蹴醗㊧舳鰯麟躍鼠皿騰⑬蹴es量鵬伽wo翻 · 2013. 5. 14. · bulletin of the geological...
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Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan,vo1.41(11),p.631r640,1990 552.3 553.04
亘騨⑪臨贈麟膿鞭一曲曲㊨/鼠翻醜c膿聖畏鯉s 蹴醗㊧舳鰯麟躍鼠皿騰⑬蹴es量鵬伽wo翻
Masaharu KAMITANI*and Eideo HIRANo**
KAMITANI,M.and H:IRANo,H.(1990)Impoftant carbonatite-alkaline/alkaline complexes
and related mineral resources in the world。β%」孟060乙S%鍬血鋼%,voL41(11),p.631-
640.
1。 亘)亘st亙喧昆囲五t且0踊
More than500carbonatite-alkaline/alkaline
complexes are distributed in the world。Main
concentrated areas of the complexes are East
African rift zones,northem Scandinavia-Kola
peninsula,eastem Canada an(l southem Brazil
as seen in Figure 1.The distribution is
restricted interior and marginal regions of con-
tinents and structurally controlled by assumed
deep fractures.The East African rift valley is
one of the typical examples.
The carbonatites are generally associated
with ultramafic and/or alkaline rocks,but in so-
me cases occur as isolated dykes,cylindrical in-
trusives and volcanic cones.Alongwith the East
African rifts,many effusive carbonatites an(1
alkaline rocks are observable.The Oldoinyo
Lengai carbonatite,Tanzania,famous for the
enlption in1960,consists mainly of tuffs,ag-
glomerates and lava f1ρws of Na-rich car-
bonatites with ijolites,nepheline syenites and
phonolite flows(DAwsoN,1966).
Carbonatites representing more deeper part
of them are recognized in the northem Scan-
dinavia-Kola peninsula,the eastern Canada,the
southem Brazil and the other re菖ions an(1most-
1y associated with alkaline and mafic to
ultramafic rock suites such as ijolite,melteigite,
jacupirangite,pyroxenite,peridotite and so on。
The ages of carbonatite-alkaline/alkaline
*Geological Museu血,Geological Survey of Japa血.
**Mineral Resources Dept.
Jap参n・
Geologica1,Survey of
complexes即ostly determined by K-Ar method
vary from Archean to Recent ti:ne,and each
group ofthe complexesis closelyrelatedtotheir
regional structural events. Cana(lian car-
bonatites were divided into four groupsl middle
and upPer Proterozoics, Paleozoics and
Cretaceous.The Paleozoic carbonatites are
related to the St.Lawrence rift system
associated with the Atlantic Ocean opening
(PERRAULT and MANKER,1981).In thesouth6rn Brazi1,two groups of lower and upper
Cretaceous have intruded into Precambrian
basements surrounding the Parana basin.The
carbonatites with similar ages are distributed at
the opposite side,Angola a耳d Namibia.Those
are intimately associated with break off of the
Gondwana continents (MARsH,19721HERz,1977). In Kbla peninsula three groups of
alkaline/carbonatite-alkaline complexes are
recognized;middle Proterozqic,10werto middle
Paleozoic and upper Paleozoic.Almost all the
complexes are related to northwest-southeast
trending Kandalaksha graben and east-west
trending deep fractures (VARTIAINEN and
PAARMA,1979).
2・M翻曲es偲ees晦t動曲I e麗蝕o舩翫e一箆亙】k我且旦髄e/融a盈醜
e⑰.騨且exes
Importantmineralresources suchas niobium,
rareearthandph・$ph・rus奪reass・ciated轍h
carbonatite and alkaline complexes and have
been developed in many comtries(Table1).
Their mineral reserves calsssified by th6ir for-
mation age are shown in Fig.2.Copper,uranium and zirconium have been,produce(l in
一631一,1
覇麟
-
B%IZθ枷のh6θθ・卿・αZ・S銘物7げ血卿,蹴41,『M}.11
0。 KαYdor ∫ 濃ブ ρ専
SokIi Kh臓,,嬉..㊥、卜
㊥
Turja Maimecha-Kotui
り Haaeavesiミ・
Svnn y「
Fen(Sove)
Kais色rstuhI
ρ
Siilinlarvi
Kuopio Vishnevvie ③
Kizilcaoren
6
Ki轡警 !
