EDIBLE LANDSCAPING FOR ÜBER NUTRITION

Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC© 2012, Nutritional Solutions • (435) 563-0053 • www.nutritional-solutions.net

DISCLOSURE INFORMATION

Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC

‣Indicated no relevant affiliations or financial interests.

‣Speaker has not presented any promotional talks to any pharmaceutical companies within the past 12 months.

‣Speaker will not discuss off-label or investigational drug use.

OBJECTIVES

‣Identify 4+ reasons home-grown edibles offer superior nutritional value compared to produce available in grocery stores [Hint? SCHOLAR].

‣Name a handful of easy-to-grow-and-care-for edibles that can be grown in rural, suburban and urban settings—from potted plants on a balcony to semi-dwarf fruit trees in a small yard.

‣Implement a plan to grow a few edibles using the provided resources for (a) obtaining further knowledge about landscaping with edibles, (b) developing gardening skills, and (c) finding rare and heirloom edibles at specialty nurseries.

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WE ARE LOSING FOOD

KNOWLEDGE

POP QUIZ

1. It’s the middle of winter, long ago, and you are in charge of ensuring your

family does not succumb to scurvy. What animal food do you eat?

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POP QUIZ

1. It’s the middle of winter, long ago, and you are in charge of ensuring your

family does not succumb to scurvy. What animal food do you eat?

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POP QUIZ2. Can you identify these?

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POP QUIZ2. Can you identify these?

parsnip

daikon

fennel jicama

celeraic

kohlrabi

salsify

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POP QUIZ3. What fruit are these types of?

Hint: In 1850, there were over 2,500 varieties in the U.S.

Akane

Arkansas Black

Ashmead’s Kernel

Blue Permain

Bramley

Calville Blanc

Chehalis

Esopus Spitzenburg

Fameuse

Foxwhelp

Hudson’s Golden Gem

Karmijn de Sonneville

Kingston Black

Lubsk Queen

Macoun

Prairie Spy

Pound Sweet

Red Boskoop

Spy Gold

Spartan

Summer Rambo

Thompkins King

Tydemans Late Orange

Wealthy

William’s Pride

Winter Banana

Wolf River7

POP QUIZ4. How many miles

does most of the food Americans eat

travel to reach our plates?A. 500 milesB. 750 miles

C. 1,500 miles

D. 2,000 mileshttp://food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf 8

POP QUIZ4. How many miles

does most of the food Americans eat

travel to reach our plates?A. 500 milesB. 750 miles

C. 1,500 miles

D. 2,000 miles

Asparagus PeruBell peppers NetherlandsBlackberries ChileBlueberries Argentina

Cherries ChileOranges AustraliaGarlic China

Tomatoes Mexico http://food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf 8

POP QUIZ5. Today’s food is less nutritious than it was

50 years ago.A. True

B. False

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POP QUIZ5. Today’s food is less nutritious than it was

50 years ago.A. True

B. False

9Davis DR et al., J Am Co! Nutr, 2004;23(6):669-82.

USDA Food Composition Data for 43 produce items compared 1950 to 1999 (data adjusted for differences in moisture content)

Significant declines in 6 nutrients: protein, Ca, P, Fe, B2, & vit C

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

SEASONAL COLORFULHEIRLOOM ORGANICLOCALAUTHENTICRIPE

Wallace, JM: SCHOLAR method to identify the most the nutritious anti-cancer foods. © 2010, Nutritional Solutions, Logan, UT.

SCHOLAR

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SEASONAL• Fall season broccoli has 2-fold higher

vitamin C

• Compared to spring grown brassicas, autumn grown broccoli, cabbage & turnips had ↑ levels of glucosinolates & ↑ antioxidant capacity

• Spring-harvest spinach has higher total phenolics and antioxidant capacity

Wunderlich SM, et al: Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Feb;59(1):34-45. Aires A, et al: Molecules. 2011 Aug 10;16(8):6816-32.

Howard LR, et al: J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Oct 9;50(21):5891-6.

