education optimized

7/29/2019 Education Optimized

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Chapter 4 Education in UK

Sept. 2005

Xiao Huiyun

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Objectives If the family is central to people's lives,

surely their next most significant

experience is their education. In thischapter we will begin with a briefsurvey of the development of freeuniversal education since the last

century, and then take a closer look atthe main institutions in which Britishpeople are formally educated.


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Focal Questions What do you think are among the most outstanding

changes in the English education system since the19th century?

What does thestreaming

system mean to you?Do you think the system is reasonable? Why?

What are some of the recent changes that havetaken place in a) primary schools, b) secondaryschools, and c) higher education?

Is university life in Britain different from that inChina? If so, in which aspects? Apart from universities, can you name some other

higher and further education institutions in Britain?


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Procedures Presentation by Students Focal

questions 2 & 4

Lectures by the teacher

Class discussion Exploitation

ActivitiesAssignment for the next chapter


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Soul of British Society


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A1 Change & Reform in

Schools Before 1870 school set up by churches, 40% of

children aged 10 attended

From 1870 onwards government took responsibility for

education in response to changes caused by industrialrevolution and movement for social & political reform

The 1944 Act in England& Wales gave all children theright to free secondary education

The tripartite system

at end of primary educationchildren are selected by means of streaming. Those onthe top stream (20%) went to grammar schools. Therest went to secondary modern and technical schools


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A 1 Change & Reform cont. 1960s introduction of comprehensive schools

early selection & streaming not fair, equal

educational opportunities & meritocracy In 1999 85% of children attended

comprehensive schools while 16% went toremaining gr. schools or private schools,

problems of streaming still remain, holdingback of brighter students, unjustified labelling


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A 1 Change & Reform cont. Types of Secondary Schools today

Comprehensive schools +85%

Grammar schools 4%

secondary modern schools 4%

City Technology Colleges (CTCs ) Specialist schools (England only)


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A1 Change and Reform cont. Recent reforms -- 1988 Education Reform Act

National Curriculum for 5 16 year-olds and

regular exams -- National Tests at 7, 11, 14(p58)

Introduction of CTCs -- sponsors & main focusof curriculum

More power given to schools to run their affairswithin the framework of national curriculum


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A 1 Change & Reform cont The National Curriculum in England and Wales

is divided into four Key Stages (KS), three coresubjects (English, Mathematics and Science)

and nine non-core foundation subjects.

The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes upto age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3

from eleven to fourteen (pre-GCSE) and KS 4from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSEand equivalent vocational qualifications) -


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A 1 Reform & Change Key

Stages and Tests


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A1 Change & Reform cont National Curriculum subjects: England

English, Mathematics,

Science, Design and Technology

this incorporatescraft and design, food technology

ICT- Information and communications technology

History

Geography Art and design

Music

Physical Education


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A 1 Change & Reform cont. In Scotland there is no legally prescribed

national curriculum but the Scottish

ExecutiveEducation Department sets outguidelines for teachers.

The curriculum in Northern Ireland is set

by the Northern Ireland Council forCurriculum, Examinations andAssessment.


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A 1 Change & Reform cont 1992 all polytechnics and some colleges

of higher education become universities.

1997 In universities grants arescrapped in favour of student loans, fee 1000 pound sterling

1998 National scheme using laptops

expected to spread to all schools in 21stcentury


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A2 Schools Today Primary

Phase Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-

paying basis) for children aged two to four/fivethrough playgroups and nursery schools. Theemphasis is on group work, creative activity andguided play

Compulsory education begins at five in England,Wales and Scotland and four in Northern Ireland

There is little or no specialist subject teaching and

great emphasis on literacy and numeracy in earlyyears The usual age for transfer to secondary schools is

eleven in England, Wales and Northern Ireland andtwelve in Scotland.


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A 2 Schools Today

Secondary Phase

Compulsory education ends at age sixteen, thoughmany pupils stay on beyond the minimum leavingage . The main exam pupils should take is GCSE.

