通販 【】 イケアinter ikea systems b.v. although 【ikea store】イケア通販 may use...
TRANSCRIPT
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Date January 29, 2015 Court Tokyo District Court
47th Civil Division Case number 2012 (Wa) 21067
– A case in which the court found that the act of using marks (e.g. IKEA STORE, etc.)
as title tags or meta tags constitutes use of marks as trademarks.
Reference: Article 2, paragraph (3), item (viii) and Article 36, paragraphs (1) and (2)
of the Trademark Act and Article 2, paragraph (1), items (i) and (ii) and Article 3,
paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act
Number of related rights, etc.: Trademark Registration No. 5197726 and No. 1634247
Summary of the Judgment
1. The defendant ran a shopping agent business, in which the defendant received
orders for the plaintiff's products (the "Plaintiff's Products") from consumers through
the website, purchased the Plaintiff's Products at the IKEA Stores (stores of a plaintiff's
franchisee), packed and shipped the products to consumers, and thereby resold the
Plaintiff's Products to consumers. The defendant also used the marks including "[IKEA
STORE]" (the "Defendant's Marks") as the title tags or meta tags for the html files of
the defendant's website (the "Defendant's Website").
The plaintiff alleged that the defendant's act of using the aforementioned marks
infringes the plaintiff's trademark right and constitutes an act of unfair competition and
filed an action seeking an injunction, etc. against the use of said marks.
2. In this judgment, the court mainly held as follows and found that the defendant's act
constitutes infringement of trademark right and an act of unfair competition.
(1) The Defendant's Marks are made by adding "通販," "STORE," and "【】" to the
trademarks in question (the "Trademarks"), which are famous trademarks. The parts "
通販" and "STORE" of the Defendant's Marks are used for online stores and their level
of distinctiveness is low. The part "【】" merely consists of symbols and lacks
distinctiveness. Therefore, it is found that the parts "IKEA" or "イケア" are the
essential features of the Defendant's Marks. Since at least the appearance and
pronunciation of these parts are identical or similar to the Trademarks, the Defendant's
Marks are found to be similar to the Trademarks.
(2) It can be said that descriptions on a webpage that are displayed in search results of
an online search engine can be deemed as an advertisement to indicate the outline of
the website, etc. Therefore, the act of adding a meta tag or title tag to a html file so as
to display said descriptions constitutes the act of providing information for the
advertisement of services that the website provides by an electronic or magnetic means.
As a result of being added to the html files as meta tags or title tags, the Defendant's
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Marks were displayed as the descriptions or outline of the content of the Defendant's
Website or homepage titles in search results of a search engine. Since they indicate the
source, etc. of the furniture retail business, etc. on the Defendant's Website, and they
are exposed to the eyes of Internet users to lead customers to the Defendant's Website,
it is found that the use of Defendant's Marks as meta tags or title tags constitutes use of
marks as trademarks.
(3) The following phrases are displayed on the Defendant's Website. "The brand names,
product names, etc. that are displayed on the website of 【IKEA STORE】イケア通販,
such as "イケア" and "IKEA," are basically trademarks or registered trademarks of
Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Although 【IKEA STORE】イケア通販 may use their
product names, organizational names, etc. for the sake of explanation, it has no intent
or purpose to infringe their trademark rights. Our shop exclusively provides mail order
services for IKEA products." However, even though these phrases are actually
displayed on the website, they are found to be positioned at the bottom of the web page
on the Defendant's Website. Since these phrases are not displayed along with the title
tags or meta tags, it cannot be said that the act of using the Defendant's Marks in meta
tags or title tags was a legitimate act, solely because of these phrases.
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Judgment rendered on January 29, 2015, the original of the judgment received by the court
clerk on the same day
2012 (Wa) 21067, Case of Seeking Injunction against Copyright Infringement
Date of conclusion of oral argument: December 18, 2014
Judgment
Plaintiff: Inter IKEA Systems B.V.
Defendant: Defendant A
Main text
1. The defendant shall not use the product photo data described in 1 of the
List of Product Photos in Attachment 1 and text and photo data described in
1 of the List of Text and Photos in Attachment 2 on his website.