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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SEASONAL• Milk produced during grazing seasons

were more yellow (↑ β-carotene, lutein, vitamin E) than in winter

• Cheese from spring pasture fed cows has ↑ CLA and omega-3 fats than in winter

• Lamb nursed from pastured ewes (vs winter, no pasture access) had more favorable omega-6:3 ratio & ↑ CLA content

Agabriel C, et al: J Dairy Sci. 2007 Oct;90(10):4884-96. Abilleira E, et al: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 10;57(11):4746-53.

Mazzone G, et al: Meat Sci. 2010 Oct;86(2):474-8.

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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COLORFUL

• ↑ Levels of phytonutrients & antioxidants as produce reaches maturity

• Lycopene in tomatoes is ↑ in dark red (as opposed to pink, yellow or orange) fruits

• Darker orange carrots are ↑ in beta carotene

• Exposure to light post-harvest can help develop ↑ nutrients in leafy greens

Brandt S, et al: J Sci Food Agric. 2006 Mar;86(4):568–72.Tanumihardjo SA, et al: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Nov;234(11):1280-6.

Navarro JM, et al: Food Chem. 2006 May;96(1):66-73. • Lester GE & Makus DJ: J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:2980–87

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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HEIRLOOM

Halweil B: Still no free lunch: Nutrient levels in U.S. food supply eroded by pursuit of high yields. 2007 Sept; http://www.organic-center.com/reportfiles/Yield_Nutrient_Density_Final.pdf.

• Industrial foods selectively bred for non-nutritive qualities:

‣high yield‣ large, uniform size‣ pest & disease resistance‣ rapid growth rate

• Heirloom, open-pollinated varieties: higher nutrient levels

• Diversity of cultivars = wider spectrum of phytonutrients

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

‣ uniform ripening date‣ suitable for mechanical harvest‣ can stand long-distance transport‣ storability

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ORGANIC

Hunter D: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2011 Jul;51(6):571-82. • Worthington V: J Alt Comp Med, 2001 Apr;7(2):161-73.Crinnion WJ: Alt Med Rev, 2010;15(1):4-12. • Benbrook C et al: Am J Clin Nutr, 2009 Dec;90(6):1700-1.

Mitchell AE, et al: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jul 25;55(15):6154-9. • Di Renzo L, et al: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2007 May-Jun;11(3):185-92. • Lu C et al: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb;114(2):260-3 & Environ Health Perspect.

2008 Apr;116(4):537-42.

• Review of 33 studies (908 comparisons)—controlled for cultivar, harvesting, soil conditions—organic foods 25-30% ↑ levels nutrients & antioxidants, 80% ↑ phytonutrients

• Men fed Mediterranean organic diet x 14 days 21% ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity

• Urinary pesticide markers fell to non-detectable levels in Seattle school children eating organic diet x 5 days

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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• Soil Composition Commercial Ag relies on N-P-K fertilizers only; organic Ag uses compost to build soil fertility for full spectrum of nutrients

• Facilitated Root Uptake Herbicides/pesticides (& low organic matter soil) kill soil organisms essential for root uptake of nutrients

• Benefits of Pests Plants make phytonutrients to protect from pest pressure (when pesticides applied, lower level of these nutrients develop)

Reganold JP et al: PLoS One. 2010 Sep 1;5(9).

WHY do organic foods have higher nutrient levels?

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LOCAL• Nutrient levels drop post-harvest, during shipping

& storage:

‣SPINACH: ↓ 30% folate in 1 wk (if kept in dark); ↓ 100% vit C in 4 days

‣POTATOES: ↓ 50% vitamin C in 2 months, ↓ 80% in 4 months

‣FRESH PEAS: ↓ 55% vit C in 48 hrs

‣BROCCOLI: ↓ 60% total flavonoids in 10 days

Lester GE, et al: Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 2010; 58: 2980-2987.Rickman JC, et al: J Sci Food Agric, 2007;87(6):930-44.

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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AUTHENTIC

Daley CA, et al: Nutr J, 2010;9:10-22. • Mazzone G, et al: Meat Sci. 2010 Oct;86(2):474-8. Kimura M & Rodriguez-Amaya DB: J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(9):2603–7. • Dona A &

Arvanitoyannis IS: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):164-75.

