efsec - bpa.gov

EFSEC Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council

August 20, 2004 Dear Reader: Enclosed for your reference is the abbreviated Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the proposed BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project. This document is designed to correct information and further explain what was provided in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS). The proponent, BP West Coast Products, LLC, has requested to build a 720-megawatt gas-fired combined cycle cogeneration facility in Whatcom County, Washington, and interconnect this facility into the regional power transmission grid. To integrate the new power generation into the transmission grid, Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) may need to rebuild 4.7 miles of an existing 230-kV transmission line. The Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC or Council) and Bonneville have completed this FEIS under contract with Shapiro and Associates, Inc. The analysis was undertaken to meet the direction of the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) for state and private lands, and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant federal laws and regulations for federal permits and approvals. A DEIS was issued for public comment on September 5, 2003. The public comment period closed on October 27, 2003. A public comment hearing was held on October 1, 2003, in Blaine, Washington. EFSEC and Bonneville received 33 comment letters and oral comments from 11 individuals. The FEIS was prepared from information received from agencies, organizations, and individuals who submitted written and oral comments on the DEIS, and from testimony presented in the adjudicative hearings before EFSEC. Comments on the DEIS have resulted in changes to text and illustrations where appropriate. Volume 1, Chapter 1of this FEIS contains an updated summary and project description. Chapters 2 and 3 contain the text revisions to the DEIS. Volume 2 includes copies of written comments and public hearing testimony concerning the DEIS, and responses to those comments. For further information regarding this proposed project, you may contact Irina Makarow at (360) 956-2047 or Tom McKinney at (503) 230-4749. For copies of the DEIS, please contact Irina Makarow at (360) 956-2047 or you may access it on the Internet at www.efsec.wa.gov.

Allen J. Fiksdal Thomas C. McKinney Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council Bonneville Power Administration

Volume 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageFACT SHEET......................................................................................................................................................i

CHAPTER 1: SUMMARY1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 1-11.2 Purpose and Need for the Project ......................................................................................... 1-31.3 Decisions to be Made............................................................................................................ 1-61.4 Description of Alternatives................................................................................................... 1-71.5 Public Involvement, Consultation, and Coordination........................................................ 1-141.6 Issues to be Resolved .......................................................................................................... 1-151.7 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures.................................................. 1-181.8 Cumulative Impacts ............................................................................................................ 1-18

CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES .............................................................. 2-1

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING CONDITIONS, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURESIntroduction ..........................................................................................................................3-1

3.1 Earth.................................................................................................................................... 3.1-13.2 Air Quality.......................................................................................................................... 3.2-13.3 Water Resources................................................................................................................. 3.3-13.4 Water Quality ..................................................................................................................... 3.4-13.5 Wetlands............................................................................................................................. 3.5-1

3.7 Upland Vegetation, Wildlife and Habitat, Fisheries, and Threatened and EndangeredSpecies................................................................................................................................ 3.7-1

3.8 Energy and Natural Resources .......................................................................................... 3.8-13.9 Noise................................................................................................................................... 3.9-13.10 Land Use........................................................................................................................... 3.10-1

3.13 Public Services and Utilities............................................................................................ 3.13-13.14 Cultural Resources ........................................................................................................... 3.14-13.15 Traffic and Transportation............................................................................................... 3.15-13.16 Health and Safety ............................................................................................................. 3.16-1

CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 4-1

CHAPTER 5: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ 5-1

CHAPTER 6: LIST OF PREPARERS........................................................................................................ 6-1

CHAPTER 7: DISTRIBUTION LIST......................................................................................................... 7-1

List of Appendices

Appendix A: Revised 404 (B) (1) Alternatives AnalysisAppendix B: Air Emissions Modeling IsoplethsAppendix C: Final Cogeneration Project Compensatory Mitigation PlanAppendix D: Agency Consultation

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Fact Sheet Final EIS i August 2004

FACT SHEET BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (DOE/EIS-0349) Responsible Agencies: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville), and Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) Cooperating Agency: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers States Involved: Washington Abstract: BP West Coast Products, LLC proposes to construct and operate a 720-megawatt, natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle cogeneration facility on land adjacent to its BP Cherry Point Refinery. Approximately 195 acres of undeveloped land would be converted for the cogeneration facility; gas, water, wastewater, and steam pipelines; construction laydown areas; access roads; and wetland mitigation areas. The proposed project would be located in Whatcom County, Washington, and approximately 15 miles northwest of Bellingham and 7 miles south of Blaine. The purpose of the proposed power project is to provide stable and reliable electricity and steam to meet the needs of the refinery and provide electricity to the Bonneville Federal Columbia River Transmission System. Electrical energy from the proposed project would require construction of a new transmission line from the switchyard in the cogeneration facility to an interconnection point on Bonneville’s Custer/Intalco Transmission Line No. 2. The length of the new line would be 0.8 mile. From the interconnection point, a 230-kilovolt (kV) circuit may be constructed to the existing Custer substation. The most reliable method of adding the new line would be replacing approximately 5 miles of the existing 230-kV single-circuit Custer/Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 with a double-circuit line. Alternatively, preliminary studies of the transmission system indicate that the circuit might not be needed if an agreement can be reached between the Applicant and the Intalco Aluminum Corporation to interrupt electrical service at the Alcoa Intalco Works under potential transmission system overload conditions. The formal agreement would be known as a Remedial Action Scheme. This EIS assesses the existing natural and built environment, evaluates the potential environmental impacts and economic benefits of the proposed action, and identifies mitigation measures to compensate fo r the unavoidable impacts. Alternative project sites, power-generating and pollution-control technologies, and the No Action Alternative also are described. Proposal’s Sponsor: BP West Coast Products, LLC (Applicant) Date of Implementation: Construction activities are expected to last approximately 25 months. The start of construction depends on the date the governor of Washington approves and signs the Site Certification Agreement for this project.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Fact Sheet Final EIS ii August 2004

List of Possible Permits, Approvals, and Licenses: Table 2-6 of the Draft EIS lists federal and state requirements, permits, and approvals required for the proposed project, the agencies that administer the permits, and either the statute or regulation requiring the permit and approval. The EFSEC Site Certification Agreement would provide construction and operation requirements and all other relevant Washington State permits and approvals for the project. No other state or local permit is required for the proposed project. As a federal agency, Bonneville must comply with federal permits and is precluded from participating in procedural requirements associated with state and local land use approvals or permits. The agency strives to meet or exceed the substantive standards and policies of the environmental regulations referenced above. Authors and Principal Contributors to EIS: An independent consultant of EFSEC, Shapiro and Associates, Inc., is the principal author of the EIS. The primary source of information used to prepare the EIS is the Application for Site Certification, as amended, which was prepared by the Applicant and its primary consultants Anvil Corporation, Golder and Associates, URS Corporation, Bechtel, and Duke Energy/Fluor Daniel. A list of contributors is included in the EIS. Subsequent Environmental Review: None anticipated. Date of Final Lead Agency Action: After EFSEC deliberates on the facts, testimony, and EIS contents, it will send a recommendation to the governor of the state of Washington to approve or deny the project (expected in fall 2004). The governor has 60 days to accept or reject the recommendation or to remand the recommendation to EFSEC for further investigation. Bonneville Power Administration will make a decision on the proposed interconnection no sooner than 30 days after publication of the Final EIS. Contact for Additional Information: Irina Makarow Siting Manager Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council 925 Plum Street SE, Building 4 P.O. Box 43172 Olympia, WA 98504-3172 (360) 956-2047 [email protected]

Thomas McKinney Environmental Lead Bonneville Power Administration P.O. Box 3621 Portland, OR 97208 (503) 230-4749 [email protected]

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Fact Sheet Final EIS iii August 2004

Location of Background Information: You may access this EIS and find more information about the project and the responsible agencies on the Bonneville Web site at www.efw.bpa.gov and the EFSEC Web site at www.efsec.wa.gov. Copies of the BP Cogeneration Project Application for Site Certification, EFSEC No. 2002-01, and this EIS also are available for public review at the following locations: Washington State Library Joel M. Pritchard Library Point Plaza East 6880 Capitol Blvd Tumwater, WA, 98504-2460 360-704-5200 Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council 925 Plum Street SE, Building 4 Olympia, WA, 98504-3172 360-956-2121 Whatcom County Library Attn: Kathy Richardson 610 Third Street Blaine, WA 98230 Whatcom County Library Attn: Dave Menard P.O. Box 1209 Ferndale, WA 98248

Bellingham Library Attn: Gayle Helgoe 210 Central Avenue Bellingham, WA 98225-4421 Semiahmoo Library #200 1815 152 Street Surrey, BC V4A 9Y9 Canada White Rock Public Library Attn: Barb Hynek 15342 Buena Vista Avenue White Rock, BC V4B 1Y6 Canada

Cost of EIS Copy to the Public: There will be no cost for the Final EIS. For information on DOE NEPA activities, please contact Carol M. Borgstrom, Director, Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance, EH-25, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585; by telephone at 1-800-472-2756; or visit the DOE Web site at www.eh.de.gov/nepa.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 1: SummaryFinal EIS 1-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 1: SUMMARY

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.1.1 Introduction

BP West Coast Products, LLC (BP or the Applicant) proposes to construct and operate a nominal720-megawatt (MW), natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle cogeneration facility next to the existingBP Cherry Point Refinery in Whatcom County, Washington. The Applicant also owns andoperates the refinery, but the cogeneration facility and the refinery would be operated as separatebusiness units.

The cogeneration facility and its ancillary infrastructure would provide steam and 85 MW ofelectricity to meet the operating needs of the refinery and 635 MW of electrical power for localand regional consumption. The proposed cogeneration facility would be located betweenFerndale and Blaine in northwestern Whatcom County, Washington (see Figure 1-1). TheCanadian border is approximately 8 miles north of the proposed project site.

The Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) has jurisdiction over theevaluation of major energy facilities including the proposed project. As such, EFSEC willrecommend approval or denial of the proposed cogeneration facility to the governor ofWashington after completing its review of this project.

On June 3, 2002, the Applicant filed an Application for Site Certification (ASC No. 2002-01)with EFSEC in accordance with Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 463-42. On April 22,2003, the Applicant submitted an amended ASC that included, among other things, a changefrom air to water cooling.

In accordance with the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) and EFSEC SEPA rules (WAC463-47), EFSEC is evaluating the siting of the proposed project and conducting anenvironmental review with this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Because the proposedproject also requires federal agency approvals and permits, this EIS is intended to meet therequirements under both SEPA and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). TheBonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) will use this EIS as part of its decision-makingprocess associated with the Applicant’s request to interconnect to Bonneville’s transmissionsystem. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) will also use this EIS as part of its decision-making process regarding the Clean Water Act Section 404 individual permit associated with theproposed location of the project within wetland areas.

The EIS addresses direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of the proposed project, and potentialmitigation measures proposed by the Applicant as well as measures recommended by responsibleagencies.

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BP CHERRY POINT COGENERATION EIS

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The Draft EIS for the BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project was issued on September 5, 2003.The comment period for the Draft EIS ended on October 27, 2003. A public hearing was held onOctober 1, 2003 in Blaine, Washington.

During the comment period, EFSEC and Bonneville received comments from agencies, citizens,and interest groups. Comments were submitted in letters and e-mails, and given orally at thepublic hearing. The comments and responses are presented in Volume 2 of this Final EIS.

1.1.2 Project Changes Since Draft EIS Publication

The Final EIS updates the information that was presented in the Draft EIS. Chapters 1, 2, and 3of this document present updates to the Draft EIS text, tables, and figures.

Refinements to the project design that have occurred since publication of the Draft EIS aresummarized below.

• Revisions and design refinements have been made to certain features of the facility, includingtransformers, substations, water treatment facilities, pipelines, and storage tanks.

• Unresolved issues regarding construction, ownership, and operation of certain portions of theproject, such as the switchyard, transmission line, natural gas supply line, and water supplyline, have been decided.

• Elements of the wetland mitigation plan have been revised in response to comments from theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

1.1.3 Updated Environmental Information Since Draft EIS Publication

Environmental information obtained since publication of the Draft EIS is summarized below.

• Information on traffic, wildlife, aquatic resources, and seismic hazards has been refinedbased on testimony presented to EFSEC through the adjudicative proceeding held pursuant toWashington State statute.

• The wetland mitigation plan has been revised.• The 404 (B) (1) alternatives analysis has been revised.

1.2 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROJECT

The proposed project has two purposes. First, it would provide the BP Cherry Point Refinerywith reliable and affordable steam and electrical energy to maintain cost-effective operations.Second, it would provide electrical energy to the northwest power grid, which is needed to meetthe projected growing regional demands for electricity.

1.2.1 BP Cherry Point Refinery Need

Steam is generated throughout the refinery, primarily by gas-fired utility boilers, but as abyproduct of a number of refinery processes. The more than 30-year-old boilers are used toincrease or decrease steam supply volume and to maintain steam pressure as needed for various


refinery operations. The proposed project could produce steam for the refinery more efficiently,cheaper, and with less emissions than the existing three utility boilers. With the proposed project,the refinery would be able to shut down the older boilers, thereby reducing air emissions fromthe refinery.

Two economic incentives exist for the Applicant to remove the three older refinery boilers. Thefirst is to operate the cogeneration project at peak efficiency in cogeneration mode, therebyproducing power at lower cost. The second is to use steam in the refinery that has been morecost-effectively produced by the cogeneration facility.

The cogeneration facility would be designed to operate at maximum efficiency at normalbaseload conditions, which include a nominal 510,000 pounds per hour of steam being exportedto the refinery. Although the steam turbine would have an operating range, it would be designedfor a specific operating point for peak efficiency based on the normal expected baseloadoperating conditions, which include steam export to the refinery. The second incentive for theApplicant is to operate the cogeneration facility in cogeneration mode to lower the cost ofproducing power. Cogeneration uses waste heat more efficiently and therefore produces powerusing less fuel and at a lower cost than a similar facility in non-cogeneration mode.

The refinery currently produces steam for use in its petroleum product processing operationsthrough two processes: waste heat recovery and the use of utility steam boilers. Steam producedthrough waste heat recovery depends on the level of refinery operation, with greater amounts ofsteam being produced when the refinery process unit rate is high. However, the amount of steamneeded by the refinery is well in excess of the steam produced by waste heat recovery alone; theutility boilers are operated to make up the difference. The operation of the utility boilers isincreased or decreased according to the overall level of operation of the refinery. The olderutility boilers were installed during the refinery’s original construction in 1971 and currentlyoperate at about 83% efficiency. Economic incentive exists for the Applicant to accept as muchcogeneration project steam as the refinery can use because the cost of the steam would be lowerif produced at almost 100% efficiency by the cogeneration project. (One hundred percentefficiency reflects the fact that the steam is actually waste heat from the steam turbine and wouldotherwise need to be dissipated.) This incentive is reduced if the refinery accepts less than thecogeneration steam baseload (BP 2002).

Refinery operations require approximately 85 MW of electricity. Future facilities that createcleaner fuel products could increase this demand by about 5 MW. Historically, the refinery hasrelied on electricity purchased from third parties. This reliance on third-party sources hasexposed the refinery to cost volatility in the electricity markets. High prices for electricity in late2000 and early 2001 placed the viability of the refinery at risk. While the volatility has decreasedsignificantly, the projected growth in regional power needs and the volatility in hydropower willrequire new power generation to balance supply and demand.


1.2.2 National and Regional Power Need

Recent national and regional forecasts predict increasing consumption of electrical energy willcontinue into the foreseeable future, requiring development of new generation resources tosatisfy the increasing demand. The Energy Information Administration published a nationalforecast of electrical power through the year 2025. In it, the administration projected that totalelectricity demand would grow between 1.8 and 1.9% per year from 2001 through 2025. Rapidgrowth in electricity use for computers, office equipment, and a variety of electrical appliances inthe residential and commercial sectors is only partially offset by improved efficiency in theseelectrical applications. Power generation from natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewable fuels isprojected to increase through 2025 to meet the growing demand for electricity and offset theprojected retirement of existing generation facilities (U.S. Energy Information Administration2003).

The Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) forecasts electricity demand in thewestern United States. According to WECC’s most recent coordination plan, the 2001-2011summer peak demand requirement is predicted to increase at a compound rate of 2.5% per year(WECC 2002).

Based on data published by the Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC),electricity demand for its four-state Pacific Northwest planning region (Washington, Oregon,Idaho, and Montana) was 20,080 average megawatts in 2000 (NWPCC 2003).

As shown in Table 1-1, the NWPCC’s recently revised 20-year demand forecast projects thatelectricity demand in the region will grow from 20,080 average megawatts in 2000 to 25,423average megawatts by 2025 (medium forecast), an average annual growth rate of just less than1% per year. While the NWPCC’s forecast indicates that the most likely range of demand growth(between the medium-low and medium-high forecasts) is between 0.4 and 1.50% per year, thelow to high forecast range used by the NWPCC recognizes that growth as low as -0.5% per year,or as high as 2.4% per year, is possible although relatively unlikely (NWPCC 2003).

Table 1-1: Projected Pacific Northwest Electricity Demand, 2000-2025

Electricity Demand (Average Megawatts) Growth Rates (Percent Change)Forecast Scenario

2000 2015 2025 2000-2015 2000-2025

Low 20,080 17,489 17,822 -0.92 -0.48Medium Low 20,080 19,942 21,934 -0.05 0.35Medium 20,080 22,105 25,423 0.64 0.95Medium High 20,080 24,200 29,138 1.25 1.50High 20,080 27,687 35,897 2.16 2.35

Source: NWPCC 2003

Generated power typically requires interconnection with a high-voltage electrical transmissionsystem for delivery to purchasing retail utilities. Bonneville owns and operates the FederalColumbia River Transmission System (FCRTS), comprising more than three-fourths of the high-voltage transmission grid in the Pacific Northwest. Bonneville operates the FCRTS in part to


integrate and transmit “electric power from existing or additional Federal or non-Federalgenerating units” (16 USC 838b). Interconnection with the FCRTS is essential to deliver powerfrom many generating facilities to loads both within and outside the Pacific Northwest. TheApplicant has asked to integrate power from the proposed project into the FCRTS.

In summary, electrical consumers served by the Northwest Power Pool and in other westernstates need increased power production to serve the predicted long-term increasing demand andhigh-voltage transmission lines to deliver the power.

Since the Draft EIS was published, new forecasts of energy supply and demand have beenprepared. These new forecasts are discussed in Section 3.8 Energy in Volume 1, and Letter 17,Response 1(1) and Letter 23, Response 5 in Volume 2 of this Final EIS.

1.3 DECISIONS TO BE MADE

This document is a joint SEPA/NEPA Final EIS intended to meet the environmental reviewneeds of EFSEC, Bonneville, and the Corps. EFSEC has jurisdiction over all of the evaluationand licensing steps for siting major energy facilities in the state of Washington. EFSEC’s SiteCertification Agreement acts as an umbrella authorization that incorporates the requirements ofall state and local laws and regulations. EFSEC will jointly issue the Final EIS with Bonneville.

EFSEC will make a recommendation to the governor of Washington to approve or deny theproposed project. Bonneville will use the Final EIS to meet NEPA requirements and will preparea Record of Decision for the proposed project. If the governor approves the project, Bonnevillewill need to decide whether and how to provide transmission interconnection and service to andfrom the proposed project.

Bonneville intends to base its comparison of project alternatives and its final decision on thefollowing criteria:

• Provide an adequate, economical, efficient, and reliable transmission system for the PacificNorthwest;

• Follow Bonneville’s Open Access Transmission Tariff for non-discriminatory access;• Comply with applicable federal environmental and energy laws and policies;• Achieve cost and administrative efficiency; and• Minimize impacts on the natural and human environment through site selection and

transmission line design.

A list of permits and requirements for the proposed project is included in Chapter 2, Table 2-6 ofthe Draft EIS.

The Corps will use the Final EIS, in part, to meet NEPA requirements and will prepare a Recordof Decision for a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit for the proposed project. The Corps hasindicated, however, that additional information on alternatives analyses and any wetland impactsassociated with water pipeline improvements between the Alcoa Intalco Works facility and thecogeneration facility or upgrades to the Bonneville Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 will


be required before the final Record of Decision can be completed. If the governor approves theproject, the Corps will need to decide whether or not to issue the Section 404 individual permit,based in part on the impacts, proposed mitigation measures, and information contained inAppendix A of this Final EIS (Revised 404 [B] [1] Alternative Analysis) and Appendix C (FinalCogeneration Project Compensatory Mitigation Plan).

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES

1.4.1 Proposed Action

The proposed project includes a cogeneration facility and ancillary facilities that would belocated on an approximately 265-acre site. The cogeneration facility would be designed,constructed, and operated as a stand-alone facility that would have a number of systemsintegrated with the facilities and operations of the BP Cherry Point Refinery.

The cogeneration facility would occupy approximately 33 acres of Applicant-owned,unimproved property, which is zoned Heavy Impact Industrial. The 230-kilovolt (kV)transmission line, which would link to the Bonneville transmission line, would includeapproximately 15 acres of transmission right-of-way, and the proposed construction laydownareas would include an additional 36 acres of land. Wetland mitigation sites proposed for theproject north of Grandview Road would occupy approximately 110 acres. Improvements to theBonneville transmission line corridor would encompass about 71 acres.

Whatcom County Public Utility District No. 1 (PUD) would supply industrial water to thefacility under a new contract between the Applicant and the PUD. Electrical transmission towersand lines from the cogeneration facility to the Bonneville electrical transmission system wouldbe on Applicant-owned land. Natural gas would be supplied to the cogeneration facility fromeither the Arco Western Natural Gas Pipeline (Ferndale pipeline), which runs through Applicant-owned land. If additional gas is needed during periods of peak refinery demand, Cascade NaturalGas would provide supplemental gas to the project. The onsite stormwater detention pond wouldbe within the boundary of the cogeneration facility. A second stormwater detention pond wouldbe adjacent to the western boundary of Laydown Area 2. Sanitary wastewater would be sent tothe refinery and then to the Birch Bay Wastewater Treatment District Plant for treatment anddischarge to Birch Bay. Wastewater from the cogeneration facility would be sent to the refineryfor treatment and discharge at the refinery’s Outfall 001 at the existing marine pier in the Straitof Georgia.

In this EIS, individual systems and/or components of the proposed project have been groupedinto five major project elements to facilitate the analysis and discussion of potentialenvironmental impacts associated with the proposal. The components of each major projectelement are briefly listed below.

Project facilities that would be constructed or installed within the boundary of the cogenerationplant are collectively referred to as the “cogeneration facility,” and include:


• A steam turbine generator;• Three combustion gas turbine generators;• Three heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs);• Three HRSG exhaust stacks;• 230-kV switchyard;• Three 185 million volt amp (MVA) step-up transformers;• 275-MVA step-up transformer;• Emergency diesel generator;• 265-hp diesel-driven emergency fire suppression water or “firewater” pump;• Evaporative cooling tower;• Boiler water treatment facilities;• Various holding, storage, and transfer tanks and sumps;• Stormwater collection, detention, and treatment facilities;• Administration, control, and warehouse building complex;• Perimeter security fence and gates; and• Primary access road (Access Road 1).

Project facilities that would be constructed or installed in the BP Cherry Point Refinery tosupport integration and operation of the cogeneration facility are referred to as “refineryinterface,” and include the following:

• Steam and condensate system connections and associated piping;• Natural gas supply connection and associated piping;• Natural gas compressor station;• Industrial water supply connection and associated piping;• Potable water supply connection and associated piping;• Industrial wastewater connection and associated piping;• Sanitary wastewater connection and associated piping;• Elevated piperack assembly for supporting pipes connecting the two facilities;• An intermediate voltage (69 kV or 115 kV) electrical distribution substation;• Electrical distribution transformers;• Stormwater collection, detention, and treatment facilities;• Laydown Areas 1, 2, and 3; and• Connecting east-west access road (Access Road 2).

A new 230-kV double circuit electrical transmission line would be installed to connect thecogeneration facility with the existing Bonneville transmission system approximately 0.8 mile tothe east. Throughout the EIS, this line is referred to as the “transmission system.”

Bonneville has determined that modifications to the Custer-Intalco portion of the existingBonneville transmission system would be required to accommodate connection of thecogeneration facility. Two options have been identified to provide the required modifications.Option 1 is to install a Remedial Action Scheme (RAS). A RAS would install additionalelectrical equipment within the Custer and Intalco substations, and would require an operatingagreement between the Applicant, Alcoa Intalco Works, and Bonneville for load-reductionprotocols to be implemented under certain conditions. Option 2 is to reconstruct the Custer-


Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 between the Custer substation and the point of interconnectionwith the transmission system, a distance of approximately 5 miles. Reconstruction of thetransmission line would involve installation of a second transmission line and replacement ofexisting towers between the interconnection point and the Custer substation. Under this option,steel monopole double-circuit transmission towers would be installed (see Figure 1-2). Forpurposes of this EIS, the element of the project dealing with modification of the Custer-Intalcoportion of the Bonneville transmission system is referred to as “Custer-Intalco Transmission LineNo. 2.”

Other elements of the project that would be constructed or installed in other locations as part ofthe project are referred to as “other project components,” and include:

• Water supply connections, equipment, and piping to be installed at the Alcoa Intalco Worksfacility;

• Construction Laydown Area 4 (located northeast of the cogeneration facility site);• Compensatory Mitigation Areas (CMAs) 1 and 2 (immediately north of Grandview Road);

and• A southern cogeneration facility access road (Access Road 3).

Figure 1-3 shows the relationship of project elements between the cogeneration facility, refinery,and supporting infrastructure. Chapter 2 contains a complete description of the systems and/orcomponents of the proposed project.

Alternatives Considered but Rejected

Alternative Sites

In addition to the proposed cogeneration facility site, five other potential sites on the Applicant’sproperty were evaluated for the facility location. They are as follows:

• East of Blaine Road and north of Brown Road adjacent to an existing cooling tower.• Within the Cherry Point Refinery boundary fence near refinery components.• Immediately north of Grandview Road. This area was evaluated because it contains a

moderately sized upland area adjacent to Grandview Road.• Within the refinery boundary just south of Grandview Road and west of Blaine Road. This

site currently has a contractor parking lot and open areas.• East of Blaine Road and south of Brown Road.

Locations outside refinery-owned property were not evaluated because the primary purpose ofthe proposed project is to supply reliable, stable, and cost-efficient electricity and steam to therefinery.

Alternative technologies and cooling systems also were considered; a list of those considered butrejected is shown below. The reasons for their rejection are described in more detail in Chapter 2.

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0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

FIGURE 1-3

COGENERATION FACILITY INFRASTRUCTUREAND REFINERY INTERCONNECTIONS

Source: BP 2002

1014003T


97

97

97


Alternative Power Generation

The Applicant’s evaluation of alternative power generation technologies was limited to those thatcould produce both steam and electricity.

• Stand-alone combined cycle• Conventional boiler and steam turbine• Fluidized bed combustion and steam turbine• Other technologies such as geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass fuels, solar and wind, and coal

and heavy fuel oil.• “Refinery Load Only” Alternative

Stand-Alone Combined Cycle

This technology integrates natural-gas-burning combustion turbines and steam turbines toachieve higher efficiencies. Because of its high efficiency and superior environmentalperformance, combined-cycle technology is an integral part of the proposed cogenerationproject. The stand-alone combined-cycle facility, however, is less efficient than a cogenerationfacility and would not produce steam for use at the refinery.