跳謡hid翼~レhip
Mushgai KhudUk
7
Aldan 歯
c
/.グ
↓L署ingoISikh・t ㊨訟ノ0
40。
Tamazert・Tikarkas
d冠 ▽ ¶
Newania
o
㊥Amba Dongar P。nwad Bayan Kowant Siriwasan
⑱伽〆 Weishan
HungIongpu
Air TororoSasaO Myaoya
Tadhak 、
笹CapeVerde is. Jos Platεδu「
Southem五NigerJabaI
Kur ⑳ Napak
Dumbie Bukus自蟹 Kuge-kwβla
Sevathur礪amむIpatti 尽
ン略’レ I
GQlda Zuelya Lueshe
⑱〆
BhgQ
㊥ Old⑳yo Dl質
ざakkanadu
0。・Mavo Darie BurU HomaMt.
Kivu-Mariema7ζ Karonge
SanguWigu Ngualla
North Ruri(Kisingiri)
Mri巾a Hi畦. ミ翫内、・Cap吻 Panda HiIl
waya RedbankBailuhdo Sukulu,.Tororo
llombaCummings Range
Nkombwa Mud Tupk Coola30D
⑧
Chi!wa
Mt.Weld
Bonga ㊥ TunduluOroor60
TambaniTchivira
VirulundoCapunda Mount Xiluvo ▽
℃aPUndaKaluwe
Kangankunde 『Ondurakorume
GlenoverPhalaborwa
Nootigedacht 評 ,
℃songombo 【OD
Fig。、1 Dist貢bution map of main alkaline一,
significant amounts from some complexeslPhalabo癖a,SouthAf士fca;Kbヤdbf,KolalUSSRan(10the踏,1hdustfial mi血eralsγsu¢h as fluorite,
1imestone and vermiculite hav’e been mined in
India,Brazil and some African、countries。Fur-
th6士mo亡e)titanium and str6阜t緬m have been
studied fbf the deve10pm奪ntもi血一Btazil and
Malawi.
一Niobium:Niobium ores have-beefゆro(1uce“
mostlジ「from th6’carboliatite菖in Brazil and
Canada,an(1a little amount ofniobium are fro血
tin’slug$’and tantalum ores.Niobium ore
reserves of Araxa,Tapira an(1Catalao car-
bonatites in the southem Brazi1,hold about・83
percent of those in the・world.Recently Seis
:Lagos carbonatite complex噸in Amazonas state,
Brazi1五as been reported as the biggest:Nb-ore
reser▽es in、the l world㌧(2898』mi1Lt.,2.81%
Nb2051Pena,1989).・ ! 『「、
Rare Earth:About66percent of rare earth
pro母uctiqn“omes from carbonatite complexes,
mainly Mountain Pass,USA,and Baiyun(Bayan)Obo,Chinα。Bastnaesite ahd mo血azite,
main rare-earth minerals in those carbonatites,
一632一
-
加ρo吻痂励o鰯ガ伽63・嬬8s勉h6ω・7」4(砿K伽伽伽4π。・研伽・)
180。
駅 Q心
0
ソ o
Lonie(Manson Creek)
o 、 Big へ
又Verity
o
_匙S・臨嚇蕊⑭ Fire Sand・
㊥
儀 一酬1㎞
Albany Forks
Lawashi
illimaussaq
Allik
S走range Lake
Temiscamielce Rever Montviel
Rocky BayPoohbah St.