2. The defendant shall not transmit the product photo data described in 1 of
the List of Product Photos in Attachment 1 and text and photo data
described in 1 of the List of Text and Photos in Attachment 2 via automatic
public transmission or make said data available for transmission.
3. The defendant shall destruct the product photo data described in 1 of the
List of Product Photos in Attachment 1 and text and photo data described in
1 of the List of Texts and Photos in Attachment 2 which he possesses.
4. The defendant shall not include the marks described in 1 to 3 of the List
of Marks in Attachment 3 as title tags or marks described in 1, 2 and 4 of
the List of Marks in Attachment 3 as meta tags, in the html files for
displaying the top page of his website on the Internet.
5. The defendant shall remove the marks described in 2 and 3 of the List of
Marks in Attachment 3 from and marks described in 2 and 4 of the
List of Marks in Attachment 3 from
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9. Only paragraphs (1) to (6) of this judgment may be provisionally
executed.
Facts and reasons
No. 1 Claims
1. To the same effect as paragraphs (1) to (5) of the main text.
2. The defendant shall pay to the plaintiff 13,737,000 yen and money accrued thereon at the
rate of 5% per annum for the period from November 22, 2014, until the date of completion of
the payment.
No. 2 Outline of the case
In this case, the plaintiff made the following allegations. [1] The defendant's act of
posting the product photos described in the "defendant's website" "product photo" column in
Attached Table 1 (product photos corresponding to the numbers described in Attachment 6;
hereinafter these product photos shall be collectively referred to as the "Defendant's Photos"
and each product photo shall be referred to with its number (e.g. "Defendant's Photo A1"))
and texts and photos described in the "defendant's website" column in Attached Table 2 (texts
and photos corresponding to the numbers described in Attachment 6; hereinafter these texts
and photos shall be referred to as the "Defendant's Texts, etc.," and together with the
Defendant's Photos referred to as the "Photos, etc.") on a website (hereinafter referred to as
the "Defendant's Website") which uses the domain name of "IKEA-STORE.JP" (hereinafter
referred to as the "old domain name") or "STORE051.COM" (hereinafter referred to as the
"new domain name"), constitutes an infringement of the plaintiff's copyright. [2] The
defendant's act of using the marks described in 1 to 4 of the List of Defendant's Marks in
Attachment 3 (hereinafter referred to as the "Defendant's Marks") as title tags and meta tags
for the html files of the Defendant's Website, constitutes an infringement of the plaintiff's
trademark rights and unfair competition. Based on these allegations, the plaintiff filed this
action against the defendant to seek [1] an injunction against the use on the website of the
product photo data described in 1 of the List of Product Photos in Attachment 1 (part of the
Defendant's Photos) and text and photo data described in 1 of the List of Texts and Photos in
Attachment 2 (Defendant's Texts, etc.), an injunction against the automatic public
transmission of said data and the act of making said data available for transmission, and the
destruction of said data, in accordance with Article 112, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the
Copyright Act; [2] an injunction against the use of the Defendant's Marks as title tags and
meta tags on the Defendant's Website, and removal of said marks, in accordance with Article
36, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Trademark Act, Article 3, paragraphs (1) and (2), and Article
2, paragraph (1), items (i) and (ii) of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act; [3] payment of
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13,737,000 yen as part of 55,726,759 yen as compensation for damages caused by a tort of
infringement of copyright or trademark rights, or unfair competition, and delay damages
accrued thereon at the rate of 5% per annum as prescribed in the Civil Code for the period
from November 22, 2014 (the day following the day of service of the written petition for the
amendment of claims dated November 17, 2014), until the date of completion of the
payment.
1. Facts on which the decision is premised (facts that are undisputed between the parties
(including facts alleged by the plaintiff for which the defendant does not clearly express an
intent to contest) or those that can be readily found based on the evidence, which will be
referred to later, and the entire import of the oral argument)
(1) The plaintiff is the copyright owner of the product photos described in 2 of the List of
Product Photos in Attachment 1 (product photos corresponding to the numbers described in
Attachment 7; hereinafter referred to as the "Plaintiff's Photos") and texts and photos
described in 2 and 3 of the List of Texts and Photos in Attachment 2 (texts and photos
corresponding to the numbers described in Attachments 7 and 8; hereinafter referred to as the
"Plaintiff's Texts, etc.") (Exhibit Ko 101). The Plaintiff's Texts, etc. are works that are found
to constitute intellectual creations.