Conventional Boiler and Steam Turbine

This technology burns fossil fuel (gas, oil, coal, etc.) in a conventional boiler, creating steam todrive a steam turbine generator. A fluidant such as limestone is added to the fluidized bed tocapture in-situ sulfur oxides produced during the combustion process. Because of the relativelylow thermal efficiency, high emissions, and high capital and operating costs, the Applicanteliminated the conventional boiler and steam turbine technology from consideration for theproposed project.

Fluidized Bed Combustion and Steam Turbine

Fluidized bed combustion is an alternative to the conventional boiler for creating steam,especially while burning high sulfur-bearing, difficult-to-burn fuels. Because of theenvironmental concerns with solid waste disposal, higher emissions, and low thermal efficiency,the Applicant eliminated the fluidized bed combustion technology from consideration.

Other Technologies

The Applicant eliminated technologies based on fuels other than natural gas because they wouldnot have the environmental and operational advantages of natural gas. The Applicant selectednatural gas technology based on its availability and the environmental and operationaladvantages for the proposed cogeneration project.


“Refinery Load Only” Alternative

The Applicant examined a number of alternative facility configurations for the cogenerationproject, including a facility that would generate only enough electricity to meet the operatingneeds of the refinery (approximately 85 MW) and would therefore not require interconnectionwith Bonneville’s power transmission facilities.

Potential facility configurations were evaluated against a set of performance requirements thatthe Applicant established for the project. These considerations included:

• Steam supply reliability to the refinery;• Flexibility to accommodate larger future steam demands; and• Economy of scale to provide suitable capital risk.

The Applicant determined that an 85-MW facility would not provide suitable steam reliability,lacked the ability to accommodate increases in future steam demand, and had a higher capitalrisk profile than the proposed configuration. The “Refinery Load Only” Alternative wastherefore eliminated from further consideration.

Alternative Cooling Systems

• Dry cooling system: air cooled condenser• Wet/dry cooling system: evaporative wet/dry cooling tower• Wet/dry cooling: hybrid cooling system

Alternative Air Emission Controls

• SCONOx• XONON

Alternative Wastewater Disposal Methods

• Refinery industrial wastewater treatment system• New wastewater treatment facilities• Zero discharge facility

Alternative Electrical Interconnection

• Reconductoring Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2

1.4.2 No Action Alternative

Under the No Action Alternative, the proposed cogeneration facility and ancillary infrastructurewould not be constructed and existing utility boilers at the refinery would remain in operation.The refinery would continue to purchase electricity, use onsite turbines to generate electricalpower needed for refinery operations, or use electricity produced by other new sources of


generation or through regional user-side electricity efficiency savings. If other natural-gas-firedplants were built to meet regional electric demand, they likely would not be cogenerationfacilities and would produce energy less efficiently than the project. These other facilities alsowould likely have higher criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions per kilowatt-hour thanthe proposed project. Finally, emission reductions associated with removal of the BP CherryPoint Refinery boilers would not be realized.

Under the No Action Alternative, the Applicant has no immediate plans to use the area proposedfor the project site, but because the site is zoned Heavy Impact Industrial, it could be used forother future industrial development. Under this alternative, the impacts described for theproposed action would not occur. Approximately 110 acres of wetlands would not be enhanced,and if the Alcoa Intalco Works remained closed, the current withdrawal of approximately 2,200gallons per minute (gpm) of water from the Nooksack River would not occur. Finally, without anadditional and redundant electrical power supply, the refinery would continue to be subject tomarket energy prices.

The refinery’s demand for both steam and electrical power is expected to grow in the future asother projects are implemented within the refinery. Although the refinery boilers would continueto operate, additional heat generation capability would be required, and this likely would beproduced by new boilers and/or fired heaters.

A list of potential impacts and mitigation measures of the Proposed Action Alternative and theNo Action Alternative is shown in Table 1-2.

1.5 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT, CONSULTATION, AND COORDINATION

The Applicant has been communicating and meeting with agencies, Indian tribes, the public, andnon-governmental organizations throughout development of the proposed project. EFSEC andBonneville have conducted joint public comment and scoping meetings. The first public meetingwas held on May 2, 2001 in the Blaine High School Center for the Performing Arts in Blaine,Washington. Prior to this meeting, public notices were mailed to local and regional newspapers,and press releases were issued to local and regional radio stations and newspapers. From May2001 through 2003, meetings were held with local and state public agencies and committees, andagencies and regional committees of Canada. Formal meetings to inform stakeholders and solicitcomments with these entities are listed in Chapter 2, Table 2-7. As noted above, a publiccomment hearing on the Draft EIS was held on October 1, 2003 in Blaine, Washington. EFSECreceived additional public comment through adjudicative and land use hearings. Public commentwas also received by the Corps of Engineers for a 404 Individual Permit, and by EFSEC for a401 Water Quality Certification, a Prevention of Significant Deterioration/Notice ofConstruction Permit, a State Waste Discharge Permit, and a National Pollutant DischargeElimination System Permit. Also, project documents have been available to the public on theEFSEC and Bonneville Web sites and in local libraries.


1.6 ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED

Several unresolved issues were identified in the Draft EIS. All of these issues, except for one,have been resolved, as indicated below.

1.6.1 Interconnection of the Cogeneration Project

The Applicant has asked Bonneville to provide an electrical connection with the FederalColumbia River Transmission System. The proposed point of interconnection is along one ofBonneville’s existing 230-kV transmission lines between the Custer substation and Intalcosubstation (Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2) near Brown Road. Preliminary transmissionsystem studies indicate that to ensure reliable operation of the transmission system, integration ofthe project would require construction of an additional 230-kV circuit from the point ofinterconnection to Custer substation. The most feasible method of adding the new line appears tobe replacing the existing 230-kV single-circuit Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 with adouble-circuit line.

Alternatively, transmission system studies indicate that the new circuit might not be needed ifagreement (a RAS) can be reached with the Alcoa Intalco Aluminum Corporation to interruptelectrical service at the Alcoa Intalco Works under certain potential transmission systemoverloads.

However, uncertainty remains about continuing operation of the Alcoa Intalco Works. Extendedloss of load at the aluminum smelter could present other problems for operation of thetransmission system. Also, there is uncertainty about whether and when other electricalgeneration projects planned in northwest Washington would be constructed and how that wouldaffect transmission system operations. Bonneville continues to study how the proposed project,under this complex set of scenarios, would affect interconnected system operations.

1.6.2 Firm Transmission Service from the Cherry Point Cogeneration Project

The Applicant has asked Bonneville to provide firm, guaranteed transmission service from thepoint of interconnection to the Northwest Hub (Central Washington) and John Day substation.Bonneville has resolved most of the uncertainty about existing available transmission capacity toserve the Applicant’s request.

1.6.3 Natural Gas Supply

The Applicant has entered into an agreement to purchase natural gas for the proposedcogeneration project. The gas would be transmitted via the existing Ferndale Pipeline to the newcogeneration facility and the refinery. If additional gas is needed during periods of peak refinerydemand, Cascade Natural Gas would provide and transport supplemental gas to the projectthrough the existing pipeline.


1.6.4 BP Refinery NPDES Permit Changes

The BP Cherry Point Refinery’s existing National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) permit will require revision to allow the refinery to accept industrial wastewaterdischarge from the cogeneration facility. Ecology, the agency with jurisdiction over this permit,would address water quality issues that have been raised for the cogeneration project such asimpacts of increased salinity and temperature on the herring population, the age and condition ofthe existing diffuser, and potential cumulative impacts on water quality through this refineryNPDES permit revision process.

1.6.5 Water Use

Letters of intent have been signed by the Applicant, Alcoa and Whatcom PUD to effectuate thecontract water right purchases between the three entities that would allow the cogenerationfacility to purchase water from the PUD regardless of whether the Alcoa Intalco Worksaluminum smelter is operating or not. It is anticipated that agreements to purchase the contractwater rights by the cogeneration facility would become final should all state and federalapprovals be received.

1.6.6 Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permit and Best Available ControlTechnology

The Applicant’s projected air emissions and selection of the Best Available Control Technology(BACT) are currently under review by EFSEC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). It is anticipated that final permit requirements would be based on emission controls andBACT no less stringent than those presented in this Final EIS.

1.6.7 Change of Ownership of Cogeneration Project

The Applicant had informed the Council that TransCanada is negotiating purchase of thecogeneration project. The Applicant has addressed how change of ownership would affect thegreenhouse mitigation options offered by the Applicant through a Settlement Agreement enteredinto with the Counsel for the Environment

1.6.8 Project Design Features

For some project components, the Draft EIS identified that additional project design and relatedinformation would be required to complete the environmental review process for the proposedproject. Specific areas where additional information is required are listed below.

Since issuance of the Draft EIS, additional information was gathered regarding who wouldconstruct and operate key project components. These include:


• 230-kV switchyard. Ownership and operation of the cogeneration facility’s 230-kV electricalswitchyard would be subject to the terms of a generation interconnection agreement betweenBonneville and the Applicant. The cogeneration facility would own about 65% of theswitchyard, and Bonneville would own about 35%. Bonneville’s portion would be the part ofthe switchyard that allows the output of the plant to be routed to Bonneville’s grid.

• Industrial water supply. Whatcom County PUD would construct and operate the proposedindustrial water supply connection and piping required to the fenceline of the cogenerationfacility. Any impacts on wetlands associated with this water supply enhancement would beaddressed in a supplemental NEPA Environmental Assessment prepared for the Corps ofEngineers during the permitting process.

• Natural gas supply and compression station. The Applicant would construct, own, andoperate the cogeneration facility’s natural gas supply connection, associated piping, andnatural gas compression station to be located within the refinery boundary.

• Intermediate voltage substation. The refinery would construct and operate the intermediatevoltage (230-kV to 12.5-kV) substation to be located within the refinery boundary.

Additional facility design and related descriptive information are required for some projectsystems and components. These include:

• Refinery interface piping systems. Design characteristics for a number of piping systems thatinterconnect the cogeneration facility with the refinery have not yet been determined.Information regarding the size, type, route, and refinery tie-in point for the following pipingsystems would be determined at later stages of facility design and review if the project isapproved:- steam and condensate systems,- potable water supply,- natural gas supply,- industrial water supply,- industrial wastewater,- sanitary wastewater, andsteam and condensate pipelines, and perhaps other lines, would be carried on an elevated

piperack across the utility corridor between the cogeneration facility and the refinery.

• Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2. At this time, although general informationconcerning reconstruction of the Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 is available,specific design details remain to be resolved by the Applicant and Bonneville. The followingsummarizes information about the reconstruction and remaining uncertainties:- A total of 24 existing transmission line structures would be replaced during

reconstruction. Approximately the same number would be needed using the monopoledesign (Option 2b) and slightly fewer would be needed using the lattice steel design(Option 2a). Towers for the rebuilt line would use sites at or near sites of existing towerswhere feasible. However, the exact number, type, and location of transmission towersthat would be installed are not yet certain.


- Existing transmission line access roads are present along the Cuter-Intalco TransmissionLine No. 2 and would be used where feasible. However, whether and where roads mayneed improvements and whether any additional roads need to be constructed are not yetcertain.

- The need for new culverts, their size, and location are not yet certain.• One or two temporary laydown, staging, and assembly areas would likely be required along

the transmission line corridor for construction material storage and tower preparation. Theseareas are typically less than 2 acres in size and are usually located in existing disturbed areassuch as vacant lots. However, the exact size and precise location of these areas are not yetcertain.

As more specific design aspects are resolved, Bonneville would review these aspects to ensurethat the environmental analysis contained in this Final EIS remains valid for describing potentialimpacts associated with the transmission line reconstruction and, if necessary, would prepareadditional environmental documentation to ensure that all impacts are adequately considered.

1.6.9 Additional Studies/Evaluations Required to Complete the EnvironmentalReview of the Proposed Project

404 (B) (1) Alternative Analysis. The Corps of Engineers had asked the Applicant to reviseand provide more details regarding the evaluation of project alternatives. A revised 404 (B)(1) Alternatives Analysis has been completed and is included as Appendix A of this FinalEIS. The Corps has indicated this document is adequate for this EIS, but additional analysiswill be necessary for the Clean Water Act Section 404 permit.

1.7 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Table 1-2 summarizes potential impacts resulting from construction and operation of theProposed Action Alternative and the No Action Alternative. Also included in the table areproposed mitigation measures. The Applicant, during the preliminary design of the proposedproject, has mitigated potentially significant adverse impacts such that, with the exception of thepermanent loss of approximately 31 acres of wetlands, no significant adverse impact on naturalresources and the built environment has been identified in the environmental review. Specificimpacts and mitigation measures are discussed in each section of Chapter 3 of the Draft EIS andare updated as needed in Chapter 3 of this Final EIS.

1.8 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The Pacific Northwest has short-term and long-term supply needs for electrical power. TheWECC forecasts electricity demand in the western United States. According to WECC’s mostrecent coordination plan, the 2001-2011 summer peak demand requirement is forecasted toincrease at a compound rate of 2.5% per year (WECC 2002).

The NWPCC regularly prepares a 20-year forecast of electricity demand in the PacificNorthwest. NWPCC’s latest long-term forecast found that the total consumption of electricity is


forecasted to grow from 20,080 average megawatts in 2000 to 25,423 average megawatts by2025, an average yearly rate of growth of just under 1% (NWPCC 2003).

In addition to evaluating the environmental impacts of proposed power projects on an individualbasis, EFSEC and Bonneville have also considered potential cumulative impacts of theseprojects, as well as other projects and actions that could contribute to cumulative impacts. Thisconcern of the state and federal agencies is magnified when several projects are proposed at thetime in the same vicinity with schedules that overlap.

The following is a summary of the cumulative impact evaluation included in this EIS.

1.8.1 Global Warming

Most greenhouse gas emissions that would result from the construction and operation of thisproject would be in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), with a smaller fraction of methane ornitrous oxide. The contribution of greenhouse gas from this project would represent 2.5% of thegreenhouse gas emitted from all sources in Washington State and 0.03% of U.S. emissions.Although it is possible to predict global warming effects in the Pacific Northwest due to overallincreases in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, it is not possible to determine thespecific impact on a regional or global scale resulting from the BP Cherry Point CogenerationProject greenhouse gas emissions alone. Regional economic growth and the subsequent increasesin greenhouse gas emissions, including those from additional gas-fired generation, would alsoadd to the cumulative impacts.

1.8.2 Regional Air Quality

The results of modeling under the worst-case scenario for criteria pollutants from the proposedproject indicate there would be no air quality impacts in the US or Canada when compared to themost stringent values of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Washington Ambient AirQuality Standards, or Canadian Objectives or Standards. The Applicant has committed to shutdown three older utility boilers, resulting in overall reductions of PM10 and NOx emissions in theairshed. Construction of the Georgia Strait Pipeline along Grandview Road at approximately thesame time as construction of the proposed project would only temporarily affect air qualitythrough the emission of fugitive dust.

1.8.3 Water

With the construction of the proposed project and the Georgia Strait Pipeline project scheduled ataround the same time, there is a possibility of cumulative impacts. These impacts couldpotentially result from the use of water to control dust, pipeline testing and cleaning, andhydrotesting major pipelines.

Other known or proposed projects in the Terrell Creek watershed include the GSX pipeline, theBP ISOM unit, and the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. The GSX pipeline traverses about 5miles of Terrell Creek watershed. While some wetlands would be excavated, they would bereestablished after construction to restore their hydrologic character. The pump station would be


on a 5-acre site, but none of that would be wetland. The ISOM unit would be constructed onexisting impervious surface at the refinery where stormwater treatment and detention are alreadyprovided. The Brown Road Materials Storage Area would eliminate about 11 acres of wetlandsthat provide surface water storage but would include 34 acres of wetland mitigation to replacethat function. With the cogeneration project, there would be 30.5 acres of wetlands lost and110.1 acres of wetland mitigation. Cumulatively, there would be some incremental loss ofwetland surface water storage in the watershed, but that would be offset by onsite treatment anddetention, and offsite mitigation in the basin.

With the shutdown of the Alcoa Intalco Works, water used at that facility would now be used bythe proposed project, so there would be no net increase of water consumption when the proposedproject becomes operational. If Alcoa Intalco Works operates at the same time as thecogeneration facility, there still would be no cumulative impacts because the once-throughcooling water from Alcoa Intalco Works would be used by the cogeneration facility, therebyprecluding the need for additional withdrawal of water from the Nooksack River.

Several industrial dischargers are located in the general vicinity of the proposed cogenerationproject. These include the BP Cherry Point Refinery, the Conoco-Phillips Refinery, TenaskaWashington Cogeneration Power Plant, and Alcoa Intalco Works. All of these facilities currentlydischarge to the Strait of Georgia. Also, the Birch Bay Sewer District Treatment Plant dischargesto Birch Bay, an embayment of the Strait of Georgia. Although discharge from the proposedproject would represent a relatively small increase to the regional discharge to the Strait ofGeorgia, it adds to the overall burden on water quality.

1.8.4 Natural Gas Supply

The projected annual consumption of natural gas by the proposed project is approximately42,457,000 million British thermal units (MBtu). The proposed project would result in anincremental contribution to the regional demand for natural gas. However, there is sufficientcapacity in the gas supply and distribution system serving the Pacific Northwest to supply theproposed cogeneration project and existing and planned natural-gas-related projects such that theoverall effect on available supplies would be negligible.

1.8.5 Transmission Lines

Construction of the cogeneration facility’s transmission line and the possible reconstruction ofthe Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 would not have a cumulative impact on the naturalresources within western Whatcom County. The short 0.8-mile cogeneration transmission linewould connect the project to Bonneville’s existing transmission system. The Bonneville linewould not need to be extended and, except for the 230-kV switchyard at the cogenerationfacility, no new substations would need to be constructed as a result of the proposed project.Bonneville is continually conducting studies to determine the need to extend their transmissionsystem.


1.8.6 Transportation

Construction of the proposed project and the construction of the Georgia Strait Pipeline projectwould occur at about the same time. It is expected that some increased traffic congestion anddelays at intersections along Grandview Road would occur over the two-year period. Based ontraffic modeling completed for the proposed project, the results indicate that the level-of-serviceat all major regional intersections would operate at acceptable levels as defined by WashingtonState Department of Transportation design standards.

1.8.7 Population, Housing, and Economics

A workforce analysis conducted by the Applicant suggests that there is an adequate labor poolavailable for construction of the proposed project. If additional projects, such as the GeorgiaStrait Pipeline project, were to be constructed within the region, some workers likely wouldrelocate to the area, temporarily affecting the local housing market, population, and localservices. This potential future condition is not expected to be a significant cumulative impact oncommunities in the project vicinity.

Table 1-2: Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Element of theEnvironment

Impacts of the Proposal Impacts of No Action Measures to Mitigate Impacts


EarthConstruction • Extensive grading of the site is not anticipated to be

required, however some unsuitable materials mayrequire removal from the site for disposal atapproved locations.

• The total quantity of imported fill material isestimated to be approximately 126,000 cubic yards(75,600 tons).

• Site grading and stockpiling activities would exposesoils and would increase the potential for erosion.

• The potential exists for contacting contaminatedsoils during excavation activities at the BP CherryPoint Refinery and at the Alcoa Intalco Worksfacilities because of industrial practices that haveoccurred at these sites since the 1970s.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany construction impacts forthis element of theenvironment.

Mitigation Proposed by the Applicant

• Best Management Practices (BMPs) would beimplemented for erosion control and prevention.The BMPs would be described in a StormwaterPollution Prevention (SWPP) plan and TemporaryErosion and Sedimentation Control (TESC) plan tobe submitted to EFSEC prior to construction.

• If soil contamination were found during siteclearing, grading, and trenching, the activitieswould be halted until the contamination can beidentified and contaminated soils handled in theappropriate manner.

• Excavated materials of acceptable quality would bereused as much as possible.

• Excess materials would be disposed of at permittedfill sites or would be placed where they would noteasily erode.

• Disturbed areas would be revegetated by seeding orhydroseeding.

• Seed mixes would be selected that are known toeffectively stabilize erodible soils in thenorthwestern portion of the State of Washington.

• Soil stockpiles would be seeded or covered with anemulsion and surrounded by silt fences and strawbales or sand bags, where necessary, to preventexcessive erosion by wind or rain.

• Sprinkler systems may be employed to sustainvegetation on bermed areas with high exposure tothe erosive forces of wind.

• Erosion control measures for construction, such assilt fencing, straw bales, and tarps, would beinspected and maintained.

• A Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure(SPCC) Plan would be prepared. The plan wouldinclude procedures to implement structural,operational, and treatment BMPs.

Table 1-2: Continued




• Stormwater runoff from the construction site wouldbe collected and routed to a sediment controlsystem.

• Sediment control measures, such as an oil-waterseparation system and detention ponds, would besized for storm events ranging from 6-month, 24-hour up to the 100-year, 24-hour event.

Operation • During operation, there would be the potential fora large seismic event to impact cogenerationfacility operations (i.e., the production ofelectricity).

• During operation, the greatest risk to the projectfrom volcanic activity would be from tephra (ash)fall.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany operation impacts forthis element of theenvironment.

Mitigation Proposed by Applicant

• The characteristics of the soils would be determinedduring the geotechnical analysis completed duringdetailed project design. If the soils prove to besusceptible to induced amplification, the projectdesign would incorporate protection measuresagainst such seismic events.

Air QualityConstruction • Emissions during the construction process would

consist of fugitive dust and combustion exhaustemissions from construction equipment and vehicles.It is not anticipated that these emissions wouldexceed the NAAQS or WAAQS.



• Roads would be covered with gravel to minimizethe potential for fugitive dust emissions fromvehicle traffic.

• Late in construction, gravel roads would be pavedto further reduce emission of fugitive dust.

• Spraying exposed soil with water would reducePM10 emissions and particulate matter deposition.

• Planting vegetative cover as soon as appropriateafter grading would reduce windblown particulatematter in the area.

• Use appropriate dust control measures to minimizewindblown dust from transportation of materialsby truck, which may include wetting and covering.

• Use appropriate measures to reduce particulatematter from wheels before entering roads, whichnay include wheel washers.

• Routing and scheduling construction trucks so asto reduce delays to traffic during peak travel timeswould reduce secondary air quality impacts causedby a reduction in traffic speeds while waiting forconstruction trucks.





• Maintain construction equipment in good workingorder to reduce CO and NOx emissions.

Operation • During operation, emissions from the cogenerationfacility would include SO2, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs, CO,and NO2, however all pollutant concentration levelswould be well below National Ambient Air QualityStandards or Washington Ambient Air QualityStandards.

• Emissions of toxic air pollutants would result fromthe combustion of natural gas in the cogenerationfacility, however, modeled maximum concentrationsare less than the state’s Acceptable Source ImpactLevels.

• The cogeneration facility would provide steam to therefinery and allow existing refinery boilers to be shutdown, thereby providing an offsetting air qualitybenefit.

• Cogeneration emissions are projected to contributeto a decrease in visibility at the Olympic NationalPark.

• Fogging from the cooling tower vapor plume mayoccur for 650 to 1,650 feet for a total of 2.5 hours ayear in the northeast or northwest directions from thetower.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany operation impacts forthis element of theenvironment. Existing lessefficient refinery boilerswould continue to beoperated. Less efficient fossilfuel combustiontechnologies, which may beadded to fill long termregional power needs, wouldlikely produce more airemissions per KW-hrproduced.


• Only natural gas would be burned in thecombustion turbines and duct burners, and onlylow-sulfur diesel fuel in the emergency generatorand firewater pump.

• BACT would be used at the cogeneration facility.BACT to control criteria pollutant emissionsinclude:- Dry low NOx combustion technology;- Selective catalytic reduction technology;- Oxidation catalyst controls incorporated into the

HRSGs to reduce CO emissions and VOCs.• BACT to control toxic emissions include:

- Use of clean natural gas as the only fuel for thecombustion gas turbines and HRSG duct burners;and

- Use of oxidation catalyst unit on each HRSGduct burner.

• As long as the Applicant owns the cogenerationfacility, mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG)would be offset by GHG reduction within BPWest Coast Products, LLC worldwide operations.

• If the ownership of the cogeneration facility istransferred to another party, then mitigation ofGHG emissions would be provided by:- The proposed CO2 emission standard would be

0.675 lbs. CO2/kWh,- Emissions in excess of the emission standard

would be mitigated either by (a) an annualpayment of $0.85/ton CO2, or (b) GHGreductions obtained by the new owner, or (c) acombination of both.

- Mitigation would be satisfied annually for 30years.





- If BP retains partial equity in the facility, itwould continue to offset the associated portionof GHG emissions from the project.

- Startup and shutdown procedures would befollowed as developed by manufacturers anddocumented in the Applicant’s Startup,Shutdown and Malfunction Procedures Manual.

- Existing refinery boilers would be removedwithin six months of commercial operation.

Water ResourcesConstruction • Water from various sources would be used to

support construction, including:• Approximately 7 million gallons of trucked water

from the refinery would be used for dust control;and

• Approximately 21.5 million gallons of freshwater from the public utility district would beused for steam blow testing and hydrostatictesting.

• Stormwater flow would be altered to controlerosion and sedimentation during construction

• Groundwater recharge would be reduced under theproject site during construction, but would increasein the wetlands north of Grandview Road.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectincluding proposed wetlandmitigation areas would notbe constructed. Therefore,there would not be anyconstruction impacts for thiselement of the environment.


• Stormwater would be collected, treated, anddischarged off-site within the same drainage basinallowing groundwater recharge in the samehydrological system.

• A Stormwater Pollution Prevention (SWPP) planwould be developed prior to construction, theSWPP plan would include Temporary Erosion andSedimentation Control (TESC) plans.

• The SWPP and TESC would specify BestManagement Practices for erosion control duringconstruction. All erosion control BMPs would bein place and functioning prior to construction.

• Stormwater runoff from project site roads andother impervious areas would be collected in anoil-water separator to draw off any trace oil andthen route the stormwater to a detention pond toallow sediment to settle out.

• Stormwater collected from the construction sitewould be routed to an unlined surface detentionpond and allowed to infiltrate or discharge towetlands within the same hydrologic basin. Thenet effect would be returning the collectedstormwater to the same hydrologic system forrecharge.

• Stormwater runoff from around the site would becontinue to be routed to existing ditch along theBlaine Road and then discharged to Terrell Creek.





• Diversion ditches would prevent surface waterrunoff from areas outside the cogeneration sitefrom entering the site.

• The Applicant would not construct a perimeterditch along the west side of Wetland C.

• Stormwater runoff from within the cogenerationsite will be contained, collected, and routed to thestormwater treatment and detention system.

Operation • During operation, the cogeneration facility woulduse between 2,244 and 2,316 gpm of process waterfor cooling and other facility functions. The waterwould either be recycled cooling water from theAlcoa Intalco Works aluminum smelter if thatfacility is in operation, or water received directlyfrom the PUD if the Alcoa Intalco facility is not inoperation.

• The cogeneration facility would use between 1 and 5gpm of potable water supplied by the Birch BayWater and Sewer District.

• During operation, the cogeneration facility wouldgenerate industrial wastewater from:- Treatment of raw water to produce high quality

boiler feedwater (BFW) and refinery returncondensate treatment;

- Collection of water and/or other minor drainagefrom various types of equipment;

- Cooling tower blowdown; and- Sanitary waste collection.

• Runoff from surfaces containing contaminants couldimpact surface and groundwater.

• Groundwater recharge impacts would be the same asfor construction.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectincluding proposed wetlandmitigation areas would notbe constructed, thereforethere would not be anyoperation impacts for thiselement of the environment.


• Wastewater would not discharge directly into anywatercourses (including creeks, lakes, wetlands,ditches, or the marine environment), or stormdrains, nor will it require any new outfalls.

• Stormwater runoff quantities would be controlledby the stormwater collection and treatment system.

