education at a glance 2014 - oecd

1

Education at a Glance2014

Qualification levels in Europe have risen markedly…

…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

2

AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stud

ent

Graduate supply



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stud

ent

Graduate supply

United States



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

United Kingdom



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2002

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2003

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2004

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2005

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2006

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2007 Ex

pend

itur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel

(USD

)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2008

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2009 Ex

pend

itur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel

(USD

)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2010

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)


IcelandPoland

UK

Australia

New Zealand



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expe

ndit

ure

per

stud

ent

at t

erti

ary

leve

l (U

SD)


US

P

Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education

First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)

Icel

and

New

Zea

land

Pol

and

Aus

tralia

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Irela

nd

Net

herla

nds

Japa

n

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Slo

veni

a

Nor

way

Por

tuga

l

Latv

ia

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Aus

tria

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

EU

21 a

vera

ge

OE

CD

ave

rage

Can

ada

Ger

man

y

Sw

itzer

land

Spa

in

Turk

ey

Italy

Chi

le

Hun

gary

Mex

ico

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

%

Chart A3.2 - A

Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes

Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)

Aus

tralia

Latv

iaIc

elan

dP

olan

dN

ew Z

eala

ndN

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love

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d S

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ussi

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atio

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orea

Uni

ted

Kin

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Finl

and

Net

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wed

enIs

rael

Cze

ch R

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ave

rage

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ryG

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any

Aus

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pan

Chi

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iaFr

ance

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eyG

reec

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done

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Chi

na

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

All students Excluding international students

Chart C3.1

%

Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education

Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P

olan

dE

ston

iaIc

elan

dS

lova

k R

epub

licS

love

nia

Bra

zil

Sw

eden

Hun

gary

Italy

New

Zea

land

Arg

entin

aC

zech

Rep

ublic

Finl

and

Nor

way

Luxe

mbo

urg

Por

tuga

lC

anad

aD

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ark

Isra

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EC

D a

vera

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d S

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ustra

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pain

Irela

ndN

ethe

rland

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Fran

ceU

nite

d K

ingd

omA

ustri

aB

elgi

umG

erm

any

Mex

ico

Sw

itzer

land

Turk

eyK

orea

Japa

n

0

20

40

60

80

100

Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields

Chart A.3 - Field

Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate

Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree

Chart A3_Gender

China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion

Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)

Slo

veni

a

Icel

and

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Hun

gary

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Irela

nd

Japa

n

Spa

in

Finl

and

Den

mar

k

Kor

ea

Nor

way

Can

ada

Isra

el

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

EU

21

aver

age

New

Zea

land

Pol

and

Chi

le

Italy

OE

CD

ave

rage

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sw

eden

Chi

na

Gre

ece

Luxe

mbo

urg

Aus

tria

Turk

ey

Mex

ico

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Total <25 years old ≧25 years old

Chart A2.1

%

In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk

Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)

Kore

a

Mex

ico

Braz

il

Nor

way

Chi

le

Aust

ralia

Luxe

mbo

urg

New

Zea

land

Net

herla

nds

Icel

and

Aust

ria

Switz

erla

nd

Turk

ey

Den

mar

k

Isra

el

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Can

ada

Finl

and

Belg

ium

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Italy

Swed

en

Ger

man

y

OE

CD

ave

rage

Fran

ce

Slov

enia

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Port

ugal

EU21

ave

rage

Pola

nd

Esto

nia

Hun

gary

Latv

ia

Irela

nd

Gre

ece

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Spai

n

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

0

10

20

30

40

50 2012 2005 2010

Below upper secondary education

Chart A5.2 - BS

%

Qualification don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

26

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries

Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja

pan

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

Sw

eden

Aus

tralia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Flan

ders

(Bel

gium

)

Nor

way

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Ave

rage

Pol

and

Aus

tria

Eng

land

/N. I

rela

nd (U

K)

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Irela

nd

Kor

ea

Can

ada

Est

onia

Spa

in

Italy

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education

Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries

Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)

Japa

n

Finl

and

Net

herla

nds

Sw

eden

Aus

tralia

Nor

way

Flan

ders

(Bel

gium

)

Eng

land

/N. I

rela

nd (U

K)

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ave

rage

Pol

and

Can

ada

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Den

mar

k

Est

onia

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Kor

ea

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Spa

in

Italy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats…

…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down

33

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents

Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents

Cze

ch R

epu.

..

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

vak

Rep

u...

Italy

Nor

way

Den

mar

k

Eng

land

/N. I

...

Spa

in

Ave

rage

Aus

tralia

Japa

n

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Can

ada

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Flan

ders

(Be.

..