Mercier
Argor(St.JamesHon。re Bay)
CargiI Namegosenda LakeOkaMountain pass
Calender Bay
Gem Park&MacIureMt, Manitouも
Island
lrgn Hill
Magnet Cove
へ Ir・n 一乙>8。 Seabrook
lsland
Lake
Mutum
OD
Seis LagosPocos de Caldas
Manono
¥Serro Sapo
Morro do Engenho lpanema
Caiapo
Catalao I
》
!Serra
Catalao H
Negra,Salitre I,II
Chiriguelo
Araxa Tapira
oAnitapolis
Morro de Serrote(Juquia)
Matq Preto,Barra do Itapirapua O Lages“
Jacupiranga 吻
塾180。
/
carbonatite/alkaline complexes in the world.
are rich in light rare-earth elements.Total ore
reserves of the two ore4eposits ar6estimated
about40million tons in RE203content and
beyond80percent of the total world reserves.
Furthermore,some alkaline complexes in the
Kola peninsula have a great potentiality of fare
earth as a byproduct from apatite conbentrate.
Phosphoms:Most of carbonatite-alkaline
complexes contain4gr¢at quantity of apatiteand some of them have contributed to fertilizer
industries.USSR,Brazil and Africans}are main
producing countries and the total world apatite
ore sererves are estimate(1about822m皿iontons in P205 contents. Khibiny, the largest
alkaline complexin USSRhas about500million
tons in P205contents.It has produced around
15million tons per annum(NoTHoLT,1979)
and at present might have held18卑illion tons
of apatite concentration.
Other resources:Zirconium,especially bad-
deleyite,is a important resource and・have been
recoveredasoneofaceessorymineralsinPhalaborwa and Kovdor complexes.Anatase,a
secondary titanium mineral is associated with
一633一
-
8-
1
Table l Mineral resources related carbonatite complexes.
Name of comPlex Lithology Type of carbonatite Age(Ma) CommodityRSRV(mil.t)Oregrade(%)Reference
A垂axa(Barreiro),
Braz i1
Tapira,Brazil
SalitreLBrazil
Saユitre II, Brazil
Serra Negra, Brazil
Catalao I, Brazil
CatalaoII,Brazil
瀬orro do Engenho,Brazil
Jacupiranga,后razil
Juquia(MorrodoSerrσte), Brazil
Ipanema, Brazil
Anitapolis, Brazi l
91immerite,phoscolite
pyroxenite, peridotite,syenite
peridotite,pyroxenite,tra-chyte,foyaite,glimmerite
dUnite,peri(1Qtite,pXnite,tipguite,91immeri te
dunite,peridotite,pxnite,tinguite,glimmerite
peridotite,glimmeritephoscol ite
glimmerite,phoscolite
dunite,peridotiote,nepheline syenite
peri(iOtite,pyrOXinite,
nephel ine syenite
pyroxenite,peridotite,pulaski te,syenite
glimmerite,pyrOXenite,pulaski te
pXnite,Urtiしe,Syenite,
melteigite,91immerite
beforsite,sovi te
sovi te
sovite
SQvite
sovi te
beforsite
sovi te
calcitic
sovite,beforsite
beforsite
sovi te
sovi te
91
70
83
79
65
86
Cretaceous
130
127
123
129
niobiumphosphorusrare earthbar ium
niobiumt i t an ium
phosphorus
t i tanium
titanium
titanium
niobiumphosphorustitaniumrare earth
niobium
nickel
phosphorusnickel
phosphorus
phosphorus
phosphorus res i(iual
primary
465460 0.8
463
18095
921
84
92
200
15.7306 6
2
2
70
89
3
2
117
53206
2.4815.01
13.520.67
0.6717.68
8.32
23.28
13.0
27.63
1.617.96
19.90
12.2
2.18
1.27
6.151.39
16.0
6.73
8.204.00
四b205
P205
RE203BaSO4
Nb205Tio2
P205
Tio2
Tio2
Tio2
Nb2d5
P205Tio2-9
RE203
Nb205
脛i
P205Ni
P205
P205
P205P205
Filho, et al。,1984
Pena,1989
Rodrigues&Lima,1984Berbert,1984Pena,1989
RQ(1rigues&Lima,1984
Berber七,1984
Rodrigues&Lima,1984
Rodrigues&Lima,1984Berbert,1984
Baecker,1983.
