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Efficiency Vermont Efficiency Vermont -- Better Buildings by DesignBetter Buildings by Design
Burlington, VBurlington, VermontermontFebruary 11, 2009February 11, 2009
Kevin Dowling, VP Innovation, Philips Color KineticsPast-Chair Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)Chair IES, Solid-State Lighting SectionChair NEMA Solid-State Lighting Committee
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Philips Color Kinetics
Shops
HospitalityOutdoor
Entertainment
FocusDesign and market LED-based lighting systems and technologies
LED Lighting Systems
Customers• High performance color• Specialty white light• OEM products• Over 20,000 installations worldwide
333/3/2009 ©2007 PHILIPS SOLID STATE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
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LED, you’ve come a long way.
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‘Fly by wire’Linkages
DVDVHS
ComputerTypewriter
Cell phoneRotary phone
CCDFilm
CDs -> mp3LP records
TransistorVacuum tube
DigitalAnalog
Lighting is the last refuge of analog
Tubes To Transistors All Over Again
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A Brief LED History
• 1962 First visible LED (Holonyak@GE– 0.001 lumens
• 1960’s Red LEDs (HP & Monsanto)– 0.01 lumens
• 1970’s-1980’s Green LEDs, Watches, Calculators– 0.1 lumens
• 1990’s Blue LEDs (Nakamura@Nichia)– 1 lumen
• 2000+ – 10-100 lumens
• 2005– 1000 lumens (multichip packages)
©2004 Color Kinetics Incorporated
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LED Background
• A semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into a discrete color of light
• Made from different materials and substrates• Made in chip fabrication factories. • Not brass, glass and gas• White LEDs are blue LEDs + phosphor
Wire Bond
Anode Lead
Cathode Lead
Epoxy Case
Epoxy LensSemiconductor Diode
Reflective Cup
©2004 Color Kinetics Incorporated
Substrate (Sapphire or SiC)
BaseN-typeP-type +- Yellow phosphor coating
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Indication to Illumination
• Monochrome Indicators– Traffic lights, automotive, exit signs etc– Portable appliances, cell phones, PDAs– Signage– Direct view displays; video screens
• Emerging Applications– Transportation: marine, auto, aviation etc– Lighting niches
• Future– General Illumination
Source: Ecolux, nasdaq, Daimler, Gelcorec©2004 Color Kinetics Incorporated
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Conventional Lighting Sources
• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Fluorescent
• Gas-discharge (example: neon)
Benefits of SSL• Ultra long source life• Low power consumption• Low maintenance• No moving parts• Vibration resistance• No UV radiation• Cool beam of light• Digitally controllable• Fast Response
SSL Source
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
Lighting Sources
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0
50
100
150
200
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Market Trends:LEDs Eclipsing Traditional Technologies
Incandescent
Fluorescent
Source: Lumileds
Lum
inou
s Ef
ficie
ncy
(lum
ens
/ wat
t)
Halogen
LED
IR Halogen
White LED
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Haitz’ Law: LED Output Up/ Cost Down
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Red Flux
Red$/Lumen
White Flux(Projected)
White$/Lumen
Expon.(Red Flux)
Expon.(Red$/Lumen)
Source: Roland Haitz & Lumileds
Ligh
t Out
put /
Pac
kage
(lum
ens)
-20% CAGR
20x Increase/Decade
+35% CAGR
10x Decrease/Decade
Cost / Lum
en ($ / lumen)
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Market Trends: Sharply Falling Cost of LED Light
Cost of Light Incorporates• Lifetime• Source efficiency• Energy cost• Replacement cost of
lamp/fixture• Labor cost
Source: Color Kinetics: research w/ only white LEDs
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LED Illumination is expanding rapidly
•Green movement
•LED benefits
•Brighter, cheaper LEDs
•General illumination possible
•Standards & legislation
•Product proliferation
• Incentives (beginning)
Global LED Illumination Market
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mar
ket S
ize
($ m
illio
n)
5-year CAGR: 32%
Key Market Drivers
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Legislation and Guidelines
• US Initiatives– CA Title 24, ‘05, ‘08, & ‘11– US EISA 2007 mandates– ASHRAE 90.1– LEED
• Increasing number of initiatives• Raising efficacy mandates
– Effectively 45 lpw in 2020• Critical need for standards
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LEED• Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design• LEED is the benchmark for the
design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings
• http://www.usgbc.org/
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LEED Continued• The LEED rating system designed by US Green Building Council• Range of points required for Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum status• Each LEED rating system has 5 categories and innovation category
• Sustainable Sites• Water Efficiency• Energy & Atmosphere• Materials & Resources• Indoor Environmental Quality• Innovation & Design Process• Innovation in Operation & Upgrades
• LEED scores benefit from controls and sensing such as dimming and daylighting
• Scoring is based on substantial documentation.
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California Title 24• California Energy Efficiency
Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings
• Currently using 2005 standards. 2008 standard now available.
• Reduces energy by limiting building lighting power
• http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
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California Title 24
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LEDs in Title 24 2008 Lighting
60 lumens per wattOver 40 watts
50 lumens per watt15 watts to 40 watts
40 lumens per watt15 watts or less
Minimum Lamp Efficacy for Non-LED Lighting, orMinimum Luminaire Efficacy for LED Lighting
Lamp Power Rating for Non-LED Lighting, orLuminaire Power Rating for LED Lighting
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Danger of Hyperbole
“Uses almost no energy!”“Lasts Forever!”
Nothing will kill an industry faster than expectations that cannot be met.
Performance must be realistic and factual.Costs must be complete.
