Ecography ECOG-03553Robert, L.-E., Sturtevant, B. R., Cooke, B. J., James, P. M. A., Fortin, M.-J., Townsend, P. A., Wolter, P. T. and Kneeshaw, D. 2017. Landscape host abundance and configuration regulate periodic outbreak behavior in spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.03553

Supplementary material

Appendix1.ColorplatesmapsoftheBorderLakesLandscape(BLL)studyarea,illustratingkeypatterns

inforestlandscapeconfiguration,composition,andclimaticgradientspotentiallyrelevanttospruce

budwormoutbreakdynamics.OuranalysesofthesedataaredescribedintheMethodssectionofthe

primarypaper.

FigureCaptions:

FigureA1-A.PatternsinthetemporalsequenceofforestdisturbancesfortheBLL,asderivedusingland

coverchangemethodsbyWolteretal.(2012).Forestandnon-forestareasarerepresentedaswellas

theyearofdisturbancesforpixelrangingfrom<1980to2000.Pixelsassignedanumericalyearvalue

havebeendisturbedduringthe5-yearintervalprecedingtherecordedyear.

A)

B)

FigureA1-B.ForestcompositioncompositemapusingtreespeciesbasalareaestimatedfromLandsat

TManalysescirca2002byWolteretal.(2008),wheretheRGBindexrepresentsthebasalareaof

deciduousspecies(red),spruce+fir(Green),andNonhostconifer(blue).

FigureA1-C)Sprucebudwormgrowthindexbasedonphysiologicalconstraintsaffectingoverwinter

survivalandtheabilityofbudwormtocompletetheirlifecyclewithinasingleyear.(Régnièreetal.

2012).Valuesapproaching1.0(i.e.,warmercolors)representareaswherebudwormpopulationgrowth

rateisoptimal.

LiteratureCited

Régnière,J.,R.St-Amant,andP.Duval.2012.Predictinginsectdistributionsunderclimatechangefrom

physiologicalresponses:sprucebudwormasanexample.BiologicalInvasions14:1571-1586.

Wolter,P.T.,P.A.Townsend,B.R.Sturtevant,andC.C.Kingdon.2008.Remotesensingofthe

distributionandabundanceofhostspeciesforsprucebudworminNorthernMinnesotaand

Ontario.RemoteSensingofEnvironment112:3971-3982.

C)

Wolter,P.T.,B.R.Sturtevant,B.R.,B.R.Miranda,S.M.Lietz,P.A.Townsend,andJ.Pastor.2012.Forest

landcoverchange(1975-2000)intheGreaterBorderLakesregion.ResearchMapNRS-3.

NewtownSquare,PA:U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,NorthernResearch

Station.17p.[Printedmapincluded].

Appendix2.Time-seriesofpercentageoftreesaffectedbydefoliationthroughtimefromtheprogramOUTBREAKforeachsubarea:Ontario(O),Wilderness(W),andMinnesota(M).Thesecondletteristhelongitudinalareas(i.e.,west,“W”;east,“E”;center,“C).Thethirdletteristhelatitudinalsubareas(i.e.,north,“N”;andsouth,“S”)AcronymsusedforsubareasaredescribedinTable1andtheirgeographicpositionisdescribedinFigure1.BackgroundcoloroflabelsrepresenttheclustergrouptowhicheachsubzonesbelongstofromFigure3-4.Thehorizontaldottedlineindicatesthe25%thresholddefiningoutbreaksinapreviousstudy(Robertetal.2012),andisusedhereforreferenceonly.

LiteratureCited

Robert,L.E.,D.Kneeshaw,andB.R.Sturtevant.2012.Effectsofforestmanagementlegaciesonsprucebudwormoutbreaks.CanadianJournalofForestResearch42:463–475.