Rodrigues&Lima,1984Hiranoetal,1987
Baecker,1983Rodrigues&Lima,1984
Rodrigues&Lima,1984
Rodrugues&Lima,1984Hiranoetal,1987
Born,1971Rodrigues&Lima,1984
Rodrigues&1、ima,1984
Rodrigues&Lima,1984
bロ
ミ魯§・
黛き賢
os蔓’
§留這遷
蔓
ミ§
ぎト軋ト
さ旨
-
8伊
Name of complex Lithology
Barra do ItapirapuaBrazil
臨。Pret。,Brazil
Pocos de Caldas,Braz・i l
SeisLagos,Brazil
Oka,σanada..
StP.Honσre,σanada
JamesBay(Argor),Canada
Manitou Islands,Canada
Lackner・Lake,
Canada
Nemegosenda Lake,Canada
遡ountaiuPass,USA
Iron Hill, USA
Kizilcaoren,Turkey
Amba6。ngar,lndia
Baiyun (Bayan) Obo
China
-p h。n。lite
tinguite,phonolite, 、n,eph el ine sy en i te
syenite
megltei&it年,ij・lite,
urtite・okaite.
ijolite,urtite,’
nephel ine syenite
pyroxen i te
syenite,alkali pyroxenite
ijOl ite,malignite
nep鼓eline Syenite
nephel ine syenite,
shonkinite,syenite
ijOlite,pyrOXenite
ph。n。lite,trachyte
nephelini te,phonol i te
, alkaligabbro,
trachyte
Table1 (continued)
Type of carbonatite Age(Ma) Commodity RSRV(mil.t) Ore grade(%) Referen¢e
beforsite 一
’s。》ite, b巨f。rsite 67
- 53-87
ferrocarbonatite, 一
beforsite
sovite 122
sovite,dolomitic 560-ankeritic carb.
dolomitic carb. 1655
carbonatite dyke 568
carbonatite 1090
calcitic carb. 1010
calcitic,(1010mitic- 1440
ankeritic carb.
carbonatite 520-580
carbonatite 24
ankeri七ic carb. 37.5-76
dolomitic carb. 1400
rare earth -phQsphorus -
fluorine 2.
zir〔;:,onium O。
rare earth 6
niQbium 2898rare earth -
niobium 122
rare earth 122
n i obi um 16
niobium 62.
phosphorus 62.
niobium 1.
uranium 3。
phbsphorus 10niobium 10
niobium 20
rare earth 100
niobium 40
rare earth O.
fluorine O.
fluorine 116
rare eεしrth -
rare earth 35iron 1150niobium O.
8
2一
33
78
0.94 RE203
2.49 P205
58.O CaF2
65-70 ZrO2 5.O R,E203
,2.81,Nb205
L50RE琴03
G。45 Nb205
0.2 RE203
0.69 採b205
0.52 Nb205
3-10.♀205
0。86 Nb205
σ.041 U308
19.5 P205
0.23 Nb205
0.47 Nb205
5.O RE203
0.25 Nb205
2.5 RE203
37。4 CaF2
30.O CaF2
3 RE203
as,RE203basis33-35 Fe as Nb basis
Cordeiro & Oliveira,1984
Lourei飴&Tavares,1983
Ulb発ic上&β・mes・1981
PNPM,1979
Rodrigues&Lima,1984Pena,1989
C近rrie,1日76
Perrau lt&煙anker,1981
Currie,1976Perηault&Manker,198】
Stockford,1972
Currie,1976
Dawson,1966Currie,1976
Hodder,’1961
Currie4976
Currie,1976
A(1ams & Staatz,1973
01son et’al.,1954
Roskilll『1983
Kayabal,1986Morteani & Satir,1989
Viladkar,1981
Sun Hong-ru,1983
Argall,1980
§…iミ
誉
ミ
ミ&§§.
融
ミ,8
黛
§…驚.
醤
欝恥
ミ……ミ
蕊
§
き§誉’
§.
§織
,蚕
顛.