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X New Record in Efficient LEDs. 116 lm/W
Y achieved 150 lm/W white LED Lamps
Z white LED produces 131 lm/W
X announces LED 86 lumens per Watt
Y develops 100 lm/W White LEDs
Wow!
Uh, Wait a second….
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• Marketed LED lamp– Contains 3 ABC 1W LEDs – 120 lumens output
• ABC LED is nominal 40 lumens– Measured for 25msec at 25C
• The whole <> the sum of its parts
Myth and Reality
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US Department of Energy Activities•www.ssl.energy.gov
R&D PortfolioSSL Quality AdvocatesEnergy Star for SSLCALiPER testing programStandards DevelopmentGATEWAY DemonstrationsDesign CompetitionsTechnical Information Network for SSL Using LEDs
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DoE Caliper Testing Program• ‘Consumer Reports’ for LED
product testing• Objective product
performance• Over 120 Product tests• Support Energy Star• Help guide development of
testing procedures• www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/
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DoE Caliper Testing Program
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Labeling• Assure better product quality• Provide useful information• Mandate standards testing
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Life Cycle Analysis
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Precursor Gases
Reactors/EpitaxyEnergy
Wafers Die Package Array Luminaire
Materials
Substrates
Commissioned by NGLIAStarted by DoE, Oct ‘08
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• Luminous Flux• Power & Power Factor• Efficacy• Lifetime• CRI• Light Distribution
Energy Star for Luminaires
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Active Organization Involvement
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Operating Time (Minutes)
420440460480500520
15 30 45 60 75 90 120
Lum
inou
s Flu
x
RGB Fixture
Heat and Light
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A Different Story - DoE Product Testing
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Technology & Standards Are Evolving Rapidly
• LED Performance– Output increases (100’s of lumens)– Color Quality much improved (80+ CRI)– Efficacy much improved (50-100lpw)– Costs continue to improve
• SSL Standards– Rapidly coming out in 2008– Chromaticity ANSI C78.377– Luminous Flux IES LM-79– Lumen Maintainance IES LM-80– More to come!
• Product availability increasing
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• ANSI C78.377• Defines Color Temperature regions• Being adopted by LED manufacturers
Chromaticity
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Chromaticity Specification
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• IESNA LM-79-2008• Measure light output of Led-based fixtures
Light Output - Lumens
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LED Source Life
• Lifetime Definition– Traditional lighting: Time to failure– LEDs: Time to 70%/50% lumen depreciation
• Fluorescent 25% down over their lifetime• Incandescent down 15-20% over their lifetime
– Predicted LED source life between 50-100K hours• Your mileage may vary• 50K to 75K hours is typical for high-flux packages.
• Lifetime Issues– Thermal– Ambient temperature, humidity, ventilation– Control techniques– Electrical drive, other electrical considerations
color kinetics
color kinetics in SSL
color kinetics
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• IESNA LM-80-2008• Specifies temperature conditions• Testing equipment• Reporting requirements and more
– Only a testing method and not a predictive method!• Determine LED Lifetime, L70, L50
• Efforts underway to create a predictive model
• Available from the IESNA - iesna.org
Lumen Maintenance
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Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
• Relative measure color shift of eight samples between source andreference source of same CT
• CRI value is 1-100 with 100 as closest match to reference• Tells you only about possible color shift with a particular reference
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Many Issues with CRI
• Uses obsolete colour space (1964 W*U*V*)– Used now only for CRI!
• Samples are low-moderate saturation • Outdated chromatic adaptation formula• Non-linear in red region
– Helped by seldom-used addition of R9-R14• Penalizes LED lighting scores
Images: NIST
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Spectrum Synthesizer - ‘Equalizer’ for Light
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Spectrally Tunable Light Source
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Dimming and Efficacy
Power vs Efficacy
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
020406080100120
Power (W)
Incandescent & Halogen
Lamp Voltage vs Power
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
020406080100120140
Voltage
Lamp Voltage vs Lumens
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
020406080100120140
Voltage
LEDs should remain about the same or improve!
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Legacy
4545
Lighting System Architecture: Old and New
TRA
DIT
ION
AL
SOLI
D S
TATE
4646
New Lamp Form Standards Needed
New generation components allow– Replacements– Upgrades– Mechanical support– Electrical connections– Thermal connection– Communications & networks– Optimized performance– New lighting options
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New Generations of Sockets and Bases
Patent Pending
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More Application Examples
Patent Pending
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FAO Schwarz New York, NY
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Philadelphia, PAMorimoto Restaurant
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Mexico City Residence Mexico City, Mexico
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Chicago, ILCrown Fountain at Millennium Park
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Boston Ballet – The Nutcracker Boston, MA
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Hard Rock Hotel Las Vegas, NV
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Philadelphia, PABenjamin Franklin Bridge
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Hospitality Rustic Kitchen
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Retail Clarks/Bostonian
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Office Lighting
• LED-based Linear Pendant• 2000 lumens per foot• Technically possible• Economically viable - not quite yet
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Easy Predictions
Solid-state sources are changing the face of lightingAll colored light is in transitionPerformance increasesCosts decrease
Now white LEDs
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Interim Solution?
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Hard Predictions
What is fixture or lamp?Fixture gives way to form
Integrate into structures, furniture, accessories
The Illuminated becomes illuminating
What happens when-A 1000 lumen source is the size of a quarter-Uses only 10W of energy. -Costs of a few dollars
We do not yet understand the impact
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LED Lighting Systems
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New mediums imitate predecessorsEarly movies = films of stage playsEarly TV = radio with pictures
Every medium needs time to form its own form and vocabulary
Solid-state lighting will do the same
Solid state lighting is not simply a replacement technology. This approach weakens its capability
A New Medium
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The icon will outlive the lamp
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Thank You!