Finl

and

Kor

ea

Rus

sian

Fed

...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Downward mobility Upward mobility%

Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations

Proportion of upward mobility across age groups

55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)

Age groups

Upw

ard

Mob

ility

Graph Mobility A4

Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19 year-olds not in education is not working

Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012)

Mex

ico

Turk

eyJa

pan

Bra

zil

Isra

elC

hile

New

Zea

land

Aus

tralia

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Nor

way

Italy

Icel

and

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

OE

CD

ave

rage

Spa

inIre

land

Aus

tria

Por

tuga

lS

witz

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ndB

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umK

orea

Est

onia

Den

mar

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wed

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U21

ave

rage

Fran

ceFi

nlan

dS

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k R

epub

licN

ethe

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sC

zech

Rep

ublic

Gre

ece

Hun

gary

Ger

man

yP

olan

dS

love

nia

Luxe

mbo

urg

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed

Chart C5.3

%

Europe is now driving international student mobility…

…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.

43

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania

Million students

25% of EU target

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)

United States¹ 16%

United Kingdom¹ 13%

Germany 6%

France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%

Russian Federation 4%

Japan 3%Spain 2%

China 2%Italy 2%

Austria 2%New Zealand 2%

South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%

Korea 1%Belgium 1%

Other OECD countries 8%

Other non-OECD countries 17%

Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market

Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destinationU

nite

d S

tate

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Aus

tralia

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Japa

n

Spa

in

Chi

na

Italy

Aus

tria

New

Zea

land

Sou

th A

frica

Sw

itzer

land

Net

herla

nds

Kor

ea

Bel

gium

Oth

er O

EC

D

Oth

er G

0 an

d no

n-O

EC

D

0

5

10

15

20

25

20002012

Market share (%)

OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries

20002012

Chart C4.3

International students comprise around 8% of tertiary enrolments, on average

Student mobility in tertiary education (2012)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Aus

tralia

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Sw

itzer

land

New

Zea

land

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada¹

Den

mar

kN

ethe

rland

sS

wed

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land

Icel

and

Finl

and

Por

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k R

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d S

tate

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pan

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ston

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love

nia

Nor

way

Pol

and

Chi

leFr

ance

Cze

ch R

epub

licS

outh

Afri

ca¹

Gre

ece

Italy

Sau

di A

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aR

ussi

an F

eder

atio

nK

orea

Isra

elTu

rkey

Chi

naB

razi

l 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45Foreign students2

%

International students

OECD average

Chart C4.4

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)

Asia 53%

Europe 23%

Africa 12%

Latin America and the Caribbean 6%

North America 3%Oceania 1%

Not specified 3%

Chart C4.5

Education remained a priority during the crisis…

49

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions

Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Cze

ch R

epub

licN

ew Z

eala

ndD

enm

ark

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Bra

zil

Finl

and

Aus

tralia

Irela

ndN

ethe

rland

sJa

pan

Sw

itzer

land

Ger

man

yS

love

nia

Chi

leC

anad

aP

ortu

gal

Mex

ico

Kor

eaO

EC

D a

vera

geA

ustri

aS

pain

EU

21 a

vera

geN

orw

ayB

elgi

umFr

ance

Sw

eden

Isra

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elan

dU

nite

d S

tate

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ussi

an F

eder

atio

nP

olan

dE

ston

iaIta

lyH

unga

ry

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

Change in public expenditure on educational institutionsChange in Gross Domestic ProductChange in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP

Index of change (2008=100)

Chart B2.3 - T

Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries

Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0

1 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 000

10 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00018 00019 00020 000

BrazilMexicoChileHungary

Slovak RepublicEstoniaPolandCzech RepublicIsraelPortugal

KoreaItaly SpainIceland Japan Finland

France AustraliaGermanyUnited Kingdom IrelandCanadaDenmark NetherlandsSweden Belgium

United StatesAustria

Switzerland

Norway

New Zealand

R² = 0.233915734925973

R² = 0.27067946823606

Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)

OECD average

Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary

OECD average

Chart B1.5 - PS

Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average

Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 705 000

7 000

9 000

11 000

13 000

15 000

17 000

19 000

21 000

23 000

25 000

27 000United States

SwitzerlandDenmarkSweden

Norway FinlandNetherlands Germany Japan

IrelandBelgium

FranceAustria

SpainIsrael

United Kingdom

Brazil Italy KoreaPolandPortugalCzech Republic

HungaryChileSlovak RepublicMexico Estonia

IcelandRussian Federation

New Zealand

SloveniaR² = 0.0789910852395619

Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)

OECD average

Tertiary education

OECD average

Chart B1.5 - T

In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds

Finl

and

Den

mar

k

Nor

way

Can

ada

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Aus

tria

Sw

itzer

land

Bel

gium

Net

herla

nds

Fran

ce

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Arg

entin

a

Irela

nd

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

veni

a

Ger

man

y

Icel

and

Spa

in

Pol

and

New

Zea

land

Latv

ia

Por

tuga

l

Hun

gary

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Bra

zil

Isra

el

Mex

ico

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Col

ombi

a

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Chi

le

Italy

Kor

ea

Aus

tralia

Japa

n

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions

Tertiary education

% of GDP

OECD average (total expenditure)