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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As Nature Intended• Animals pasture-raised (not CAFOs)‣ ↑ omega-3 (↓ omega-6 & total fat), ↑ CLA,

carotenoids, vitamin A & E

• Plants grown on soil‣ ↓ carotenoids in hydroponic vs field grown greens

• Not genetically modified (safety unknown)‣Harm to animals eating GMO feed: DNA damage,

immune suppression, lung damage, liver failure

RIPE• Industrial foods are picked early to

withstand mechanical harvest & reduce spoilage during shipping & storage

• Nutrient levels are highest at peak of ripeness

• Vitamin C content of red peppers, tomatoes, apricots, peaches and papayas is highest when picked ripe from the plant

Lee SK & Kader AA: Postharvest Biol Technol. 2000; 20: 207–220.Dumas Y, et al: J Sci Food Agric. 2003; 83: 369–382.

Heaton S. Organic Farming, Food Quality and Human Health. A Review. Soil Association, 2001.

Finding the Most Nutritious Food

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Where to Find the Most Nutritious Food

• Choose organic, local, seasonal, fresh, deeply colorful

• Ask your store to carry, label, and feature locally-grown products

• Shop at Farmer’s Markets

• Join a CSA, or Farm Share

• LocalHarvest (find what’s growing near you)

• Support restaurants that serve local foods

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www.RealTimeFarms.com

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www.RealTimeFarms.com

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www.RealTimeFarms.com

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www.LocalHarvest.com

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www.LocalHarvest.com

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www.LocalHarvest.com

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www.LocalHarvest.com

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Where to Find the Most Nutritious Food

GROW YOUR OWN

....YES, REALLY!

EDIBLE LANDSCAPING• Coined by Rosalind Creasey, 1970’s

• Use of food-producing plants in residential (and urban) landscapes

• May combine fruit & nut trees, berry bushes, vegetables, edible flowers, culinary and medicinal herbs & ornamental plants into aesthetically pleasing designs

• In history: ancient Persian gardens, Medieval monastic gardens, 19th c. English gardens

© 2009, Rosalind Creasey’s front yard, used with permission24

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SOMEPLANNING

Planning for Success

Will It Grow?• Climate (USDA hardiness zone &

microclimate conditions)• Location (6-8 hrs sunlight) • Soil (drainage, pH, compost) • Water (rainfall vs irrigation)

Design Tips• Ornamental considerations (select

plants for beauty, winter interest) • Space (consider mature size of

plant, use dwarf /semi-dwarf varieties)

• Easy access (place high-use items,

like herbs, near kitchen door)• Accessibility (e.g., raised beds &

deck containers)

Effort Required• Time & Care (use perennials, mulch

for weed control)• Pest considerations (disease-

resistant cultivars easier to grow organically)

• Fruit drop (will it stain nearby deck or walkway?)

• Use (plan to put up & store harvest, share, donate to food pantry)

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SOW WHAT?• Grow what you like to eat (favorites)

• Nutritionally superior varieties (↑ ORAC) not found in markets

• Super foods (goji berries, sea buckthorn)

• Family heirlooms (e.g., your grandpa’s favorite tomato)

• Cultural / ethnic favorites not readily available in markets

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Dirty DozenSwitching to organic for these can ↓ pesticide exposure by 90%

Environmental Working Group, Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce. www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary/www.ewg.org/sites/foodnews/methodology.php2

7. Grapes (imported)

8. Sweet bell peppers9. Potatoes10. Blueberries 11. Lettuce12. Kale/collard greens

WHAT TO GROW?

1. Apples2. Celery3. Strawberries4. Peaches5. Spinach6. Nectarines (imported)

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WHAT TO GROW?

Elephant Heart Plum

Newtown PippinApple

Pawpaw

Moon & StarsWatermelon

Endangered Species

SpeckledLettuce

Cherokee Purple Tomato

Amish Pie Squash

SLOW FOOD’s Ark of Taste is a catalog of 200+ especially delicious foods in danger of extinction, being promoted by the Ark to ensure they remain in production and on our plates.