• Stormwater collected from the cogeneration sitewould be routed to an unlined surface detentionpond and allowed to infiltrate or discharge towetlands within the same hydrologic basin. The neteffect would be returning the collected stormwaterto the same hydrologic system for recharge.

• The SWPP plan for operation would includestructural and operational BMPs, a Spill Prevention,Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plan, a finalstormwater management plan, and generaloperating procedures.

• Industrial wastewater would be treated in therefinery’s wastewater treatment system prior todischarge to the Strait of Georgia.





• During operation of the project, surface water fromthe cogeneration facility would be discharged to theCMA 2 site, increasing flows to the site. Increasedflows the site, combined with topologicalmodifications proposed for the site, is expected toincrease hydraulic residence time on the site, thusenhancing existing wetlands and restoring wetlandsthat have been effectively drained.

• Sanitary wastewater would be routed to the BirchBay Sewer District’s wastewater treatment plantfor treatment and discharge to the Strait ofGeorgia.

Water QualityConstruction • Wastewater containing contaminants would be

generated during plant construction and pre-operation testing.

• During construction of the project, potential waterquality impacts could be caused by:- Sediment-laden stormwater discharged from the

project site during construction; and- Spills and leaks of chemicals, especially a large

volume spill, during construction could impactstormwater, surface water (wetlands), andgroundwater.

• Water used for HRSG steam-blow tests would bedischarged as steam to the atmosphere. Ifcontaminants are present in the water, thecontaminants may be discharged to the atmospherewith the steam.

• Runoff from surfaces containing contaminants couldimpact surface and groundwater.

• Sanitary waste generation is anticipated to be 500gallons per day during construction of the project.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed;therefore there would not beany construction impacts forthis element of theenvironment.


• Hydrostatic test water would be discharged to therefinery’s wastewater treatment system and thendischarged to the Strait of Georgia. If hydrostatictest water does not meet the water dischargequality, other offsite disposal options would benecessary.

• SWPP plan for construction activities would beprepared for the various elements of the project,and would include stormwater managementprocedures, Temporary Erosion and SedimentationControl (TESC) plan for each phase of project, thespecification of all necessary BMPs forconstruction activities as specified in theStormwater Management Manual for WesternWashington (Ecology 2001), and include generaloperation and maintenance descriptions of theBMPs used on site.

• All erosion control BMPs would be in place andfunctioning prior to the start of construction.

• To minimize the potential release or spills ofchemicals during construction, best managementpractices, as specified in the SWPP plans, would beemployed. These would include good housekeepingmeasures, inspections, containment facilities,minimum onsite inventory, and spill preventionpractices.





Additional Mitigation Measures

• If project approval is recommended, EFSEC woulddevelop State Waste Discharge and NationalPollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitconditions for construction of the cogenerationfacility. The permit would specify constructionstormwater effluent limits and monitoringrequirements intended to reduce or eliminate waterquality impacts. Monitoring of stormwater wouldcommence at the beginning of construction.

Operation • Spills and leaks of chemicals, especially a largevolume spill, during operation could affectstormwater, surface water (wetlands), andgroundwater.

• The cogeneration facility would produce 190 gpm onaverage (assuming 15 cycles of concentration in thecooling tower) of non-recyclable process wastewaterwhich would be sent to the BP refinery’s wastewatertreatment system.

• Between 1 and 5 gpm of sanitary waste would begenerated by the cogeneration facility.

• Periodic washing of the gas turbines would generateup to approximately 2,300 gallons of wash water perturbine per quarter. The wash water would likelycontain dirt deposits removed from the blades, alongwith detergents used for the cleaning operation.

• Operation and maintenance of the industrial watersupply pipeline and associated components at theAlcoa Intalco Works could result in potentialerosion/sedimentation and chemical spills that couldimpact surface water and groundwater quality.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed;therefore there would not beany operation impacts forthis element of theenvironment.


• SWPP plan for operational activities would beprepared for the cogeneration facility, and wouldinclude stormwater management procedures. TheSWPP plan for operation would include structuraland operational BMPs; a SPCC plan; and a finalstormwater management plan.

• Prior to operation of the cogeneration facility, aSPCC plan would be prepared the plan wouldcontain procedures for spill response, containment,and prevention procedures; and structural,operational, and treatment BMPs.

• Safeguards incorporated to mitigate the risks of arelease to the environment from stored operationalchemicals include secondary containment, tankoverfill protection, routine maintenance, safehandling practices, supervision of allloading/unloading by plant personnel and truckdrivers, and appropriate training of operation andmaintenance staff.

• Industrial wastewater from the cogeneration facilitywould be treated in the refinery’s wastewatertreatment system prior to discharge to the Strait ofGeorgia.

• Sanitary wastewater would be routed to the BirchBay wastewater treatment plant for treatment anddischarge to the Strait of Georgia.





Additional Mitigation Measures

• If project approval is recommended, EFSEC woulddevelop State Waste Discharge and NationalPollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitconditions for operation of the CogenerationFacility. Permit conditions would include dischargelimitations, monitoring requirements, reporting andrecord keeping requirements, operation andmaintenance plan for water quality treatmentfacilities, development of SPCC and hazardouswaste management plans, and SWPP plan.

WetlandsConstruction • Construction of the project would disturb 35.52 acres

of existing wetland areas, including 30.66 acres thatwould be permanently disturbed and 4.86 acres thatwould be temporarily disturbed. Affected wetlandswould be located at the cogeneration facility site(Wetlands A, B1, B2, B3, C, and D), the refineryinterface (Wetlands F, G, J, and H), and thetransmission system.

• Reduced wetland functions would includefloodwater detention and retention, flood flowdesynchronization, groundwater recharge anddischarge, and water quality improvement.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectincluding proposed wetlandmitigation, would not beconstructed. Therefore noconstruction impacts orwetland enhancement wouldoccur.


• Mitigation measures consistent with those generallyrequired by the Corps and Ecology for Category IIIwetlands within Western Washington would beimplemented during construction to protectwetlands that would not be filled. Wetlands notdisturbed would be protected using silt fencing andhaybales. Wetlands temporarily disturbed andwould be restored after the project construction iscompleted.

• To compensate permanently disturbed wetlands theApplicant has designed a compensatory mitigationplan in consultation with state, and federalagencies. The proposed plan outlines theenhancement of 110 acres north of GrandviewRoad.

• To minimize and control the spread of noxiousweed species, all equipment would be cleanedbefore leaving the site.





Operation • Other than those communities affected byconstruction, operation of the project would notaffect existing wetland systems.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the environment. Theproposed wetlandenhancement and thecreation of new wetlandswould not occur.


• A 10-year monitoring plan would be implementedto measure mitigation success.

Agricultural Land, Crops, and LivestockConstruction • The proposed project elements would result in the

development or modification of land that WhatcomCounty has identified as Category I and II primefarmland soils and mapped as APO soils andAgricultural Open Space.

• Reconstruction of Custer/ Intalco Transmission LineNo. 2 would likely result in the conversion of someprime farmland to utility uses within the existingBonneville Transmission Corridor.

• Construction of the cogeneration facility, AccessRoad 1, and Laydown Areas 2 and 4 would result ina direct and permanent loss of approximately 2.6acres of existing hybrid black cottonwood.

• The proposed compensatory wetland mitigation planwould preclude the continued use of mitigation areaCMA 1 for cattle grazing.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the constructionenvironment.


• No mitigation measures for agricultural land, crops,and livestock are proposed.

Operation • Emissions from the cogeneration facility areexpected to have a negligible effect on agriculturalcrops and livestock.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the operationenvironment.

• No operational mitigation measures for agriculturalland, crops, and livestock are proposed.





Upland Vegetation, Wildlife and Habitat, Fisheries, and Threatened and Endangered SpeciesConstruction • Construction of the project would disturb up to 33.53

acres of existing upland vegetation, including:including grassland, shrubland, mixedconiferous/deciduous forest, coniferous forest, anddeciduous forest. While adding a transmission linefrom Brown Road to Custer Substation wouldinvolve rebuilding an existing line in a right-of-wayalready cleared of tall-growing vegetation, someadditional removal of individual trees potentiallyinterfering with the rebuilt line may need to beremoved in limited wooded areas for a total of aboutone mile along the five-mile long corridor.

• The primary effect from project construction wouldbe removal and loss of habitat. Grassland andwetland communities are the primary habitats thatwould be cleared under the proposed alternative.Other habitats that would be cleared includeshrubland, mixed coniferous/deciduous forest,coniferous forest, and deciduous forest.

• Disturbances caused by construction on the site mayaffect wildlife in adjacent habitats by disruptingfeeding and nesting activities. Increased noise levelscreated by heavy machinery could cause birds toabandon their nests and may temporarily displacewildlife during construction.

• Proposed wetland enhancement and the creation ofnew wetlands associated with proposed wetlandmitigation sites CMA 1 and CMA 2 would result inan increase in habitat quality, would benefit wildlifespecies that currently use the area, and would likelyattract a more diverse assortment of wildlife species.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, new facilitieswould not be constructed atthe site, and impacts onupland vegetation, wildlifeand habitat, fisheries, andthreatened and endangeredspecies associated with theproposed project would notoccur. No impacts orconstruction would occurthat would entail removal oralteration of existing habitatwithin the proposed projectsite.

• The proposed wetlandenhancement and thecreation of new wetlandsassociated with proposedwetland mitigation sitesCMA 1 and CMA 2 wouldnot occur.


• BMPs would be implemented to protect uplandvegetation communities within the proposed projectsite that are not disturbed during construction.

• Native vegetation, including seed mixes with nativegrasses, would be used to replace vegetation,particularly areas infested by weedy species.

• A landscaping plan would be prepared andimplemented that includes long-term weed controlmeasures.

• Plant native trees and shrubs parallel to the southside of Grandview Road, north of the cogenerationfacility site and north of the laydown areas, to thewest of Blaine Road.

• Development of the stormwater control systemwould maintain water quality and fishery resourcesin Terrell Creek

• Development and implementation of the SWPPplan would also protect water quality and fisheryresources.

• Mitigation requirements as conditions of permits orgovernment approvals would be implemented.

• Construction Laydown Area 4 would be restoredfollowing construction.

• The Applicant would restore, rehabilitate andenhance wetlands north of Grandview Road,identified as mitigation sites CMA 1 and CMA 2.

• In accordance with the Settlement Agreementbetween the Applicant and Whatcom Countyregarding the protection of herons, earthworkactivity to create the wetland mitigation sites CMA1 and CMA 2 has been scheduled for the dryseason, which coincides with the end of thefledging period, and most plantings would occur inthe fall and winter when the herons are dispersed.





Operation • Some areas currently dominated by noxious weedspecies may be converted to landscaped areas thatwould require maintenance. The establishment ofnoxious weed species may occur within the proposedplant site.

• Operation and maintenance associated with thetransmission corridors would include removing ortopping trees to maintain a safe distance betweentrees and electrical lines.

• Existing access and maintenance roads associatedwith transmission corridors would be maintained toprevent vegetation from growing in these areas.Vegetation that becomes established in disturbedareas such as unpaved roads are often nonnativeinvasive species.

• Some wildlife habitat loss, noise, and disturbancecould occur during maintenance activities within thetransmission corridors.

• Maintenance and operation activities associated withthe transmission corridors could result in chemicalspills that potentially could impact fish habitat.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the environment.

• Implement noxious weed control program pursuantto wetlands mitigation requirements, and maintainlandscaped areas to prevent spread of noxiousweeds.

• The primary mitigation measure applicable to theproposed project is to use best engineering practicesand construct the transmission towers at theminimal height allowable with no guy wires orlighting to avoid impacts on birds. The transmissionlines and tower design would be defined by theBonneville interconnection agreement.

• See also Air Quality, Water Resources, and WaterQuality.

• The Applicant plans to maintain at least 23 acres ofthe wetland mitigation site (CMA 2) in open fieldhabitat. In addition, wetland mitigation designincludes improving the quality of heron habitat forheron foraging, maintaining connectivity to otherexisting forage areas, and enhancing areas topromote amphibian breeding habitats.

Energy and Natural ResourcesConstruction • Construction of the cogeneration facility would

consume non-renewable resources, including:- 126,000 cubic yards of imported fill- 7,500 cubic yards of sand- 18,150 cubic yards of gravel- 25,200 cubic yards of concrete- 1,050 tons of steel

• Construction of the cogeneration facility wouldconsume electrical energy for lighting and heating inconstruction offices, temporary lighting at thefacility, and powering various pieces of constructionequipment. The estimated peak electrical demandduring construction is approximately 2.5 MVA at480 V.

• Construction of the cogeneration facility wouldconsume approximately 592,000 gallons ofpetroleum products, including diesel fuel andgasoline.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the cogenerationfacility would not beconstructed and theconsumption of energy ornatural resources associatedwith construction of theproject would not occur.


• Conservation of energy and natural resourcesduring construction would take place through theuse of industry standard BMPs. These may includethe use of energy-efficient lighting, lighting of onlycritical areas during non-working hours,encouraging car-pooling, efficient scheduling ofconstruction crews, minimizing idling ofconstruction equipment, recycling of used motoroils and hydraulic fluids, and implementation ofsignage to remind construction workers to conserveenergy and other resources.





Operation • During operation, the cogeneration facility wouldconsume approximately 42.5 million MBtu of naturalgas per year.

• The proposed project may exceed the transmissioncapacity of the Ferndale Pipeline during periods ofpeak demand. The Applicant estimates that up toapproximately 40,000 decatherms per day ofadditional capacity of may be needed.

• Operation of the cogeneration facility wouldconsume petroleum products, primarily lubricantsassociated with the operation of equipment and gasand diesel fuel for vehicles around the facility

• The cogeneration facility would use variouschemicals during operation to facilitate desiredchemical reactions, control water quality, and forother facility operational purposes.

• Transmission line maintenance would requirerelatively small quantities of fuel for vehicles andhelicopters engaged in transmission line surveillanceand monitoring, and electricity to maintain andoperate equipment at Custer Substation.Transmission corridor road maintenance wouldrequire the use of crushed rock, gravel, and sandduring the life of the project on an as-needed basis.Periodic replacement of conductor wires, groundwires, fiber optic cables, insulators, and structuralelements may be required over time.

• Generate a nominal 720 MW of electricity, of which,approximately 85 MW would be used by the BPCherry Point Refinery, 21 MW would be used by thenatural gas compression station and othercogeneration facility auxiliary systems, and 635 MWwould be exported to the Northwest power grid foruse by other customers.

• Supply approximately 4,200 million pounds (MMlb)of steam per year to the refinery.


• Under the No ActionAlternative, the Applicantwould likely continue tomeet the electrical powerneeds of the refinery with acombination of onsiteelectrical power generationand purchasing electricalpower from other sources.The existing refinery boilersystem would continue to beused to meet the refinery’ssteam demand. Under thisalternative, the cogenerationfacility would not generateand transmit electrical powerfor use on the Northwestpower grid.


• Boiler blowdown water would be routed to thecooling tower as make up water to reduce freshwater consumption.

• Existing utility boilers would be taken out ofservice and replaced with more efficientcogeneration steam generation cycle, reducing theuse of natural gas resources.

• Construction activities would be coordinated withenergy and natural resource providers to ensurethat other users in the area would not experienceany service interruptions.





NoiseConstruction • Noise produced during construction would vary

depending on the construction phase underway.Maximum noise levels from most constructionequipment could range from 69 to 106 decibels ordB(A) at 50 feet.

• In addition to noise produced from onsiteconstruction equipment, traffic volumes wouldincrease as construction employees commute to andfrom work at the site. Additional transient noisewould occur as a result of increased volumes ofdelivery and service vehicles (including trucks ofvarious sizes) doing business at the site.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany construction or trafficnoise impacts.

Mitigation Proposed by Applicant

• To reduce construction noise, the constructionindustry’s management practices would beincorporated into construction plans and contractorspecifications.

• Limiting noisier construction activities to thehours of 7 a.m. and 10 p.m. would reduceconstruction noise during sensitive nighttimehours.

• Construction equipment would be equipped withadequate mufflers, intake silencers, or engineenclosures.

• Turn off construction equipment during prolongedperiods of nonuse.

• Require contractors to maintain all equipment.• Locate stationary equipment away from receiving

properties.

Operation • Modeling results indicate that none of the receiverswould experience a perceptible increase (above 3dBA) in noise during the daytime or evening.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed,therefore there would not beany operational or equipmentimpacts.

Mitigation Measures Proposed by the Applicant

• The cogeneration placement and design of thefacility has integrated noise mitigation measuresfor sound reduction.

• Stack silencers would be incorporated into thedesign of the HRSG.

• The three gas turbine generators and the steamturbine generator will be housed within enclosures.

• Operation of the cogeneration facility wouldcomply with regulations governing noise fromindustrial facilities (WAC 173-60).

• In accordance with the Settlement Agreement withWhatcom County, the Applicant would limit noise-generating activities such that noise levels at fiveregional receptors would not exceed existinglevels.





• Within 180 days of the beginning of operation, theApplicant would conduct post-operation noisemonitoring at the five receptors to determinecompliance with the noise limitations.

Land UseConstruction • Construction of all project elements would entail the

conversion of approximately 195 acres of land frompredominantly undeveloped, vacant land todeveloped industrial uses. This acreage includes 110acres of undeveloped and agricultural land north ofGrandview Road that would be permanently alteredto provide for wetland mitigation.



• No mitigation measures related to land use areproposed.

Operation • Construction and operation of the project would beconsistent with Whatcom County Land Use Plansand generally consistent with the Whatcom Countyzoning code. The two transmission line elementswould require County approval of conditional useand substantial development permits.



• No mitigation measures related to land use areproposed.

Visual Resources, Light, and GlareConstruction • Visual impacts resulting from construction are

expected to be low to moderate. Constructionactivities would be visible from Grandview Road,and farm buildings and residences located alongKickerville Road near the transmission systeminterconnection with Custer-Intalco TransmissionLine No. 2. Clearing of the new transmissioncorridor and installation of transmission towerscould be viewed temporarily while the transmissionlines are under construction.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the proposedproject would not beconstructed and existingviews of the project sitewould be maintained. Viewsto the site could be alteredwhen the hybrid poplar treesare harvested. Because theland is zoned for industrialuses, future industrialdevelopment on the projectsite would be likely to occur.


• A Site Management Plan would be prepared andimplemented to minimize overall visual impacts ofconstruction activities.





Operation • Once constructed, the project is expected tointroduce low to moderate visual impacts in theimmediate vicinity of the project site, depending onthe viewer type and viewing distance.

• There would be an occasional visible water dropletplume related to the operation of the cooling tower atthe cogeneration facility. The visibility of the plumewould depend on the ambient temperature andrelative humidity.

• From the intersection of Blaine and Grandviewroads, the proposed cogeneration facility would bemoderately visible due to its close proximity to theroad.

• Under Option 1, there would be no visual impactsassociated with the Custer Intalco Transmission LineNo. 2. Under Option 2a, the use of larger steel latticetowers may result in a slight increase in effects overthe existing towers near residences because of theirgreater height. Under Option 2b, the closer spacingof the steel monopole towers may reduce the visualeffects of individual towers, but the decreasedspacing would result in more towers and may offer aslightly greater interruption of views.



• Project elements would be painted gray. This coloris intended to reduce surface glare from directsunlight.

• The cogeneration facility located approximately340 feet south of the centerline of Grandview Road,creating an opportunity to plant screening trees andshrubs.

• Project site lighting would be designed tominimize light spillover and glare.

Population, Housing, and EconomicsConstruction • During construction monthly employment on site

would average 372 people, with peak employment of706 individuals.

• The indirect workforce associated with theconstruction stage of the project would beapproximately 210 people

• Including relocated employees from indirect labor,relocation could be as high as 180 workers

• Tax revenue from construction of the project wouldaccrue to Whatcom County and Washington State,from the following sources:

- sales/use tax on equipment: $22.8 million.- sales/use tax on construction services and

materials: $4.9 million.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the cogenerationfacility would not beconstructed. No additionalemployment or tax revenueswould be created, and noworkers would relocate tothe project area.


• No mitigation measures are proposed.





Operation • Operation of the cogeneration facility would createapproximately 30 full time jobs, and approximately$200,000 per year worth of temporary positions.

• Operation of the cogeneration facility wouldgenerate Washington State brokerage tax revenues ofbetween $4.5 and $5.3 million annually.

• Operation of the facility would generateapproximately $6 million in property tax revenuesannually

• During operation, the cogeneration facility wouldalso pay business and occupation (B&O) and publicutility tax to the state of Washington. The total taxpaid would likely be on the order of several milliondollars per year.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed;therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the environment.


• No operational mitigation measures are proposed.

Public Services and UtilitiesConstruction • Construction traffic associated with the project could

affect the use of recreational facilities near theproject site. Such effects however would berelatively short term, and would not be likely tosignificantly affect the public’s ability to use thesefacilities.

• It is possible that families choosing to reside withinthe boundaries of the Blaine School District couldadd a relatively small number of students to thatdistrict’s enrollment, which is currently at capacity,however individual family decisions regardingwhere to reside would determine which schoolsstudents in those families would be eligible to attend.



• The Applicant would develop response protocolswith the Jurisdiction Having Authority, FireDistrict #7, to ensure that additional support andresources are available from the district and otherfire jurisdictions through the District Mutual AidAgreements.

Operation • Operation of the cogeneration facility is projected tocreate 30 new jobs. It is possible that some familieswho choose to relocate and reside within theboundaries of the Blaine School District could add arelatively small number of students to that district’senrollment, which is currently at capacity.



• No mitigation is proposed.





• The Applicant proposes to provide its own security,emergency medical, and fire response infrastructure.It is anticipated that only in an emergency, wouldlocal community fire, police, medical services, andother government resources be called upon to helprespond to an event at the facility.

• Tax revenue associated withconstruction and operation ofthe project would not berealized by the state ofWashington and WhatcomCounty.

Cultural ResourcesConstruction • The Lummi Indian Nation’s second native plant

survey has not been completed and the results of thisstudy and its associated archaeological survey mayidentify important resources or sites in the variousproject facility areas.

• One recorded archaeological site in laydown area 3in the refinery interface area appears to beinsignificant and therefore would not be adverselyaffected by project construction.

• Archaeological surveys have not been conducted forthe following project facilities, therefore impacts tocultural resources in these areas are not known:various components in the refinery interface area;BP’s 0.8-mile long interconnecting transmissionline; Alcoa water pipeline; Access Road 1 area; andthe wetland mitigation area.

• A professional survey found no cultural resourcesalong the 5-mile-long transmission line corridorfrom Brown Road to Custer substation. There is alow probability that such resources would be foundwithin this area.



• Monitor construction activities would occur within100 feet of the boundaries of the recordedarchaeological site discovered in Laydown Area 3.

• A pedestrian survey is planned for the wetlandmitigation areas where the ground would be diskedto control reed canary grass.

• If archaeological resources or human burials wereencountered during construction, activities thatcould further disturb the deposits would bedirected away from the find. The Washington StateArchaeologist and Lummi Indian Nation culturalresource staff would be contacted.

• An archaeological survey should be conducted inareas not previously surveyed. If no significantarchaeological resources are discovered,construction activities would not affect culturalresources. If significant resource were found thatcould be impacted by the project, it isrecommended that appropriate mitigation measuresbe devised before construction begins.

Operation • Operation of the project would not result in adverseimpacts on cultural resources at any of the projectcomponents.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed;therefore there would not beany operation impacts forthis element of theenvironment.


• No operational mitigation measures are proposed.





TransportationConstruction • Construction of the proposed project would generate

650-1200 average weekday trips during the 25-month construction period.

• During construction, some onsite soil would beremoved and disposed of at approved sites. Variousquantities of fill, including sand and gravel, wouldalso be imported to the site. In addition, constructionmaterials would be brought to the site that wouldinclude concrete, sheet and metal piping. Assumingtrucks with a 20-cubic-yard capacity, this wouldresult in 7,583 one-way truck trips.

• The SR 548/Portal Way intersection would operateat Level of Service (LOS) F during the PM peakhour during peak construction conditions withoutany mitigation.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, traffic volumesin the area would beexpected to increase atapproximately a 5% per year.Intersections on SR 548would continue to operate atLOS B or C. The onlyexception is the SR548/Portal Way intersection,which would operate at LOSD, which is consideredacceptable by WSDOT.


• A Traffic Control Plan would be developed andimplemented to ensure safe travel conditions withinthe Grandview Road and SR 548 rights-of-way.

• A responsible person would be designated as theTransportation Coordinator.

• The Transportation Coordinator would serve as thepoint of contact for county and state agencies.

• Preferential parking for carpools and vanpoolswould be established at the site during construction,where practical.

• Shift hours would be staggered or adjusted asappropriate to minimize traffic impacts.

• Implement Letter of Understanding No. 66 betweenthe Applicant and WSDOT.

Operation • Operation of the cogeneration facility wouldgenerate approximately 140 weekday trips

• The level of service at the SR 548/Portal Wayintersection would decrease to LOS D, but delayswould be short, and no substantial traffic queuing orcongestion is expected.

• Under the No ActionAlternative, the projectwould not be constructed;therefore there would not beany impacts for this elementof the environment.


• A westbound left-turn lane would be installed onSR 548 at the Blaine Road intersection.

• An access road would be located approximately1,000 feet east of Blaine Road. The access roadwould be constructed and paved to meetapplicable geometric and safety standards.

Health and SafetyConstruction • Potential health and safety risks present during

construction are generally typical of the risks presenton major industrial/commercial construction site.Health and safety concerns include the risk of fireand explosion, chemical storage and handling, spillresponse, collection, storage and disposal ofhazardous wastes, the installation of transmissionlines, sanitary waste handling, the presence ofnatural gas, and worker exposure to radiation.

• The Ferndale natural gaspipeline and the BP CherryPoint Refinery have beenadjacent to the project sitefor decades. If the proposedproject were not constructed,the worker and public healthand safety risks related to theuse, storage, collection andtreatment of non-hazardousand hazardous chemicals atthe refinery would still exist.

Measures Proposed by Applicant

• Prior to construction the Applicant would requirethe engineering, procurement, and constructioncontractor to prepare an Environmental Health andSafety Program designed to reduce the potentialimpacts related to risks of fire and explosion, spills,hazardous or toxic materials management andhandling.





• Under the No ActionAlternative, there would beno additional health andsafety risks related to theconstruction and operation ofthe proposed project.

• Individual plans to be prepared include:- Fire Prevention and Response Plan,- Medical Emergency Plan,- Spill Prevention Plan ,- Hazardous Construction Material Management

Plan, and- Explosion Risk Management Plan.

• As appropriate, the Applicant’s existing health andsafety resources may augment the EPC contractor’sfirst aid, fire response, and security personnel.

• The EPC contractor would coordinate with theRefinery Fire Marshal and the Whatcom CountyFire Department during construction of theproposed project.

Operation • The potential risks present during operation,maintenance and standby of the proposed project aresimilar to those present during construction. Typesof accidents that could occur that would pose ahealth and safety risk to individuals at thecogeneration facility, the BP refinery, or in theproject vicinity include: the release of anhydrousammonia, a natural gas explosion or fire, and therelease/spill of a hazardous chemical(s).

• The Ferndale pipeline andthe BP Cherry Point Refineryhave been adjacent to theproject site for decades. Ifthe proposed project werenot constructed, the workerand public health and safetyrisks related to the use,storage, collection andtreatment of non-hazardousand hazardous chemicals atthe refinery would still exist.Under the No ActionAlternative, there would beno additional health andsafety risks related to theconstruction and operation ofthe proposed project.

