effect of rubber seed oil and palm oil biodiesel diesel...

Effect of Rubber Seed Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesel

Diesel Blends on Diesel Engine Emission and

Combustion Characteristics

Ibrahim K. Adam

Prof. Dr. A. Rashid A. Aziz , A/P. Dr. Suzana Yusuf

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Email: [email protected]

WVCARMEA2014 ID19921 September 2014 1

Outline

Conclusions

21 September 2014 2

Introduction

Problem statement & objectives

Literature review

Material and methods

Results and discussions

Introduction

a. Diesel emission problem.

b. Growing demand

c. Supply challenge

d. Higher flash point.

e. Environmental friendly.

Synthesis of crude blend rubber seed oil

and palm oil for biodiesel production

a. Crude rubber seed oil is abundant in

most southeast country can

minimize food verse fuel threats.

b. Blend can be utilize for biodiesel

production.

21 September 2014 3

http://www.erichall.eu/

2002u060.html

Difference country difference raw

material for biodiesel production.

Advantages • Utilizing edible and non edible

raw materials in proper way to

create competitive price .

• Enhanced cold flow

properties.

• Cake can be use as fertilizers

for soil enrichment

Why biodiesel is been considered

as alternative diesel fuel ?

Biodiesel sources

USA : Soybean oil, Japan : waste cooking

Europe: sunflower and olive oil

Problem statement and objective

21 September 2014 4

1. To study the effect of feedstocks blending on fuel properties, such as density,

viscosity, heating value, and oxidation stability.

2. To investigate experimentally the effect of biodiesel (rubber seed oil and

palm oil mixture) on engine emissions and combustion characteristics.

Objectives

Problemstatement Due to urbanization and industrialization the consumption of fossil fuel

increased while the production decreased, environmental emission concern and

health related problem . For these reasons, the search for alternative fuels for

internal combustion engine with a view to improving the engine fuel economy

and reducing exhaust emissions becomes necessary. This research is therefore to

study the effect of biodiesel (rubber seed oil and palm oil mixture) diesel

blends on engine emission and combustion characteristics .

Literature Review

21 September 2014 5

Ramadhas et al.

(2005)

� Rubber seed oil diesel

blends (20 – 100 vol.%)

� Single cylinder DI diesel

engine.

� Test, constant speed 1500

rpm, brake power

(1- 5.5kW).

� 20 – 40 vol.% blends

performance are similar

to diesel.

� SFC decreased as load

increases – higher than

diesel in all blends.

� Carbon deposits was

higher in RSO.

Reksowardojo et al.

(2001)

� Rubber seed oil biodiesel

blends 5vol.%


engine.

� Test range, constant

speed 1500 rpm, varying

load (0- 4kW).

� BSFC was higher

compare to diesel.

� BTE at lower load quite

similar while obvious at

higher load.

2001

Ramadhas et al.

(2005b)

� Rubber seed oil biodiesel

diesel blends (20 – 100

vol.%)


engine.


speed 1500 rpm, load (0-

100%).

� BSFC at lower load

found to be lower , and

increases an load and

blend ration increases.

� B10 obtained higher

BTE (28%) compare to

diesel. CO were lower

than diesel.

Geo et al. (2010)

� Rubber seed oil and

diethyl ether (DEE) (100

-200g/h)

� Single cylinder DI

diesel engine.


speed 1500 rpm, brake

power (1-4kW).

� BTE increased by using

DEE but was lower than

diesel.

� BSFC was higher.

� HC and CO decreased

Methodology

21 September 2014 6

Crude rubber seed oil + crude palm oil

(50:50 vol.%)

Add the mixture of catalyst and

methanol (1:8 oil to methanol ratio and

1% catalyst KOH by oil weight), then

wait for two hours, stop the reaction,

gravitational separation

After 6 hours two layers (glycerol

+biodiesel ), washing the biodiesel with

de-ionized water

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and

heated up to 60°C.

