edamame cultivar report — 2011 · 2012. 5. 8. · edamame cultivar report — 2011 marty...

Edamame Cultivar Report — 2011

Marty Williams, Theresa Herman*, and Randy Nelson

USDA-ARS and Department of Crop Sciences*, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801

Despite the fact that the United States is a global leader in grain soybean production, most of the

vegetable soybean (edamame) consumed in the country is imported, particularly from Asia.

Several attempts have been made to promote domestic edamame production in the 20th

century.

In the 1930s, edamame cultivars were collected by USDA from Japan, Korea, and China and

tested by several state agricultural experiment stations. During World War II, several canned

edamame products were marketed and some 44 cultivars were released in the United States.

In the early 1980s, the “sushi boom” introduced more American consumers to edamame. Larger-

scale domestic edamame production was attempted in the 1990s in the Midwest and Pacific

Northwest, but never reached a level to satisfy domestic demand. A few federal and state

researchers have released adapted edamame cultivars in the last two decades; however, several of

these programs have suffered from attrition of personnel and resources.

Interest in domestic edamame production has been on the rise in recent years. This time, the

vegetable processing industry is supportive of the effort. Fueled in part by increasing consumer

interest in the product itself and in domestically grown products in particular, some vegetable

processors are initiating, or in some cases expanding, domestic production. However, several

hurdles exist, including lack of effective pest management tools for commercial-scale

production. For instance, currently only three herbicides have a federal label for use in edamame:

S-metolachlor, trifluralin, and clethodim. To enable the development of a commercial industry

for this crop, more herbicides are needed, especially postemergence products effective on a

number of broadleaf weed species.

Edamame represents a small amount of acreage, so herbicide manufacturers are poorly motivated

to add the minor crop to their product labels, due largely to concern over crop injury and

liability. In order to quantify the risk of crop injury, edamame cultivars need to be evaluated for

their response to certain herbicides. In addition, several important agronomic traits of

commercial and public edamame cultivars have not been quantified in standardized trials,

including susceptibility to diseases and insect pests. Therefore, the objective of this report is to

summarize cultivar emergence, growth, development, responses to two postemergence

herbicides, and incidence of naturally occurring diseases and insects.

Materials and Methods Entries In 2011, 155 entries were included: 122 edamame entries and 33 grain entries. These were: (1)

all commercially and publicly available edamame cultivars; and (2) entries from the USDA

Soybean Germplasm Collection that were (a) early introductions of edamame, (b) parental lines

of edamame, (c) large-seeded soybean entries (>25 g per 100-seed) with names associated with

edamame, (d) grain types with known sensitive or tolerant responses to select herbicides, and (e)

maturity group checks. Commercial seed was acquired from seed companies up to one month

before planting and stored at room temperature.

Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2011

Experimental Design and Procedure Each herbicide trial was a separate experiment with three replications of entries arranged in a

randomized complete block. An experimental unit was a single, 8-foot row planted with 50 seed.

Trials were planted June 3 on the University of Illinois Vegetable Crop Farm near Urbana, IL.

Immediately after planting, Dual Magnum (S-metolachlor) was applied throughout the trials at a

rate of 1.67 pts/A to control most grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Trials were

cultivated once and hand weeded as needed.

Herbicide Application Postemergence herbicides were applied when a majority of plants had two fully-emerged

trifoliate leaves, which was June 29. Applications were made perpendicular to rows, such that 4

feet were treated and 4 feet were left as an untreated check. Herbicides were applied at twice the

registered use rates: Basagran 4E (bentazon) at 4 pts/A and Raptor 1E (imazamox) at 8 fl oz/A.

Adjuvants included 1% crop oil concentrate in the bentazon trial, and 0.25% nonionic surfactant

in the imazamox trial. Treatments were applied in 20 gallons of spray volume per acre.

Data Collection Plant stand counts were made one and two weeks after planting (WAP). Emergence was

calculated as the percentage of plants emerged two WAP. Emergence rate was calculated as the

percentage of plants emerged one WAP, relative to two WAP stand counts. Untreated plant

heights were measured two and six WAP, hereafter called “early height” and “mid-season

height,” respectively.

Herbicide response was assessed visually one week after treatment (WAT). Relative to the

untreated check, injury was scored on the following scale: 0=no visible symptoms, 1=slight

chlorosis or necrosis, 2=chlorosis/necrosis with possible stunting, 3=chlorosis/necrosis with

stunting, 4=chlorosis/necrosis with significant stunting, 5=plants stunted 50%, 6=plants stunted

60%, 7=plants stunted 70%, 8=plants stunted 80%, 9=plants stunted 90%, and 10=all plants

dead.

The date of beginning bloom (R1) was recorded in the untreated control. Incidence of three

bacterial diseases (brown spot, bacterial blight, and bacterial pustule), one fungal disease

(Cercospora leaf spot), and feeding from three insects (leaf hopper, Japanese beetle, and bean

leaf beetle) were quantified eight WAP on untreated plants. Disease and insect incidence was

scored on the following scale: 0=no visible symptoms, 1=symptoms visible on at least one leaf,

2=mild occurrence, 3=moderate occurrence, 4=moderately severe occurrence, and 5=very severe

occurrence. For all response variables, entry means are reported and Pearson correlation

coefficients were calculated to compare some variables.