Mitigation Measures Proposed by Applicant

• Plans, procedures, and protocols for managingworker and public health and safety would bedeveloped. These may include:- Safety and Health Manual- Emergency Preparedness Response Plan, and- Fire Emergency Response Operations (FERO)

Plan• In addition to the plans, procedures, and protocols

listed above, the following plan would be preparedto protect worker and public health and safetyduring the operation of the proposed project:- Fire Prevention and Response Plan,- Spill Prevention Plan,- Hazardous Waste Management Plan,- Prevention of Natural Gas Plan, and- Explosion Risk Management Plan

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 2: Proposed Action and AlternativesFinal EIS 2-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES

Changes to Chapter 2 of the Draft EIS include new and updated information provided by theApplicant and additional consultation with governmental agencies since the Draft EIS waspublished. The description of the proposed project has not changed significantly from what waspresented in the Draft EIS; however, the 404 (B) (1) Alternatives Analysis has been revisedincluding renumbering the alternative sites. The revised analysis is presented in Appendix A ofthis Final EIS, and revisions to the text in the Draft EIS are presented below.

2.2.2 Project Facilities

• On Page 2-6 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the second paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

The proposed project includes a cogeneration facility and related components that would belocated on an approximately 265-acre site, which includes the 71-acre Bonneville right-of-way.

• On Page 2-6 of the Draft EIS, the following bulleted items should be added to the list afterthe fourth paragraph.

• Emergency firewater pump;• Water treatment facilities;

• On Page 2-6 of the Draft EIS, the fifth bullet should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing text.

• One 185 million volt amp (MVA) nominal step-up transformer;

• On Page 2-6 of the Draft EIS, the following item should be added to the second bulleted listat the bottom of the page.

• One 275 MVA step-up transformer;

• On Page 2-8, a portion of Table 2-1 should be revised. The row that lists the component“Electrical Distribution and Control Systems” should be replaced with the following text.The word “universal” in the second column has been replaced with the word“uninterruptible.”

Electrical Distributionand Control Systems

Includes power distribution centers, switchgear, andassociated metering and control systems for 480Vand 4160V systems, and uninterruptible powersupply and 125V backup systems.

Applicant Applicant EFSECCorps


• On Page 2-9, the first three rows of components in Table 2-1 should be deleted and replacedwith the following rows. Changes have been made under the Construction Responsibility andOwner/Operator columns.

Component Component DescriptionConstruction

ResponsibilityOwner/

OperatorPermits andApprovals

Water SupplyConnection and Piping

The PUD delivers water to the refinery via an existing24-inch underground pipeline along AldergroveRoad. New 16-inch piping (location to bedetermined) would be installed at one of the existingbut unused flanges on the 24–inch pipeline.

Whatcom PUD WhatcomPUD, atfenceline (Torpey,

pers. comm.,2004)

WhatcomCounty and

Ecology

Natural Gas Connectionand Pipes

A new connection and natural gas pipes would beinstalled at the existing metering station for theFerndale pipeline to support both cogeneration andrefinery operations. The new pipes would be routedunderground from the metering station to the newcompressor station approximately 300 feet west. Aconnection from the compressor station to therefinery would be made with approximately 300 feetof new piping routed back under Blaine Road toconnect with existing piping at the metering station.The connection from the compressor station to thecogeneration facility would be via new piping routedalong the elevated piperack.

Applicant Applicant EFSEC

Natural GasCompressor Station

A new compressor station would be installed withinthe refinery approximately 450 feet west of thecogeneration facility, and would include threeelectrically driven natural gas compressors enclosedin a single building.

Applicant Applicant EFSEC

• On Page 2-10, the second component row in Table 2-1 should be deleted and replaced withthe following row.

Modifications toRefinery SubstationMS3

The 230-kV switchyard would be a breaker and a halfarrangement. The Bonneville interconnection would betwo 230-kV receiving structures, four 230-kV circuitbreakers, eight disconnect switches, and associatedmetering, protection, control, and communication. Theproject interconnection to the switchyard wouldinclude four 230-kV receiving structures and two 230-kV receiving structures for refinery interconnection.The remaining project interconnection would includeeight circuit breakers, 24 disconnect switches, andassociated protection, control, and communication.This results in a split of approximately 35% Bonnevilleand 65% project.

Refinery Refinery --

• On Page 2-13 of the Draft EIS, portions of Table 2-2 should be revised. The second row(Boiler Feedwater and Condensate Storage Tank) should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing. The working capacity has been changed from 500,000 to 600,000.

Boiler Feedwater and Condensate StorageTank - Storage for boiler feedwater (BFW) andcondensate returned from the refinery beforepolishing treatment in demineralizer system

Vertical, cylindrical,atmospheric

aboveground tank

600,000 52 32 --


• On Page 2-13 of the Draft EIS, portions of Table 2-2 should be revised. The third row(Demineralized Water Storage Tank) should be deleted and replaced with the following. Theworking capacity has been changed from 100,000 to 200,000.

Demineralized Water Storage Tank - Providemakeup BFW in case water delivery ortreatment is temporarily interrupted

Vertical, cylindrical,atmospheric aboveground tank (open

vented)

200,000 -- -- --

• On Page 2-13 of the Draft EIS, portions of Table 2-2 should be revised. The 16th row(Wastewater Equilization Tank) should be deleted and replaced with the following. Theworking capacity has been changed from 400,000 to 500,000.

Wastewater Equalization Tank Vertical, cylindrical,atmospheric

aboveground tank(open vented)

500,000 52 26 --

• On Page 2-13 of the Draft EIS, portions of Table 2-2 should be revised. The 18th row(Filtered Water and Firewater Storage Tank) should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing. The working capacity has been changed from 425,000 to 500,000.

Filtered Water and Firewater Storage Tank Vertical, cylindrical,atmospheric

aboveground tank

500,000 43 40 --

• In the first paragraph on Page 2-18 of the Draft EIS, the second to the last sentence should bedeleted and replaced with the following.

The detention pond would be constructed as an unlined pond.

• In the second paragraph on Page 2-18 of the Draft EIS, the last sentence should be deletedand replaced with the following.

Stormwater contained in the secondary containment areas would be evaluated prior to discharge.If the water is not contaminated, it would be routed to the stormwater collection and treatmentsystem. If the water is contaminated, it would be routed to the refinery’s wastewater treatmentsystem.


• On Page 2-19 of the Draft EIS, the last two sentences in the fifth paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

Alcoa Intalco Works uses a maximum of approximately 2,780 gpm of water. The cogenerationfacility would require an average of 2,244 to 2,316 gpm of industrial water, although maximuminstantaneous use could be greater than 2,780 gpm. When the aluminum smelter is operational,the average remaining 484 to 556 gpm of recycled water would be used by the refinery toprovide a similar reduction in the amount of freshwater that needs to be withdrawn from theNooksack River. When instantaneous use exceeds 2,780 gpm, the Whatcom County PUD wouldprovide makeup water.

• On Page 2-26 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added at the end of the firstparagraph.

It is not know at this time whether the existing pipeline between Alcoa Intalco Works and the BPCherry Point Refinery is adequate to carry the recycled water. If new construction is necessary, itwill be done by the PUD, which will be required to obtain the appropriate permits.

• On Page 2-26 of the Draft EIS, the second sentence of the last paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

Rerouting stormwater runoff would include installing pipes, culverts, and an inlet channel withdiffuse-flow outlets to direct runoff from the proposed detention pond at the cogeneration facilityto CMA 2 rather than letting all of it go through a roadside ditch directly to Terrell Creek.

2.2.3 Construction

• On Page 2-28 of the Draft EIS, the second sentence of the fourth paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

The Application for Site Certification indicates that pile-supported concrete foundations wouldbe used for all major equipment and buildings.

• On Page 2-29 of the Draft EIS, the last two sentences in the second paragraph should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

In general, pipeline trenches would be 5 feet deep depending on soil conditions and the watertable, and considering the engineering analysis of expected loads. Minimum fill would besufficient to bring the trench level with the original grade, but it also would depend on theexcavation of loads from vehicle traffic that may pass over the pipeline at designated points.


• On Page 2-30 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the first full paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

The 0.8-mile 230-kV double-circuit transmission line would be installed within a newtransmission ROW on Applicant-owned land not to exceed 150 feet in width.

2.2.4 Schedule and Workforce

• On Page 2-35 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the third paragraph should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

In general, the cogeneration facility is designed to allow maintenance to occur without acomplete plant shutdown; however, maintenance on mechanical parts of the steam turbine wouldmost likely require a complete plant shutdown.

2.3 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE

• On Page 2-36 of the Draft EIS, the following sentence should be added at the end of the firstparagraph.

Finally, additional tax revenues and jobs would not be created within Whatcom County.

• On Page 2-37 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added at the end of the firstparagraph.

If the proposed project is not constructed, it is likely that the region’s long term need for powerwould be addressed by user-end energy efficiency and conservation measures, by existing powergeneration sources, or by the development of new renewable and non-renewable generationsources. Baseload demand would likely be filled through expansion of existing, or developmentof new, thermal generation such as gas-fired combustion turbine technology.

2.4 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED

• Since publication of the Draft EIS, the Applicant revised the 404 (B) (1) AlternativeAnalysis, which is presented in Appendix A in this Final EIS. This latest revision of theanalysis modified site numbers, which in turn requires changes to the text and Figure 2-4under this section. On Page 2-37 of the Draft EIS, the second paragraph and list of sitesshould be deleted and replaced with the following text.

In addition to the proposed cogeneration facility site (Site 1), five other potential sites on theApplicant’s property were evaluated for the facility location. They are as follows (seeFigure 2-4):


Site 1 South of Grandview Road and east of the refinery.Site 2 South of Site 1 and just north of Brown Road and east of the refinery and the proposed

Brown Road Materials Storage Area.Site 3 South of Brown Road (and Site 2) and adjacent to the east of the refinery.Site 4 Northeast corner of the refinery south of Grandview Road and west of Blaine Road.Site 5 Located within the refinery in the area previously used for refinery turnarounds

(maintenance).Site 6 Area located just north of Grandview Road.

• Figure 2-4 in the Draft EIS should be deleted and replaced with the new Figure 2-4, which islocated at the end of this section.

• On Page 2-40 of the Draft EIS, the last sentence before Table 2-5 should be deleted andreplaced with the following.

Appendix A contains the 404 (B) (1) Alternatives Analysis.

• On Page 2-40 of the Draft EIS, Table 2-5 should be deleted and replaced with the followingtable.

Table 2-5: Summary of Ratings of Alternative Cogeneration Facility Sites

Site SizeProximity to

RefinerySecurity Accessibility Wetland Impacts

1 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 12 acres2 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 31 acres3 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 33 acres4 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion About 20 acres5 Fails Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 2.5 acres6 Meets Criterion Fails Criterion Fails Criterion Meets Criterion unknown

• In the Draft EIS, the last three paragraphs on Page 2-40 and the first two paragraphs on Page2-41 of the Draft EIS should be deleted and replaced with the following text.

Site 2

Site 2 was the first site investigated for the cogeneration project. The site was delineated forwetlands and it was determined that the site is approximately 80% wetlands (30 acres). Althoughthis site rated high in most criteria, the Applicant did not select this site because of greaterimpacts on wetlands compared to the proposed site.

Site 3

Site 3 is just south of Brown Road and Site 2, and adjacent to the east refinery fence. Site 3 hasat least 40 acres available for future development. Although Site 3 would meet four of the fiveevaluation criteria, it would potentially affect up to 33 acres of wetlands. Therefore, theApplicant did not select this site as a possible location for the cogeneration facility.


Site 4

Site 4 is located within the refinery's boundary fence just south of Grandview Road and west ofBlaine Road. This area is used for construction laydown and contractor parking duringmaintenance programs at the refinery. Portions of Site 4 were delineated for wetlands, and areconnaissance of the remaining area indicates that the overall site is approximately 80%wetlands (23.5 acres). If Site 4 were chosen for the cogeneration facility site, Site 1 would berequired for equipment laydown areas and the wetland areas east of Blaine Road would beaffected. Site 4 would also affect Wetland I, which would not be affected by using Site 1 for theproject. In addition, the Clean Fuels Project will be constructed by the refinery in the space thatis currently used as a maintenance laydown area, which means that the refinery will needadditional maintenance laydown space in the future. The Applicant did not select Site 4 as thepreferred site because it would have greater wetland impacts than the proposed site and it wouldmake future refinery activities more difficult.

Site 5

Site 5 would provide only 16 acres of space for facility construction. Site 5 also interferes withfuture refinery modifications. Future refinery process units, such as isomerization and cleandiesel units, require a much greater level of interconnection than the cogeneration facility.Because of the interconnections, these process units must be located near existing process units.Therefore, the Applicant did not select this site as a possible location for the cogeneration facilitysite.

Site 6

Site 6 was evaluated because it contains moderately sized upland area adjacent to GrandviewRoad. The site is located approximately 0.5-mile east of the refinery on the north side ofGrandview Road. This site would require significantly longer segments of piping to deliversteam to the refinery and would also require a 0.5-mile new transmission line to the refinery. Thesteam pipeline to the refinery would be difficult to construct because existing gas and waterpipelines and electrical transmission lines are south of Grandview Road. The Applicant did notselect Site 6 because of the distance from the refinery that would result in new utility corridors tothe refinery. In addition, the new utility corridors would be less secure than other proposed sites.


2.4.3 Alternative Cooling Systems

• On Page 2-43 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the last paragraph should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

A number of design and cost factors were evaluated in the Applicant’s decision to initiallypropose ACC. The Applicant considered a dry cooling system using an ACC for the proposedproject to minimize water use; however, after the initial selection of the ACC, an agreement wasreached between the Applicant, Whatcom County PUD, and Alcoa Intalco Works allowingpurchase of cooling water from the Alcoa Intalco Works. With the availability of recycled water,the size of the cooling system (footprint) would be reduced, costs would be reduced, andenvironmental impacts would also be reduced as described in the following paragraphs.

• On Page 2-44 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added at the beginning of thesecond paragraph.

Regarding cost and efficiency, a water cooled system would cost approximately $6 million, one-third of the cost of an ACC system. A water-cooled plant is 1.6% more efficient than an ACC.For a project of this size, this represents an output of 12 MW of power that would have been lostif an ACC system were chosen.

Finally, the ACC system requires a larger footprint and has greater visual impacts. Choosing awet cooling system allows the Applicant to minimize the overall project footprint and resultingimpacts on wetlands by bringing the stormwater detention pond into the facility fenceline.

2.7 COORDINATION AND CONSULTATION WITH AGENCIES, INDIAN TRIBES,THE PUBLIC, AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

• Additional coordination has occurred since the Draft EIS was published. On Page 2-50 of theDraft EIS, the following lines should be added at the end of Table 2-7.

9/5/03 Issuance of Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Public Comment10/1/03 Public Comment Meeting on Draft EIS11/7/03 Issuance of draft Prevention of Significant Deterioration/Notice of construction Permit,

draft State Waste Discharge permit, and Recommendation for 401 CertificationConditions

12/8/03 to12/11/03

EFSEC Adjudicative Hearings and Land Use Hearing

12/9/03 EFSEC Public Witness Hearing (including comment on draft permits)1/26/04 BPA Consultation with US Fish and Wildlife Service, and NOAA Fisheries6/14/04 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Consultations with OAHP7/2/04 Draft NPDES permit issued for Public Comment

7/26/04 Reconvened EFSEC Settlement and Land Use Hearing8/5/04 Public Comment Hearing on draft NPDES permit

97

97

97

BP CHERRY POINT REFINERY

Brown Road

Aldergrove Road

Blai

ne R

oad

CUSTER/INTALCOTRANSMISSION LINE NO. 2

CUSTER/INTALCOTRANSMISSION LINE NO. 1

Grandview Road

Kick

ervi

lle R

oad

BU

RL

ING

TO

N N

OR

TH

ER

N I

NT

AL

CO

/

CH

ER

RY

PO

INT

BR

AN

CH

LIN

E

Terrell Creek

SITE 4

SITE 5 SITE 2

SITE 3

SITE 1PROPOSED SITE

SITE 6

SITE 1PROPOSED

General area for other alternatesites evaluated (primarily

forested/herbaceous wetlands)

General area for other alternate sitesevaluated (~90% forested wetlands

based on reconaissance)

NN

1014003T

ALTERNATIVE COGENERATION SITE LOCATIONS


FIGURE 2-4

Source: BP 2002

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

Grap

hics S

erver/

Grap

hics/B

illable

/BP C

herry

Point

/EIS/F

ig 2-4

Altern

atives

7.9.0

4

BP Cherry Point Refinery boundary

Approximate Scale in Feet

0 1400'

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 3: Existing Conditions, Impacts, and MitigationFinal EIS 3-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING CONDITIONS, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION

This chapter presents new and/or updated information about existing environmental conditions,potential impacts, and mitigation that has been agreed to since the Draft EIS was published.Some commenters provided additional information in their comments on the Draft EIS.Information has also been updated based on ongoing refinements to the design of the proposedproject and additional studies. Settlement agreements addressing mitigation for a number ofresources (wildlife, greenhouse gas, and others) have been reached between the Applicant andinterestedagencies and organizations. Information from the agreements and testimony presentedto EFSEC is described and/or referenced in the revisions to the Draft EIS. Copies of thesettlement agreements are available from EFSEC.

The main types of revisions made to the Draft EIS are described below; these changes haveincorporated revised design information and results of ongoing studies. Those sections ofChapter 3 that are revised follow this summary.

Please note that updated or revised text is enclosed in boxes (as this paragraph has been) todistinguish it from other explanatory text.

• The Applicant has made revisions to the project design since the Draft EIS was published.For example, various chemical storage tank sizes have been increased. Also, pile-supportedconcrete foundations would be used for all major equipment items and buildings, and theApplicant would construct, own, and operate the cogeneration facility’s natural gas supplyconnection, associated piping, and natural gas compressor station within the refinery. Thesedesign changes and others are described in Chapters 1 and 2 and summarized below wherethey relate to specific environmental resources.

• The air quality analysis (Section 3.2) has been revised and expanded based on updatedinformation from the Applicant and in response to comments on the Draft EIS. Additionalinformation on secondary particulate, estimates of actual emissions from the cogenerationfacility, emissions during startup and shutdown, and measures to mitigate greenhouse gaseshave been added to the section. Information from the review process for the Prevention ofSignificant Deterioration (PSD) permit is also described in the section. Unlike other sectionsof this Final EIS, Section 3.2 has been reprinted in its entirety.

• Figure 3.3-8 (Section 3.3) has been updated to reflect the current location of the stormwaterdetention pond and the cooling water tower. In addition, as a measure to minimize thepotential drainage impact on Wetland C, the Corps of Engineers will not permit theApplicant to install a perimeter ditch along the west side of Wetland C. The perimeter ditchin this location has therefore been deleted as a mitigation measure. Also, the identification ofadditional recommended mitigation measures has been deleted from this section and all otherapplicable sections in the Final EIS.

• Since the Draft EIS was published, EFSEC has issued a draft State Waste Discharge permitfor public comment. The draft permit requires that the Applicant develop a plan tocharacterize water used for hydrostatic testing and to specify criteria that will need to be metbefore the water is discharged to the refinery’s wastewater treatment system, including adisposal option if these criteria are exceeded.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 3: Existing Conditions, Impacts, and MitigationFinal EIS 3-2 August 2004

• Based on comments received on the Draft EIS, the discussion of secondary and cumulativeimpacts has been expanded in some sections, in particular because such impacts may apply toother development in the area, such as the BP Refinery ISOM Project.

• Based on a Settlement Agreement between the Applicant and Whatcom County, additionalmitigation measures have been included in Section 3.9 for noise emissions and Section 3.7for potential impacts on local heron populations.

• Information from the WDFW Priority Habitat and Species database has been added toSection 3.7, and additional information on the potential impacts resulting from the dischargeof treated wastewater on the herring stock in the Strait of Georgia has been included in thissection.

• Table 3.8-4 has been revised and a new table has been added to Section 3.8 (Energy andNatural Resources). The revised Table 3.8-4 lists generation facilities currently underconstruction in Washington. The new Table 3.8-7 presents a summary of proposedcombustion turbine facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In addition, Section 3.8.4 (Secondaryand Cumulative Impacts) has been updated.

• The description of potential noise impacts resulting from operation of the proposed projecthas been updated and clarified in Section 3.9. Also, based on a Settlement Agreementbetween the Applicant and Whatcom County, additional noise mitigation measures have beenadded to this section.

• Since the Draft EIS was published, the Corps has consulted with the State HistoricPreservation Office (SHPO) regarding potential impacts on cultural resources. SHPOconcurred with the Corps’ conclusion of No Historic Properties Affected and also concurredwith the Corps’ proposed mitigation measures to protect cultural resources should they bediscovered during construction. These mitigation measures have been included Section 3.14.

• The Applicant and WSDOT have agreed on additional traffic mitigation measures that weredescribed in a Letter of Understanding between the Applicant and WSDOT. The measureshave been included in Section 3.15.

• Additional information on transportation and storage of anhydrous ammonia and the methodto control bacteria growth in the cooling water tower has been included in Section 3.16.

The following sections of the Draft EIS were not revised and are therefore not discussed furtherin this Final EIS:

• Section 3.6 Agricultural Land, Crops, and Livestock• Section 3.11 Visual Resources, Light, and Glare• Section 3.12 Population, Housing, and Economics• Section 3.17 Relationship Between Short-Term Uses of the Environment and the

Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-Term Productivity• Section 3.18 Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.1 EarthFinal EIS 3.1-1 August 2004

3.1 EARTH

The following information has been updated in the Final EIS. Updated information was obtainedfrom S. Malushte’s prefiled testimony (Exhibit 32R.0) as presented to EFSEC.

3.1.1 Seismic Hazards

• Before the last sentence in the first full paragraph on Page 3.1-9 of the Draft EIS, thefollowing sentence should be added:

Although the latter two faults have been hypothesized by Easterbrook (1976), they have not beenrecognized by the USGS.

• After the first sentence in the last paragraph on Page 3.1-10 of the Draft EIS, the followingshould be added:

According to the 1997 Uniform Building Code, this moderate earthquake hazard is designated asSeismic Zone 3. In Seismic Zone 3, structures are to be designed for a PGA of 0.3 gravity. Basedon the latest probabilistic seismic hazard assessment data from the USGS, the actual PGA for theproject site is 0.23 gravity, or about 25% less than the design criterion.

• Before the first paragraph on Page 3.1-11, the following paragraph should be added:

Just before the Draft EIS was published, URS (2003) published the results of detailed subsurfaceinvestigations and laboratory testing. The results will be used in designing the foundations andstructures at the project site. The results of that testing do not alter the conclusions of the DraftEIS.

3.1.5 Mitigation Measures

• On Page 3.1-19 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence in the first paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following:

The site was surveyed for soil contamination during the geotechnical survey, and nocontamination was found.

• On Page 3.1-20 of the Draft EIS, the heading titled “Additional Recommended MitigationMeasures, Volcanic Hazards” and the text below it should be deleted.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.2 Air QualityFinal EIS 3.2-1 August 2004

3.2 AIR QUALITY

This section discusses the potential impact on air resources from the BP Cherry PointCogeneration Project. It addresses potential impacts associated with the proposed project andidentifies mitigation measures designed to limit those impacts. The analysis in this section isbased on information from the Application for Site Certification prepared for this project (BP2002).

In addition to evaluating the emissions resulting from the cogeneration facility alone, this sectiondescribes the Applicant’s estimates of emission reductions that would occur with thecogeneration aspect of the proposal. As indicated in Section 1.2.1, BP Cherry Point RefineryNeed, one of the purposes of the cogeneration project is to supply both steam and electricity tothe existing refinery. The refinery’s purchase of cogeneration facility steam would allow theremoval of existing less efficient refinery utility boilers, leading to a reduction in regionalemissions of particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in size (PM10) and nitrogen oxides(NOx). The short and long range air quality impacts of both the cogeneration facility emissionsand the refinery reductions are discussed in more detail below.

3.2.1 Regulatory Framework

Under Chapter 80.50 Revised Code of Washington (RCW), the authority for permit review andissuance of air permits is granted to the EFSEC for thermal generating power plants capable ofgenerating 350 MW or more of electricity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)has delegated to EFSEC the issuance of federal Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)permits for facilities regulated under Chapter 80.50 RCW. EFSEC reviews applications for airemissions resulting from the operation of such facilities pursuant to the requirements ofChapter463-39 WAC. EFSEC has adopted the substantive requirements of the WashingtonDepartment of Ecology regulations for air pollution sources as codified in Chapters 173-400WAC (General Regulations for Air Pollution Sources), Chapter 173-401 WAC (Air OperatingPermit Program), Chapter 173-406 WAC (Acid Rain Regulation), and Chapter 173-460(Controls for New Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants).

Air Quality Standards

United States

The proposed cogeneration facility would be regulated according to applicable U.S. federal andWashington State laws and regulations. Pursuant to the Clean Air Act of 1970, the EPAestablished air quality standards for the following air pollutants: ozone (O3), carbon monoxide(CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).These include primary standards that have been established to protect human health andsecondary standards to protect the public welfare. Ecology has also adopted WashingtonAmbient Air Quality Standards (WAAQS) similar to the National Ambient Air QualityStandards (NAAQS), and has included standards for total suspended particulate (TSP).


Particulate matter includes both naturally occurring and man-made particles with a diameter ofless than 10 micrometers or 2.5 micrometers, respectively. Local and regional contributions ofparticulate matter include sea salt, pollen, smoke from forest fires and wood stoves, road dust,industrial emissions, and agricultural dust. Particles of this size are small enough to be drawndeep into the respiratory system where they can contribute to infection and reduced resistance todisease (Canadian Federal Government 2002).

Table 3.2-1 summarizes the federal and state primary and secondary standards for the criteriapollutants, and the averaging time for determining compliance with the standards. It also presentsthe increments under the EPA’s PSD program and the EPA PSD Class II significance levels forair quality that are applicable to the proposed project.

Canada

For purposes of review of the impacts to air quality on a regional basis, Canadian regulatorystandards and objectives were considered. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act providesfor three levels of air quality objectives: desirable, acceptable, and tolerable, which correspond todegrees of environmental damage or potential health effects. The Province of British Columbiaalso has established air quality objectives that are similar to the Canadian national objectives,and, where no comparable federal objectives exist, the Greater Vancouver Regional District(GVRD) has proposed objectives for pollutants of concern within its jurisdiction. Level A is adescriptor used by GVRD that is equivalent to the desirable objective, and Level B is adescriptor that is equivalent to the acceptable objective in the Canadian EnvironmentalProtection Act. The Canadian Ministers of Environment have established nationwide standardsfor particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in size (PM2.5) and O3. These standards establishgoals for the year 2010 rather than regulatory limits. Table 3.2-2 summarizes the CanadianNational Ambient Air Quality Objectives and Standards.

Regulatory Requirements

The EPA and Ecology have developed air quality regulations and guidelines that require all newor modified “major sources” of air emissions to undergo a rigorous permitting process beforecommencing construction. The federal program is called New Source Review (NSR). The PSDprogram is within the overall federal NSR program. The provisions of the federal PSD programare contained in 40 CFR 52.21.

New Source Review

The NSR program applies to new or modified sources that could cause a significant increase inemissions of air pollutants. The objectives of the NSR process are to demonstrate that airemissions from the new source will not significantly impact ambient air quality near the facilityand that state-of-the-art emission controls will be applied. NSR incorporates both state andfederal requirements.