Property RSPOB ASTM D 6751 EN 14214

Density at 25 °C kg/m3 874 N/A 860-900

Viscosity at mm2/s, 40 °C 4.9 1.9-6.0 3.5-5

Calorific value (MJ/kg) 38.4 - -

Centane Number 50.19 47 min 51 min

Oxidation stability (h) 3.77 3 min 6 min

Flash Point (°C) 150 93 min 120 min

Cloud Point (°C) 1 - -

Pour Point (°C) 6.5 - -

Cold Filter Plugging (°C) 3.8 - -

Moisture content (%) 0.02 0.05 max 0.05 max

Ester Content (%) 98.113 N/A 96.6

Biodiesel production and fuel properties

Experimental setup

21 September 2014 7

Type XLD 418 D, 4

cylinder, in line

Bore 82.5 mm

Stroke 82mm

Compression

ratio

21.5:1

Torque 110 Nm at 2500

rpm

Power 44 kW at 4800 rpm

1. Diesel tank, 2. Biodiesel tank 3. Fuel flow meter, 4. Engine exhaust, 5. Engine,

6. Eddy current dynamometer, 7. Angle encoder, 8. Pressure transducer, 9. Engine

ECU control unit, 10. Engine PC control unit, 11. Signal amplifier, 12. Data

acquisition unit, 13. Computer, 14. Control valve, 15. Gas analyzer unit.

Emission test results

21 September 2014 8

500

1200

1900

2600

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

CO

(pp

m)

Engine speed (rpm)

diesel

B5%

B10%

B20%

150

270

390

510

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Exhau

st g

as t

emp

. (°

C)

Engine speed (rpm)

diesel

B5%

B10%

B20%

220

320

420

520

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000N

Ox(p

pm

)Engine speed (rpm)

diesel

B5%

B10%

B20%

Combustion Results

21 September 2014 9

54

59

64

69

74

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Cyl.

pea

k p

res.

(b

ar)

Engine speed (rpm)

diesel B5%B10% B20%

-1

5

11

17

23

29

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Hea

t re

leas

e ra

te (

kJ/

CA

.D)

Crank angle (degree)

dieselB5%B10%B20%

0

14

28

42

56

70

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Pre

ssure

(b

ar)

Crank angle(deg.)

dieselB5%B10%B20%

Conclusions

21 September 2014 10

The experimental results confirmed that CO, NOx, exhaust gas

temperature, peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate are a

function of biodiesel blends, engine speed and load.

1. CO emission decrease as biodiesel concentration increases.

2. NOx and exhaust gas temperature are increased

proportionally to blends ratio.

3. All biodiesel blends completed the premixed combustion

phase earlier than neat diesel due to earlier start of

combustion.

References


[1] J.V. Gerpen, Biodiesel processing and production, Fuel Processing Technology. 86 (2005) 1097-1107.

[2] F. Ma, M. A. Hanna, Biodiesel production review, Bioresource Technology.70 (1999)1-15.

[3] K.Pramanik, Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy

28 (2003)239-248.

[4] A.Srivastava, R. Prasad,Triglycerides-based diesel fuels, Renw. And Sust. Enrg. Reviews. 4(2000)111-133.

[5] A. Junaid, S. Yusuf, A. Bokhari, R.N. Kamil, Study of fuel properties of rubber seed oil based biodiesel, Energy Conversion and

Management.78(2014), 266-275.

[6] A.S.Ramdhas,S. Jayaraj,C.Muraleedharan, Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression

ignition engines, Renewable Energy.30(2005)795-803.

[7] H.Raheman, P.C. Jena, S.S.Jadav, Performance of a diesel engine with blends of biodiesel (from a mixture of oils) and high-

speed diesel, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 4(2013), 1-1.

[8] D.K. Bora, D.C. Baruah, Assessment of tree seed oil biodiesel: A comparative review based on biodiesel of a locally available

tree seed, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 16 (2012)1616-1629.

[9] P.McCarthy, M.G.Rasul,S.Moazzem, Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine

fuelled with petroleum diesel and different bio-diesel,Fuel 90(2011), 2147-2157.

[10] S.A.Basha, K.R.Gopal, S.Jebaraj, A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009), 1628-1634.


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