Results and Discussion Emergence Characteristics The seed of entries in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection range from 1 to 10 years old;

therefore, emergence characteristics will be summarized for commercial and other public

cultivars only. Emergence of edamame varied widely. Percent emergence of edamame cultivars

two WAP averaged 65.4%, ranging from 10.0 to 88.0% (Table 1). Commercial edamame

cultivars with the highest germination (>80%) included: RFG 282, Mojo Green, Butterbean,

Sayamusume, and Korean Black. Commercial edamame cultivars with poor emergence (<50%),


included: Green Legend, Lanco, Sweet Sansei, BeSweet 2001, Soya Pearl, Lucky Lion,

Bellesoy, and Green Pearls.

Emergence rate characterized how quickly plants became established. For instance, an

emergence rate of 50% indicates that one-half of plants had emerged by one WAP. Emergence

rate also varied widely. Among edamame cultivars, emergence rate averaged 69.5%, ranging

from 24.2 to 96.1% (Table 1). Commercial edamame cultivars with the highest emergence rate

(>80%) included: Butterbean, Mojo Green, Misono Green, Tokio Verte, Sunrise, RFG 282, and

Tankuro. In contrast, commercial edamame cultivars with the lowest emergence rate (<50%)

included: White Lion, Soya Pearl, Green Legend, Taiwame, Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Late Giant

Black Seeded. A positive correlation coefficient (0.735) was observed between emergence traits,

indicating cultivars with higher stand establishment generally emerged quickly.

Height Growth Distributions of height growth appeared similar among edamame and grain entries. Early plant

height averaged 3.7 inches among edamame entries, ranging from 1.7 to 4.8 inches (Table 1).

Midseason plant height among edamame entries averaged 15.0 inches, ranging from 8.6 to 21.7

inches. Early height was a good predictor of midseason plant height (correlation

coefficient=0.717); however, midseason height was not associated with length of vegetative

period (correlation coefficient=-0.264).

Development Maturity group classification was previously determined for entries from the USDA Soybean

Germplasm Collection, ranging from maturity group 000 to maturity group VII. For all entries,

date of R1 is summarized in Table 1. Edamame entries spanned a range of R1 dates, from <32 to

88 DAP. Among the earliest flowering (≤32 DAP) commercial edamame cultivars were Black

Jet and Tohya, comparable to maturity group 00 checks. Commercial edamame cultivars with the

longest vegetative stage included: Late Giant Black Seeded, Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Korean

Black. The time to first flower of these cultivars exceeded the maturity group VI checks.

Responses to Bentazon Previous research showed that bentazon sensitivity in soybean is conditioned by a single

recessive gene. Five grain-type germplasm entries previously identified as bentazon-sensitive

were included in these trials, including: PI086098, PI086504, PI243525, PI360839, and

PI548346. In addition, two back-crossed derived near-isogenic lines carrying the bentazon-

sensitive allele hb (L78-3263 and L75-6631) and one cultivar known to carry the bentazon-

tolerant allele Hb (Clark 63) were included.

Bentazon killed or severely injured the entries used as bentazon-sensitive controls. Injury scores

for bentazon-sensitive controls ranged from 6.3 to 10.0 (Table 1). The bentazon-tolerant cultivar,

Clark 63, had minimal injury symptoms (score of 2.7).

None of the edamame entries were injured by bentazon to the same extent as the bentazon-

sensitive controls. Edamame entries with the greatest injury (scores of 5.0 to 5.5) one WAT were

PI507281, PI507336, and PI549057B (Table 1). Commercial edamame cultivars with significant

stunting (score of 4.0 or higher) one WAT included: White Lion, Green Legend, Misono Green,

Black Pearl, Triple Play, Sweet Sansei, Late Giant Black Seeded, Green Pearls, Bellesoy,

Sunrise, Fledderjohn, and Lucky Lion. However, plant stunting was temporary and these

cultivars appeared to resume normal plant growth within a few weeks after bentazon application.


Commercial edamame cultivars least affected (score less than 3.0) by bentazon included:

Sayamusume, Lanco, Butterbean, Kou-ri, and RFG 282. Among edamame entries, average plant

response to bentazon was a score of 3.4.

Responses to Imazamox The highest levels of injury from imazamox (scores of 4.0 to 5.7) were on entries used as

bentazon-sensitive controls (Table 1). Among edamame entries, injury was less. Eleven entries

were scored for possible stunting (3.0 to 3.9), all of which were from the USDA Soybean

Germplasm Collection, with the exception of one public cultivar, WSU910a. All other edamame

entries had minimal to no chlorosis or stunting. With the exception of the moderately injured

bentazon-sensitive entries, injury symptoms dissipated within a few weeks after imazamox

application. Among edamame entries, average plant response to imazamox was a score of 1.9.