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Containers

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Containers

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Where?• Windowsill• Bay window• Hanging baskets• Front porch• Balcony• Fire escape

• Patio or deck• Front yard• Back & side yards• Parking strip• Courtyards• School yards

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Where else?• Rooftops of...

‣Restaurants

‣Grocery stores

‣Schools

‣Hospitals

‣Prisons

‣Senior centers

‣Housing complexes

‣Office buildings

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Where else?• Roadway medians• Community garden plots• Public parks• Municipal land• White house lawn

A median in the Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle. (Photo: Darrin Nordahl)

Produce outside the capital building in Madison, WI, is donated to the local food pantry. (Photo: Kelly Hafermann)

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READY?SET...

GROW!

Potted Herbs• What: parsley, sage, rosemary & thyme (cilantro, dill, basil and others too).

• Growing Tips:

‣2-4” high quality organic soil, tamp down. Sow seeds 1/4” deep. Use a mister to water regularly. A lid retains moisture during germination. Plant at 2-3 wk intervals for continuous harvest.

‣Harvest as needed (snip top 1-2”)

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Salad Greens• What: wide variety of lettuce varieties,

mesclun, salad green mixes, chard, spinach, kale, etc.

• Varieties: Little Gem (small romaine suited to containers)

• Growing Tips:

‣2-4” high quality organic soil, tamp down. Sow seeds 1/4” deep. Use a mister to water regularly. A lid retains moisture during germination. Plant at 2-3 wk intervals for continuous harvest.

‣Harvest: cut & come again (snip retaining bottom 1” of crown, or choose outer leaves.

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Blueberry(Vaccinium sp.)

• Why: ↑↑ ORAC, #10 dirty dozen list• Cultivars: Rubel, Duke, Little Giant, North

Sky ↑ antioxidant (low-bush varieties higher than high-bush).

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins, phenolics• Size: 3-6’ shrub, does well potted• Hardiness: zones 4-8, depend on cultivar • Growing Tips: requires acidic soil, 4.5-4.8

pH; full sun; moist soil, mulch well• Cultivation: higher yield w/ pollinizer• Landscape Use: some varieties have orange

or red fall color, yellow twigs in winter• Harvest: Jul-Aug• Yield: ~ 10 lbs per mature bush

Prior RL, et al: J Agri. Food Chem. 1998;46:2686−2693.38

Black Currant(Ribes odoratum)

• Cultivars: Crandall black currant (clove currant)

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins (10x higher than blueberries)

• Size: 4-6’ h x 3-6’ w• Hardiness: zones 2-8 • Growing Tips: drought tolerant, shade

tolerant; alkaline soil tolerant• Landscape Use: Clove-scented yellow

flowers in spring, red-purple fall foliage. Makes nice hedge.

• Harvest: August• Yield: 5 lbs per mature bush

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Haskap / Honeyberry(Lonicera caerulea)

• Cultivars: Blue Sky, Blue Belle, Blue Moon, Blue Velvet

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins

• Size: 3-5’ h x 3-5’ w shrub

• Hardiness: zones 3-8

• Growing Tips: neutral to mild acid pH, well drained soil. Early blossoms not damaged by frost.

• Cultivation: needs pollinizer

• Landscape Use: shrub

• Harvest: early spring (before strawberry)

• Yield: 10-15 lbs per mature bush40

Strawberries(Prunus tomentosa)

• Why: #3 on Dirty Dozen list

• Cultivars: Earliglow, June-bearing variety (↑ phenolics, ↑ antioxidant activity, ↑ cancer cell inhibition)

• Size: 12-18”

• Hardiness: zones 4-11

• Growing Tips: neutral to mild acid pH, well drained soil.

• Cultivation: self-fertile

• Harvest: June-July

• Yield: ~ 1 pint per plant

Meyers KJ, et al: J Agric Food Chem, 2003;51(23):6887-92.41

Nanking Cherry(Prunus tomentosa)

• Fruits: 1/2” spritely, semi-tart cherry

• Size: 5-8’ h x 5-8’ w, large shrub

• Hardiness: zones 2-6

• Growing Tips: neutral to mild acid pH, well drained soil. Early blossoms not damaged by frost.