Table 3-2.1: Ambient Air Quality Standards and Significant Impact Levels

National PSDEPA Significant Impact

LevelPrimary Standards 1 Secondary Standards 1

State of Washington 1

Class 1 Class II Class I Class IICriteria PollutantsAveraging

Periodppm µg/m3 ppm µg/m3 ppm µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3

Annual -- -- -- -- -- 60 -- -- -- --Total SuspendedParticulate 24-hour -- -- -- -- -- 150 -- -- -- --

Sulfur Dioxide Annual 0.03 80 -- -- 0.02 522 2 20 0.1 124-hour 0.14 365 -- -- 0.10 2622 5 91 0.2 53-hour -- 0.5 1300 -- -- 25 512 1.0 251-hour -- -- -- -- 0.403 10502 -- -- -- --

PM10 Annual -- 50 -- 50 -- 50 4 17 0.2 124-hour -- 150 -- 150 -- 150 8 30 0.3 5

PM2.5 Annual -- 15 -- 15 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour -- 65 -- 65 -- -- -- -- -- --

Carbon Monoxide 8-hour 9 10,000 -- -- 9 10,0002 -- -- -- 5001-hour 35 40,000 -- -- 35 40,0002 -- -- -- 2,000

Ozone 1-hour 0.12 235 0.12 235 0.12 2352 -- -- -- --8-hour 0.08 176 0.08 157 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen Dioxide Annual 0.053 100 0.053 100 0.05 100 2.5 25 0.1 1Lead Quarterly -- 1.5 -- 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- --Source: WAC 173-400 and 40 CFR 52.21Notes: µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter

ppm = parts per million by volume, dry basis1 Annual standards never to be exceeded; short term standards not to be exceeded more than once per year unless otherwise noted.2 Values are calculated equivalent to regulated value.3 The 0.40 ppm standard is not to be exceeded more than once per year


Table 3.2-2: Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives and Standards 1

Canada Objectives 2

(µg/m3)BC and GVRD

Objectives 3 (µg/m3)Pollutant AveragingPeriod

Desirable Acceptable Level A Level B

Canada-WideStandard(µg/m3)

Sulfur dioxide Annual 30 60 25 50 ---24-hour 150 300 160 260 ---3-hour --- --- 375 665 ---1-hour 450 900 450 900 ---

Total suspended particulate Annual 60 70 60 70 ---24-hour --- 120 150 200 ---

Inhalable particulate (PM10) 4 Annual --- --- --- 30 ---

24-hour --- --- --- 50 ---Fine particulate (PM2.5)

5,6 24-hour --- --- --- --- 30Carbon monoxide 8-hour 6,000 15,000 5,500 11,000 ---

1-hour 15,000 35,000 14,300 28,000 ---Ozone 24-hour 30 50 --- --- ---

8-hour 5 --- --- --- --- 1271-hour 100 160 --- --- ---

Nitrogen dioxide Annual 60 100 --- --- ---24-hour --- 200 --- --- ---1-hour --- 400 --- --- ---

Total reduced sulfur 24-hour --- --- 3 6 ---1-hour --- --- 7 28 ---

Lead Annual --- --- 2 2 ---24-hour --- --- 4 4 ---

Zinc Annual --- --- 3 3 ---24-hour --- --- 5 5 ---

Source: GVRD 20021 The tolerable objective is the least strict of the Canadian objectives, so no column is presented in the table showing these

values.2 Federal objective unless otherwise noted.3 British Columbia Provincial objective unless otherwise noted.4 GVRD objective.5 Canada-wide standard to be achieved by year 2010.6 Based on the 98th percentile, average over a three-year period, and established by the Canadian regulatory agencies.

To satisfy the general NSR requirements, the following information must be submitted:

• Notice of Construction Application form and associated information. This application form isincluded at the front of the PSD application.

• PSD Applicability Analysis• “Top-down” BACT Analysis• Toxic Air Pollutant Review (WAC 173-460)• Air Quality Modeling Analysis

The requirements for these separate review elements are described in further detail below.


Prevention of Significant Deterioration

PSD review regulations apply to new or modified sources located in an attainment area that havethe potential to emit criteria pollutants in excess of predetermined “de minimus” values (40 CFRPart 51). For new generation facilities, these values are 100 tons per year (tpy) of criteriapollutants for 28 specific source categories, including power generating facilities, and 250 tpy forall others. The proposed project would be a PSD source because it would emit more than 100 tpyof NOx, CO, PM10, and PM2.5. Also, the projected potential to emit annual emissions of volatileorganic compounds (VOC), SO2, and sulfuric acid mist (H2SO4) exceeds the individualsignificant emission rate thresholds listed in WAC 173-400-030. VOC is defined as any organiccompound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions. Therefore, the proposedproject is also subject to PSD review for those pollutants.

The PSD review process evaluates existing ambient air quality, the potential impacts of theproposed source on ambient air quality, whether the source would contribute to a violation of theNAAQS, and a review of the Best Available Control Technology (BACT). It should be notedthat although NAAQS have been established for PM2.5, the designation of attainment, non-attainment, and unclassified areas has not yet been concluded for this pollutant. As of February2004, the Department of Ecology has recommended to EPA Region 10 that all areas ofWashington State (with the exception of Yakima for which insufficient information wasavailable at the time) be classified as “in attainment/unclassifiable” for PM2.5. With respect toreview and regulation of PM2.5 emissions under the PSD program, in the absence of SignificantImpact Levels (SILs) specified in regulation, and lacking established modeling methodologies,compliance with PM10 emission standards and thresholds is currently considered a surrogate testfor PM2.5 (EPA 1997).

PSD restricts the degree of ambient air quality deterioration that would be allowed by assigningincrements for criteria pollutants based on the classification (attainment, non-attainment, orunclassified) of the area. PSD increments have been established for certain criteria pollutants andare interpreted as the maximum allowable ground-level increase of a pollutant concentration.Class I areas are assigned to federally protected wilderness areas, such as national parks, andallow the lowest increment of permissible deterioration. This essentially precludes developmentnear these areas. Class II areas are designed to allow for moderate, controlled growth, and ClassIII areas allow for heavy industrial use, but in all cases the pollution concentrations cannotviolate any of the NAAQSs.

The Class I areas closest to the proposed project include North Cascades National Park, OlympicNational Park, Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area, and PasaytenWilderness Area (Figure 3.2-1). The area around the proposed project is designated Class IIwhere less stringent PSD increments apply. Class I and II increments are shown with the ambientair quality standards in Table 3.2-1.

Significant Impact Levels (SILs) are used in the air quality impact analysis. The SILs are ascreening tool to determine the extent of the air quality analysis required to demonstratecompliance with the NAAQSs and PSD increments. The SILs are typically 1 to 5% of theambient air quality standards and are well below any levels that could lead to adverse health or


welfare impacts. These SILs are more restrictive than the NAAQSs and the Canadian NationalAmbient Air Quality Objectives and Standards.

According to analysis methodologies established by Ecology and the EPA, the impact from asource is not required to be below the SILs. However, these levels set a worst-case scenario, so ifthe impacts of a source are below the SILs, state and federal agencies consider the impacts to beinconsequential and no further evaluation is required.

Finally, the PSD program also requires an analysis of the impairment to soils and vegetation, andan analysis of visibility, regional haze, and deposition impacts on Class I areas.

State/Local Emission Limits and Best Available Control Technology

As part of the PSD process, EFSEC is reviewing the Applicant’s evaluation of alternativeemission control technologies. The determination of which control technology best protectsambient air quality is made by the regulatory agency on a case-by-case basis taking into accountthe associated economic, energy, and environmental impacts. The analysis for BACT identifiespollutant-specific alternatives for emission control, and the costs and benefits of each alternativetechnology. BACT would reduce emissions of toxic air pollutants, along with those of criteriapollutants. For example, low-sulfur fuel, such as natural gas, is a BACT because of its loweremissions of criteria and toxic air pollutants over other fuels, such as fuel oil or coal. Combustioncontrols also reduce criteria pollutants by optimizing combustion and reducing pollutants emittedin the exhaust stream.

The determination of BACT at the time of the final air emissions permit review would define theemission limits for the proposed project. BACT for NOx typically consists of dry, low NOx

technology, or SCR, which is a post-combustion control that uses ammonia and a catalyst toreduce NOx emissions. Any unreacted ammonia is emitted as a toxic air pollutant, however, andis regulated by Washington State.

Other Air Permit Requirements

New Source Performance Standards

The EPA has adopted federal emission standards applicable to various combustion sources.These emission standards are referred to as the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS).EPA set forth the NSPS for stationary combustion turbines in 40 CFR 60, Subpart GG, datedSeptember 1979. These require that NOx emissions do not exceed 103 parts per million dryvolume (ppmdv) at full load operation and that SO2 emissions not exceed 150 ppmdv. They alsoprohibit the use of fuel containing more than 0.8% sulfur by weight.

The duct burners are subject to the NSPS for steam generating units in 40 CFR 60, Subpart D(b),which limit the NOx emission for the duct burners to 0.20 lb/MBtu. No other NSPS emissionsstandards are applicable to this proposed power generating facility.


Figure 3.2-1

www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/BPCherryPoint/Fig3-2-1.pdf


Acid Rain

Title IV of the Clean Air Act (also known as the “acid rain” rules) applies to utility projects thatstarted commercial operation on or after November 15, 1990, produce electricity for sale and donot fall into one of the regulatory exemptions. These rules are contained in 40 CFR Parts 72, 75,and 76 and have been adopted into WAC 173-406. The “acid rain” rules will apply to theproposed project’s combustion turbines and duct burners because these units will be utility unitsserving one or more generators with a nameplate capacity of greater than 25 MW.

The Title IV program consists of three primary requirements. To meet these requirements theApplicant would have to:

1. Submit an “acid rain” permit application at least 24 months before the anticipated date forstart of operations,

2. Be subject to requirements for continuous emissions monitoring for NOx and dilutentsgas (O2 or CO2) and,

3. Be subject to the “acid rain” recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including therequirement to obtain and document SO2 allowances.

Hazardous Air Pollutant Regulations

According to EPA Interpretive Rule (Federal Register 65 FR 21363), the proposed cogenerationfacility is not categorically exempt from “case-by-case” Maximum Available ControlTechnology (MACT) determinations (Clean Air Act [CAA] Section 112). However, because noindividual hazardous air pollutants (HAP) will have an emission rate greater than 10 tpy and nocombination of HAPs will have a total cumulative annual emission rate of greater than 25 tpy,the facility is not subject to the MACT requirements.

The Nat ional Em ission S tandards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for S tationar y Com busti on Tur bi nes,40 CFR 63 Subpart YYYY, may be appli cable to this pr oject. If proj ect appr oval is gr ant ed, appl icabil it y woul d be det er mined by the Applicant after startup usi ng Test Met hod 320 of 40 CF RPart 63, including the addit ional testi ng pr ovi sions of 40 CFR 63 Subpart YYYY, or using othermethods appr oved by EFS EC. If the potential to emi t for mal dehyde is greater than 10 tpy fr om thesi te, t he pr ovi sions of Subpart YYYY shall be appl icabl e.

Washington State also requires the review of toxic air pollutant (TAP) emissions in accordancewith WAC 173-460, Controls for New Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants.

Title V – Air Operating Permit

The cogeneration facility would be subject to the federal Clean Air Act Part 70 – Title V airoperating permit program. The Applicant would have to file a permit application 12 months afterfacility operations commence.


Title III – Prevention of Accidental Releases

Because the cogeneration facility proposes the use of anhydrous ammonia in the SCR emissionscontrol system, the facility could become subject to the Prevention of Accidental Releaseprovisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment, Section 112. If the proposed cogenerationfacility is subject to these provisions, the refinery’s Risk Management Plan would be revised tocover storage, handling, and use of ammonia. Applicable regulations that would be followed inrevising the plan include 40 CFR 68, Chapter 90.56 RCW, and the HazardousSubstances/Worker Community Right to Know Act, Chapters 70.105, 70.136 RCW, and 49.70RCW.

3.2.2 Existing Conditions

Climate

The proposed project is in the Puget Sound lowlands, a north-south topographical depressionbordered on the east by the Cascade Mountains and the west by the Olympic Mountains andVancouver Island. The project site is located in an area known as the Mountain View upland.The climate at the site is influenced by marine air that flows east from the Pacific Ocean andthrough the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca. Occasionally, cold, dry continental air flowsfrom the east-northeast through the Fraser River canyon.

According to data from the BP Cherry Point Refinery’s meteorological seven-year monitoringprogram (1995-2001), the maximum high temperature recorded was 86°F (1998) and the recordlow temperature was 10°F (1996). Over the seven years of monitoring, January and Decemberhad the lowest temperature average of 40°F while July and August had the highest average of60°F. Relative humidity is not measured as part of the BP meteorological measurementsprogram. However, other published data demonstrate the influence of the marine climate at theproject site. Afternoon humidity readings are typically in the 60% range during summer monthsand in the mid- to upper 80% range during winter months (Pacific Northwest River BasinCommission 1968). Higher relative humidity can be expected with the passage of migratorystorm systems from the west. Lower humidity can be expected with high pressure over easternBritish Columbia and eastern Washington.

Predominant winds at the project site are from the south to south-southwest and from the east-northeast. On an annual basis, winds from the south and south-southwest occur with a frequencyof about 24%. Winds from the east or east-northeast occur about 21% of the time, and windsfrom the west to northwest occur about 20% of the time

Dust

The air in the vicinity of the project site is generally free of dust. The area around the site ispredominantly rural, agricultural land with some populated areas within a few miles of the site.The agricultural land is predominantly covered with grass and is used for cattle grazing. Typicalfarming activities, such as soil tilling that create dust clouds, occur infrequently.


Dust-control measures regulated by the Northwest Air Pollution Authority (NWAPA) are aimedat preventing particulate matter from becoming airborne from untreated open areas (NWAPA2003).

Odor

Over the past three years the NWAPA has received several odor-related complaints due to theexisting refinery. A sulfur smell has been the most prevalent complaint, however, local officialswho responded to the complaints have not detected or found any of these odors. Compared toother facilities of this type, the existing refinery has received minimal complaints (Billington,pers. comm., 2003).

Existing Air Quality

United States

Based on air quality monitoring information, Ecology and the EPA designate geographic regionsas being in “attainment” or “nonattainment” if the region is in compliance or noncompliancewith air pollutants listed under the NAAQSs (Table 3.2-1). Whatcom County and thesurrounding area are in attainment for all air pollutants regulated by the NAAQS and theWAAQS.

The NWAPA operates monitoring sites for a variety of air pollutants within Whatcom County.Pollutants monitored by or reported to the NWAPA include SO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3. Data arereported as an air quality index (AQI) where levels are characterized as good, moderate, orunhealthful.

Data from the Lynden-Custer site indicate that no moderate or unhealthful days occurred incalendar year 2001 (all 365 days were in the “good” range). At the more urban Bellingham site,there were no moderate or unhealthful days for PM10 (all 365 days were in the “good” range) andthere were 6 days where the PM2.5 air quality index was in the moderate range. The Lynden-Custer site is representative of a rural “background” area while the Bellingham site isrepresentative of a more mixed urban and rural area, where higher pollution levels are typicallyexpected.

In Bellingham (Yew Street), PM10 is collected continuously by a Rupprecht and PatashnickTEOM 1400 sampler. These data are summarized and reported by the NWAPA. For the yearssummarized, the maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration was 53 micrograms per cubicmeter (µg/m3). According to the three-year data presented, the maximum annual average PM10

concentration in Bellingham was 13.7 µg/m3. In March 1999, this PM10 sampler was moved toits current Yew Street location from its previous location on Iowa Street.

NWAPA has operated a PM2.5 sampler in Bellingham since February 1999 (Yew Street). Thissite is currently co-located with the Bellingham PM10 measurements. The NWAPA also reportsozone data for a Lynden-Custer site. For calendar year 2001, no moderate or unhealthful dayswere experienced (all 365 days were in the “good” range). BP also operates an SO2 monitor at


the refinery. According to the NWAPA data summary for SO2 at Blaine, all 365 days in calendaryear 2001 were in the “good” range.

Air quality monitoring indicates that since 1999 (for PM10, PM2.5) and 2001 (for SO2 and O3), nomoderate or unhealthful days have been recorded in Whatcom County.

Canada

Ambient air quality data have also been summarized by pollutant for the closest ambientmonitoring stations in Canada. The Surrey and Langley sites are the closest sites in Canada to theproject that monitor PM10, CO, NOx, and O3. They are located approximately 16.2-mile to thenorth and northeast, respectively, from the cogeneration project site. The Richmond andAbbotsford sites are the closest sites in Canada that monitor SO2, and they are located 23 miles tothe northwest and 22 miles to the northeast, respectively, from the cogeneration project site. PittMeadows and Vancouver Airport are the closest sites in Canada to the cogeneration project sitethat measure PM2.5, and they are located 24 miles to the north and 27 miles to the northwest,respectively, from the project site. A summary of the ambient monitoring sites is shown inTable 3.2-3.

Table 3.2-3: Ambient Monitoring Stations in Canada

Station Station IDDistance from

Project Site (miles)Direction from

Project SitePollutants Measured

Surrey T15 16.5 N PM10, CO, NO2, O3

Richmond T17 23.1 NW SO2

Pitt Meadows T20 24.5 N PM2.5

Langley T27 16.3 NE PM10, CO, NO2, O3

Vancouver Airport T31 27.0 NW PM2.5

Abbotsford T33 22.3 NE SO2

For the Canadian air quality data, the maximum and 98th percentile concentrations for eachpollutant and averaging time are summarized in Table 3.2-4. Concentrations are listed for 1999through 2001 for the closest two ambient monitoring stations for each pollutant. The maximumvalues of the three years and the two stations are also listed.

Table 3.2-4: Background Concentrations in Canada 1

Ambient Monitoring Station 1 Ambient Monitoring Station 2Pollutant

AveragingPeriod 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001

Maximum

Maximum Concentration (µg/m3)SO2 Annual 3 3 3 3 1 3 3

24-hour 11 13 8 5 5 8 133-hour 19 27 16 19 21 13 271-hour 29 35 29 27 27 29 35

PM10 Annual 12 13 12 12 13 12 1324-hour 34 31 39 32 34 33 39

1 Ambient Monitoring Station 1 is Surrey for PM10, CO, O3, and NO2, Richmond for SO2, and Pitt Meadows for PM2.5.Ambient Monitoring Station 2 is Langley for PM10, CO, O3, and NO2, Abbotsford for SO2, and Vancouver Airport for PM2.5


Table 3.2-4: Continued

Ambient Monitoring Station 1 Ambient Monitoring Station 2Pollutant Averaging

Period 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001Maximum

PM2.5 Annual 8 9 5 9 9 5 924-hour 24 22 21 23 29 19 29

CO 8-hour 2,436 1,740 1,624 2,668 1,740 1,508 2,6681-hour 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,784 4,060 4,060

NOx Annual 23 27 21 17 17 17 2724-hour 69 67 55 52 48 42 691-hour 107 99 90 84 88 73 107

Ozone 24-hour 88 84 80 94 86 84 941-hour 140 138 166 142 134 160 166

98th Percentile Concentrations for Short-Term Averaging Periods (µg/m3)SO2 24-hour 5 8 5 5 5 5 8

3-hour 8 11 8 5 8 5 111-hour 21 24 16 19 19 11 24

PM10 24-hour 24 25 25 26 27 24 27PM2.5 24-hour 17 19 15 17 21 15 21CO 8-hour 1,276 1,044 1,044 1,160 1,044 928 1,276

1-hour 1,276 1,160 1,740 1,276 1,160 1,624 1,740NOx 24-hour 50 52 46 34 32 36 52

1-hour 61 69 78 48 46 63 78Ozone 24-hour 72 68 70 76 72 68 76

1-hour 90 88 112 94 88 114 1121 Ambient Monitoring Station 1 is Surrey for PM10, CO, O3, and NO2, Richmond for SO2, and Pitt Meadows for PM2.5.

Ambient Monitoring Station 2 is Langley for PM10, CO, O3, and NO2, Abbotsford for SO2, and Vancouver Airport for PM2.5

Monitoring Stations

The GVRD operates air quality monitoring stations in the Lower Fraser Valley of BritishColumbia. Similar to the United States, Canada’s AQI is a measure derived by the GVRD andLower Fraser Valley Ambient Air Quality Reports. Based on the index criteria, an AQI of lessthan 25 indicates good air quality. An AQI of 26 to 50 represents fair air quality levels. From 51to 100, the AQI level is considered to be poor, and above 101 the air quality is considered to bevery poor.

Air quality classified as good would show that air contaminants are near the background(ambient) levels, in which air quality poses little health risk within the region. Presently, 98% ofthe time air quality is at or below this level. Fair air quality within the region reflects that aircontaminant levels are relatively low; however, sensitive individuals and ecosystems may haveadverse effects. Currently, air quality is at this level less than 2% of the time. Poor air qualitymay adversely affect humans, animals, water, and vegetation. On average, air quality is at thislevel only for a few hours each year. Finally, very poor air quality can pose significant health andenvironmental risks within the region, leading to immediate government action (GVRD 2003).

Air quality in areas of British Columbia immediately north of the proposed project site ischaracterized in the good range with some hours characterized as fair. To characterize theexisting air quality for areas closest to the U.S./Canada border, the most recent data available


from a selection of monitoring stations were evaluated (Surrey, Richmond, Langley, andAbbotsford) and are summarized in Table 3.2-5. Poor and very poor air quality conditions werenot recorded at any of these locations in 2000.

Table 3.2-5: GVRD Air Quality Index Data for 2000 and 2001 1

PM10

(24-hour)SO2

(1-hour)CO

(1-hour)O3

(1-hour)NO2

(1-hour)Station

2000/2001 2000/2001 2000/2001 2000/2001 2000/2001

Total hours per year with an AQI level of goodSurrey 8657/8621 NM/NM 8760/8760 8728/8721 8760/8760Richmond 8476/8543 8760/8760 8760/8760 8748/8718 8760/8760Langley 8557/8690 NM/NM 8760/8760 8720/8696 8760/8760Abbotsford 8525/8489 8760/8760 8760/8760 8741/8712 8760/8760Total hours per year with an AQI level of fairSurrey 103/139 NM/NM 0/0 32/39 0/0Richmond 284/217 0/0 0/0 12/42 0/0Langley 203/70 NM/NM 0/0 40/64 0/0Abbotsford 235/271 0/0 0/0 1948 0/0Total hours with an AQI level of poor or very poorSurrey 0/0 NM/NM 0/0 0/1 2 0/0Richmond 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0Langley 0/0 NM/NM 0/0 0/0 0/0Abbotsford 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0

Source: GVRD 2002, 2003NM-The criteria pollutant was not monitored at this location.Note: SO2 is not measured at the Surrey and Langley monitoring stations.1 Data for calendar year 2001 are the latest available from GVRD.2 Surrey East 2001 data contained 1 hour with an AQI of “poor”

Sources of Air Pollution in the Project Area

Existing emission sources in the project vicinity include the adjacent refinery, the Alcoa IntalcoWorks aluminum smelter (approximately 3 miles south-southeast of the project site), theConoco-Phillips Refinery (approximately 5 miles south-southeast), and the Tenaska WashingtonCogeneration power plant (approximately 5 miles to the south-southeast). The NWAPA andEcology regulate all of these sources.

The Applicant issues annual reports to NWAPA and Ecology for review. These documentscontain yearly emission data from the existing facility and are available to the public.


3.2.3 Impacts of the Proposed Action

Construction

Cogeneration Facility

Dust

The use of heavy equipment on the project site during the construction phase would generatedust. Late in the construction process onsite roads and parking areas would be constructed withasphalt over a compacted subbase.

Odors

This would be a localized air emission and is not anticipated to produce an impact.

Natural gas will be supplied to the site primarily through the existing refinery connections to theproprietary Ferndale pipeline, which connects to the West Coast Energy Pipeline at theU.S./Canada border near Sumas. If a leak occurs before preventative instrumentation/measuresare conducted, a short term odor may occur.

Combustion emissions would result from diesel construction equipment, various diesel-fueledtrucks, and the private vehicles of workers commuting to the construction site. All sitepreparation would be completed using conventional methods of construction. Generalconstruction equipment would include, but is not limited to: heavy, medium, and light equipmentsuch as excavators, roller compactors, front end loaders, bulldozers, graders, backhoes, dumptrucks, water trucks, concrete trucks, pump trucks, utility trucks, cranes, and pile drivers.

Refinery Interface, Transmission System, Custer/Intalco Transmission Line No. 2, and OtherProject Components

Construction of the pipelines, transmission lines, and other project components would generateshort term emissions, including fugitive dust and construction equipment exhaust emissions.Fugitive dust would be controlled by conventional construction practices (e.g., road watering,covering of dirt piles) to comply with state regulations.

Operation and Maintenance

The following section relates to information dealing with the operation and maintenance of theproposed cogeneration facility. All other aspects of the proposed project such as the refineryinterface, transmission system, Custer/Intalco Transmission Line No. 2, and other projectcomponents are not addressed because of the lack of air emissions.


Emission Sources and Emission Controls

The principal sources of emissions from the proposed project during startup and operation wouldoccur from up to three combustion turbines fired by natural gas, and three HRSGs.

Each HRSG would be equipped with low NOx duct burners and with selective catalytic reductionand oxidation catalyst systems for the removal of NOx and CO, respectively. Steam will beproduced at high pressure in the HRSG and sent to a single STG. For additional information, seeChapter 2 of the Draft EIS.

The three combustion turbines would be equipped with dry low NOx combustors that minimizethe formation of NOx and CO. GE would guarantee exhaust concentrations from the combustiongas turbine of 9 parts per million (ppm) for both NOx and CO. A SCR catalyst bed and ammoniainjection grids for the control of NOx emissions will be installed in the HRSG, as well as acatalytic oxidation bed for the control of CO emissions. Because natural gas is a clean-burningfuel, there would be inherently low amounts of sulfur formed as a result of the combustionprocess. Annual emissions rates for NOx (2.5 ppm) and CO (2.0 ppm) were proposed. Anhydrousammonia would be used in the SCR control system and some unreacted ammonia would exit thefacility stack as ammonia “slip.” However, this ammonia slip would be limited to 5 ppm.

A cooling water system would condense the steam coming from the steam turbine. Coolingwater would itself be cooled within the multi-cell cooling tower. The cooling towers would bedesigned with an efficient drift elimination system to minimize the formation of PM10. In amechanical-drift cooling tower there is always a certain amount of water in the form of mist(drift) containing dissolved solids that would exit through the cooling tower stacks. As the driftevaporates, the dissolved solids would form particulate, thereby adding to the PM10 emissions.Typically, cooling towers are designed to maintain a drift at 0.008 % of the amount of circulatingwater flow. The proposed project would incorporate ultra-low drift elimination devices in thecooling towers, which would maintain drift at a level of 0.001% of the amount of circulatingwater flow. Only a portion of the drift is particulate matter; the remainder is water, whichevaporates.

The features listed below, which are incorporated into the proposed cogeneration facility,represent BACT:

• Dry low NOx combustion technology on the combustion gas turbines which limits NOx andCO emissions from the combustion gas turbines to 9.0 ppm,

• SCR technology incorporated in the HRSGs that further reduces total NOx emissions to a 2.5ppmdv basis, and

• Oxidation catalyst controls incorporated into the HRSGs that reduce CO emissions to 2.0ppmdv and VOCs reduced by approximately 30% with the application of the CO oxidationcatalyst.