On the website titled "IKEA®" (http://[omitted]) (hereinafter referred to as the "Plaintiff's
Website") and at stores of a plaintiff's franchisee (hereinafter referred to as the "IKEA
Stores"), the plaintiff has displayed the Plaintiff's Photos and Plaintiff's Texts, etc. related to
products, etc. sold at the IKEA Stores (hereinafter referred to as the "Plaintiff's Products")
since January 2010 (Exhibits Ko 1-1 and 1-2).
In Japan, the plaintiff's franchisee runs the Plaintiff's Website as an official website, but
does not provide any mail order services.
(2) The plaintiff owns the following trademark rights (hereinafter collectively referred to as
the "Trademark Rights"; the registered trademarks pertaining thereto shall be referred to as
the "Trademarks") (Exhibits Ko 2 to 5 and 133).
A. Trademark Right 1 (hereinafter the registered trademark pertaining to this trademark right
shall be referred to as "Trademark 1")
Filing date of the application: April 2, 2007
Date of registration: January 16, 2009
Registration No. 5197726
Designated goods/services: Designated services described in 1 of the List of
Designated Goods and Services in Attachment 5
Registered trademark: As described in 1 of the List of Plaintiff's Trademarks in
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Attachment 4
B. Trademark Right 2 (hereinafter the registered trademark pertaining to this trademark right
shall be referred to as "Trademark 2")
Filing date of the application: April 3, 1980
Date of registration: November 25, 1983
Registration No. 1634247
Designated goods/services: Designated goods described in 2 of the List of Designated
Goods and Services in Attachment 5
Registered trademark: As described in 2 of the List of Plaintiff's Trademarks in
Attachment 4
The Trademarks constitute another person's indications of goods for the defendant. The
Trademarks had already been well-known and famous as of January 2010, at the latest.
(3) The defendant ran a shopping agent business, in which the defendant received orders for
the Plaintiff's Products from consumers through the website, purchased the Plaintiff's
Products at the IKEA Stores, packed and shipped the products to consumers, and thereby
resold the Plaintiff's Products to consumers (hereinafter referred to as the "Defendant's Online
Business") at least for a period from around December 2009 to November 8, 2010.
A. By around December 2009, in relation to the Defendant's Website (its name was
"IKEASTORE" then, and was later changed to "STORE"; the domain name at this time was
the old domain name), the defendant produced electronic files containing at least part of the
Photos, etc., stored them on the server, and transmitted them through the Internet, (statement
by the defendant).
As of December 8, 2011, viewers entering the Defendant's Website were transferred from
the old domain name to the new domain name, and the website was run under the new
domain name (Exhibits Ko 11-3, 99, and 100). From May 15 to around 31, 2012, all of the
Photos, etc. were posted on the Defendant's Website (Exhibit Ko 6).
B. On July 29, 2010, the defendant included a phrase stating " 【IKEA STORE】イケ
ア通販 " (meaning " [IKEA STORE] IKEA Mail Order Service ") as a
title tag, and a phrase stating "" (meaning "") as a meta tag (Exhibit Ko 10, statement by the defendant).
Around July 2012 and March 2013, the html files to display the Defendant's Website
included a phrase stating " IKEA【STORE】イケア通販" (meaning "
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IKEA [STORE] IKEA Mail Order Service ") as a title tag, and a phrase stating "" (meaning
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A. On February 23, 2010, the plaintiff sent a notification to the director responsible for the
management of the Defendant's Website to request the discontinuation of the Defendant's
Website (Exhibit Ko 33).
B. As the representative of the Defendant's Website, the defendant attended the negotiation
with the plaintiff to correct the Defendant's Website. On May 5, 2010, the defendant signed
and affixed a seal on a written pledge to promise [1] that the defendant would not use any
name or indication containing characters, etc. that are identical or similar to "IKEA" in the
website name, etc. or domain name; [2] that the defendant would discontinue the use of
images, etc. of the Plaintiff's Products for which the plaintiff owns the copyright; and [3] that
the defendant would not engage in any act of infringement of the same kind in the future
(Exhibits Ko 34 to 43).