About 90% of state secondary school pupils inEngland, Wales and Scotland go to comprehensiveschools, which provide a wide range of secondaryeducation for most children of all abilities from adistrict in the eleven to eighteen age range (twelve toeighteen in Scotland)

At age sixteen pupils in England and Wales maytransfer to sixth form colleges or tertiarycolleges ,leading to GCE A level


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A 2 School Today Exams

Examinations

At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE

examinations. These examinations are taken bystudents of all levels of ability in any of a range ofsubjects and may involve a final examination, anassessment of work done during the two year course,or both of these things. At 18 some students taken

A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3subjects. It is necessary to haveA-levels in order togo to a university or other institutions of highereducation


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A 2 School Today Exams

Examinations

In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. Ayear later, they can take examinations called

HIGHERS, after which they can either go straight toa university or spend a further year at school andtake the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotlandthe university system is different to that in Englandand Wales. Courses usually last four years rather

than three and students study a larger number ofsubjects as part of their degree.


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A 2 Schools Today Achieve-

ment and Social Class

Since 1980s reform a general improvement inqualifications by pupils at 16

Still a significant relationship betweenachievement of children and their parentssocial class

80% of children from professional middleclass attend university compared with 17%from the poorest homes


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A 2 Schools TodayIndependent Schools

Fee-paying, known as public schools

7% of schoolchildren attending

Good teaching staff Eton educated 19 Prime Ministers, 6

Chancellors of Exchequers, Shelley,

Orwell, founded in 1440 by HENRY VIto educate sons of the poor for serviceof church & state. (see p69 for more)


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A 2 School Today PublicSchool -- Eton College

Eton with the tutor


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A 2 Schools Today PublicSchool -- Eton College

Eton Pupils


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A2 Schools Today PublicSchools

Harrow School East Ham GrammarSchool for Boys


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Universities

110 universities in UK. 93 in England, 13 inScotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland

Over 42% of pupils become universitystudents on leaving school at 18

Two other main universities. University ofBuckingham (800 students) Open University(over 20,000 students). The latter non-residential university offering courses foradults of all ages. (more on p61 concerning

important changes)


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A 3 Institutions of HigherLearning Entrance Procedures

In the third term of Year 12 students preparetheir applications to university

Applications are then made in the first termof the Year 13 through one centralisedorganisation known as UCAS (Universitiesand Colleges Admissions Service )

Students can apply to a maximum of six

universities/institutions. Admission selection on basis of A level

results, schools &an interview


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A 3 Institution of Higherlearning Entrance Procedures

If a university or institution is impressed by thestudents UCAS form they will send an offer of aplace conditional upon obtaining certain stated ALevel grades

The final decision on which institution the student willactually attend will be taken when the A Level resultsare published in mid-August.

In the case of Cambridge applicants may be asked toobtain a good mark in an extra exam (called theSTEP), which they can sit just after the A Levelexams.

Applications through UCAS to Oxford and Cambridgealso have to be sent by a special early deadlineaccompanied by a special extra form.


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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Cambridge


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Cambridge

Cambridge University was founded in1209 by students fleeing from Oxfordafter one of the many episodes ofviolence between the university and the

town of Oxford.


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Former Vice-Chancellor

His term of office hasseen majorinnovation and

expansion atCambridge and aperiod whereCambridge hastopped league tables

and drawninvestment from theinternationalbusiness community.

Sir Alec Broers


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Cambridge

Professor Sir Alec Broers said: I became Vice-Chancellor because I believed

that I could help Cambridge build on its

strengths by reaching out. Companies andindividuals from all over the world haveworked with us to move forward our researchagenda, and weve worked hard to attract

and support outstanding students from manycountries and backgrounds. The Vice-Chancellor is the principal academic

and administrative officer of the University.


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge

It is a great honour that theUniversity of Cambridge haschosen me to be its Vice-Chancellor and to follow inthe footsteps of a heritage

of eminent Vice-Chancellors,including Professor Sir AlecBroers, Dame RosemaryMurray and Sir DavidWilliams.

Leading a University withnearly 800 years' history

and a pre-eminent status onthe world intellectual stageis a daunting prospect, but Iam looking forwardwholeheartedly to thechallenges ahead.

Professor AlisonRichard


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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Oxford University


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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Oxford

Oxford University. Legend has it that OxfordUniversity was founded by King Alfred in 872. A morelikely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by

Alfred to encourage education and establish schoolsthroughout his territory. There may have been agrammar school there in the 9th century. A grammarschool was exactly what it sounds like; a place forteaching Latin grammar. The University as we knowit actually began in the 12th century as gatherings

of students around popular masters. The universityconsisted of people, not buildings. The buildingscame later as a recognition of something that alreadyexisted. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.
http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htmhttp://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htmhttp://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htm


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducations Chancellor, Oxford

I am very pleased to havebeen elected Chancellor ofOxford University.