• Cultivation: self-fertile (fruit yield increases with mate), well drained neutral to alkaline soil, wind tolerant

• Landscape Use: great show of early spring flowers, pretty winter bark

• Harvest: June-July

• Yield: 15 lbs per mature bush42

Mulberry(Morus nigra, Mora alba, Morus rubrus)

• Cultivars: Illinois everbearing (tree), Geraldi dwarf (6’ tall)

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins (leaves), resveratrol (leaves)

• Size: 8-35’ tree (dwarfs available)• Hardiness: zones 4-9, depending on type • Growing Tips: need full sun, good soil.

Don’t prune ≥ 1.5” branches (bleed).• Cultivation: self-fruitful• Landscape Use: privacy screen, shade

tree, background tree in shrub border• Harvest: mid-summer to autumn; spread

clean sheet under & gently shake tree

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Sea Buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides)

• Cultivars: Orange Energy, Orange Delight, Sirola, Askola, Leikora, Sunny

• Key Nutrients: vitamins C and E, fatty acids, protein, carotenoids, zeaxanthin, flavonoids, plant sterols

• Size: 6-10’ shrub• Hardiness: zones 3-9 • Growing Tips: full sun, average soil.• Cultivation: need male & female plants• Landscape Use: elongated silver-green

leaves, dramatic clusters of orange fruits. Thorny branches.

• Harvest: late Aug - early Oct• Yield: 10-12 lbs per mature plant

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Jujube(Chinese Red Date, Ziziphus jujuba)

• Cultivars: Li, Lang, GA-866, Sherwood• Key Nutrients: vitamin C, B3, cal, mg,

fiber• Size: small tree, 10-20’ tall • Hardiness: zones 6-9• Growing Tips: full sun, widely tolerant of

soils (clay, compacted), drought tolerant. Will thrive despite neglect.

• Cultivation: self-fertile, but ↑ yield if second variety nearby

• Landscape Use: lovely gnarled branches with draping branches

• Harvest: late Sept - Oct45

Cherry(Amelanchier sp)

• Cultivars: Lapins & Stella (self-fertile), Craig’s Crimson (dwarf)

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins

• Size: semi-dwarf 8-12’, dwarf 6-8’ tall

• Hardiness: zones 4-9

• Growing Tips: may need to net to prevent birds eating all your cherries.

• Cultivation: some varieties not self-fertile

• Landscape Use: fragrant blossoms in April

• Harvest: June-July

Lapins

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Semi-Dwarf Apple(Malas sp)

• Why? #1 on Dirty Dozen list!

• Cultivars: ‣Disease resistant: William’s Pride, Spartan,

Enterprise, Jonafree, Libery, Pristine ‣ Self-fertile: Queen Cox, Anna, Braeburn ‣ Both DR/SF: Arkansas Black, Chehalis, Wolf

River

• Size: 6-15’, depends on rootstock

• Hardiness: zones 4-9

• Growing Tips: Most need cross-pollination (plant 2 varieties). Thin heavy fruit set; needs pruning.

• Harvest: Sept-Oct

• Yield: 1-2 bushel dwarf; 5+ bushel semi-dwarf47

Plum(Prunus spp)

• Cultivars: Hollywood (Santa Rosa type)

• Key Nutrients: anthocyanins

• Size: 15’ tall tree, can be pruned to 10-12’

• Hardiness: zones 4-9

• Growing Tips: neutral to mild acid pH, well drained soil. Early blossoms not damaged by frost.

• Cultivation: self-fertile

• Landscape Use: nice spring pink flowers, foliage is deep red all summer

• Harvest: Aug-Sept

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RESOURCES

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ONE GREEN WORLD NURSERY October 6, 13, & 20 - 10AM - 4:30 PM