C. On November 9, 2010, the defendant entered into a business transfer agreement with
Classic Furnitures Inc. to transfer the Defendant's Online Business, including the old domain
name (Exhibit Ko 8).
D. On November 12, 2010, Classic Furnitures Inc. was established in State of Delaware,
United States (Exhibit Ko 73).
On the same day, the defendant sent a notification to the plaintiff to the effect that the
defendant is no longer involved in the Defendant's Online Business as he sold it to Classic
Furnitures Inc. and that the plaintiff should contact B, the CEO of Classic Furnitures Inc.
(email address: [omitted].jp), for further negotiation (Exhibit Ko 44).
E. The plaintiff had been negotiating with B concerning the Defendant's Website through the
abovementioned email address since December 6, 2010. However, the plaintiff has never met
B in person (Exhibits Ko 47 to 51).
F. On June 21, 2011, the plaintiff filed a petition based on the JP Domain Name Dispute
Resolution Policy with the Japan Intellectual Property Arbitration Center (hereinafter referred
to as the "JIPAC"), stating Classic Furnitures Inc. as the name of the registrant, State of
Delaware, United States, as its address, and [omitted].jp as its email address (Exhibit Ko 52).
On August 30, 2011, the defendant submitted a written statement to the court to the effect that
the defendant is the registrant of the old domain name (Exhibits Ko 53 and 54). On the 31st
of the same month, the JIPAC awarded a transfer order, naming "Classic Furnitures Inc. or A"
as the registrant (Exhibit Ko 54).
G. On September 7, 2011, the defendant filed an action to seek the confirmation of the
defendant's ownership of the right to use the old domain name (2011 (Wa) 29548; hereinafter
referred to as the "Related Case") (Exhibit Ko 55). The defendant stated that he holds the
ownership of the old domain name, and alleged that he did not change the name in the
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contract concerning said domain name, because he had transferred the Defendant's Online
Business to Classic Furnitures Inc. under the business transfer agreement in question
(hereinafter referred to as the "Business Transfer Agreement") dated November 9, 2010, but
would continue to be involved in the business even after the business transfer. However, the
defendant waived this claim on May 10, 2012 (Exhibits Ko 56 to 58, 64, and 71).
H. Classic Furnitures Inc. is a corporation whose information on corporate structures,
including board members, information on business partners, and history of tax payment are
unknown in the United States. On March 1, 2012, the company was announced as inactive
due to the non-payment of taxes, but its rights were restored on February 29, 2012 (Exhibits
Ko 67 to 69, Exhibit Otsu 3).
(2) According to the facts found in (1) above, the defendant made a written pledge to the
effect that he would never repeat the infringement of trademark rights and infringement of
copyright, etc. in the course of negotiation with the plaintiff concerning the Defendant's
Website, and then sent a notification to the plaintiff to instruct the plaintiff to contact Classic
Furnitures Inc. for further negotiation as he had entered into the Business Transfer
Agreement; however, the defendant alleged that he had dealt with all the procedures at the
JIPAC and all matters concerning the Defendant's Website in relation to the Related Case.
In the examination of the defendant, the defendant made the following statements. [1]
The defendant concluded the Business Transfer Agreement with B in Tokyo on November 9,
2010. He received compensation of one million yen and handed over a file containing
programs, etc. concerning the Defendant's Website. [2] The defendant is currently involved in
the Defendant's Online Business, since Kabushiki Kaisha Discovery Works, a company
headed by the defendant, entered into a consignment agreement with Classic Furnitures Inc.
(Exhibit Otsu 10) on January 19, 2011, under which Kabushiki Kaisha Discovery Works is to
purchase the Plaintiff's Products for orders Classic Furnitures Inc. receives on the Defendant's
Website, and pack and ship said products to customers. However, the only articles submitted
by the defendant as evidence to support his statement are a copy of the Business Transfer
Agreement (Exhibit Ko 8), copy of the consignment agreement (Exhibit Otsu 10), documents
related to the establishment of Classic Furnitures Inc. (Exhibit Otsu 27), records of bank
transfer from Kabushiki Kaisha PAUL INDUSTRIES, another company headed by the
defendant, to Kabusiki Kaisha Discovery Works (Exhibit Ko 83 and Exhibit Otsu 18), and
emails sent by a person who calls himself C (Exhibits Otsu 17, 22, and 33). Since all of these
articles could be created by the defendant himself, none of them proves that Classic
Furnitures Inc. carries out its activities as an independent legal entity from the defendant. On
the contrary, in light of the facts that there is no objective evidence to prove that Classic
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Furnitures Inc. is indeed running the Defendant's Online Business and that the defendant has
been deeply involved in the Defendant's Online Business even after the conclusion of the
Business Transfer Agreement, the defendant's statements above cannot be immediately
accepted. Moreover, the defendant is incapable of asserting against the plaintiff the existence
of the Business Transfer Agreement with Classic Furnitures Inc. on the basis of the principles
of good faith, and thus cannot be exempt from legal responsibility concerning the website in
question.