Disease Incidence Midseason brown spot incidence was low, with an average score of 0.5 across all entries.

Incidence of brown spot was observed in 82 of 122 edamame entries at eight WAP (Table 2). All

edamame cultivars had a mean score for brown spot incidence that was less than a “mild

occurrence.”

Midseason bacterial blight incidence had an average score of 1.1 across all entries. Among the

122 edamame entries, incidence of bacterial blight eight WAP was observed in 108 entries

(Table 2). A “moderate occurrence” of bacterial blight incidence was observed in four edamame

entries, including Ware, PI089162, Gardensoy 31, and Tankuro.

Midseason bacterial pustule incidence had an average score of 0.2 across all entries. Incidence of

bacterial pustule was observed in 42 of 122 edamame entries at eight WAP, although none of the

entries was observed to have pustule incidence that exceeded a “mild occurrence.”

Incidence of Cercospora leaf spot was observed in only two edamame entries at eight WAP, and

only at the lowest level of occurrence (Table 2).

Insect Feeding Midseason leaf hopper feeding was observed in most edamame entries, but varied widely among

entries. Commercial edamame cultivars showing severe occurrences of leaf hopper feeding at

eight WAP, included: Korean Black, Late Giant Black Seeded, Misono Green, Sweet Sansei,

Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Tasty 90 (Table 2).

Low levels of Japanese beetle feeding incidence were observed on most edamame entries at eight

WAP, and no cultivar exceeded an incidence score above “mild occurrence” (Table 2). Likewise,

bean leaf beetle feeding was observed on most edamame entries at eight WAP, and no

commercial cultivars had an average incidence score above “mild occurrence.”

Summary A total of 155 entries were characterized for several important agronomic traits, with 122 of

these entries representing commercial or public edamame germplasm. Edamame emergence

traits varied greatly among cultivars. Differences in early and midseason heights among

edamame entries indicated considerable variation in plant morphology; however, differences

were not associated with length of vegetative period. Bentazon applied at 4 pts/A of Basagran

did not kill any edamame entries, suggesting that none of the entries are homozygous for the hb

allele. However, mean response (injury score of 3.4 out of 10.0) reflects the average response


was chlorosis and/or necrosis with some stunting. Imazamox applied at 8 fl oz/A of Raptor was

less injurious than bentazon. Mild stunting was only observed in a handful of edamame entries,

with most entries having minimal chlorosis and negligible stunting, if any. For both herbicides,

injury symptoms observed in edamame were generally short-lived, and plants appeared to

resume normal growth within a few weeks after application.

Of the four naturally occurring diseases observed midseason in the field trials, incidence was

observed at relatively low levels for all but bacterial blight. Based on midseason observations of

insect feeding from naturally occurring populations of leaf hoppers, Japanese beetles, and bean

leaf beetles, leaf hopper feeding was the most prevalent, with severe incidence observed in

several commercial edamame cultivars.

Acknowledgements Jim Moody and Roger Bowen provided excellent technical assistance in planning and conducting

the research. University of Illinois students Michelle Collins, Brad Tomasek, and Eric Xia

assisted in data collection. The field crew of the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection was

instrumental in planting and seed harvest of the trials. We also thank the following individuals

and companies for seed donations: Bob Buker; Tad Masuda; Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Winslow,

ME; Rupps Seeds, Inc., Wauseon, OH; Tainong Seeds, Vista, CA; Wannamaker Seeds, Inc., St.

Matthews, SC.


Table 1. Emergence, growth, development, and herbicide responses of edamame and soybean entries in field trials at the University of

Illinois Vegetable Crop Farm near Urbana, IL — 2011.

