Shock ipovolemico (cuore e VCI)

Page 19: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

o Patologia acuta pleuro-polmonare

o Colica renale/Oligo-anuria/Ritenzione urinaria

oOcclusione intestinale

o Appendicite acuta

o Torsione di cisti ovarica

oScroto acuto

oTrombosi venosa profonda (CUS)

o Procedure eco-guidate

oTrauma muscolo-tendineo

o Dolore cervicale acuto

URGENZA RELATIVA

Page 20: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

E’ per definizione NON URGENTE, pertanto da

programmare in regime ambulatoriale

URGENZA DIFFERIBILE

(PSEUDO-URGENZA)

Page 21: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

PROCESSO DECISIONALE IN PS:

prima

1. Triage

1. Anamnesi, Esame obiettivo

2. Prestazioni in PS (ECG, Catetere vescicale, EAB,

Consulenze in PS, Altre procedure…)

3. Esami di Laboratorio, Esami strumentali (Rx, Ecografia,

TC), Altre Consulenze

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

Page 22: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

PROCESSO DECISIONALE IN PS: ora

1. Triage

2. Anamnesi, Esame obiettivo, Ecografia I livello

3. Prestazioni in PS (ECG, Catetere vescicale, EAB, Consulenze in PS, Altre procedure…)

4. Esami di Laboratorio, Esami strumentali (Rx, Ecografia II livello, TC), Altre Consulenze

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

Page 23: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Aspetti Medico-Legali

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

…faremo questa fine?

Page 24: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

L’esecuzione dell’ecografia aumenta i

rischi di responsabilità professionale?

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

Codice Civile - Obbligazione di mezzi e non di risultati.

Codice Penale - Dimostrazione di diligenza.

RICORDIAMO che il reato è colposo, recita l’art. 43 Cod.Pen.,

“quando l’evento anche se preveduto, non è voluto dall’agente e si

verifica a causa di negligenza, imprudenza o imperizia ovvero per

inosservanza di leggi, regolamenti o discipline”.

Codice Deontologico - Gli artt. 12, 16 e 18 sottolineano … che il

medico è tenuto ad una adeguata conoscenza (.. omissis) delle

caratteristiche di impiego dei mezzi diagnostici e terapeutici

Testa A et al. Ecografia Clinica in Pronto Soccorso: Implicazioni Medico-Legali e Criteri di Refertazione.

Emergency Care Journal 2007; 3(2):22-31.

Page 25: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

Criteri di Refertazione

Iconografia: Documentare o non documentare?

Referto: Descrivere o non descrivere?

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

NO

SI’

Page 26: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

L’ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA - URGENZA

Esempio di Referto

-Ecografia eseguita in urgenza, mirata alla valutazione clinica integrata in paziente in arresto cardiaco/periarresto:

-Esame tecnicamente adeguato.

-Esito: -Attività cardiaca rilevata. Non versamento pericardico tamponante.. Sezioni destre non prevalenti, cinesi conservata. VS con funzione contrattile non compromessa. Camere normo-dilatateVCI non ectasica e responsiva a dinamica respiratoria.

Non segni di PNX. Non versamento pleurico. Non segni di s. interstiziale bilateralmente.

Non ectasia aorta toracica/addominale. Non versamento endoperitoneale o segni

di occlusione/perforazione. Non segni di trombosi venosa a carico degli assi

venosi profondi. -Commenti e rilievi collaterali: nessuno.

Testa A et al. Ecografia Clinica in Pronto Soccorso: Implicazioni Medico-Legali e Criteri di Refertazione.

Emergency Care Journal 2007; 3(2):22-31.

-Dr. Mario Rossi 1234

Page 27: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

PREFACE

“… There is the danger that use by inexperienced practitioners will be

lead to errors… Its use must be restricted.”

JAMA editorial, c.a 1900, refferring to the stethoscope

2003

Page 28: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

RIFLESSIONI

Page 29: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

"Che cosa sarebbe la vita se non avessimo il coraggio di fare tentativi?

Vincent Van Gogh

Page 30: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

"Follia è fare sempre la stessa cosa e aspettarsi risultati diversi."

Albert Einstein

Page 31: ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA APPROCCIO BASE · pediatric emergency and critical care physicians. As this technology develops and becomes more available pediatricians should understand

BUON LAVORO

Keith Haring – “AVANTI SPEDITI”