…i
s
-
8①
Name of complex Lithology
Miaoya,China
MushugaシーKhuとuk,
Mongol
Lugingo1, Mongol
Phalaborwa,S.Africa
G「e蔓ove「・S・Af「ica
D・r・騨a・.Zimbabwe
Shawε, Zimbabwe
Okorusu, 瞳amibia
Ondurukurume,Nami.Pia
Bonga, Angola
麗atache,Tundul,Mala“i
Chilwa Isl.,Malawi
Kangankunde,Malawi
I lomba Hi11,Malawi
Panda Hi l1,Tanzan ia
Su丘ulu,Ugandゴ
sye塁ite
K-rich alkaline rocks
K-rich alkaline rocks
pyr。xenite,ph。sと。lite
Only fenetiZatiOn
syenite・ph・n・lite、
dunite,{jolite
f・瞬しe・Urtite・Syenite
fOyaite,Syenite
neph-syenite,syenite,feldspathic ag910mer.
fenitic syenite,
feldspathic brecciafenitization only
foya、ite,ijolite,s y、en i te
fenetiZatiOn Only
ij。1itも,neph-syenite
Table1 (continued)
Type of carbonatite Age(Ma)
sovite,ankeritic cb.
apatite-magnetitecarb.
carbonatite
sovi te
beforsite,sovite
sovi te
beforsite一>〉magnesite
sovite
sovite, beforsite
carbonatite
sovite,sideritic’carb.
sideritic,ankeriticcarb. sovite
sovite,ankeritic carb.
sovite,dolomitic carb.
sovite,(iolomitic carb.
s。》ite,ferrugin。uscarb.
271
L Jr-E.Cr
LJr-E・ρr
2047
1300
200
20・1
133
136
125
490-508
116
24-26
C。mm。dityRSRV(血il.t)Oregrade(監) Reference
niobium
rare earth
rare earth
copperzirconium
phosphorusniobium
phosp弁orus
vermibulite・
fluorine
niobium
niobium
phosphbrus
ni6blum.
rare earthstrontium
niobi.um-
uran‡um
niobium
phosphorusniobi蟻m
15 0.25 Nb205
370 1.6RE263
315 0.69 Cu
- 0.15ZrO2
10 20-32 P205
- 0.68 Nb205
67 6.5 P205
7-10 35.O CaF2
8 0.3 Nb205
824 0.48 Nb205
1.25 15.O P205
3-5 0.32-1.51Nb205
0・3254・7。RE203. 0.325 圭7.9 SrCO3
0.ユ 0.3 Nb205
- 0・05U書08
300 0.3 Nb205
200 13.o plol200 0.23 Hb205
Li,1980
Vakhrushe》etal.,1980
Kavalenko et al.,1981
ditto.
C。et乞ee,1976
PMCEMGMS・1976
Carter&Bennett,1973
Carter&Bennett,1973
Johnson,1966Nicolayson,etal.1962
De姥ns・19σ1
嫉acCall,1963
DσanSf1966
Penす・1989
Carter&Bennett,1973
Cart¢r&Ben痘et,1973㌧
Deans,1966
Carter&Bennett,1973
Carter&Beηnet,1973Bloomfield,etal1981
Ficketal.,1959
Deans,1σ66
Reedman,1984
窒ミ§・
馬導馬
§蔓ミ讐§遭
織
ξ§
ぎト職ト
さ旨
-
18q
Table1 (continued)
Name,ofcomplexLith。1。gy でyPe・fcarb・natite Age(Ma) C。mm。dityRSRV(mi1.tl〉 Ore gfade(器)Ref町rence
BukU興,
T・rlr・・疑ganda・
Bin言o,Zaire
Lue,sh曼・Zai鞭e
Kri血a旧il1,Kenya
Kaiserstuhl,Germany
Kodal,Norway
Sove(Fen〉、,麗〇四ay
Sokl i,Fin land
Siilinjarvi,FinlandKhibiny,USSR
Kovdor,USSR
Synnyr(Oshrkov〉,
USSRMotzfel(1t,Greenlan(1
Mineral resgurces
CanCriniteSyen蚕te、
nephel ine syenite
・limburgite,ph。n。lit邑,
,nepheLini te
syenite
nephel ini te,ijol ite,
melteigite,alnOite
peridotite,pyroxenite
91immerite.