Chart B2.2 - T

Few European countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education

60

The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)

Chi

le

Kor

ea

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Aus

tralia

Isra

el

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Italy

Mex

ico

Por

tuga

l

OE

CD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Spa

in

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Est

onia

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y

Slo

veni

a

Aus

tria

Sw

eden

Bel

gium

Icel

and

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Nor

way

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

902011 2008 2000%

Chart B3.3 - T

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities

Public support for tertiary education (2011)

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

veni

a

Den

mar

k

Italy

Chi

le

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Por

tuga

l

New

Zea

land

Bel

gium

Latv

ia

Finl

and

Aus

tralia

OE

CD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Irela

nd

Hun

gary

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Sw

eden

Spa

in

Fran

ce

Sw

itzer

land

Can

ada

Mex

ico

Bra

zil

Turk

ey

Kor

ea

Est

onia

Indo

nesi

a

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Arg

entin

a

Japa

n

Icel

and

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities

Student loans% of total public expenditure on

tertiary education

Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)

Public subsidies for education to households and other pri-vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on

education, by type of subsidy

Chart B5.3

The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000

Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)

Turk

ey

Den

mar

k

Spa

in

Est

onia

Sw

eden

New

Zea

land

Gre

ece

Kor

ea

Japa

n

Can

ada

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fran

ce

Aus

tralia

Finl

and

OE

CD

ave

rage

Por

tuga

l

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Bel

gium

Slo

veni

a

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Hun

gary

Irela

nd

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000Private net returns Public net returns

Equ

ival

ent U

SD

Chart A7.1

Good progress in raising early childhood participation

93

Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets

Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education

Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)

Belg

ium

Fran

ce

Den

mar

k

Icel

and

Spai

n

Nor

way

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Swed

en

Italy

Ger

man

yEs

toni

a

New

Zea

land

Isra

elKo

rea

Slov

enia

Net

herla

nds

Latv

iaEU

21 a

vera

ge

Port

ugal

Japa

nH

unga

ry

Luxe

mbo

urg

OE

CD

ave

rage

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Aust

ria

Slov

ak R

epub

licC

zech

Rep

ublic

Pola

nd

Finl

and

Chi

le

Irela

nd

Mex

ico

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Arge

ntin

a

Braz

ilAu

stra

lia

Col

ombi

a

Indo

nesi

aTu

rkey

Switz

erla

nd

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2005%

Chart C2.1

The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education

Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents

Isra

el

Indo

nesi

a

Mex

ico

Chi

le

Fran

ce

Turk

ey

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Bra

zil

Pol

and

Bel

gium

Por

tuga

l

Kor

ea

Net

herla

nds

Japa

n

OE

CD

ave

rage

Aus

tria

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Spa

in

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

Hun

gary

Finl

and

Slo

veni

a

Est

onia

New

Zea

land

Sw

eden

Icel

and

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Student to teaching staff ratio

Chart C2.4

Countries spend their money differently on schools…

…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.

96

The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time

Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB

elgi

um (F

l.)

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Spa

in

Por

tuga

l

Aus

tralia

Nor

way

Can

ada

Fran

ce

Irela

nd

Net

herla

nds

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Kor

ea

Italy

Finl

and

Eng

land

Slo

veni

a

Isra

el

Pol

and

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Turk

ey

Hun

gary

Chi

le

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Est

onia

-3 800

-2 800

-1 800

- 800

200

1 200

2 200

3 200

Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class sizedifference with OECD average

USD

Chart B7.4

Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education

Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)

Australia 10Colombia1 9

Spain 10United States 9

Israel 9Netherlands7 9

Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9

Canada 9Luxembourg 9

Denmark 10England 9

Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9

OECD average 9Italy 8

Japan 9EU21 average 9

Germany 9Greece 9

Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9

Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8

Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9

Finland 9Slovenia 9

Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9

Hungary 8

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years

Chart D1.1

Total number of compulsory instruction hours

Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers

Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutionsK

orea

Spa

inLu

xem

bour

gP

ortu

gal

Turk

eyN

ew Z

eala

ndC

anad

aFi

nlan

dG

erm

any

Eng

land

Aus

tralia

Gre

ece

Den

mar

kO

EC

D a

vera

geB

elgi

um (F

l.)Fr

ance

EU

21 a

vera

geIs

rael

Est

onia

Pol

and

Sco

tland

Sw

eden

Bel

gium

(Fr.)

Net

herla

nds

Irela

ndS

love

nia

Chi

leN

orw

ayU

nite

d S

tate

sIta

lyA

ustri

aC

zech

Rep

ublic

Hun

gary

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

0

0.5

1

1.5

Ratio

Chart D3.1

Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education

OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education

Index of change2005 = 100

Chart Box D.3.2

Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

107

107 Thank you

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database

Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU

and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion