eduard strasburger walther flemming meiosis & mitosis
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Eduard Strasburger
Walther Flemming
Meiosis & Mitosis
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I.
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Animation 3.2
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Animation 3.3
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II.
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Genes exist, come in pairs
Gametes – only 1 gene copy
pair of copies SEGREGATE
alleles combine randomly
In offspring
Each gamete – only 1 gene copy
START
A / a
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a+ / a
Genes exist, come in pairs Gametes – only 1 gene copy
pair of copies SEGREGATE
What aboutsecond law?
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Animation 5.1a
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Mendel’s 2nd Law:Genes segregate independently
אין תלות בין גנים בסגרגציה )הפרדה(
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Recombinant Parental Recombinant Parental
Parental
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R/r Y/y
If we have a third genefor seed size –big>small:
B/b, and TRI-hybrids
¾of these seeds will be big
¼of these seeds will be small
¾of these seeds will be big
¼of these seeds will be small
¾of these seeds will be big
¼of these seeds will be small
¾of these seeds will be big
¼of these seeds will be small
27/64
9/64
9/64
3/64
9/64
3/64
3/64
1/6464/64
9
3
3
1
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YY
Yyyy
If we look at theGENOTYPE ratios-
With a second genefor seed texture–
round/wrinkled:
1/4 of these seeds will be RR2/4 of these seeds will be Rr
1/4 of these seeds will be rr
1/4 of these seeds will be RR2/4 of these seeds will be Rr
1/4 of these seeds will be rr
1/4 of these seeds will be RR2/4 of these seeds will be Rr
1/4 of these seeds will be rr
1/162/161/16
2/164/162/16
1/162/161/1616/16
Genotype ratios: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1Phenotype ratios: 9:3:3:1
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• Mendel’s rules are relevant for organisms that sexually reproduce: diploid/haploid
–Plants, Animals, many Monera…
Those that ‘do’meiosis
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Sex chromosomes: The breakthrough to the chromosomal theory of inheritance
III-IV
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Nettie Stevens Thomas H.
Morgan
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Thomas H. Morgan
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Board
Reciprocal
White RedMothers Fathers
Red WhiteDaughters Sons
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習字 書道
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המופיליה
F6
F7
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אחיות כנשאיות – לא חולות
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To be a male: Fly: ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes = 1
Man: Presence of Y chromosome
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Barr body
For ‘dosage compensation’, 1 X chromosome is condensed, silenced in females
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Y?
Y linked trait??
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First Second (reciprocal)
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MammalsFruitflies Moth
s
Homogametic Heterogametic Heterogametic Homogametic
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