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury

% inches DAP 0 to 105

AGS292 WSU EDM 52.3 57.1 4.2 15.4 38.3 3.0 1.3

Asmara USDA EDM VI 32.0 20.8 2.7 10.9 82.0 3.3 2.3

Beer Friend ATK EDM 69.0 61.5 3.7 13.3 32.2 3.7 1.3

Bellesoy WMK EDM 19.7 68.0 2.6 10.9 80.0 4.0 2.3

BeSweet 2001 RPS EDM 29.0 53.5 3.5 12.7 43.5 3.7 2.3

BeSweet 2015 RPS EDM 63.3 68.5 4.0 17.8 43.2 3.3 1.7

BeSweet 292 RPS EDM 70.3 58.2 4.3 15.6 40.7 3.3 2.3

Black Jet USDA EDM 00 82.3 49.5 3.1 14.0 ≤32.0 3.7 2.0

Black Jet JSS EDM 76.3 77.2 4.8 15.2 ≤32.0 3.0 1.3

Black Pearl TRL EDM 76.7 68.1 4.5 17.2 38.3 4.3 2.3

Bukers Favorite BBK EDM 57.3 59.4 4.7 16.2 37.2 2.7 1.7

Butterbean JSS EDM 83.7 90.4 4.7 21.7 37.5 2.3 1.3

Disoy USDA EDM I 28.0 29.2 2.6 13.6 39.2 3.0 1.3

Emerald USDA EDM IV 45.7 42.7 3.6 16.2 46.2 2.0 1.3

Envy USDA EDM 0 55.0 44.6 2.6 13.5 38.5 3.7 1.3

Fledderjohn BCH EDM 53.3 65.9 4.0 16.3 37.5 4.0 2.0

Gardensoy 01 UI EDM 76.3 72.6 3.6 15.6 41.3 3.3 2.3

Gardensoy 02 UI EDM 74.3 75.3 3.4 17.1 38.5 4.0 1.0

Gardensoy 11 UI EDM 87.3 84.0 3.9 15.6 33.3 2.7 1.3

Gardensoy 12 UI EDM 85.3 79.3 3.6 15.7 42.3 3.3 1.7


Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


Gardensoy 21 UI EDM 72.3 77.1 4.1 16.4 43.7 3.3 1.3

Gardensoy 22 UI EDM 77.7 64.7 3.6 15.2 37.7 3.0 1.0

Gardensoy 23 UI EDM 84.3 96.1 4.2 16.4 37.0 3.3 2.3

Gardensoy 24 UI EDM 72.7 81.1 4.4 18.1 46.7 3.7 1.7

Gardensoy 31 UI EDM 87.0 82.4 4.1 17.6 50.3 3.3 1.3

Gardensoy 32 UI EDM 83.3 82.4 3.8 15.9 43.7 3.0 1.0

Gardensoy 41 UI EDM 74.0 68.8 4.5 16.4 50.5 3.0 1.7

Gardensoy 42 UI EDM 77.7 81.9 4.3 17.3 57.0 3.3 1.3

Gardensoy 43 UI EDM 85.0 77.5 3.8 16.0 52.0 3.0 1.0

Gardensoy 51 UI EDM 80.3 89.9 3.9 16.3 56.5 4.0 1.7

Grande USDA EDM 0 32.7 34.5 2.8 11.7 32.5 3.3 2.3

Green Legend EVS EDM 46.7 37.6 3.4 14.6 42.0 4.3 2.3

Green Pearls BRP EDM 10.0 55.8 3.3 13.4 38.7 4.0 1.7

IA1010 ISU EDM 63.3 54.9 3.3 14.9 35.8 3.3 1.0

IA2076 ISU EDM 84.0 87.7 4.7 19.8 ≤32.0 3.0 0.7

Korean Black WMK EDM 81.7 74.9 4.3 13.3 88.0 3.0 2.0

Kou-ri KTS EDM 60.0 58.8 4.2 15.8 42.3 2.7 1.7

Lanco WMK EDM 46.3 71.9 4.6 16.4 54.5 2.3 2.0

Late Giant Black Seeded EVS EDM 57.3 24.2 4.3 16.0 88.0 4.0 2.0

Lucky Lion ATK EDM 20.0 51.7 3.0 13.7 38.2 4.0 2.0

Merrimax USDA EDM 0 76.0 65.4 3.4 15.2 32.2 3.7 2.0

Continued on next page


Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


Midori Giant WMK EDM 63.0 74.3 4.7 17.0 37.3 3.0 1.3

Misono Green SBS EDM 59.0 86.2 4.0 13.3 34.2 4.3 2.0

Mojo Green WMK EDM 84.3 87.4 3.8 16.5 32.3 3.0 1.0

Moon Cake USDA EDM V 45.7 52.2 3.0 16.1 57.8 3.3 2.7

Owens USDA EDM V 47.0 75.1 3.3 11.5 73.0 3.3 3.0

PI080485 USDA EDM II 21.3 16.6 2.5 12.9 43.7 3.7 3.3

PI080488 USDA EDM IV 50.7 45.6 3.5 14.3 50.3 3.3 3.0

PI080494 USDA EDM II 73.3 63.7 3.8 14.8 41.0 3.7 1.7

PI081780 USDA EDM III 76.7 79.7 4.0 17.2 53.3 2.7 2.0

PI089162 USDA EDM III 75.3 66.7 3.4 16.8 42.1 3.0 1.7

PI187154 USDA EDM VII 27.3 18.5 2.8 11.5 85.0 3.0 2.3

PI196151 USDA EDM II 77.0 78.5 3.9 15.6 40.0 3.3 2.0

PI196159 USDA EDM I 69.7 40.8 3.5 13.9 33.3 3.0 2.0

PI200544 USDA EDM VII 33.3 9.9 3.3 15.6 88.0 3.0 1.7