(3) The defendant made an allegation to the effect that the website concerning the old domain
name is independent from the website concerning the new domain name. However, even if
the new domain name is owned by Classic Furnitures Inc. (Exhibit Ko 11-2 and Exhibit Otsu
4), the website concerning the old domain name and the website concerning the new domain
name are found to have had some kind of continuity, as seen in the fact that viewers entering
the former website were transferred to the latter website, until the ownership of the old
domain name was transferred from the defendant to the plaintiff based on the award rendered
by the JIPAC on August 31, 2011. In addition, the defendant is incapable of asserting against
the plaintiff the existence of the Business Transfer Agreement with Classic Furnitures Inc.
Thus, it should be said that the defendant is responsible for the Defendant's Website
concerning the new domain name in relationship to the plaintiff.
The defendant also alleged that the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil is not
applicable to this case, since the plaintiff can file an action against Classic Furniture Inc.
However, according to the investigation carried out by the plaintiff in the United States, the
address of Classic Furnitures Inc. is the address of the registered agent Delaware Intercorp,
and even information on the president or other board members of Classic Furnitures Inc.
could not be identified from public records (Exhibit Ko 67). Therefore, it has to be said that
said defendant's allegation lacks its premise.
(4) Accordingly, the defendant is responsible for the management of the Defendant's Website
on and after November 9, 2010.
2. Regarding Issue 2 (whether the defendant's act of posting the Photos, etc. on the
Defendant's Website constitutes an infringement of the plaintiff's copyright)
(1) Regarding the copyrightability of the Plaintiff's Photos
The Plaintiff's Photos are advertising photographs for the Plaintiff's Products. They have
such features as the lack of objects' shadows, and white background. Although the layout of
objects, composition, and angles are different from product to product, the Plaintiff's Photos
are found to have been made with creativity, as seen in Plaintiff's Photos A1, A2, etc., which
lay out products of the same kind in an orderly manner so that the products' colors create a
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gradation that evokes a photo of a rainbow, and Plaintiff's Photos A9, A10, H1 to H7, Cu1,
B1, B2, and PB1, which are photographs of a mat, etc. captured from an angle almost straight
above the products, shot in a creative manner to allow viewers to see the texture of the cloth
of the products. Such creative efforts give the Plaintiff's Photos effects to vividly highlight
the colorful products abundantly using primary colors, in contrast to the white background, to
create a common impression as advertising photographs for the Plaintiff's Products, and to
visually communicate the characteristics of each product to consumers. In this regard, the
defendant also stated as follows. "I think we can better communicate the condition of
products by giving product descriptions with images created by IKEA, rather than using
photographs originally shot by us. Due to the nature of online mail ordering, customers will
judge everything based on photos. It is impossible for us to prepare product photos that are as
vivid and clear as those prepared by IKEA" (Exhibit Ko 34, statement by the defendant).
Accordingly, the Plaintiff's Photos are found to be creative and thus are found to be
copyrighted works.
(2) The defendant alleged that it is necessary to use the Photos, etc. in the Defendant's Online
Business. However, it is possible for a person who runs a business to sell the Plaintiff's
Products online to shoot and use original photographs of the Plaintiff's Products. Indeed,
there is more than one company that adopts such a method (Exhibits Ko 123 and 124). In
addition, there is no legitimacy at all to the act of using the Defendant's Text, etc. on the
Defendant's Website. Said defendant's allegation cannot be accepted.