ijOlite,melteigite,ur ti te,neph-syen i te
melteigite,ijOlite,pyroxenite,d}nite
syenite
associate4with carbonatite-a王kaline/alkaline
,16-32
d・lgmiticcarb・natitle
sovite,rauhaugite 516-635
sovite,(1010mit.ic carb.
s。vite’ 18-66
carbonatite -
sovite,rauhaugite 565-590
phoseolite,sovite 334-378
ph。sc。lite,s。vite’ 1785-2530
- L.C-E.P
small carbonatite vein 370
『 1300
COmpleXeS in
niobium
niObium
niobium
剛niobium
r ar e e arth
niObium
phosphorus
niobium
phosphorus niobium
phosphorus phosphorus wi th REE
phosphorus iron
phosphorus with REE niobium
the
70
ウ
30
50
6
0.8
70
61
50
4652700
708708500
80
W㏄’d憐織li呈1
0.25
2』86
1.34
0.7
5.9
0.5
6。0
0.2
19.0
4.0
18.0
6.6
50
4.0-4.5
0.4-1.0
,Nb205二
Nb205
Nbを05
・Nbゴ05
RE203
Nb205
P205
Nb205
P205
P205P205
P205
T.FeP205
Nb205
103million822 million 47 million105 million40million
E1。。mfleld,1,973
Pena,1989’
Roski l1, 1983
甦araviβ&M。rteani・登O
MacCall,1963Deaps・1966
Wimmenauer・197タ
賢otholt,1979
Heinrich,19ら6
Roskill,1983
Notholt,1979
Vartiainen,1980
Notholt,1979 Notholt,1979
Notholt,1979
Notholt鰯1979
P6na,1989
ton串(Nb205)
tons(P205)
tons(RE203)tons(Tio2)t・n§(CaF2)
§憲ミ
iミ
&…ii
&.§。
誤,§
iii
§。
きも
,・ミ…
…ミ
ミ,黛
き§融’
§.
…ii
織
嵐顛.
iii
9
-
B鰯伽瞬h6G60嬢・σJS%物がノ4鋤,’泥盈,飾.1f
篭6
-314匿 12
掲
8
6
4
2
0
謹
4巳
3の
働
1巳
0 11臼
■1馳’一 9臼澤
舘 72 62 馳 4の 3巳 2図 1巳 巳
7巳2
…6四
5朋4②o
3鴎
2〔泌
1四
日
2。31
O,27
14.52
噸5
O。64
4e.2臼
6,83
REIP3
⑭.吼
1a4.77
TIO2
27,2156.23
682.48
㌧05
鋤.35
PREC PAL匿OZ 鵬ESOZ CE腿OZ
Fig.2 Carbonatite-related mineralreserves in the
world.Reserves are calculated based Qn the
data shown in↑able1.A Nb-ore reser▽e of
Seis Lagos,A血azonas statein Brazilis omt-
ted from this figure because of the
unknown age of the carbonatite intrusion.
Brazilian carbonatites and recently its recover-
ing technology has been developed by Tapira
Mine.
Re£e『e醜ees
ADAMs,J.W.and STAATz,M.H.(1973)Rare earth elements。US.GθoJ.S%グ砂.,P名げ
Pα1》θ7,820ラp。547-556。
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世界の主要カーボナタイトーアルカリ複合岩体とそれに伴う鉱物資源
神谷雅晴・平野英雄
要 旨
世界の主要カーボナタイトの岩相,固結年代,およびそれに伴う鉱物資源を一覧表としてまとめ,そ
れぞれの位置を図示した.カーボナタイトに伴う鉱物資源のうち,ニオブ,レアアース,チタソ,リン
は地域分布ばかりでなく,形成時代にも著しい偏在性が存在するこ.とを示した.
(受付:1990年3月27日;受理:1990年9月1日)
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