PI231172 USDA EDM 000 75.3 68.4 3.3 15.6 33.7 3.7 1.7

PI342436 USDA EDM II 5.3 8.3 2.0 8.6 42.0 3.0 1.5

PI342437 USDA EDM I 80.7 78.9 4.4 17.1 37.3 3.7 1.0

PI379559A USDA EDM 0 67.0 81.3 3.7 14.2 38.7 3.3 3.3

PI379559B USDA EDM I 72.0 69.3 3.4 17.7 44.3 3.7 2.0

PI379559C USDA EDM III 61.3 48.7 3.4 14.4 52.0 2.7 2.0

PI379559D USDA EDM III 74.7 60.4 3.9 16.0 52.0 2.0 2.7



Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


PI379561 USDA EDM III 59.7 77.1 3.8 15.9 51.8 2.0 3.3

PI416923 USDA EDM I 54.7 64.8 3.0 14.6 39.7 4.0 2.7

PI416982 USDA EDM V 50.7 27.8 4.0 14.7 67.3 4.7 3.0

PI417159 USDA EDM V 53.7 24.7 2.9 13.3 68.8 4.0 2.3

PI417210 USDA EDM I 76.3 75.1 4.6 21.1 37.7 2.7 1.7

PI417322 USDA EDM V 3.3 0.0 1.7 8.9 64.7 . 3.0

PI417374 USDA EDM VI 67.7 51.2 4.0 15.9 63.3 4.0 2.3

PI417440 USDA EDM V 40.7 28.1 3.3 13.6 65.2 3.7 2.3

PI438471 USDA EDM 00 56.7 36.4 3.6 11.0 ≤32.0 2.7 1.3

PI438472 USDA EDM 00 52.0 39.4 3.5 11.9 ≤32.0 2.7 2.0

PI438481 USDA EDM 000 82.3 75.6 4.4 14.6 32.7 3.3 2.0

PI438482 USDA EDM 0 67.3 62.4 3.5 16.2 32.3 3.7 1.7

PI468383 USDA EDM I 50.0 63.1 3.9 14.1 40.5 4.0 1.7

PI504489 USDA EDM I 80.7 73.3 4.3 15.6 ≤32.0 2.7 1.7

PI506903 USDA EDM IV 38.0 43.7 4.1 14.1 52.7 4.0 1.7

PI507281 USDA EDM II 31.3 56.5 3.2 13.3 40.2 5.5 2.3

PI507336 USDA EDM VII 53.0 48.3 3.3 15.9 88.0 5.3 2.3

PI518758 USDA EDM I 68.7 50.7 4.0 15.4 38.5 3.3 2.3

PI538403 USDA EDM I 50.3 31.3 2.7 12.2 44.8 3.3 2.0

PI538405 USDA EDM I 51.0 56.8 3.5 13.8 40.0 4.0 2.7

PI538407 USDA EDM I 64.0 87.1 3.5 15.0 38.8 4.7 1.0



Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


PI538409 USDA EDM I 63.7 57.5 3.9 16.1 37.8 3.3 1.3

PI548296 USDA EDM 00 59.7 69.6 3.6 13.6 ≤32.0 3.7 1.7

PI548301 USDA EDM IV 54.3 35.4 3.2 13.1 57.0 2.0 2.0

PI548326 USDA EDM III 71.0 77.2 2.7 12.6 53.3 4.3 1.3

PI548334 USDA EDM IV 45.0 64.8 3.3 11.7 66.3 2.7 2.0

PI549057A USDA EDM I 68.0 76.6 3.8 14.7 39.2 3.3 1.3

PI549057B USDA EDM I 44.0 59.0 3.4 14.2 40.7 5.0 1.7

PI549067 USDA EDM I 13.3 10.0 2.4 10.5 38.2 4.0 2.3

PI549072 USDA EDM I 53.3 70.9 3.3 15.7 38.8 4.7 2.3

PI561288 USDA EDM IV 36.3 28.9 3.4 14.2 49.5 3.0 2.0

PI561302A USDA EDM 0 74.0 63.8 3.4 15.2 32.3 3.7 2.3

PI561348 USDA EDM I 71.0 54.8 4.2 16.9 38.7 2.0 1.3

PI567154 USDA EDM II 72.7 69.8 4.1 14.2 43.0 2.7 2.3

PI567155A USDA EDM I 71.3 61.5 3.9 14.8 45.5 3.3 3.3

PI567155B USDA EDM II 72.0 49.0 3.9 17.1 45.7 2.7 2.3

PI567155C USDA EDM II 76.7 72.0 4.4 15.7 47.2 2.3 2.3

PI567193 USDA EDM I 46.7 61.6 3.7 14.3 38.8 4.7 3.0

PI594245B USDA EDM 0 77.7 80.2 4.6 15.9 ≤32.0 2.3 1.7

PI594908 USDA EDM VII 48.0 14.6 3.5 14.1 88.0 4.0 2.0

Prize USDA EDM II 27.0 27.1 2.6 12.3 39.7 4.0 2.0

Randolph USDA EDM VI 29.0 49.3 3.4 13.2 79.2 4.3 3.0



Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


RFG 282 RPS EDM 88.0 81.7 4.6 20.5 39.8 2.7 1.3

Sayakomachi SBS EDM 79.3 78.4 4.7 18.0 34.5 3.3 2.0

Sayamusume TRL EDM 83.3 69.2 3.9 18.3 34.2 1.7 1.7

Soya Pearl AGH EDM 20.7 46.0 3.1 9.3 32.3 3.7 2.0

Sunrise WMK EDM 70.7 84.7 4.2 16.5 34.2 4.0 1.7

Sweet Sansei NDS EDM 32.3 75.8 3.8 15.9 37.7 4.0 1.7