(3) Since the Defendant's Photos are identical to the Plaintiff's Photos, and the Defendant's
Texts, etc. are identical or similar to the Plaintiff's Texts, etc., the act of posting the Photos,
etc. on the Defendant's Website constitutes an infringement of the plaintiff's right of
reproduction, adaptation rights and right to transmit to the public. In accordance with Article
112, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Copyright Act, the plaintiff has the right to claim against
the defendant an injunction against the use of the Photos, etc. and the destruction of data
pertaining to the use of the Photos, etc. Moreover, it is reasonable to construe that the scope
of said plaintiff's right includes all of the Defendant's Photos and Defendant's Texts, etc.
concerning the Plaintiff's Products, which are still being sold on the Defendant's Website, in
light of the facts that the Defendant's Online Business is to resell the Plaintiff's Products that
are currently being sold, and that it is easy to change data on the website.
3. Regarding Issue 3 (whether the defendant's act of using the Defendant's Marks as title tags
and meta tags constitutes an infringement of the plaintiff's trademark rights or unfair
competition)
(1) Regarding similarity
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The Defendant's Marks are made by adding "通販," "STORE," and "【】" to the
Trademarks, which are famous trademarks. The parts "通販 " and "STORE" of the
Defendant's Marks are used for online stores and their level of distinctiveness is low. The part
"【】" merely consists of symbols and lacks distinctiveness. Therefore, it is found that the parts
"IKEA" or "イケア" are the essential features of the Defendant's Marks. Since at least the
appearance and pronunciation of these parts are identical or similar to the Trademarks, the
Defendant's Marks are found to be similar to the Trademarks.
(2) Regarding use of marks as trademarks or commercial use as indications of products, etc.
It can be said that descriptions on a webpage that are displayed in search results of an
online search engine can be deemed as an advertisement to indicate the outline of the website,
etc. Therefore, the act of adding a meta tag or title tag to a html file so as to display said
descriptions constitutes the act of providing information for the advertisement of services that
the website provides by an electronic or magnetic means. As a result of being added to the
html files as meta tags or title tags, the Defendant's Marks were displayed as the descriptions
or outline of the content of the Defendant's Website or homepage titles in search results of a
search engine (Exhibits Ko 20 and 21). Since they indicate the source, etc. of the furniture
retail business, etc. on the Defendant's Website, and they are exposed to the eyes of Internet
users to lead customers to the Defendant's Website, it is found that the use of Defendant's
Marks as meta tags and title tags constitutes use of marks as trademarks.
The defendant made an allegation as if it should be allowed to use the Defendant's Marks
as meta tags, stating that there are many websites that use the Trademarks as meta tags.
However, at least, it is difficult to say that the circumstances of exploitation of the
Defendant's Marks in this case lack illegality. Thus, said defendant's allegation cannot be
accepted.
(3) Risk of causing confusion
Since the Defendant's Marks are similar to "IKEA" or "イケア," which are plaintiff's
indications of goods, etc., and since both are used on websites for the retailing of furniture,
etc. and it is found that the plaintiff has indeed received some opinions from viewers to the
effect that they mistook the Defendant's Website for the Plaintiff's Website (Exhibits Ko 32
and 95), the act of using the Defendant's Marks is found to cause confusion with the
plaintiff's business, etc.
(4) Regarding the defendant's allegations concerning citation
The defendant alleged that the following phrases are displayed on the Defendant's
Website. "The brand names, product names, etc. that are displayed on the website of 【IKEA
STORE】イケア通販, such as "イケア" and "IKEA," are basically trademarks or registered
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trademarks of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Although 【IKEA STORE】イケア通販 may use
their product names, organizational names, etc. for the sake of explanation, it has no intent or
purpose to infringe their trademark rights. Our shop exclusively provides mail order services
for IKEA products." However, even though these phrases are actually displayed on the
website, they are found to be positioned at the bottom of the web page on the Defendant's
Website (Exhibits Ko 6, 11-3, 59, 60, 65, 70, 77, and 78). Since these phrases are not
displayed along with the title tags or meta tags, it cannot be said that the act of using the
Defendant's Marks in meta tags or title tags was a legitimate act, solely because of these
phrases. Thus, said defendant's allegation cannot be accepted.