Emissions of Criteria Pollutants

The combustion turbine is an internal combustion turbine with emissions varying with ambienttemperature and load condition. Because turbine operating parameters are directly affected bythe ambient temperature, the ambient temperatures of 5°F, 50°F, and 85°F are considered in theemission calculations. These temperatures are chosen to represent one winter condition (5°F), anannual average condition (50°F), and one hot summer condition (85°F). Turbine emissions arehigher at lower ambient temperatures. For each of these temperatures, three load conditions areconsidered: 100 (baseload), 75, and 50% load. For purposes of establishing the PSD permitemission limits, it is conservatively assumed that the gas turbines will operate 24 hours per day,7 days per week.

The proposed emission units for the cogeneration facility are as follows:

• Three General Electric Frame 7FA combustion turbines (approximately 1,614 MBtu/hourlower heating value for each turbine at 50°F and baseload conditions),

• One diesel-driven emergency generator, about 1,500 kW in size,• One diesel-driven firewater pump, about 265 horse power in size, and• One multi-cell cooling tower.

The following operating scenario was considered as resulting in maximum emissions, and wasused as the basis for the proposed permit limits:

• Baseload on natural gas with duct burners operating on natural gas at a maximum rate for upto 7,960 hours per year, 50% load for up to 300 hours per year, and 100 hot starts per turbineand shutdowns with the remaining hours offline.

• A mixture of partial load and baseload turbine operations (between 50% and baseload) couldoccur for up to 8,760 hours per year. Emissions for partial loads are less than those atbaseload.

• An emergency diesel generator operating for testing and maintenance purposes forapproximately two hours a week on any given day and up to a maximum of 250 hours peryear.

• A firewater pump operating for testing and maintenance purposes for approximately twohours a week on any given day and up to a maximum of 250 hours per year.

• A cooling tower (PM10 only) operating at peak capacity 24 hours per day, 7 days per week,52 weeks per year.

Hourly criteria pollutant emission rates from auxiliary equipment such as the cooling tower,emergency diesel generator, and the emergency firewater pump are shown in Table 3.2-6.Annual maximum potential emissions from the cogeneration facility and the auxiliary equipmentare shown in Table 3.2-7.


Table 3.2-6: Hourly Criteria Pollutant Emission Rates – Auxiliary Equipment

Hourly Emissions (lbs/hr)Operating Unit

NOX CO VOC PM10 SO2

Emergency generator 27.5 6.9 1.3 0.7 0.80Firewater pump 3.33 0.17 0.14 0.05 0.105Cooling tower NE NE NE 1.63 NESource: BP 2002NE = no emissions

Table 3.2-7: Annual Maximum Potential Criteria Pollutant Emissions

Annual Emissions (tons/year)Operating Unit

NOX CO VOC PM10 SO2

Cogeneration facility turbines 229.4 156.8 42.2 254.4 50.9Emergency generator 3.4 0.9 0.16 0.09 0.0995Firewater pump 0.42 0.021 0.018 0.006 0.0131Cooling tower NE NE NE 7.1 NETotal 233.3 157.7 42.3 261.6 51.0Source: BP 2002NE = no emissionsNote: Totals may not equal sum of individual components due to rounding. Refinery emissions reductions are excluded.

PSD Air Quality Impact Assessment

For purposes of the PSD assessments described below, emissions for the cogeneration facilitywere considered without taking into account any emission reductions that would occur at therefinery following removal of existing steam boilers.

PSD regulations require an assessment of the project’s impact on air quality related values(AQRVs) in Class I areas. AQRVs include regional visibility or haze; the effects of primary andsecondary pollutants on sensitive plants; the effects of pollutant deposition on soils and waterbodies; and effects associated with secondary aerosol formation. These requirements providespecial protection for Class I areas.

Class I areas within a 124-mile radius of the project site include: North Cascades National Park,Olympic National Park, Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area, andPasayten Wilderness Area. The Mt. Baker Wilderness area was also included for informationalpurposes, even though it is not afforded special protection under the Clean Air Act.

PSD Class II Increment Consumption Analysis

Table 3.2-8 summarizes the maximum concentrations resulting from the cogeneration facility,and locations where these maxima were reached. Except for the annual SO2 concentration, alllocations are in Whatcom County within 1-mile (or closer) of the site.


Table 3.2-8: Maximum Concentrations 1

PollutantAveraging

PeriodConc. (µg/m3) Location

SO2 Annual 0.03 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderSO2 24-hour 1.0 328-feet north of the project siteSO2 3-hour 5.0 Eastern boundary of the project siteSO2 1-hour 8.7 Eastern boundary of the project sitePM10 Annual 0.25 1 mile north of the project sitePM10 24-hour 4.3 328 feet north of the project sitePM2.5 Annual 0.25 1 mile north of the project sitePM2.5 24-hour 4.3 328 feet north of the project siteCO 8-hour 12.6 Eastern boundary of the project siteCO 1-hour 67.3 Eastern boundary of the project siteNOx Annual 0.60 Northern boundary of the project site

1 Not including pollutant background concentrations

The maximum modeled concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, and PM10 are below the respectiveSILs (Table 3.2-9). Proposed project generation of these pollutants has an insignificant impact onClass II increments, so further analysis is not required. In fact, Table 3.2-11 demonstrates thatemissions combined with background concentrations are anticipated to be below the moststringent regulation for each criteria pollutant analyzed. The project would comply with the PSDClass II increment limits.

Local Air Quality Impact Assessment

The assessment of impacts on local and regional ambient air quality from the proposed facilitywas conducted using EPA-approved air quality dispersion models. These models are based onfundamental mathematical descriptions of atmospheric processes in which a pollutant source canbe related to a receptor area. These models evaluated compliance with state and federal ambientair quality standards; SILs; and Class II area increments for NO2 and SO2. The regional impactassessment evaluated potential impacts on Class I areas within about 124 miles of the projectsite, including impacts on visibility, Class I increments for NO2, SO2, and PM10, and impacts onsoil and vegetation from deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds.

The Industrial Source Complex Prime (ISC Prime) dispersion model was used. Modelinganalysis revealed that the project would not significantly affect the ambient air quality of thearea, nor would it have a significant effect on Class II areas. Table 3.2-9 compares maximumconcentrations to the PSD SIL.


Table 3.2-9: Significant Impact Level Modeling Analysis Results – U.S. Class II Areas 1

Pollutant Averaging Period Maximum Concentration2,3 (µg/m3) SIL4 (µg/m3)

Sulfur dioxide Annual5,7 0.03 124-hour6,8 1.0 53-hour6,8 5.0 25

Inhalable particulate (PM10)3 Annual7 0.25 1

24-hour 4.3 5Carbon monoxide 8-hour8 12.6 500

1-hour8 67.3 2,000Nitrogen dioxide Annual7 0.60 11 All other areas that are not designated as Class I within the State of Washington.2 Highest of all cases for 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000.3 Excludes the effect of refinery emission reductions.4 Significant impact level for criteria pollutants.5 Value represents a maximum sulfur content in natural gas of 0.8 gr/100 standard cubic feet annual average.6 Value represents a maximum sulfur content in natural gas of 1.6 gr/100 standard cubic feet.7 Based on annual average ambient temperature of 50°F.8 From emergency use of the diesel generator.

Table 3.2-10 shows the results of the long-term criteria pollutant modeling. The maximum long-term (annual average) ground-level concentrations for criteria pollutants (NO2, SO2, and PM10)were modeled using the ISC Prime model. All concentrations are below their respective Class Iarea SIL. Because all modeled impacts are below their respective Class I and Class II area SILs,no further dispersion modeling is required to demonstrate compliance with air quality standardsand PSD increments.

Background concentrations are the maximum value for each pollutant and averaging time of thetwo nearest representative ambient measuring stations. The predicted concentrations are added tothe maximum background concentrations and compared to the most stringent NAAQS or theWAAQS shown in Table 3.2-1. Table 3.2-11 shows that the total concentration (modeledconcentration plus background concentration) is significantly less than the most stringentstandard for all pollutants analyzed.

Table 3.2-10: Significant Impact Level and Modeling Analysis Results - Class I Areas 1

Pollutant Averaging Period Maximum Concentration2,3 (µg/m3) SIL 4 (µg/m3)

Sulfur dioxide Annual 0.001 0.124-hour 0.021 0.23-hour 0.048 1

PM10 Annual 0.0054 0.224-hour 0.087 0.3

Nitrogen dioxide Annual 0.0053 0.11 Class I areas include North Cascades National Park, Olympic National Park, Glacier Peak Wilderness, Alpine Lakes

Wilderness, and Pasayten Wilderness Area.2 Highest of 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000.3 Excludes the effect of refinery emissions reductions.4 Significant impact level for criteria pollutants.


Table 3.2-11: Comparison with Ambient Air Quality Standards

Maximum Concentration (µg/m3)Pollutant Averaging

Period Modeled Background Total

Most Stringent of WAAQSor NAAQS (µg/m3)

Annual 0.03 3 3 5224-hour 1.0 13 14 2623-hour 5.1 27 32 1,300

SO2

1-hour 8.7 35 44 1,050Annual 0.25 13 13 50PM10

24-hour 4.3 35 39 150Annual 0.25 9 9 15PM2.5

24-hour 4.3 29 33 658-hour 12.6 2,668 2,681 10,000CO1-hour 67.3 2,900 2,967 40,000

NO2 Annual 0.60 27 28 100Source: BP 2002Notes: Excludes the effect of refinery emissions reductions.

All PM10 was conservatively assumed to be PM2.5.

Pollutant Concentration Effects on Soils and Vegetation

Federal land managers (National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, and U.S. Forest Service)have the responsibility of ensuring AQRVs in Class I areas are not adversely affected, regardlessof whether the Class I increments are maintained. In order to protect plant species, the U.S.Forest Service recommends that maximum SO2 concentrations not exceed 40 to 50 parts perbillion (ppb) (105 to 130 µg/m3), and annual SO2 concentrations should not exceed 8 to 12 ppb(21 to 31 µg/m3). For emissions of NO2 (assuming a full conversion from NOx), potential plantdamage would not begin to occur with 24-hour concentrations less than 15 ppb (28 µg/m3). Also,the modeling results show that the annual maximum concentration of NO2 is 0.0053 µg/m3,which is well below the SIL of 0.1 µg/m3. Based on the results of the dispersion modelinganalyses, facility emissions are expected to have a negligible effect on soils and vegetation. Theproposed project would only combust low-sulfur natural gas fuel, thus minimizing the emissionof sulfur compounds.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition at Class I Areas

The CALPUFF modeling system was used to estimate the cogeneration facility’s potentialcontribution to total nitrogen and sulfur deposition in Class I areas. Soil, vegetation, and aquaticresources in Class I areas are potentially influenced by nitrogen and sulfur deposition.

A change in visibility of greater than 5% is the threshold (level of concern) used by federal landmanagers to signify that additional analysis may be needed to more fully understand the overallimpacts on visibility. The results of the dispersion modeling for visibility impacts aresummarized in Table 3.2-12. Without the reduced emissions associated with decommissioningthe refinery boilers, the CALPUFF modeling results show that the maximum change in visibilityin a Class I area is 6.0%. The maximum visibility change modeled is in Olympic National Park.Only one day per year was above 5% in all of the modeled Class I areas.


Table 3.2-12: Air Quality Modeling Results

Operating Scenario Class I area

MaximumNitrogen

Deposition(g/ha/yr)

MaximumSulfur

Deposition(g/ha/yr)

MaximumVisibility

Change (%)

Number ofDays over 5%

Visibility Changewhen SubtractingBoiler Emission

Reductions

Olympic National Park 0.09 0.11 5.5 1 1.6North Cascades National Park 0.44 0.31 2.5 0 1.4Alpine Lakes Wilderness 0.56 0.68 3.8 0 1.9Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 0.42 0.32 4.1 0 1.8Pasayten Wilderness Area 0.23 0.13 1.7 0 1.0

Normal operation withoutduct burners operating

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 0.63 0.56 4.0 0 2.2Olympic National Park 0.09 0.11 5.6 1 1.7North Cascades National Park 0.45 0.31 2.5 0 1.4Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area 0.57 0.70 3.9 0 2.0Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 0.42 0.32 4.2 0 1.9Pasayten Wilderness Area 0.23 0.13 1.7 0 1.1

Normal operation withduct burners

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 0.64 0.57 4.0 0 2.3Olympic National Park 0.09 0.12 6.0 1 1.9North Cascades National Park 0.47 0.32 2.6 0 1.5Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area 0.60 0.73 4.1 0 2.3Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 0.44 0.34 4.4 0 2.1Pasayten Wilderness Area 0.24 0.14 1.8 0 1.2

Operation with ductburners firing at amaximum rate

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 0.67 0.60 4.1 0 2.3Maximum 0.67 0.73 6.0 1 2.3Notes: Significance level for visibility change is 5%.

Significance level for deposition is 5 g/ha/yr.


Regional Haze Assessment

Regional haze is usually quantified using two related indicators. First, the “visual range” is thedistance at which a dark mountain is just perceptible against the sky. The visual range decreasesif the air is polluted. Secondly, the “light extinction coefficient” is used to quantify howpollutants in the atmosphere reduce visual range. Increased light extinction reduces the visualrange. According to federal land managers responsible for protecting air quality in Class I areas,a 5% change in extinction can be used to indicate a “just perceptible” change to landscape and a10% change in extinction coefficient from the “natural” background is considered a significantincremental impact. Section 3.2.6, Secondary and Cumulative Impacts, contains a more in-depthdiscussion.

Secondary Particulate

Secondary particulate is formed when a portion of the gaseous NO2 and SOx emitted from thestack combine with ammonia to form particles of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate.Atmospheric reactions that convert these compounds to secondary particulate take place outsideof the exhaust stack hours to days after the NOx and SOx have been emitted from the project. Thereactions are controlled by many complex factors, including time since release, temperature,humidity, sunlight, the concentration of the reactants in the atmosphere, and the extent to whichatmospheric mixing occurs. For these reasons, secondary particulate is generally formed faraway from the source of the pollutants.

Emissions of secondary particulate are included in the analyses of compliance with applicableambient air quality standards and objectives above. The data presented are based on estimatesperformed with the ISC Prime model and include primary and secondary particulate by adding20% of the sulfur emissions to the particulate matter emissions, thereby representing a worst-case scenario. Isopleths of the PM data are presented in Appendix B (see Exhibit 22.1, Page 5and Exhibit 22.1, Page 6) for annual and 24-hour concentrations, respectively. Additional longrange modeling of particulate matter impacts, including primary and secondary particulate, butexcluding any reductions due to refinery boiler removal, was performed using the CALPUFFmodel for the annual averaging time. The representative isopleths are shown in Appendix B ofthis Final EIS.

Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Rates

For purposes of the regulatory Toxic Air Pollutant assessments described below, emissions forthe cogeneration facility were considered excluding any emission reductions that would occur atthe refinery following removal of existing steam generation boilers.

This section presents the emission factors and emission rates used in the analysis of toxic airpollutants. The proposed project has the potential to emit small quantities of toxic air pollutantsregulated by Ecology. Formaldehyde, benzene, and other organic compounds associated with thecombustion of fossil fuels would be released. In addition, post-combustion control with SCRresults in ammonia emissions or “slip” that passes through the treatment process unreacted orchemically altered. Ammonia is not a federal hazardous air pollutant, but it is identified as a


Washington State Toxic Air Pollutant and along with sulfuric acid would be the highestnoncriteria pollutant concentration emitted from the proposed project.

Emissions of toxic air pollutants would result from the combustion of natural gas in the gasturbines, HRSG duct burners, and auxiliary boiler, as well as from the use of the emergencydiesel generator and diesel fire pump. Emissions were computed for short term emission rates,and the hourly fuel use of heat input was used to estimate emissions on a pounds per hour basis.For the annual average emission rates (tons per year), total annual fuel use or heat inputs werecomputed and used with the emission factors in estimating the emissions.

Ammonia emissions are based on a 5 ppmdv slip associated with the use of SCR for NOx

control. Sulfuric acid mist emissions depend on the amount of sulfur in the fuel and amount ofsulfur dioxide converted to sulfur trioxide.

The toxic air pollutants and their pollutant class, emission factors, and emission rates for the gasturbines, the emergency diesel generator, and the diesel fire pump are listed in Table 3.2-13. Thetoxic air pollutant classes refer to Class A, for annual-averaged risk-based carcinogens, and ClassB for non-carcinogens.

The proposed project would adopt BACT for toxics for controlling toxic emissions pursuant toChapter 173-460-040 WAC, including the following:

• Use of clean natural gas as the only fuel for the combustion gas turbines and HRSG ductburners which help minimize formation of toxics, and

• Use of an oxidation catalyst unit on each HRSG duct burner that would reduce the emissionsof certain volatile organic toxic compounds.

Modeling Criteria

Air quality dispersion modeling was used to assess compliance with the State of Washington’stoxic air pollutant regulations (Chapter 173-460 WAC). Those toxic air pollutants that areemitted in quantities above the Small Quantity Emissions Rate (SQER) require calculation ofpotential impacts that are then compared with the Acceptable Source Impact Levels (ASILs) toassess compliance. Seventeen compounds were identified as being emitted in amounts greaterthan the small quantity emission rate and required modeling. Depending on the compound, eitherthe 24-hour or annual average concentrations were used for comparison with the ASILs.


Table 3.2-13: Toxic Compounds that Require Modeling

ToxicCompound

EmissionRate for 3

Comb.Turbines(lbs/hr)

EmissionRate for

EmergencyGenerator

(lbs/hr)

EmissionRate for

FirewaterPump

(lbs/hr)

TotalAnnual

Emissions(lbs/yr)

TotalHourly

Emissions(lbs/hr)

SQER(lbs/yr)

SQER(lbs/hr)

ASIL(µg/m3)

Class A orB Toxic

Compound

AveragingPeriod

Acetaldehyde 0.0210 0.00039 0.001553 184.8 0.023 50 NA 0.45 A AnnualAcrolein 0.0373 0.000121 0.0001872 327.1 0.038 175 0.02 0.02 B 24-hourAmmonia1 39.5 0 0 346,247 39.5 17,500 2.0 100 B 24-hourBenzene 0.0705 0.01192 0.001889 621.4 0.084 20 NA 0.12 A Annual1,3-Butadiene 0.0025 0 0.0000791 22.0 0.0026 0.5 NA 0.0036 A AnnualFormaldehyde 0.5876 0.00121 0.00239 5,148 0.59 20 NA 0.077 A AnnualPAH 0.0129 0.00326 0.000034 113.5 0.016 NA NA 0.00048 A AnnualArsenic 0.000052 0.00371 0.000265 1.5 0.00403 NA NA 0.00023 A AnnualBeryllium 0.000003 0 0 0.03 0.000003 NA NA 0.00042 A AnnualCadmium 0.000287 0.00035 0.000025 2.6 0.00066 NA NA 0.00056 A AnnualChromium 0.0259 0.00371 0.000265 227.6 0.030 175 0.02 1.7 B 24-hourCobalt 0.0255 0 0 223.6 0.026 175 0.02 0.33 B 24-hourCopper1 0.0257 0 0 225.3 0.026 175 0.02 0.3 B 24-hourManganese 0.0256 0 0 224.2 0.026 175 0.02 0.4 B 24-hourNickel 0.0260 0.00035 0.000025 228.3 0.026 0.5 NA 0.0021 A AnnualZinc1 0.0331 0.00385 0.000275 290.7 0.037 175 0.02 7 B 24-hourSulfuric Acid1 8.1 0.2437 0.0321 71,040 8.38 175 0.02 3.3 B 24-hour

Notes: SQER = Small Quantity Emission RateASIL = Acceptable Source Impact LevelNA = Not ApplicableThe results represent maximum emissions.1 Not an EPA classified hazardous air pollutant.


Toxic Air Pollutant Analysis

The maximum modeled 24-hour and annual average toxic air pollutant concentrations resultingfrom the proposed facility emissions are compared to the appropriate Modeling was performedusing the ISC Prime model. ASILs in Table 3.2-14. For all toxic air pollutants evaluated, themaximum modeled concentrations are less than the ASILs. Maximum short term ammonia andsulfuric acid mist concentrations are also below the 24-hour ASIL. Based on these modelingresults, the proposed cogeneration facility is not expected to create any significant impacts due toits toxic air pollutant emissions.

Table 3.2-14: Significant Impact Level Modeling Analysis Results - Toxic Compounds

Maximum Predicted Concentration (µg/m3)4

PollutantAnnual1 24-hr2

ASIL (µg/m3)3 ASIL Exceeded

Acetaldehyde 0.00014 NA 0.45 NoAcrolein NA 0.0027 0.02 NoAmmonia NA 2.8 100 NoBenzene 0.00032 NA 0.12 No1,3-Butadiene 0.00001 NA 0.0036 NoFormaldehyde 0.00237 NA 0.077 NoPAH 0.00007 NA 0.00048 NoArsenic 0.00007 NA 0.00023 NoBeryllium <0.000015 NA 0.00042 NoCadmium 0.00001 NA 0.00056 NoChromium NA 0.0024 1.7 NoCobalt NA 0.0018 0.33 NoCopper NA 0.0018 0.3 NoManganese NA 0.0018 0.4 NoNickel 0.00011 NA 0.0021 NoZinc NA 0.0025 7 NoSulfuric Acid NA 0.57 3.3 No

1 Highest of cases (modeled operating scenarios) 1AB, 1BB, 1CB, 2B, 6B (50°F).2 Highest of all cases (modeled operating scenarios) for 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000.3 Acceptable source impact levels.4 Excludes the effect of refinery emissions reductions.5 Impacts are less than the sensitivity of the ISC model of 0.00001 µg/m3

Regional Air Quality Impact Assessment

Short Range Air Quality Impacts in Canada

Chemical concentration analyses for areas in Canada were conducted using methods similar tothose used for Class II areas in the U.S., as previously described. These analyses excluded anyemission reductions from the refinery resulting from the removal of refinery boilers.

The analyses covered an area into Canada extending 31-miles from the project site (the limit ofthe approved use of the ISC dispersion model), as shown in Figure 3.2-1. The predictedconcentrations are added to the maximum background concentrations provided by Canadian


regulatory agencies and compared to the Canadian objectives and standards presented in Table3.2-15. The PM2.5 emissions are not specifically modeled and are conservatively assumed to beequal to the PM10 emissions. In reality, the PM2.5 emissions are a subset of the PM10 emissionsand should, therefore, be lower than reported. The modeled maximum concentration issignificantly less than the background concentration for all pollutants. The total concentration(modeled concentration plus background concentration) is significantly less than the objectivesand standards (Table 3.2-2) for all pollutants.

Table 3.2-16 summarizes the chemical or pollutant concentrations resulting from the projectalone (not including background) reached in Canada. The maximum concentrations in Canadawere reached 7.5 to 7.8 miles north of the project site at the US/Canada border. As discussedabove, the maximum modeled concentration (including background) occurs in the US, and is lessthan both the US standards and Canadian Objectives. Table 3.2-17 summarizes theconcentrations estimated (including background) at the closest monitoring stations in Canada.

Table 3.2-15: Maximum Concentration Modeling Analysis in Canada

Maximum Concentration in Canada (µg/m3)Pollutant Averaging

Period Modeled Background Total

Most Stringent CanadianObjective or Standard

(µg/m3)

Annual 0.03 3 3 2524-hour 0.7 16 17 1503-hour 3.3 27 30 374

SO2

1-hour 5.3 59 64 450Annual 0.2 13 13 30PM10

24-hour 2.5 35 38 50PM2.5

1, 2 24-hour 0.9 18 19 308-hour 4.8 2,668 2,673 5,500CO1-hour 13.6 2,900 2,914 14,300Annual 0.2 27 27 6024-hour 1.6 69 71 200

NO2 3

1-hour 16.7 107 124 400Note: Excludes the effect of refinery emissions reductions.1 PM2.5 emissions are conservatively assumed to be equal to PM10 emissions; maximum PM2.5 emissions are conservatively

equal to 2.5 µg/m3.

2 The PM2.5 Canada-wide standard is based on the 98th percentile averaged over three years; therefore, the modeled andbackground values indicated above are also based on these assumptions.

3 NOX is considered to be fully converted to NO2.

Table 3.2-16: Maximum Concentrations in Canada

PollutantAveraging

PeriodConcentration

(µg/m3)Location

SO2 Annual 0.03 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderSO2 24-HR 0.7 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderSO2 3-HR 3.3 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderSO2 1-HR 5.3 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderPM10 Annual 0.2 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada border



PollutantAveraging

PeriodConcentration

(µg/m3)Location

PM10 24-HR 2.5 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderPM2.5 24-HR 0.9 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderCO 8-HR 4.8 7.8-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderCO 1-HR 13.6 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderNOx Annual 0.2 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderNOx 24-HR 1.6 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada borderNOx 1-HR 16.7 7.5-miles north of project on the US/Canada border

Table 3.2-17: Ambient Air Monitors Closest to Project Site

PollutantAveraging

PeriodConcentration

(µg/m3)

BackgroundConcentration

(µg/m3)

TotalConcentration

(µg/m3)

Objective1

(µg/m3)

Concentrations at SurreyPM10 Annual 0.05 13 13.0 30PM10 24-HR 0.50 39 39.5 50NOx Annual 0.04 27 27.0 60NOx 24-HR 0.42 69 69.4 200NOx 1-HR 8.2 107 115 400CO 8-HR 1.1 2436 2437 5500CO 1-HR 3.6 2900 2904 14300

Concentrations at Langley2

PM10 Annual 0.04 13 13.0 30PM10 24-HR 0.36 37 37.4 50

PM2.52 24-HR 0.36 16 16.4 30

NOx Annual 0.03 20 20.0 60NOx 24-HR 0.33 52 52.3 200NOx 1-HR 7.8 92 100 400CO 8-HR 0.7 2668 2669 5500CO 1-HR 3.6 4060 4064 14300

Closest SO2 monitors in Canada – Concentrations at RichmondSO2 Annual 0.003 3 3.0 25SO2 24-HR 0.08 13 13.1 150SO2 3-HR 0.34 27 27.3 374SO2 1-HR 0.90 35 35.9 450

Concentrations at AbbotsfordSO2 Annual 0.0014 3 3.0 25SO2 24-HR 0.058 8 8.1 150SO2 3-HR 0.35 21 21.3 374SO2 1-HR 1.04 29 30.0 450

PM2.5 Ambient Air Monitors Closest to Project Site – Concentrations at Pitt Meadows3

PM2.5 Annual 0.029 9 9.0 NAPM2.5 24-HR 0.30 19 19.3 30

Concentrations at Vancouver AirportPM2.5 Annual 0.016 9 9.0 NAPM2.5 24-HR 0.17 18 18.2 30

1 Most Stringent Canadian Objective or Standard2 A PM2.5 monitor was added at Langley in 2002.3 PM2.5 background and total concentration are based on the 98th percentile


Air Quality Visibility Analysis in Canada

The visibility analyses for Canadian areas were conducted using methods similar to those usedfor Class I areas in the U.S., and excluded any effects of refinery emission reductions. Theanalyses were conducted along seven lines of sight recommended by the GVRD (listed inTable 3.2-18). The visibility extinction was averaged along each line of sight to achieve a day-by-day account of whether visibility is impaired with and without the impacts from the proposedproject. The maximum visibility change because of emissions from the proposed project was alsocalculated.

The results of the Canada visibility analyses are summarized in Table 3.2-19. A visual range ofless than 37 miles was used to determine impaired visibility. As shown in this table, impactsfrom the proposed project would not increase the number of days with impaired visibility at anyof the seven specified lines of sight. A visibility analysis threshold has not been established byCanadian agencies. For purposes of this analysis, the threshold established by the U.S. federalland managers was used. According to the federal land managers, a greater than 5% change invisibility will evoke a noticeable change in most landscapes. The results of the visibility analysisin Canada show that the maximum visibility change is only 2.7%, which is significantly belowthe 5% threshold.