Portland, OR area

Harvest Festivals & Fruit Tasting Fairs

RAINTREE NURSERY October 13, 2012, 10AM - 5PM

Seattle, WA area51

USDA Hardiness Maphttp://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/

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RESOURCES

Nurseries for Rare & Heirloom Edibles

① Raintree www.raintreenursery.com

② Burnt Ridge www.burntridgenursery.com

③ One Green World www.onegreenworld.com

④ Pine Island www.tropicalfruitnursery.com

⑤ Hidden Springs www.hiddenspringsnursery.com

② ③ ①

⑥ Edible Landscaping Online

www.eat-it.com

⑦ Stark Bros www.starkbros.com

⑧ Oikos www.oikostreecrops.com

⑨ FedCo www.fedcoseeds.com

⑦ ⑥

⑨

⑤

⑧

④

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RESOURCES

Heirloom Seeds (no GMOs)

• Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds, 1,400 heirloom garden seeds, from around the world (Branson, MO) http://rareseeds.com

• Seed Savers Exchange (Decorah, IA) www.seedsavers.org• Peaceful Valley Farm Supply (Grass Valley, CA) www.groworganic.com• FedCo Seeds, co-op (Waterville, ME) www.fedcoseeds.com• Johnny’s Selected Seeds (Winslow, ME) www.johnnyseeds.com/t-Heirloom_Seeds.aspx• Renee’s Garden (Felton, CA) http://reneesgarden.com• Seeds of Change (Rancho Dominguez, CA) www.seedsofchange.com

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RESOURCES Build Your Gardening Skills

• The Garden Primer [2nd Ed], Barbara Damrosch (2008)

• Urban Homesteading: Heirloom Skills for Sustainable Living, Rachel Kaplan & K. Ruby Blume (2011)

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RESOURCES FOR EDIBLE LANDSCAPING

• Uncommon Fruits for Every Garden, Lee Reich (2009)

• The Edible Front Yard, Ivette Solar (2011)

• Edible Landscaping, Rosalind Creasey (2010)

• Landscaping With Fruit, Lee Reich (2009)

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RESOURCES FOR URBAN & SMALL SPACES

• The Edible Balcony: Growing Fresh Produce in Small Spaces, Alex Mitchell (2012)

• Any Size, Anywhere Edible Gardening: The No Yard, No Time, No Problem Way To Grow Your Own Food, William Moss (2012)

• Grow Great Grub: Organic Food from Small Spaces, Gayla Trail (2010)

• Microgreens: How to Grow Nature's Own Superfood, Fionna Hill (2010)57

RESOURCES Non-Toxic Ways to Manage Pests

• Peaceful Valley Farm Supply www.groworganic.com/weed-pest-control.html• Planet Natural www.planetnatural.com• Garden’s Alive www.gardensalive.com

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Healing Power of Nature

•“Vitamin G” (green space) & Horticultural Therapy

• Studies show our exposure to plants / green space:

‣ Improves immune response (NK function)

‣↓ Stress

‣↑ Positive emotion

‣↑ Recovery from illness

‣↑ Pain tolerance (↓ need for pain meds)

‣↑ Expression of anti-cancer proteins

‣↓ Blood sugar in diabetic patients

Park BJ, et al: Environ Health Prev Med, 2010;15(1):18-26. • Lee J, et al: Scand J Forest Res 2009;24(3):227-34. Ohtsuka Y, et al: Int J Biometeorol. 1998;41(3):125-7. • Groenewegen PP, et al: BMC Public Health 2006,6:149-58.

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Healing Power of Nature• Potted plant in hospital room enhanced health

outcomes in patients recovering from surgery‣ ↓ systolic blood pressure‣↓ ratings of pain, anxiety, and fatigue‣↑ satisfaction with hospital experience

• Bone density in women who garden = those who weight train, and > than those who jog & do aerobics (Turner et al., 2002)

• Activity in green areas improves mood & self-esteem within just 5 minutes (Barton and Pretty 2010)

• 15 minute walk in nature = effect ↓ symptoms in childhood ADHD as Rx meds

Park SH & Mattson RH: J Alt Comp Med. 2009 Sep, 15(9):975-80. • Turner LW, et al: J Women Aging. 2002;14:139–48. Barton J & Pretty J: Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:3947–55. • Faber Taylor A & Kuo FE: J Atten Disorders. 2009;12:402–9.

see also Lohr VI: Acta Hort (ISHS) 2011;916:159-170. 60

Learn to garden.Eat real food.

Involve your community.