(5) Accordingly, the defendant's act of using the Defendant's Marks as title tags and meta tags
constitutes an infringement of the Trademark Rights and unfair competition. Therefore, the
plaintiff has the right to claim against the defendant an injunction against the use of the
Defendant's Marks and removal of data, in accordance with Article 36, paragraphs (1) and (2)
of the Trademark Act and Article 3, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Unfair Competition
Prevention Act.
4. Regarding Issue 4 (the amount of damages incurred by the plaintiff)
(1) Regarding the amount equivalent to royalties for the works
A. The defendant infringed the plaintiff's right of reproduction or adaptation rights and right
to transmit to the public. Since the defendant was negligent at least in relation to said
infringement, the plaintiff has the right to claim against the defendant compensation for
damages caused by said infringement. The plaintiff is found to have incurred damages
equivalent to the amount of money it should have received in relation to the exercise of the
copyright.
B. It is reasonable to determine the amount equivalent to royalties for the Plaintiff's Photos to
be 1,000 yen per work, regardless of the period of use of said photos, in light of [1] the fact
that the level of creativity of the Plaintiff's Photos as advertising photographs is relatively low,
even though the Plaintiff's Photos are extremely important for the Defendant's Online
Business; [2] the amount claimed by the plaintiff; and [3] the easiness of changing data on the
website, etc.
C. It is reasonable to determine the amount equivalent to royalties for the Plaintiff's Texts, etc.
to be 3,000 yen per work, regardless of the period of use of said texts which can be
determined based on the evidence, in light of [1] the fact that the Plaintiff's Texts, etc. are
considered to be extremely important in that they are capable of creating an appearance to
disguise the Defendant's Website as if it is the plaintiff's official website; [2] the level of
creativity of the Plaintiff's Texts, etc. is relatively high; [3] the amount claimed by the
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plaintiff; and [4] the easiness of changing data on the website, etc.
D. Accordingly, the total of the amount equivalent to royalties for individual works comes to
140,000 yen.
(2) Regarding damages caused by the use of the Defendant's Marks and defendant's
indications of goods, etc.
Based on Article 38, paragraph (2) of the Trademark Act and Article 5, paragraph (2) of
the Unfair Competition Prevention Act, the plaintiff alleged that it has incurred damages
equivalent to the amount of profits the defendant has received through the infringement of the
trademark rights or unfair competition.
It is construed that, in order to determine the amount of damages as referred to in Article
38, paragraph (2) of the Trademark Act and Article 5, paragraph (2) of the Unfair
Competition Prevention Act, a right holder needs to be in circumstances that provide the
premise for the occurrence of damages, such as circumstances where said right holder would
have obtained profits if the act of infringement did not occur. However, the plaintiff is not
engaged in the online retailing of the Plaintiff's Products. It is not found that consumers who
purchased the Plaintiff's Products through the Defendant's Website would have purchased the
Plaintiff's Products through the Plaintiff's Website if the defendant's act of infringement did
not occur. In addition, the Defendant's Online Business is to receive orders for the Plaintiff's
Products, purchase the Plaintiff's Products at the IKEA Stores according to said orders, and
pack and ship the products to customers. Therefore, the profits on the Plaintiff's Products
purchased by customers who were led to the Defendant's Website are received by the plaintiff
through the plaintiff's franchisee, as said products are purchased at the IKEA Stores. Thus, it
is not found that the plaintiff is in circumstances that provide the premise for the occurrence
of damages, such as circumstances where the plaintiff would have obtained profits if the act
of infringement by the Defendant's Website did not occur.
Therefore, it is impossible to determine the amount of damages as referred to in Article
38, paragraph (2) of the Trademark Act and Article 5, paragraph (2) of the Unfair
Competition Prevention Act. Since the plaintiff did not make any other allegation concerning
damages, nor did it prove damages, it has to be said that no damage is found to have been
caused by the infringement of the trademark rights or unfair competition.
(3) Regarding attorneys' fees
Taking into account the amount of damages incurred by the plaintiff determined above
and all other circumstances that have been revealed in this case, the court finds it reasonable
to determine the attorneys' fees that have a causal relationship with the defendant's act of tort
to be 100,000 yen.
-
13
(4) Accordingly, the total amount of damages incurred by the plaintiff comes to 240,000 yen.
