Different Approaches and Methods

Direct/Expositive Instruction Approach

• Direct Instruction is teacher-direct and teacher dominated. It is

meant for the teaching of skills.

Instructional Characteristics

1. The strategy is teacher-direct.2. The emphasis is on the teaching of skills.3. Taught in a step by step fashion.4. Lesson objectives include easily observed

behaviors that an be measured accurately.5. This is a form of learning through imitation.

Deductive Method is teacher-dominated. It begins with

the abstract rule, generalization, principle and ends with specific examples, and concrete detail.

Advantages of the Deductive Method1. Coverage of a wider scope of subject matter.2. No bother on the part of the teacher to lead

learners to the formulation of the generalization or rule.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

1. It is not supportive of the principle that learning is active process.

2.Lessons Appears uninteresting at first.

Inductive Method is less teacher-directed than the

deductive method. It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with an abstract generalization rule, or principle.

Advantages of Inductive Method

1. The learners are more engage in the teaching-learning process.

2. Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because we begin with the experiences of our students.

3.It helps the development of our learners.

Disadvantages of the Inductive Method

1. It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered.

2. It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of the teacher.

Demonstration Method is teacher-dominated. The

teacher shows how to operate manipulate an equipment while the lass observes.

Advantages of Demonstration Method

1.It follows a systematic procedure.2.Possible wastage of time, effort and resources

will be avoided.3.The findings are reliable and accurate.4. The value of confidence is developed.

Inquiry MethodIs also called discovery, or problem

solving method. The teacher guides the students as they explore discover.

Problem Solvingis a teaching strategy that employs the

scientific method in searching for information.

Advantages:1. It developed skills in employing the science

processes.2. The scientific method can likewise be use

effectively in other non-science subjects.

3. Problem-solving develops higher level thinking skills.

4. The students become appreciative and grateful for the achievement of scientists.

5. The students learned to accept the opinions and evidence shared by others.

Project MethodA “hands-on, minds-on” method. It require

students to present concrete form learned concept or principle.

Advantages:1. It is a teaching strategy that emphasizes

“learning by doing”2. It ca employed among students who are

weak in oral communications.

3. It instills the values of initiative, industry and creativity.

4. Working a projects groups developed develop the spirit of cooperation and sharing of ideas.

Metacognitive ApproachMakes students think about their

thinking. Thinking aloud is an act of metacognition.

Constructivist ApproachDemand students to construct their

own meaning out of their own learning experiences.

Metacognitive ApproachMakes students think about their

thinking. Thinking aloud is an act of metacognition.

Constructivist ApproachDemand students to construct their

own meaning out of their own learning experiences.

When I remember Christ died for me I will never return to the world ;/ no no (never)2x ah ah ah ....... I will never return to the world .

Reflective teaching is anchored on the ability of the teacher

to guide students to reflect on their own experiences in order to arrive at new undertaking & meaning.

Instructional Characteristics

Schulman (1990) cites three key characteristics of reflective teaching

1. An ethic of caring2. A constructivist approach3. Tactful problem solving

Practice the ethics of caring a teacher is guided by 3 effective ways :

1. Confirmation2. Dialogue3. Cooperative practice

Strategies

1. Self-analysis reflective teacher able to keep record of her

success or failure in employing a strategy.2. Writing journals3. Keeping a portfolio4. Observation of students5. Questions

Cooperative Learning Approach Learning is a group helping each other learn but

keeping each individual member accountable for his/her learning.

Characteristic Features1. It has two important components, namely :

• A cooperative incentive structure • A cooperative task structure

2.Students work in team to tackle academic tasks.

3.Reward system4.Interaction w/in the group5.Teams are made up mixed abilities6.Each individual learner is accountable

Overview of Selected Structure in Cooperative Learning

STRUCTURE Brief Description Academic & Social Function

Round robin

Teambuilding

•Each student shares something with his/her teammates

•Expressing ideas & opinions

Comers

Class building

•Each students move to a corner of the room representing a teacher-determined alternative.

•Seeing alternative hypotheses, values, problem solving approach.

Match Mine

Communication Building

•Students attempt to match the arrangement of object using oral communication only.

•Vocabulary dev.Communication skills

Numbered Heads Together

Mastery

•Teacher asks question, students consult to make sure everyone knows the answer.

•Review, checking for knowledge, comprehension & tutoring.

Praise Check •Students work in pairs w/in groups of four.

•Practicing skills.•Helping, praising

Three-steps interview

Concept Development

•Students interview each other in pairs, first one way, then the other.

•Sharing personal information

Think-Pair Share •Students think to themselves on a topic provided by the teacher.

•Generating & revising hypotheses, inductive & deductive reasoning.

Team Word-Webbing •Write simultaneously on a piece of chart paper, drawing main concept

•Analysis of concept into components, differentiating concepts.

Roundtable

Multifunctional

•Each students in turn writes one answer as a paper & pencil are passed around table.

•Assessing prior knowledge, recalling information

Inside-Outside Circle •Students stand in pairs in two concentric circle.

•Checking for understanding, review

Partners •Work in pairs to create or master content.

•Mastery & presentation of new material

Jigsaw •Each student on the team becomes an “expert” on the topic

•Acquisition & presentation of new material, review

Co-op Co-op •Students work in groups to produce a particular group

•Learning & sharing complex material, evaluation, application, analysis.

Peer tutoring/ Peer teachingIs a teaching with the help of a classmate tutor

who belongs more or less to the same age group.

Tutoring arrangement may be in any of the following :a. Instructional tutoring.b. Same age tutoring.c. Monitorial tutoring.d. Structural tutoring.

e. Semi-structural tutoring.

Partner LearningIs teaming up with a classmate as a partner for

learning.

Developmental Activities1. For Data-gathering

– Interview– Library research– Internet research– reading– Field trip

2. For Organization & summarizing– Using graphic organizers– Jingles, rap, song– Verses– Power point presentation

3.For Application/Creative activities– Solving real-word– Performances & demonstration of skill mastery

–Authentic project–Power point presentation– Television talk show

4. For concluding activities–Review the KWL–Journals writing at the end of the

period

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