Taiwame EVS EDM 54.0 36.8 3.8 15.9 40.3 3.7 1.7

Tamba Kuro Otsubu KTS EDM 64.3 35.7 4.4 15.4 88.0 3.3 2.7

Tankuro KTS EDM 73.0 81.4 4.8 17.8 37.8 3.3 2.7

Tasty 90 WMK EDM 69.3 65.2 3.8 13.6 32.3 3.3 1.0

Tohya JSS EDM 71.7 78.3 4.1 15.1 ≤32.0 3.3 2.0

Tokio Verte BCH EDM 80.0 85.2 3.4 14.4 32.5 3.0 1.3

Triple Play TNS EDM 59.0 70.1 4.3 16.3 38.3 4.0 2.0

Ware USDA EDM IV 69.7 55.4 3.1 14.2 55.2 4.0 2.0

White Lion ATK EDM 71.3 46.7 4.1 15.3 32.2 4.3 1.3

WSU729 WSU EDM 86.0 84.2 3.6 14.2 ≤32.0 2.3 1.3

WSU910a WSU EDM 63.7 58.8 4.0 14.5 32.8 3.3 3.0

Yuagari Musume TMS EDM 21.7 69.5 3.6 14.0 38.3 3.0 2.0

A4715 USDA GR IV 84.0 77.8 3.0 14.0 52.0 2.7 1.0

Asgrow 3504 ASG GR 82.3 97.4 3.6 14.2 45.3 3.0 1.0

Asgrow AG-3402 ASG GR 85.3 89.4 3.5 15.8 42.0 3.0 1.0



Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


Clark 63 USDA GR IV 90.3 77.5 3.2 15.7 45.0 2.7 2.0

Dillon USDA GR VI 66.7 62.9 3.1 14.7 82.0 4.0 2.0

Ina USDA GR IV 88.0 92.6 3.2 14.5 40.3 2.0 0.7

KS4895 USDA GR IV 91.0 88.4 3.6 15.6 59.5 2.7 1.3

L75-6631 USDA GR III 87.0 83.2 3.6 16.1 40.2 6.3 2.0

L78-3263 USDA GR IV 90.3 86.4 3.2 14.7 49.5 10.0 4.0

Lambert USDA GR 0 63.0 51.2 3.2 14.2 33.0 4.0 2.7

Loda USDA GR II 85.0 84.8 3.1 15.0 37.8 3.0 1.7

Manokin USDA GR IV 87.5 86.5 3.8 17.1 60.5 2.0 1.3

McCall USDA GR 00 85.0 82.1 3.6 17.3 ≤32.0 3.3 1.0

Parker USDA GR I 84.3 74.3 3.6 16.7 33.3 3.0 1.7

PI086098 USDA GR III 69.3 66.3 3.3 13.6 53.3 10.0 5.7

PI086504 USDA GR IV 55.7 43.1 3.2 14.4 56.3 10.0 4.7

PI243525 USDA GR IV 63.3 31.6 2.8 13.9 59.5 10.0 5.7

PI360839 USDA GR VI 17.0 6.7 1.8 9.6 79.2 10.0 5.0

PI416981 USDA GR V 53.8 37.8 3.8 14.4 85.0 5.0 1.3

PI417427 USDA GR VI 36.3 39.4 3.2 12.5 76.0 4.3 2.3

PI445801A USDA GR 00 66.0 77.8 3.1 15.6 ≤32.0 3.7 2.3

PI532446 USDA GR 00 72.0 45.1 4.0 14.0 ≤32.0 3.7 2.7

PI548346 USDA GR IV 57.3 42.9 3.2 13.6 62.8 9.7 5.7

PI561339 USDA GR III 50.0 67.3 2.7 11.9 50.5 2.3 1.0



Table 1 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2 MG

3

Emergence Emergence

Rate

Early

Height

Mid-

season

Height

R14

Bentazon

Injury

Imazamox

Injury


PI567161 USDA GR II 74.3 55.1 2.7 12.6 45.2 4.3 3.0

PI567486A USDA GR II 76.0 74.7 3.3 14.2 39.2 4.3 3.0

PI567489A USDA GR IV 83.0 90.4 2.7 14.2 59.5 3.7 2.0

PI567510A USDA GR III 88.7 94.8 3.8 15.0 55.3 2.0 1.3

PI567513 USDA GR III 75.3 78.1 3.2 12.3 58.5 3.7 2.3

PI567671A USDA GR III 92.0 92.2 3.7 17.0 56.5 2.0 1.7

PI567706A USDA GR III 67.0 85.9 3.0 14.8 59.0 2.0 2.0

PI567748 USDA GR IV 64.7 73.4 3.6 14.5 70.0 3.3 1.3

PI567753A USDA GR II 85.0 80.7 3.0 15.7 52.0 3.7 2.3

1Seed Source: AGH=Agrohaitai; ATK=American Takii; ASG=Asgrow; BBK=Bob Buker; BCH=Baker Creek Heirloom; BRP=Burpee; EVS=Evergreen Seed;

USDA=USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection; ISU=Iowa State University; JSS=Johnny’s Selected Seeds; KTS=Kitazawa Seed; NDS=New Dimension

Seed; RPS=Rupp Seeds; SBS=Snow Brand Seeds; TMS=Tad Masuda; TNS=Tainong Seeds; TRL=Territorial; UI=University of Illinois; WMK=Wannamaker

Seeds; WSU=Washington State University. 2Type: EDM=edamame; GR=grain.