Table 3.2-18: Lines of Sight Evaluated for Visibility Analysis in Canada

Line of Sight Observer Location Direction and Target

1 Victoria East-northeast to Mount Baker2 White Rock East-southeast to Mount Baker3 Delta East-southeast to Mount Baker4 Vancouver North to North Shore Mountains (The Lions)5 Langley North to North Shore Mountains (Golden Ears)6 Chilliwack East to Mount Cheam7 Abbotsford Southeast to Mount Baker

Table 3.2-19: Results of Visibility Analysis in Canada

Line ofSight

Number of Days with ImpairedVisibility, Background Conditions1

Additional Days with ImpairedVisibility from Cogeneration Facility

Maximum VisibilityChange

1 171 0 1.2%2 166 0 2.4%3 166 0 2.1%4 166 0 2.2%5 166 0 2.7%6 166 0 1.5%7 166 0 1.4%

1 Impaired visibility is defined as those days with a visibility range of less than 37-miles. Excludes the effect of refineryemissions reductions.


Regional Impacts of Concurrent Emissions Reductions at the Refinery

State regulatory air permitting requirements require that the maximum potential emissionsexpected from the cogeneration facility be used for permitting purposes. The analyses presentedabove are based on the maximum potential emissions. However, in order to characterize ascenario of more probable long range impacts to the region, the Applicant has estimated what theactual emissions from the cogeneration facility are likely to be. This estimate is based on thefollowing assumptions, described in more detail below:

• Refinery emissions would decrease because of the removal of existing utility boilers thatwould no longer be needed once steam was purchased from the cogeneration facility;

• A more realistic actual operating scenario would lead to actual emissions lower than themaximum potential emissions required by regulatory analyses;

• Actual particulate emissions would be lower than those measured at the stacks by therequired EPA reference methods; and

• Recent information indicates that long range secondary particulate formation would bereduced due to NOx emission reductions at the refinery.

The overall primary emission reductions estimated by the Applicant are summarized in Table3.2-20. As noted above, the estimated reductions were not used to determine the air qualityimpacts of the project. As stated earlier in Section 3.2, project emissions, excluding anyreductions from removal of the refinery boilers or any other adjustments listed above, do notviolate ambient air quality standards or objectives in the U.S. or in Canada.

Table 3.2-20: Overall Primary Emission Reductions Estimated by the Applicant

Expected Annual Reductions (tpy) NOx CO VOC PM10 SO2

Maximum Potential Emissions from Project 233.3 157.7 42.3 261.6 51.0Estimated Actual Emissions from the Cogeneration Facility 181 81 28 242.4 50Refinery Emission Reductions Through Utility Boiler Removal -499 -54 -3 -10 -7PM10 Adjustment due to Test Method -- -- -- -148.5 --Net Regional Change in Primary Emissions -318 27 25 84 43Source: BP 2002

Estimate of Actual Emissions from the Cogeneration Facility

The data in Table 3.2-7 reflect the maximum potential emissions expected from the cogenerationfacility, based on the regulatory requirements of PSD and NSR review. The Applicant has alsoprepared an estimate of the actual cogeneration facility emissions, shown in Table 3.2-21. Thisestimate is based on several assumptions. First, the Applicant used an average operating scenariobased on six years of expected operation (a typical operational/maintenance cycle for turbines)while taking into account market conditions and required maintenance. Under this averageoperating scenario, the cogeneration facility is expected to operate as follows:


• 55% of the time at 100% turbine load and no duct firing.• 39% of the time at 100% turbine load and variable duct burner firing sufficient to maintain

the refinery steam header pressure.• 2% of the time in a forced outage where one turbine is down for maintenance for eight hours

while the other two are operating at 100% turbine load.• 1% of the time in an economic dispatch mode where all three turbines are down for eight

hours.• 3% of the time in a planned outage where turbines would be shut down for more than 72

hours for planned maintenance.

Second, the Applicant assumed that average actual NOx emissions would be no more than 90%of the proposed permit limit to ensure constant compliance with the short term permit limits.These types of facilities would expect to maintain average emissions somewhat below theirpermit limits. Based on its operating experience, the Applicant indicated that it would bereasonable to expect actual NOx emissions to average 10% below the permit limit.

Third, the Applicant assumed that average actual CO emissions would be no more than 80% ofthe proposed permit limit to ensure constant compliance with the short term permit limits.Because oxidation catalyst performance is more efficient when new and degrades over time, it isreasonable to expect that the CO concentration would be very low initially and increase overtime. The long term average CO concentration would always be below the permit limit.

Table 3.2-21: Expected Annual Emissions (Criteria Pollutants)

Expected Annual Emissions (tons/year) NOX CO VOC PM10 SO2

100% load with no duct firing 104.9 45.8 14.4 133.0 27.7100% load with minimal duct firing 65.7 28.2 11.6 95.2 20.4Forced outage 3.9 2.8 0.7 4.6 0.9Economic dispatch 2.3 2.9 0.5 2.3 0.4Planned outage 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.02Emergency generator 3.44 0.86 0.16 0.09 0.10Firewater pump 0.42 0.021 0.018 0.006 0.013Cooling tower NE NE NE 7.1 NETotal (tons/year) 181.1 81.2 27.5 242.4 49.6NE - no emissions1 Approximately 60% of the PM10 emissions are subtracted due to source tests exaggerations of sulfates and the inclusion of

compounds associated with background, ambient air.

Refinery Emission Reductions due to removal of Refinery Steam Boilers

Emissions of criteria pollutants from the proposed cogeneration facility would be offset byreductions in emissions from the refinery. These reductions would occur because thecogeneration facility would provide steam to the refinery, which would allow the refinery todiscontinue the utility boilers currently in use. This would also allow the refinery to reduce itsuse of gas-fired heaters. Table 3.2-22 summarizes the possible refinery emission reductions ifsteam produced by the cogeneration project replaces steam currently produced by refinery


boilers. A consequence of cogeneration is the reduction in steam production inside the refineryand an associated reduction in the criteria pollutant emissions. All emission reductions are basedon the reduction in steam production in the refinery. After the cogeneration project beginssupplying steam to the refinery, the refinery utility boilers would be shut down and would nolonger produce emissions. As shown in Table 3.2-20 above, removal of the refinery boilerswould cause a net decrease in NOx emissions.

It should be noted that new boilers are being planned for the Clean Fuels project (also known asthe ISOM project) but they will be shut down when the cogeneration facility is operating. Somebackup boiler capability would still be required at the refinery when the cogeneration facility isnot operating.

Table 3.2-22: Refinery Emission Reductions

Expected Annual Reductions (tpy) NOx CO VOC PM10 SO2

Refinery emission reductions -499 -54 -3 -10 -7Source: BP 2002

PM Emissions Adjustments due to Test Method

Finally, the Applicant assumed that the project’s actual PM10 emissions would be approximately60% below the proposed permit limit due to source test exaggeration of sulfates and theinclusion of compounds associated with background air. The Applicant based these assumptionson research that has been conducted in an effort to determine the source and type of theparticulate matter in the exhaust gas and to determine whether the EPA test method is accurate(England and Wien 2002).

This research shows that up to 90% of the particulate reported by this test method (EPA MethodPRE-4/202) in exhaust from natural gas-fueled combustion turbines is condensable particulate.Of this condensable particulate, about 90% is inorganic and comprised of sulfates, chlorides,ammonia, sodium, and calcium.

This research also shows that the EPA test method significantly exaggerates PM10 emissions. Byfar, the largest source of error in the EPA test method is generated by condensable particulatemeasured by the test. SO2 gas, a constituent of the stack gas, is drawn into the test apparatus. Asexpected of a gas, SO2 passes through the filterable portion of the test apparatus and into an icewater bath, where it is “bubbled” through the cold water. The SO2 dissolves in the cold water.Since gas turbines operate with a large excess of oxygen, oxygen is also dissolved in the coldwater. During the testing, virtually all of the SO2 is slowly oxidized to form sulfate (SO4), whichis measured as a particulate. This results in the test method significantly overestimating theparticulate emissions because, during normal operation, only a relatively small portion of theSO2 in the exhaust would form SO4 in the stack.


The test method also overstates the particulate emissions by including particulate already presentin the ambient air. This particulate matter was identified in the research as sodium, chloride, andcalcium.

The study concludes that the EPA test method suffers from measurement error due to the smallamount of particulate sample collected from the gas turbine exhaust. The EPA method wasintended to collect samples over a one-hour period, however, the research shows that gas turbinetests must be run for up to six hours to collect enough material.

Based on the information contained in the GE and Sierra Research studies, the actual particulateemissions from the facility are expected to be at least 60% less than the particulate emissionsmeasured by the EPA reference method test. The resulting 40% adjustment (-148.5 tons per year)is indicated in Table 3.2-20.

As indicated above, the adjustments due to test method were not taken into account forregulatory purposes. The adjustments were considered to estimate the actual emission from theproject. Regulatory compliance for the PM emissions would require monitoring and testingaccording to established EPA practice and regulations.

Secondary Particulate

The Applicant also considered the impact of removing refinery boilers on the secondaryparticulate in regional emissions balance. The projected annual emissions shown in Table 3.2-21are based only on in-stack emission or primary emissions.

One to two days after leaving the stack, a portion of the NO2 and SO2 emitted from the stack asgas eventually combines with ammonia in the atmosphere to form particles of ammonium nitrateand ammonium sulfate. These newly formed compounds are called secondary particulatebecause they are formed in the atmosphere outside of the stack.

The amount of NO2 and SO2 converted to particulate is dependent on many of the atmosphericconditions listed above. In the following analysis, it was assumed that 33% of NO2 is convertedto ammonium nitrate and 20% of SO2 is converted to ammonium sulfate. Although theconversion factors used for this analysis are consistent with the CALPUFF model conversionfactors and published articles (Stockwell 2000), they represent the higher end of conversionestimates that could be achieved under low dispersion conditions when maximum impacts areexpected to occur. Lower conversion rates would result in respectively lower amounts ofsecondary PM being formed from primary NOx and SOx emissions.

Areas of Whatcom County and lower Fraser Valley airsheds where secondary particulate isformed are already ammonia rich due to existing vegetation and agricultural practices. Modelingof secondary particulate formation using CALPUFF was performed assuming no limit onammonia available to react with NOx and SOx emissions from the project. Therefore, additionalammonia emissions (slip) from the project would neither be a controlling factor on the formationof secondary particulate nor would they contribute to additional secondary particulate formation.


As shown in Table 3.2-23, changes in secondary particulate emissions would occur from twosources: first, NOx and SO2 emitted by the cogeneration facility would produce secondaryparticulate emissions; second, reductions of NOx emissions from the refinery through removal ofthe utility boilers would lead to a reduction of refinery secondary particulate emissions. Whenboth of these secondary particulate emission changes are taken into account, and if adjustmentsfor PM10 test method are included, the proposed project would result in an overall regionalreduction of particulate. The Applicant has also modeled the impacts on PM concentrations on along range basis. Appendix B of this Final EIS (see Exhibit 22.2, page 1; Exhibit 22.2, page 2;and Exhibit 22.3) shows CALPUFF modeling results for PM10 considering maximum potential,or expected emissions, with and without refinery reductions. These modeled isopleths alsoinclude the formation of secondary particulate.

Inhalable PM includes fine and coarse particles from naturally occurring and man-made sources.Fine particles, such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or less.Coarse particles, such as those found in wind-blown dust, have diameters between 2.5 and 10micrometers. Local and regional contributions of particulate matter include sea salt, pollen,smoke from forest fires and wood stoves, road dust, industrial emissions, and agricultural dust.Particles of this size are small enough to be drawn deep into the respiratory system where theycan contribute to infection and reduced resistance to disease (Canadian Federal Government2002).

Health risk associated with exposure to particulate matter varies throughout a lifetime, generallybeing higher in early childhood, lower in healthy adolescents and younger adults, and increasingin middle age through old age as the incidence of heart and lung disease and diabetes increases.People with existing heart or lung disease, older adults with undiagnosed heart and lung disease,and children are considered at greater risk from particles than other people, especially when theyare physically active. Particles can aggravate heart or lung diseases—such as coronary arterydisease, congestive heart failure, and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Manystudies show that when particle levels are high, older adults are more likely to be hospitalized,and some may die of aggravated heart or lung disease. Children are likely at increased riskbecause their lungs are still developing and they spend more time at high activity levels. Inaddition, scientists are evaluating new studies that suggest exposure to high particle levels maybe associated with low birth weight in infants, pre-term deliveries, and possibly fetal and infantdeaths (EPA 2003).

Both long and short term exposures have been identified as leading to health effects. Long termexposures, such as those experienced by people living for many years in areas with high particlelevels, have been associated with problems such as reduced lung function, the development ofchronic bronchitis, and even premature death. Short term exposures to particles (hours or days)can aggravate lung disease, causing asthma attacks and acute bronchitis, and may also increasesusceptibility to respiratory infections. In people with heart disease, short term exposures havebeen linked to heart attacks and arrhythmia. Healthy children and adults have not been reportedto suffer serious effects from short term exposures, although they may experience temporaryminor irritation when particle levels are elevated (EPA 2003)


A University of British Columbia researcher in 1995 estimated that increases in fine particulatepollution are a contributor to 82 premature deaths in British Columbia each year, 146hospitalizations due to asthma, lung and heart disorders, and 354 extra emergency room visits forasthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema (Canadian Federal Government 2002). Based on amore recent study of the air quality of the lower mainland, Medical Health Officers expressed theview that between 15 and 150 deaths per year may be attributable to air pollution (CanadianFederal Government 2002). In 2001, within the Fraser Valley smog exceeded the reference levelabout 4% of the time for fine airborne particulate matter (Canadian Federal Government 2002).

With respect to air quality in Whatcom County, the American Lung Association of Washington(2003) has reported that of 108 days when air quality data measurements were available inWhatcom County in 2002, 98 days were reported to have an EPA AQI of “good,” and 11 dayshad a “moderate” AQI . In 2004, of 363 days when measurements were available in WhatcomCounty, 350 days had a “good” AQI, and 13 days had a “moderate” AQI (American LungAssociation of Washington 2004). The EPA AQI is a uniform index that provides generalinformation to the public about air quality and associated health effects. For an AQI of “good”air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. For an AQI of“moderate,” air quality is acceptable, but some pollutants may pose a moderate health concernfor a small number of people.

Table 3.2-23: Secondary Particulate Emission Balance

Annual Emissions (tons/yr)ExpectedPrimary

PM10

SecondaryPM from

NOx

SecondaryPM from

SOx

OverallPM

Case 1: Excluding PM10 Adjustment due to test methodTotal from Cogeneration 242.4 104 21 367Refinery Emission Reductions through utility boiler removal -10 -286 -3 -299Changes in PM emissions from Cogen and removal of

refinery boilers232 -182 18 68

Case 2: Including PM10 adjustment due to test methodTotal from Cogeneration 93.9 104 21 218.9Refinery Emission Reductions through utility boiler removal -10 -286 -3 -299Changes in PM emissions from Cogen and removal of

refinery boilers83.9 -182 18 -80.1

Source: BP 2002, GVRD 2003Note: These balances assume that molecular weight change occurs upon formation of secondary particulate matter.

Impacts on Class I Visibility Analyses from Refinery Emission Reductions

The Applicant performed additional modeling for the Class I visibility analysis to account forsome of the reduction in emissions resulting from removal of the utility boilers at the refinery.The results of this revised dispersion modeling for visibility impacts are summarized inTable 3.2-24. The maximum visibility change, when subtracting the emissions for the threeutility boilers, is 2.3%, and the number of days of impact to the Olympic Regional Park isreduced to zero.


Table 3.2-24: Air Quality Related Values Modeling Analysis Results Including RefineryEmissions Reductions

Operating Scenario Class I areaVisibility Change when

Subtracting Boiler EmissionReductions

Number of Daysover 5%

Olympic National Park 1.6 0North Cascades National Park 1.4 0Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area 1.9 0Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 1.8 0Pasayten Wilderness Area 1.0 0

Normal operation withoutduct burners operating

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 2.2 0Olympic National Park 1.7 0North Cascades National Park 1.4 0Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area 2.0 0Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 1.9 0Pasayten Wilderness Area 1.1 0

Normal operation withduct burners

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 2.3 0Olympic National Park 1.9 0North Cascades National Park 1.5 0Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area 2.3 0Glacier Peak Wilderness Area 2.1 0Pasayten Wilderness Area 1.2 0

Operation with ductburners firing at amaximum rate

Mt. Baker Wilderness Area 2.3 0Maximum 2.3 0Notes: Significance level for visibility change is 5%.

Significance level for deposition is 5 g/ha/yr.

Emissions during Startup and Shutdown

Combustion turbine startup is defined as any operating period that is ramping up from less thanpartial load. Partial load is when the turbine is operating at less than 60% of turbine powergeneration capacity. Startup ends when normal temperatures have been reached in both thecatalytic oxidation and selective catalytic reduction modules. Normal operating temperatures forthese two catalyst systems are recommended by the catalyst system manufacturer. Shutdownstarts when ramping down from normal operation (between 60% and 100% turbine powergeneration capacity), and ends when fuel flow ends.

Startups are classified into three types: hot starts, warm starts, and cold starts. Hot starts occurless than eight hours after the turbine has been shut down. Warm starts occur when the turbine isrestarted after being shut down for 8 to 72 hours. Cold starts occur when the turbine is restartedafter being shut down for more than 72 hours.

An integrated microprocessor-based control system would be provided for the turbineequipment, data acquisition, and data analysis. The control system would be used for startup,shutdown, monitoring and control of emissions, and protection of personnel and equipment. Thisassures that the turbine startups and shutdowns are carefully done to be safe, protect theequipment from damage, and minimize emissions. The startup procedure for a three turbine


power block is staged, where the first turbine started heats the second and third turbine’sequipment, effectively shortening the total startup time.

The turbine manufacturer, General Electric, provided estimates of emissions during startup andshutdown. NOX, CO, and VOC emissions increase during startup because the low NOX turbineburners take time to stage into low NOX operating mode, and because the SCR and oxidationcatalysts are not up to operating temperature yet. PM10 and SO2 emissions are proportional tofuel flow, not combustion conditions, so their emission rate does not increase above permittedlevels.

For purposes of development of the PSD air emissions permit, startup and shutdown emissionswere estimated by assuming 100 hot starts and 100 shutdowns per year. Table 3.2-25summarizes the emissions during each startup. The short term (hourly and 24-hour average) andlong term (12-month rolling average) emissions during startup and shutdown were modeledusing ISC Prime. Hot and cold start scenarios were considered (warm starts would have lessimpact than hot and cold starts). Tables 3.2-26 and 3.2-27 show the short term maximummodeled impacts in the U.S. and Canada resulting from startups.

Startup and shutdown emissions would also be measured and counted toward the project totalannual emissions. NOX and CO continuous emission monitors would be operational duringstartups and shutdowns to measure emissions. The NOX and CO annual limits effectively limitthe number of startups and shutdowns to the emissions modeled in the application. Impacts werewell below any air quality standard.

Table 3.2-25: Emissions during Startup (lbs/event)

Emission Hot Start Warm Start Cold Start Shutdown1st Turbine

Duration (min.) 60 112 187 30NOx 88 173 257 19CO 287 420 490 114PM10 13 28 49 5SO2 2 4 8 1VOC 24 53 94 13

2nd TurbineDuration (min.) 45 67 97 30NOx 84 109 175 19CO 351 454 733 114PM10 9 15 23 5SO2 1 3 4 1VOC 15 27 43 13

3rd TurbineDuration (min.) 45 72 102 30NOx 84 119 184 19CO 351 477 752 114PM10 9 16 25 5SO2 1 3 4 1VOC 15 30 48 13



Emission Hot Start Warm Start Cold Start ShutdownTotal

Duration (min.) 105 192 307 30NOx 256 401 616 19CO 989 1351 1975 114PM10 30 58 97 5SO2 5 10 16 1VOC 55 110 184 13

Source: Brian Phillips, Prefiled Testimony, Exhibit 22

Table 3.2-26: Maximum Modeled Impacts in the U.S. from Startup

Maximum Concentration (µg/m3)Pollutant

AveragingPeriod

Modeled Background Total

Lower ofWAAQS or

NAAQS(µg/m3)

24-hour 0.6 13 14 2623-hour 3.2 27 30 1,300SO2

1-hour 4.1 35 39 1,050PM10 24-hour 1.6 35 37 150PM2.5 24-hour 1.6 29 31 65

8-hour 47 2,668 2,715 10,000CO

1-hour 584 2,900 3,484 40,000Source: Brian Phillips, Prefiled Testimony, Exhibit 22Notes: Background concentration is the maximum value for each pollutant and averaging time of the two nearest representative

ambient measuring stations (see Application for Site Certification Tables 3.2-8 and 3.2-9).In the U.S., there is no short term (24-hour or 1 hour) NAAQS for NO2. Excludes the effect of refinery emissionsreductions.

Table 3.2-27: Maximum Modeled Impacts in Canada from Startup

Maximum Concentration (µg/m3)

PollutantAveraging

PeriodModeled Background Total

Most StringentCanadian

Objective orStandard(µg/m3)

24-hour 0.6 16 17 1503-hour 2.5 27 30 374SO2

1-hour 3.3 59 62 450PM10 24-hour 1.5 35 37 50PM2.5 24-hour 1.5 18 20 30

8-hour 27 2,668 2,695 5,500CO

1-hour 340 2,900 3,240 14,30024-hour 2.0 69 71 200

NO2 1-hour 87.4 107 194 400Source: Brian Phillips, Prefiled Testimony, Exhibit 22Notes: PM2.5 emissions are conservatively assumed to be equal to PM10 emissions.

The PM2.5 Canada-wide standard is based on the 98th percentile averaged over three years, therefore the modeled andbackground values indicated above are also based on these assumptions.NOX is considered to be fully converted to NO2.Excludes the effect of refinery emissions reductions.


Dust

Onsite roads and parking areas would be constructed with asphalt over a compacted subbase.These roads would be paved to minimize the potential for fugitive dust emissions from vehicletraffic. Significant quantities of dust would not be generated during operation of the proposedfacility.

Odors

Operation of the proposed facility is not anticipated to create nuisance odors. Natural gas may beodorized, but it would be contained within the natural gas pipeline and cogeneration facilitypiping system up to the point of use in the combustion gas turbines and HRSGs where it wouldbe combusted.

Anhydrous ammonia would be used in the SCR system as a reaction agent for the control of NOx

emissions. Unreacted ammonia would be present in the HRSG exhaust gas flow. Ammonia iscommonly perceived as having an odor (e.g., household cleaners). However, based on thequantity to be released through the HRSG stack, ammonia odor is not expected to be detectable.In fact, the dispersion modeling conducted for ammonia at a rate of 5 ppm (a maximum of13.2 lbs/hour per turbine and about 173 tons/year total) from the HRSG stacks indicates that thepublic exposure to ammonia (approximately 2.8 g/m3 or 0.004 ppm) would be well below therange of detection (5 to 53 ppm) (Clayton and Clayton 1993). Ammonia emissions would belimited to a 24-hour average of no more than 5 ppm at 15% O2. Relative to the public healthexposure of ammonia, the maximum projected ground-level impact of the ammonia emissions,based on the 5 ppm level, is about 3% of the 100 µg/m3 24-hour health-based standard identifiedin WAC 173-460.

Cooling Tower Steam Plume Fogging and Icing

In cold weather, a cooling tower plume would typically persist until the air exiting the coolingtower sufficiently mixes with the surrounding cooler, drier air. If the plume returns to groundlevel prior to dissipating, it can cause localized fogging or icing of downwind structures androadways.

Downwind impacts caused by water vapor and water droplets from the cooling towers weremodeled by the Applicant using the Seasonal/Annual Cooling Tower Impact Program (SACTIP)computer model. SACTIP calculates the occurrence of elevated visible water plumes and saltdeposition, and ground-level fogging and icing. The model simulates downwind dispersion of thesteam plumes based on wind data from the local meteorological station and relative humiditydata.

The objective of this study was to determine if the cooling tower would contribute to foggingand/or icing on Grandview Road on the north side of the project boundary. The analysis showsthat fogging may occur for a total of 2.5 hours a year in the northeast or northwest directions.The area affected by fogging extends from 655 to 1640 feet from the center of the cooling tower.


Grandview Road is approximately 1,312-feet in these directions and, therefore, may be affectedby the edge of the plume for these few hours of the year.

In order for roadway icing to occur, the cooling tower plume needs to touch down on the roadsurface, the plume must become condensed, and the temperature of the road surface must bebelow freezing. Cooling tower modeling shows that roadway icing would not occur (Torpey,pers. comm., 2004).

3.2.4 Impacts of No Action

Under this alternative, existing natural-gas-fired power plants would be more likely to continueoperations. No new hydroelectric generating capacity is being planned, and the development ofnuclear power plants has been halted. Wind and solar power do not have the generatingavailability needed to meet continuous electricity demand, but they could allow more flexibilityin managing baseload resources. Fuel cell technologies are being developed, but remainrelatively small and expensive. Natural-gas-fired combined-cycle combustion turbine plantswould meet the increasing demand for baseload electricity generation. If the proposedcogeneration facility were not built and operated, the refinery and others in the region would useelectricity produced by existing sources of generation, electricity produced by other new sourcesof generation, or through regional user-side electricity efficiency savings.

If other natural-gas-fired plants are built to meet regional electric demand, it is less likely thatthey would be planned as cogeneration facilities and therefore would produce energy lessefficiently than the project. This would likely result in higher criteria pollutant and greenhousegas emissions per kilowatt-hour. Also, emission reductions associated with removal of BPrefinery boilers would not be realized.

3.2.5 Greenhouse Gas

Overview

The issue of how emissions from human activities might affect global climate has been thesubject of extensive international research over the past several decades. There is now a broadconsensus among atmospheric scientists that emissions caused by humans are resulting in a risein global temperatures, although there is still uncertainty about the magnitude of future impactsand the best approach to mitigate the impacts. Two sets of key research documents have recentlybeen published.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its mostrecent set of five-year progress reports summarizing worldwide research on global warming(IPCC 2001). These reports indicated that some level of global warming related to humanactivity is likely to occur and that there is a significant possibility of severe environmentalimpacts. Several alternative measures were evaluated to achieve the emission reductionsspecified by the Kyoto Protocol.


President Bush requested the National Academy of Sciences to provide a brief comprehensivereview of the IPCC reports (National Academy of Sciences 2001). The review panel includedatmospheric scientists with a range of opinions on future global warming. The NationalAcademy of Sciences review was written in lay terms and focused on addressing severalfundamental issues. The panel concurred with most of the findings by the IPCC.

Regulatory Framework

Currently, there are no international, national, Washington State, or local regulations that setnumerical limits on greenhouse gas emissions, however the Kyoto Protocol has been establishedand is discussed below. Within the State of Washington, rules relating to siting energy facilities(WAC 463-42-225, Proposal-emission control) requires an Applicant to demonstrate that highestand best practicable treatment for control of emissions is used for a number of air pollutants,including CO2. The Washington regulation does not specify how “highest and best practicabletreatment” for CO2 is to be quantified. On March 31, 2004, the governor signed Substitute HouseBill (SHB) 3141 into law. (The law relates to mitigating carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fueled electrical generation.) SHB 3141, however, does not apply to the BP Cherry PointCogeneration Facility Project because the BP West Coast Application was filed prior to theenactment date (June 10, 2004).

Several jurisdictions in the Pacific Northwest have committed to, or require, the mitigation ofgreenhouse gas emissions, for example:

• The State of Oregon’s target is a 17% reduction compared to the most efficient power plantoperating in the United States.