5. As stated above, all the plaintiff's claims for an injunction, etc. have grounds, as the
infringement of plaintiff's copyright, infringement of trademark rights, and unfair competition
by the Defendant's Website is found, while the claim for compensation for damages has
grounds only to the extent that the plaintiff can demand the payment of 240,000 yen for the
infringement of the copyright and delay damages accrued thereon.
Therefore, the judgment shall be rendered in the form of the main text.
Tokyo District Court, 47th Civil Division
Judge: FUJITA Sou
Judge: UNO Youko
The presiding judge TAKANO Teruhisa is not able to sign or affix a seal due to transfer.
Judge: FUJITA Sou
-
14
(Attachment 1)
List of Product Photos
1. Product photo data corresponding to the following numbers described in Attachment 6
A5 to A8 and A11 to A14
H3, H4 and H7
Cu1
B1 and B2
Ch1 to Ch4
D1 to D15
T1, T2, T4 and T5
S1 to S5
PF1 and PF2
ST1 to ST9
RC1
TB1 and TB2
P1 to P3
PB1
Total 60 items
2. Photos corresponding to the following numbers described in Attachment 7
A1to A14
H1 to H7
Cu1
B1 and B2
Ch1 to Ch4
D1 to D15
T1 to T5
S1 to S5
PF1 and PF2
ST1 to ST9
RC1
TB1 and TB2
P1 to P3
PB1
Total 71 items
-
15
(Attachment 2)
List of Texts and Photos
1. Text and photo data corresponding to the following numbers described in Attachment 6
A-1 and A-2
B-1 to B-6
C-1 to C-8
D-1 to D-6
E
Total 23 items
2. Texts and photos corresponding to the following numbers described in Attachment 7
B-1 to B-6
C-1 to C-8
D-1 to D-6
Total 20 items
3. Texts and photos corresponding to the following numbers described in Attachment 8
A-1 and A-2
E
Total 3 items
-
16
(Attachment 3)
List of Defendant's Marks
1 【IKEA STORE】
2 イケア通販
3 IKEA【STORE】
4 IKEA通販
End of the List
-
17
(Attachment 4)
List of the Plaintiff's Trademarks
1 IKEA
2
End of the List
-
18
(Attachment 5)
List of Designated Goods and Services
1. Designated services
Class 35
Provision of convenience to customers in the following services: retail services or wholesale
services for woven fabrics and beddings; retail services or wholesale services for foods and
beverages; retail services or wholesale services for liquor; retail services or wholesale
services for meat; retail services or wholesale services for seafood; retail services or
wholesale services for confectionery, bread and buns; retail services or wholesale services for
carbonated drinks [refreshing beverages] and non-alcoholic fruit juice beverages; retail
services or wholesale services for coffee; retail services or wholesale services for processed
food; retail services or wholesale services for furniture; retail services or wholesale services
for electrical machinery and apparatus; retail services or wholesale services for bladed or
pointed hand tools, hand tools, and hardware; retail services or wholesale services for kitchen
equipment, cleaning tools and washing utensils; retail services or wholesale services for
flowers [natural] and trees; retail services or wholesale services for printed matters; retail
services or wholesale services for paper and stationery; retail services or wholesale services
for toys, dolls, game machines and apparatus; retail services or wholesale services for clocks
and watches
2. Designated goods
Class 6
Door mats of metal; upright signboards of metal; transportable greenhouses of metal for
household use;
Class 16
Table cloths [of paper]
Class 19
Stone lanterns; transportable greenhouses [not of metal] for household use
Class 20
Furniture; indoor window blinds [shades] [furniture]; blinds of reed, rattan or bamboo
[sudare]; bead curtains for decoration; oriental single panel standing partitions [tsuitate];
oriental folding partition screens [byoubu]; benches; advertising balloons; man-made garden
ponds [structures]
Class 21
Flower vases and flower bowls [not of basic metal]; wind chimes; perfume burners
-
19
Class 22
Tents [not for camping]; sunshades
Class 24
Seat covers of textile; wall hangings of textile; curtains; table cloths [not of paper]; draperies
[thick drop curtains]
Class 26
Artificial garlands and wreaths
Class 27
Floor coverings
Class 31
Wreaths of natural flowers
Attachments 6 to 8 are omitted.
-
※ただし、Al～4は、2012年9月20日時点の確認結果を付記
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