eesc04 afternoon lab - university of toronto...margalef and berger-parker • margalef: – =...
TRANSCRIPT
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How do we measure diversity?
EESC04
Afternoon Lab
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What are the common ways of measuring diversity?
• Richness: # of species
• Relative abundance: proportion of a species in a community
• Evenness: how well represented is a species?
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Scale matters: Diversity at different levels
• α-diversity – local diversity (single site) – Species Richness
– Shannon-Wiener Index
– Simpson Index
• β-diversity – change in diversity between sites – Sorensen Index (also known as Bray-Curtis)
– Jaccard Index
• γ-diversity – regional diversity
• ε-diversity if we are looking at a larger scale
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Which site has the highest alpha-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Which site has the highest alpha-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Which region has the highest beta-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Which region has the highest beta-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Which region has the highest gamma-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Which region has the highest gamma-diversity?
Site A Site B
Site C Site D
Region X Region Y
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Some useful indices
• Shannon-Wiener Index
• Shannon Evenness
• Simpson Index
• Margalef Index
• Berger-Parker Index
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Shannon-Wiener Index
• 𝐻′ = − 𝑝𝑖 ln 𝑝𝑖𝑆𝑖=1
• pi = relative frequency of species
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
• Values range from 0 – 5
– Usually between 1.5 and 3.5
• Sensitive to sampling bias
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Shannon Evenness
• 𝐸𝐻 =𝐻′
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ln 𝑆, where S = species richness
– ie: 𝐸𝐻 =𝐻′
ln 𝑆
• E ranges from 0 – 1 (1 is most even)
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Simpson Index
• 𝐷 = 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑖−1
𝑁(𝑁−1)
𝑆𝑖=1
• ni = # of individuals of each species
• N = total individuals
• Less sensitive to species richness and weighs more abundant species more
• Less sensitive than Shannon-Wiener
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Margalef and Berger-Parker
• Margalef:
– 𝐷𝑀𝐺 =𝑆−1
ln 𝑁
– Accounts for biases in sampling size and effort
– S = species richness
– N = total # of individuals
• Berger-Parker:
– 𝐷𝐵𝑃 =𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁
– Looks at how important the most abundance species is
– Nmax = # of individuals from most abundant species
– Not very informative as it just looks at one species
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Jaccard and Sorensen
• Jaccard:
– 𝑆𝐽 =𝑎
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
– a = # of species found in all sites
– b = # of species found in site 1
– c = # of species found in site 2
• Sorensen:
– 𝑆𝑆 =2𝑎
2𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
– a = # of species found in all sites
– b = # of species found in sites 1
– c = # of species found in sites 2
• Comparison between 2 sites • Can’t use these for our data
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Taken from Lecture 2, EESC04, September 9, 2014
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Taken from Lecture 2, EESC04, September 9, 2014
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Taken from Lecture 2, EESC04, September 9, 2014
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Taken from Lecture 2, EESC04, September 9, 2014
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How can we conceptualize diversity?
• Genetic diversity
• Functional diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Phylogenetic diversity
• Taxonomic diversity
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Questions??