Oxford is one of the greatestuniversities in the world. Ithas played a distinguishedpart in the history of ourcountry and our continent,and has much to contributeto our success and our well-being as a civilisedcommunity in the future.

Chris Patten


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducations Vice-Chancellor

Sir Colin Lucas has beenVice-Chancellor of theUniversity of Oxford since1997. He is the first Oxford

Vice-Chancellor to serve forseven years, following theextension of his originalfour-year term of office,which has enabled him tosee through a wide-ranging

reform of the University'ssystem of governance

Sir Colin Lucas


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Oxbridge

The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge startedJune 10, 1829

The event is now a British national institution, and istelevised live each year. The race has been won by

Cambridge 77 times and Oxford 71, with one dead heatin 1877. The most recent event was amongst the closestin history, with Oxford winning by less than a foot. Oneentertainment for spectators is the possibilty of a boatsinking. This has occurred on three occasions; to theOxford crew in 1925 and to Cambridge in 1859 and in1978.

The race is currently run over a four mile and 374yardstretch of the River Thames between Putney andMortlake inLondon.
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britishhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milehttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milehttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/British


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The Dark Blue Crew Oxford won the2003 Boat Race, and

with it the AberdeenAsset ManagementTrophy, by thenarrowest of

margins after one ofthe most excitingfinishes of all time.


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A 3 Institutions of Higher EducationOxbridge Boat Race


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The Light Blues & Dark Blues


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Universities

Glasgow University NottinghamUniversity


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A3 Institute of HigherEducation Buckingham Uni.

Verney Park Campus Chandos RoadCampus


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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Open University

The Open University is ranked in the topfive of UK universities for the quality ofteaching, according to a newly-

published national table. The university, whose headquarters are

at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, has fifthspot ahead of Oxford and UniversityCollege London in the Sunday TimesUniversity Guide 2003s table ofuniversities with the best marks forteaching


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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Open University

The University Milton KeynesPagoda


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A3 Institutions of HigherLearning Crisis

Universities in crisis

In most universities resources are spent onday-to-day teaching and research; non-

essential work, such as building maintenance,has been put on the back-burner. At the sametime academic salaries have stalled: plumbersearn more than professors; research staff arepaid less than school dinner ladies. So top

academics are fleeing to the US and there arechronic shortages of teaching staff in areassuch as law, computing, maths and computers


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A3 Institutions of HigherEducation Crisis

How has all this come about? It boils down to a simple equation:

government funding has remained staticover the past few decades while thenumber of students has skyrocketed. Asa result, Britain would now have tospend 3.5bn a year just to bring theamount it spends per student up to the

EU average. And to return to studentfunding levels of a decade ago an extra5.9bn in annual grants would beneeded, roughly an extra 3p in thepound in income tax. The Week


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation -- Universities

University graduates dominate Britishpolitical leadership, especially those

from Oxbridge Thatcher, Blair, fromOxford; 2/3 of Blairs cabinet members

educated at Oxford or Cambridge

Individuals still feel positive abouteducation


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A3 Institute of Higher EducationTeacher Training

To qualify as a teacher in Britain

One can take a 4-year Bachelor of

Education (BEd) degree

Or follow any degree with a one- yearPGCE.

In either case 2/3 of training will takeplace in school classrooms


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Students Activities

Choir, Clare College


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Pubbing


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Soccer

f h


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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Choir

h d &


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A 4 Further Education &Training FECs

Further education (FE) is distinct from highereducation (HE)

FE comprises all provision outside school forpeople aged 16 and over, up to GCE A level or

equivalent exams. There are 500/600 FECs. Students study part-time or in the evening FE Colleges have strong links with industry and

commerce, employers often being involved inthe design of the courses, e.g. secretarial

studies & mechanical engineering. FEC also offer foundation courses for older

students returning to study after years ofworking to gain qualification for entry of highereducation

A 4 F h Ed i &


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A 4 Further Education &Training YTS

Objectives of Youth Training Scheme:

To give a training opportunity to school leavers whodid not get a job or go on to university

To ensure that these young people learn how totransfer the skills they learn in one job to another

Education elements in the training are supplied byFECs

Critiques: 1. artificially reduce unemployment figures2.reinforce young peoples status asdetermined by their class background3. jobs are not guaranteed after training


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