3MG=Maturity group, if known.

4R1=days after planting (DAP) to beginning bloom, first flower.

5Injury scale: 0=no symptoms to 10=all plants dead.


Table 2. Disease and insect feeding incidence in edamame and soybean entries eight weeks after planting in field trials at the

University of Illinois Vegetable Crop Farm near Urbana, IL — 2011.

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

AGS292 WSU EDM 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 2.3 0.7 2.0

Asmara USDA EDM 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

Beer Friend ATK EDM 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.7 0.7

Bellesoy WMK EDM 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.3 2.3

BeSweet 2001 RPS EDM 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.3 1.0

BeSweet 2015 RPS EDM 1.0 2.3 0.3 0.0 3.0 0.7 1.7

BeSweet 292 RPS EDM 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.3 2.0

Black Jet USDA EDM 1.0 2.0 0.7 0.0 2.3 0.7 1.3

Black Jet JSS EDM 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 2.7 0.3 1.7

Black Pearl TRL EDM 0.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.7 2.0

Bukers Favorite BBK EDM 0.3 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.7 1.3

Butterbean JSS EDM 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.7

Disoy USDA EDM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0

Emerald USDA EDM 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.7

Envy USDA EDM 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.3

Fledderjohn BCH EDM 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.0

Gardensoy 01 UI EDM 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 2.3

Gardensoy 02 UI EDM 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.3 1.7

Gardensoy 11 UI EDM 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.7

Gardensoy 12 UI EDM 1.7 1.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Gardensoy 21 UI EDM 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.7



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

Gardensoy 22 UI EDM 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.7

Gardensoy 23 UI EDM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.0

Gardensoy 24 UI EDM 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.7 1.7

Gardensoy 31 UI EDM 1.0 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.0

Gardensoy 32 UI EDM 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0

Gardensoy 41 UI EDM 1.0 1.7 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.3

Gardensoy 42 UI EDM 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.7

Gardensoy 43 UI EDM 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

Gardensoy 51 UI EDM 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.3

Grande USDA EDM 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.3 2.0

Green Legend EVS EDM 0.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.3

Green Pearls BRP EDM 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.7

IA1010 ISU EDM 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.3

IA2076 ISU EDM 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.3 2.3

Korean Black WMK EDM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.7

Kou-ri KTS EDM 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.7 2.0

Lanco WMK EDM 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 2.7

Late Giant Black Seeded EVS EDM 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 2.7

Lucky Lion ATK EDM 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 0.0

Merrimax USDA EDM 0.7 0.0 1.7 0.0 2.3 0.3 1.7

Midori Giant WMK EDM 0.0 2.0 0.7 0.0 1.7 0.7 1.0

Misono Green SBS EDM 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.7 0.7



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

Mojo Green WMK EDM 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.0

Moon Cake USDA EDM 0.0 2.0 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.3

Owens USDA EDM 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 3.3

PI080485 USDA EDM 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.3

PI080488 USDA EDM 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 2.3

PI080494 USDA EDM 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.3

PI081780 USDA EDM 0.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.3

PI089162 USDA EDM 1.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.0

PI187154 USDA EDM 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.3

PI196151 USDA EDM 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 1.3 1.7

PI196159 USDA EDM 0.0 2.3 1.7 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.0

PI200544 USDA EDM 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.3

PI231172 USDA EDM 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.7 1.3

PI342436 USDA EDM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.7

PI342437 USDA EDM 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.7 1.7

PI379559A USDA EDM 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.3 1.3

PI379559B USDA EDM 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 2.0

PI379559C USDA EDM 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.3 1.7

PI379559D USDA EDM 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.7 2.0

PI379561 USDA EDM 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.0 3.0 0.7 2.0

PI416923 USDA EDM 0.0 2.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.7

PI416982 USDA EDM 1.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.7



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

PI417159 USDA EDM 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.0

PI417210 USDA EDM 0.7 2.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 1.7

PI417322 USDA EDM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PI417374 USDA EDM 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.0 2.3

PI417440 USDA EDM 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.7 2.0

PI438471 USDA EDM 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.3 1.0

PI438472 USDA EDM 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 0.3

PI438481 USDA EDM 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 0.3 0.7

PI438482 USDA EDM 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.7

PI468383 USDA EDM 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.3 1.3

PI504489 USDA EDM 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.7 1.0

PI506903 USDA EDM 1.3 1.7 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

PI507281 USDA EDM 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.3

PI507336 USDA EDM 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.0

PI518758 USDA EDM 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 1.0

PI538403 USDA EDM 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.3 1.3

PI538405 USDA EDM 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 3.3 0.7 1.7

PI538407 USDA EDM 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.7 1.3

PI538409 USDA EDM 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.3 1.7

PI548296 USDA EDM 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.3 1.0

PI548301 USDA EDM 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 2.0

PI548326 USDA EDM 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.7



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

PI548334 USDA EDM 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 3.0

PI549057A USDA EDM 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.7 0.7

PI549057B USDA EDM 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 2.0

PI549067 USDA EDM 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 1.3

PI549072 USDA EDM 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.0 2.7 0.7 1.0

PI561288 USDA EDM 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.0

PI561302A USDA EDM 1.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0

PI561348 USDA EDM 0.7 2.3 0.3 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.3

PI567154 USDA EDM 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.3

PI567155A USDA EDM 1.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 4.3 1.0 2.0

PI567155B USDA EDM 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.7 2.0

PI567155C USDA EDM 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.0 2.3 1.0 2.3

PI567193 USDA EDM 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 2.0

PI594245B USDA EDM 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.3 1.0

PI594908 USDA EDM 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 2.3

Prize USDA EDM 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 2.3

Randolph USDA EDM 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.3

RFG 282 RPS EDM 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.3

Sayakomachi SBS EDM 0.3 1.7 0.7 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.3

Sayamusume TRL EDM 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.0

Soya Pearl AGH EDM 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0

Sunrise WMK EDM 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.3



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

Sweet Sansei NDS EDM 0.3 1.0 1.7 0.0 4.0 1.0 1.0

Taiwame EVS EDM 0.7 1.7 0.3 0.0 2.0 0.7 1.3

Tamba Kuro Otsubu KTS EDM 0.0 2.0 0.7 0.0 4.0 0.3 2.3

Tankuro KTS EDM 0.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.0 1.0

Tasty 90 WMK EDM 0.0 1.3 1.0 0.7 4.0 0.7 1.0

Tohya JSS EDM 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.7 0.7

Tokio Verte BCH EDM 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.7 2.7

Triple Play TNS EDM 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 1.7

Ware USDA EDM 0.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.7

White Lion ATK EDM 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.3 1.0

WSU729 WSU EDM 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 1.7

WSU910a WSU EDM 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.0

Yuagari Musume TMS EDM 0.0 1.3 0.7 0.0 2.3 0.7 1.3

A4715 USDA GR 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3

Asgrow 3504 ASG GR 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.7

Asgrow AG-3402 ASG GR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 2.3

Clark 63 USDA GR 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0

Dillon USDA GR 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 1.7

Ina USDA GR 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.3

KS4895 USDA GR 0.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.0

L75-6631 USDA GR 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.3 2.3

L78-3263 USDA GR 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.7 2.7



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

Lambert USDA GR 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.3

Loda USDA GR 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.7

Manokin USDA GR 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 2.0

McCall USDA GR 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.7

Parker USDA GR 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.0

PI086098 USDA GR 0.7 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.7

PI086504 USDA GR 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 3.0

PI243525 USDA GR 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.7 2.0

PI360839 USDA GR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 1.0

PI416981 USDA GR 0.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.3 1.3

PI417427 USDA GR 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.3 2.7

PI445801A USDA GR 0.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.7 1.3

PI532446 USDA GR 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 0.7

PI548346 USDA GR 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 2.3

PI561339 USDA GR 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

PI567161 USDA GR 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.7

PI567486A USDA GR 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.0 3.3 0.3 2.3

PI567489A USDA GR 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 2.7

PI567510A USDA GR 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.0

PI567513 USDA GR 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 2.0

PI567671A USDA GR 1.7 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.0 1.3

PI567706A USDA GR 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 2.0



Table 2 (continued)

Entry Seed

Source1

Type2

Brown

Spot

Bacterial

Blight

Bacterial

Pustule

Cercospora

Leaf Spot

LH

Feeding3

JB

Feeding3

BLB

Feeding3

0 to 54

PI567748 USDA GR 1.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.3 2.7

PI567753A USDA GR 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.7 2.7

1Seed Source: AGH=Agrohaitai; ATK=American Takii; ASG=Asgrow; BBK=Bob Buker; BCH=Baker Creek Heirloom; BRP=Burpee; EVS=Evergreen Seed;

USDA=USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection; ISU=Iowa State University; JSS=Johnny’s Selected Seeds; KTS=Kitazawa Seed; NDS=New Dimension

Seed; RPS=Rupp Seeds; SBS=Snow Brand Seeds; TMS=Tad Masuda; TNS=Tainong Seeds; TRL=Territorial; UI=University of Illinois; WMK=Wannamaker

Seeds; WSU=Washington State University. 2Type: EDM=edamame; GR=grain.

3Responses: LH=leaf hopper; JB=Japanese beetle; BLB=bean leaf beetle.

4Incidence scale: 0=no symptoms to 5=very severe occurrence.


edamame cultivar report — 2011 · 2012. 5. 8. · edamame cultivar report — 2011 marty...

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