• Seattle City Light’s greenhouse gas program cites a target of 100% elimination of net futureincreases of greenhouse gas emissions from all new fossil fuel generating stations added tothe city’s generating mix (Seattle City Light 2001).

• BC Hydro plans to contract with third-party organizations to procure offsite greenhouse gasprojects to offset 50% of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from two new natural-gasfired electrical generating stations on Vancouver Island, up through the year 2010 (BC Hydro2003). The year 2010 was specified in the Kyoto Protocol as the date upon which signatorynations must reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Presumably, new emission reductionprograms enacted in response to the Kyoto Protocol (or similar rules) would take effect afterBC Hydro’s voluntary offset program expired in 2010.

In Washington State, four approved thermal power projects under EFSEC jurisdiction are alsorequired to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The requirements, established on a case-by-casebasis by EFSEC, are as follows:

• The Chehalis Power Project must acquire greenhouse gas offsets for up to 8% of the overallemissions; Chehalis Power would acquire offsets on a ton-for-ton basis from a recognizedsupplier, such as the Climate Trust, or by participating directly in greenhouse gas mitigationprojects;

• The Sumas Energy 2 Generation Facility is required to mitigate CO2 emissions according tothe monetary path of the Oregon Energy Facility Siting Council, at $0.57 per ton of carbon


dioxide, based on a 30-year operating life, with no surcharge for administrative expenses; theapproximate $8.04 million payment would be made in five annual installments starting at thetime the facility begins to operate.

• The Satsop Combustion Turbine Project is required to mitigate CO2 emissions from thefacility that exceed 0.675 lb/kWh, at a rate of $0.57 per ton of CO2 to be mitigated basedupon the facility’s maximum potential emissions, and adjusted annually according to theProducer Price Index; 7.5% administrative costs would be paid in addition to the per tonmitigation fee; payments would be made annually for the first 30 years in which the facilityoperates.

• The Wallula Power Project is required to implement a “Greenhouse Gas, EnvironmentalMitigation Enhancement Package” which includes payment of approximately $6.0 million tonon profit and tribal organizations committed to the development of renewable energyresources and projects, and/or preservation and restoration of fish and wildlife habitat andother environmental programs benefiting the Walla Walla region.

No other operating or permitted facilities in Washington State are subject to greenhouse gasmitigation requirements.

Project Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the proposed project wouldresult from the combustion of natural gas, a fossil fuel in the cogeneration facility. For purposesof evaluating greenhouse gas emissions, the combustion efficiency of the proposal is quantifiedby the CO2 emission factor, with units of pounds of CO2 emitted per kilowatt-hour of electricityproduced. Table 3.2-28 lists the CO2 emission factors for typical fossil-fueled generating stationsoperating today. As shown in the table, combined cycle combustion turbines emit much less CO2

than other types of fossil-fuel power plants. The estimated overall CO2 emission factor for theproposed cogeneration facility is 0.83 pound per kilowatt-hour (lbs per kWhr).

Table 3.2-28: Typical CO2 Emission Factors for Electrical Generating Stations

Generating Station Fuel TypeCO2 Emission Factor(lbs CO2 per kWhr)

BP Cogeneration Facility, natural gas-fired combined-cycle combustion turbine 0.83Natural gas fuel combined-cycle combustion turbine 0.87Natural gas fuel, conventional gas-fired boiler 1.32Fuel oil, conventional oil-fired boiler 1.97Coal, conventional coal-fired boiler 2.10Other solid fuel generating stations 1.38Nationwide average for electric utility generating stations (1998) 1.34

Sources: BP 2002; U.S. Department of Energy 2000; EFSEC 2002.

Assuming an 85% capacity factor for the plant, the estimated annual CO2 emissions from thecogeneration facility would be 2.2 million tons per year. Fugitive leaks of natural gas frompipeline systems serving natural gas generation facilities have been estimated to emit methane


equivalent to 12% of a project’s stack emissions of greenhouse gas (U.S. Department of Energy2000). Based on this emissions factor, the estimated greenhouse gas emissions generated byleaks from various supply pipelines serving the BP cogeneration project could be up to 13,000tons of methane per year.

Mitigation Measures

The Counsel for the Environment and the Applicant have agreed to certain obligations,commitments, and restrictions to be incorporated into the Site Certification Agreement asconditions for the project should EFSEC recommend, and the governor approve, that the projectbe certified. Those obligations, commitments, and restriction related to the control of greenhousegas (GHG) are summarized below:

1. BP Ownership and BP Corporate Policy. If the Applicant holds an equity (ownership)interest in the project, the Applicant shall voluntarily offset its ownership (equity) sharein the project’s emissions through GHG emission reductions within BP’s worldwideoperations, consistent with its voluntary corporate policy. The Applicant shall provideEFSEC with a copy of the independent audit of BP’s greenhouse gas emissions preparedon an annual basis under that policy. However, in the event that BP changes, discards, orsignificantly alters its current corporate GHG objective such that the result is a lessercommitment to GHG emission reduction than provided in subsection 2 below, BP shallbe required to mitigate project GHG emissions according to subsection 2 below.

2. Mitigation Requirement. If the Applicant sells the project to a third party, or BP changes,discards, or significantly alters its current corporate GHG objective as described above,the following GHG mitigation requirements shall apply.a. The Certificate Holder or third party shall mitigate 23% of the project’s actual

CO2 emissions on an annual basis. Mitigation may be accomplished by anycombination of:i. Boiler Offsets - CO2 emissions avoided by providing steam to the BP Cherry

Point Refinery.ii. Other Offset Projects – The implementation of offset projects approved in

advance by EFSEC.iii. Funding to an Approved Organization - Providing funding to an approved

organization that implements GHG reduction projects, such as the ClimateTrust. The amount to mitigate each metric ton of CO2 will be $0.87 for thefirst year of the project’s operation and will increase in subsequent yearsaccording to the Producer Price Index (PPI) for All Commodities (WPU-00000000) as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

b. Timing and Verifying Actual Emissions and Boiler Offsets.i. Sixty days prior to the start of the project’s commercial operation, the third

party shall pre-pay mitigation based upon the project’s maximum potentialCO 2 emissions for the first year of operation minus the CO2 emissionsexpected to be avoided by providing steam to the BP Cherry Point Refinery,either by provide funding to an approved organization and notifying EFSEC,or by providing EFSEC with documentation demonstrating theimplementation of an approved offset project.


ii. One year and 30 days following the start of the project’s commercialoperation, the Applicant shall file with EFSEC a report documenting theproject’s actual CO2 emissions for the first year of operations and the actualamount of CO2 emissions avoided by providing steam to the BP Cherry PointRefinery during that year. The report will also present a reconciliation of themitigation obligation for the first year and the mitigation provided. If the thirdparty has provided more mitigation than is due, the third party would receive acredit against its obligation for the following year. If the third party hasprovided less mitigation than is due, it would provide the additional mitigationowed. The third party shall also pre-pay mitigation for the next year’smaximum potential CO2 emissions in the manner described in subsection (i)above at that time. This process shall continue on an annual basis for the 30-year assumed life of the project, except that the cost per ton will be adjustedby the PPI ratio as indicated in subsection 2.a.iii above.

iii. An example is provided in Exhibit 10.1 admitted in the EFSEC hearingrecord.

c. Approved Organizations. If the third party elects to satisfy its mitigationobligation by provided funding to an approved organization as described above, itshall provide funding to an organization qualified to administer such funds andthat has been approved by EFSEC. In selecting mitigation projects, the approvedorganization shall give preference and priority to offset projects located withinWhatcom County or the immediate surrounding counties where the project islocated, and second within the state of Washington. The organization shall filebiennial reports with EFSEC on actual offsets achieved and a statement of costsfor the period. The organization may seek approval from EFSEC to bank moneyreceived from BP for a period of up to three years so that larger mitigationprojects may be pursued. In no instance shall the organization use more than 10%of the total funds received for selection, monitoring, evaluation, management, andenforcement of contracts.

3. If the Applicant sells a portion of the project to a third party, assuming the Applicant’svoluntary policy is still in effect, the Applicant shall voluntarily offset its ownership(equity) share of the project’s CO2 emissions as provided in subsection 1 above, and thethird-party Certificate Holder shall mitigate its ownership (equity) share of the CO2

emissions as provided in subsection 2 above.

3.2.6 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts

Cumulative Impact of the ISOM Project

ISOM Toxic Pollutant Emissions

The ISOM project would emit small quantities of TAPs regulated by Ecology. Sources of TAPsinclude combustion of refinery fuel gas in the ISOM Process Heater, Replacement Boiler No. 2,and increased use of the Hydrogen Heater; fugitive releases from ISOM Unit components; andstorage tank vents. No toxic air pollutants generated by the ISOM project are emitted in


quantities that exceed their respective ASIL (NWAPA NOC Worksheet, NOC No. 814). Table3.2-29 lists the criteria pollutant emissions from the BP ISOM project.

Table 3.2-29: BP ISOM Project Emissions

Criteria Pollutant Emissions in tpyNOx 65CO 113.0

VOC 34PM/PM10 18.5

SO2 63H2SO4 1.3

Source: BP 2003

Cumulative Impact of Refinery and Cogeneration Facility Reductions

In combination with the removal of refinery utility boilers, the proposed cogeneration facilitywould result in an overall reduction in ambient concentrations of PM10. These values representthe modeled impact of primary PM10 emissions. Removal of the refinery boilers resulting fromsteam purchase from the cogeneration facility would significantly reduce NOx emissions fromthe refinery, and would consequently also reduce secondary particulate in the airshed. Thereduction in secondary particulate is expected to be greater than the increase in primaryparticulate emissions.

Bonneville Regional Air Quality Modeling Studies

In response to the regional boom in energy facility proposals which occurred in 2001-2002, andin order to address the cumulative impacts of the large number of potential applicants requestinginterconnection with the federal transmission system, Bonneville initiated a Regional Air ImpactAnalysis to evaluate the potential impact of these facilities on airsheds in the Pacific Northwest.(Bonneville 2001a, 2001b, 2001c).

This study examines the potential contribution of the proposed BP Cherry Point CogenerationProject to regional haze in Class I areas within the Bonneville Service Area, the Columbia RiverGorge National Scenic Area (CRGNSA), and the Mt. Baker Wilderness. Regional haze impactsare assessed following the techniques used in the Phase I study conducted by Bonneville.Bonneville’s Phase I study examined potential air quality impacts associated with over 40recently proposed power generating projects in the area. Based on the results of the Regional AirQuality Modeling Study, Bonneville is now examining potential cumulative regional hazeimpacts on a case-by-case basis for each new project before issuing a Record of Decision (ROD)for each project. Since it is unlikely all the proposed power generating projects would be built,the analysis investigates the cumulative impacts from a Baseline Source Group consisting ofprojects that have already been issued a ROD, other recently permitted power projects notrequesting access to Bonneville’s transmission grid but within the area, facilities well along intheir permitting process, and the facility being considered for a ROD. The remainder of thissection describes the Baseline Source Group, provides an overview of the dispersion modeling


approach, presents the results of a cumulative analysis for the Baseline Source Group, anddiscusses the potential contribution of the BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project to regionalhaze.

Phase I examined three scenarios regarding the number of future power generating projects to beoperated in the region:

• A worst-case scenario in which a total of 45 new power projects were built and operatedsimultaneously at their rated capacity using their primary fuel for a total of more than 24,000MW;

• A second scenario with 28 new power projects, totaling a little over 11,000 MW operatedsimultaneously by 2004; and

• A third scenario with 15 new power projects totaling 7,000 MW by 2004, which is the mostlikely scenario in the next 10 years based on projection of need for new energy.

Phase II attempted to model the individual contribution of each new project to the overallcumulative impact. The Phase II analysis for the proposed cogeneration facility is essentially thesame as the 7,000 MW scenario from Phase I.

Modeling Overview of Phase I

The dispersion modeling techniques used in the study are as follows:

• The study looked at two scenarios: (1) air impacts that would accrue if 28 of the projectswere built and energized by 2004, and (2) air impacts that would occur if all 45 projects werebuilt as planned and operated simultaneously.

• NOx, PM10, and SO2 emissions from 45 proposed power projects with a combined capacity ofmore than 24,000 MW were considered in the analysis.

• The study evaluated impacts on 16 Class I/Scenic/Wilderness Areas (three National Parks,the Spokane Indian Reservation, and 12 wilderness areas), CRGNSA, and the Mt. BakerWilderness Area.

• PM10 concentrations include both primary and secondary aerosols, and the nitrogendeposition estimates include the ammonium ion.

Areas Showing Greatest Impact

Results showed that the greatest air quality impacts would occur in the Puget Sound lowlandsfrom Centralia to Bellingham, in the Hermiston area, and in the eastern portions of the LowerColumbia River Basin.

Class II Significant Impact Levels Not Exceeded

With the exception of two receptors, predicted concentrations from the proposed power plantsare less than the SILs for all pollutants and averaging periods. The peak PM10 concentrationoccurred near the Wallula Gap. The predicted PM10 concentration at this location was 4.54µg/m3 because all of the projects are scheduled to be energized prior to 2004. The peak PM10


concentration of all the proposed projects at this location was 12.4 µg/m3. The SILs were alsoexceeded in one other location; the 24-hour PM10 SIL was exceeded at a receptor near theTacoma tide flats, where the model predicts a 24-hour PM10 concentration of 6.2 µg/m3. TheSILs are thresholds used in the evaluation of individual, not multiple, facility impacts on theNAAQS. These receptors are not near the proposed project and not affected by projectemissions.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

This study has not examined local impacts from the power projects, but model results suggestthat even if all the proposed power projects were energized, they are unlikely to exceed theNAAQS.

Proposed Class I Significant Impact Levels Exceeded at Several Locations

If all the projects scheduled to be energized before 2004 are built, their emissions are predictedto exceed the proposed 24-hour PM10 Class I SIL (0.3 µg/m3) in the CRGNSA and in theSpokane Indian Reservation. When all 45 proposed sources were included in the model, theproposed 24-hour PM10 Class I SIL was exceeded in 11 out of 18 Class I/Scenic/WildernessAreas. However, Bonneville anticipates only a small portion of these plants will likely be built.These receptors are not near the proposed project site and are not affected by project emissions.

Increment Consumed

Predicted concentrations of PM10, NOx, and SO2 from the proposed power projects are smallfractions of the applicable Class I increments. For example, the peak PM10 concentration wasonly 1.54 µg/ m3 in the CRGNSA, which is well below the 24-hour PM10 Class I increment of 8µg/ m3.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition

Annual nitrogen and sulfur deposition predicted for the Class I/Scenic/Wilderness Areas, theCRGNSA, and the Mr. Baker Wilderness are less than 1% of the background deposition ratesprovided by the federal land managers for these areas.

Affected Visibility

The study results suggest the proposed power projects could degrade visibility in Class I areas, ascharacterized by guidance criteria establish by the federal land managers. The model predictionsindicate emissions from the projects scheduled to be energized prior to 2004 would degradevisibility on very clear days by more than 5% at 14 out of 18 Class I/Scenic/Wilderness Areasand by more than 10% at 8 areas. If all 45 of the proposed projects are built, visibility on veryclear days has the potential to be frequently degraded by more than 10% at 12 out of 18 ClassI/Scenic/Wilderness Areas and in the surrounding Class II areas. The sensitive areas mostaffected by the first group of projects (energized before 2004) are Mt. Rainier, the Alpine LakesWilderness, and the Mt. Baker Wilderness Areas. The inclusion of all proposed projects (pre-


and post-January 2004) results in more than 10% change in visibility in 12 out of 18 of theNorthwest’s Class I/Scenic/Wilderness Areas.

Overview of Phase II

Peak emissions from the 15 projects within the Phase II Baseline Source Group, including the BPCherry Point Cogeneration Project, are listed in Table 3.2-30. Emissions are shown both forprimary and secondary fuels.

Table 3.2-30: Baseline Source Group Plus the BP Cherry Point Project Peak Emissionswith Primary Fuel

Peak Emissions (lb/hr)No. Project Name Owner MW

SO2 NOx PM10

1 Fredonia Facility PSE 108 3.5 23.2 6.82 Rathdrum Power, LLC Cogentrix 270 2.7 29.8 21.43 Frederickson Power West Coast 249 10.2 19.7 16.94 Coyote Springs 2 Avista 280 1.1 30.0 4.55 Goldendale Energy Project Calpine 248 12.7 14.9 11.86 Hermiston Power Project Calpine 546 2.5 71.7 38.17 Chehalis Generating Facility Tractebel 520 20.8 40.9 31.68 Goldendale (The Cliffs) GNA Energy 300 3.7 20.3 16.39 Big Hanaford Project TransAlta 267 6.5 23.1 14.310 Mint Farm Generation Mirant 319 4.0 25.1 23.111 Satsop CT Project - Phase I Duke 650 6.7 43.4 47.012 Wanapa Energy Center Confed.Tribes 1200 13.9 98.8 124.813 Plymouth Generation NESCO 307 17.3 18.4 24.014 BP Cherry Point BP NW Products 720 15.9 66.9 70.5

15Summit/Westward(Clatskanie)

Summit 520 8.2 54.0 50.7

Total 6504 130 580 502Peak Emissions with Secondary Fuel

1 Fredonia Facility (Oil-Fired) PSE 104 51.2 23.2 12.27 Chehalis (Oil-Fired) Tractebel 520 238.0 211.5 40.0

Note: The Fredonia Facility has requested fuel oil firing for all hours of the year as a secondary fuel. The Chehalis GeneratingFacility has requested fuel oil firing for 720 hours per year.

Operating Scenarios

The analysis assumes all projects in Table 3.2-30 are operating at peak load with their primaryfuel for the entire simulation period. An oil-firing scenario was also considered, where sourcespermitted to fire with fuel oil were assumed to operate in this manner over the winter season. It isimportant to note that peak load operating assumptions likely overestimate impacts, and with theexception of the Fredonia Facility, the projects are not allowed to fire with fuel oil for an entirewinter season. In practice, virtually all proponents state that they intend to burn gas except intimes of significant shortage.


The oil-burning scenario is a compromise solution to a potentially complex assessment. Thepresent analysis likely overstates potential impacts attributable to the Chehalis GeneratingFacility because it cannot burn oil every day of the winter. The meteorology on winter daysproducing the highest impacts may also not occur concurrently with the economic conditionslikely to cause these power plants to burn oil. On the other hand, the impacts attributable to theFredonia Facility (if they are allowed to burn oil every day) may be under-predicted because theanalysis limits its oil-fired emissions to winter months.

Modeling Methods

• The CALPUFF dispersion model was applied to both of the simulations. CALPUFF is theEPA’s preferred model for long-range transport assessments. CALPUFF treats plumes as aseries of puffs that move and disperse according to local conditions that vary in time andspace. CALPUFF estimates processes for wet and dry deposition, aerosol chemistry, andregional haze. The contribution of the BP Cherry Point Project to background extinction wasassessed using the post-processing utilities included with the CALPUFF model system.

• Wind fields are based on the University of Washington’s simulations of Pacific Northwestweather.

• The aerosol concentrations used to characterize background extinction coefficients in thestudy represent excellent visual conditions. Background visibility parameters are presented inTable 4 of the Modeling Protocol.

• The 432-mile by 418-mile study area includes Washington and portions of Oregon, Idaho,and British Columbia. Meteorological, terrain, and land use data were provided to the modelusing a horizontal grid mesh size of 7.5-mile. The terrain data are based on an average foreach grid cell, thus the simulations do not fully resolve potential local impacts in complexterrain. A six-kilometer mesh size sampling grid was used with receptor locations within 16Class I areas (3 National Parks, the Spokane Indian Reservation, and 12 wilderness areas),the CRGNSA, and the Mt. Baker Wilderness.

• Building downwash effects are not considered in the analysis, and emissions werecharacterized using a single stack for each facility.

Phase II Results

The CALPUFF modeling system was applied to simulate emissions from the Baseline SourceGroup using a year of Pacific Northwest weather. The 24-hour average extinction coefficient wasused as a measure of regional haze. The analysis predicted the number of days for each seasonwith greater than 5% and 10% change to background extinction (measure of light), respectively.For both the annual natural gas and the winter oil-fired scenarios, the Baseline Source Groupcould result in a “just perceptible” change to the extinction coefficient on a few days for severalof the areas examined in the study. The areas most affected are the Class I areas near theCRGNSA, Olympic National Park, Mt. Rainier National Park, and the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.In Mt. Rainier National Park, the predicted change to background extinction for the winter oil-fired case exceeds the 10% significance criterion on six days. The Baseline Source Group doesnot exceed the 10% significance criterion on any days when these sources are fired by naturalgas.


Potential changes to background extinction due to emissions from the BP Cherry Point Project toClass I areas, the CRGNSA, and the Mt. Baker Wilderness were evaluated. The modelingsuggests the proposed facility could increase daily background extinction by up to 8.05%,2.23%, and 3.21% in the Mt. Baker Wilderness, the North Cascades National Park, and OlympicNational Park, respectively. The project would contribute greater than 0.4% on only one day inany one area when the combined group’s contribution is greater than 5% and on no days whenthe group’s contribution is greater than 10%. The project would not significantly contribute toregional haze at any of the Class I areas within the Bonneville Service Area, the CRGNSA, orthe Mt. Baker Wilderness when the facilities considered in this analysis are fired by natural gas.

The proposed project’s contribution to predicted changes in extinction for the winter oil-firedscenario was also evaluated. This figure was constructed from the highest 24-hour extinctioncoefficient at each receptor predicted for the project during a winter simulation. The proposedproject’s contributions are not significant on any of the six days when the Baseline SourceGroup’s combined change in extinction is greater than 10% in Mt. Rainier National Park.

Cumulative Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Global warming is a worldwide problem caused by the combined greenhouse gas emissionsthroughout the planet. CO2 emitted from an industrial facility and other sources persists in theatmosphere for over 100 years before it is eventually metabolized by plants or absorbed into theoceans (ICPP 2001). During that 100-year lifetime, a parcel of emissions generated anywhere onthe planet will disperse throughout the world and affect climate change everywhere. Thus,climate change in Washington would be affected as much by emissions from power plants inChina, for example, as by emissions from the proposed project. To provide perspective on thepotential direct impacts of emissions from the proposed project, it is necessary to considerworldwide emissions. Table 3.2-31 lists greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, from the U.S., andfrom the State of Washington. The table also lists the total estimated future greenhouse gasemissions from the new gas-fired power plants forecast to be built in the Pacific Northwest(Bonneville 2001a).

Potential impacts that could be felt in the Pacific Northwest (Mazza, n.d.) due to greenhousegases emitted from all sources in the region include:

• Winters with substantially more rainfall, and summers with a larger number of extremely hotdays.

• More frequent and destructive flooding and mudslides.• A disrupted annual water cycle in which snowpack, on which the Columbia and other

Northwest rivers depend during summer, could shrink.• Droughts coming twice as frequently by 2020 and three times more often—three years out of

every 10—by 2050.• Salmon runs diminished or lost to an even greater degree than at present.• Water shortages that would affect hydroelectric power production and irrigated farms.• Ski seasons and runs shortened as snowline retreats to higher elevations.• Forest cover in Oregon and Washington sharply reduced, with forests retreating from the

eastern slopes of the Cascades.


• More numerous and intense forest fires and pest infestations, bringing major shifts in treespecies distribution across the Northwest.

• Human health impacts resulting from increased air pollution, increased heat waves, andgrowth of disease-carrying insect populations.

• Rising seas that undermine coastal bluffs, cause landslides, drown highways and waterfronts,bring higher storm surges, and cover tidal marshes vital to fish and birds.

Many air pollutants compose “greenhouse gases,” each of which exhibits a different chemicaltendency to affect global warming. The two most common greenhouse gases associated with gas-fired power plants are CO2 emitted from the exhaust stacks and methane emitted as fugitive leaksof natural gas along pipeline systems. Emissions of various greenhouse gas chemicals arecommonly standardized as “carbon equivalents.” The emission rates listed in Table 3.2-31 arestandardized as million metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE) per year, to account for thedifferent global warming potential of each greenhouse gas. For comparison, 1 million tons ofCO2 equals 0.25 MMTCE, and 1 million tons of methane equals 5.2 MMTCE.

As listed in the table, most of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions are in the form of CO2,while a smaller fraction of the emissions are in the form of other gases such as methane ornitrous oxide. The total annual CO2 emissions associated with the cogeneration facility would be0.56 MMTCE if the facility operates at 85% capacity. Based on the data listed in Table 3.2-31,this is 2.5% of the greenhouse gas presently emitted from all sources in Washington State and5.1% of the amount anticipated to be issued from all proposed future power projects in theNorthwest, assuming all of these projects were constructed. The greenhouse gas emissions fromthe cogeneration facility would be approximately 0.03% of the U.S. emissions. The actual effecton global warming caused solely by emissions from the cogeneration facility is unknown.However, a cogeneration facility produces less greenhouse gas emissions per kilowatt hour ofelectricity produced than a combined-cycle facility with no cogeneration capability. In a regionalperspective, the production of greenhouse gases could be reduced if operation of thecogeneration facility displaces the operation of other less efficient facilities that emit moregreenhouse gases per kilowatt hour.

Table 3.2-31: Comparison of Worldwide vs. Local Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MMTCE per year)Item

CO2 Compounds other than CO2 Total

Worldwide emissions (including U.S. in 1998) 5,660 2,430 8,090United States Emissions (1998) 1,494 340 1,834Washington State Emissions (1995) 21 4 25Anticipated future gas-fired power plants in Washington

and Oregon (28 plants, 11,000 MW)11 1.3 12.3

Proposed BP Cherry Point Cogen emissions at 85%capacity

0.55 0.07 0.63

Sources: IPCC 2001; EPA 2000; CTED 1999MMTCE – million metric tons of carbon equivalent


The BP Cherry Point Refinery would also realize a net reduction of CO2 emissions from thepurchase of steam from the cogeneration facility rather than production onsite in refinery boilers.The Applicant has estimated that approximately 320,000 tons per year of CO2 emission reductionwould occur in this manner.

Cumulative Impacts of the BP Cogeneration Facility and the Sumas Energy 2 GenerationFacility

In response to a scoping comment, the cumulative impacts of the cogeneration facility andSumas Energy 2 Generation Facility were estimated for the Sumas/Abbotsford area, andcompared with the respective standards and objectives in Tables 3.2-32 and 3.2-33. These tablesprovide a conservative estimate of the cumulative air quality impact of both facilities,considering that the estimates provided for the cogeneration facility might not correspond toidentical meteorological conditions under which the SE2 emissions were evaluated. Therefore,conservatively, the cumulative emissions from both of these facilities would be below theapplicable standards or objectives.

Georgia Strait Crossing Project

The proposed Georgia Strait Crossing Project (GSX project) would be located within theproposed cogeneration project site, and both projects could have the same construction timeframe. The GSX project involves construction and operation of a pipeline that would transportnatural gas from existing systems at the U.S./Canada border near Sumas, Washington, to aninterconnect pipeline proposed by Canada in Boundary Pass in the Strait of Georgia. The gastransmission system would consist of an onshore and offshore pipeline, interconnect facilities,one new natural gas compressor station, and related facilities. Within a stretch of less than amile, the cogeneration project and the GSX project would share general common project area.This pipeline would involve many construction activities (spreads), some of which includeclearing, grading, trenching, and backfilling. Since the proposed GSX project and cogenerationproject might coincide, cumulative dust generation (i.e., particulate matter) would be a possibleside effect.

Emissions during the construction of both projects would consist of fugitive dust and combustionexhaust from construction equipment and vehicles. However, with proper mitigation measures(see Section 3.2.7) dust and emission production would be minimal.


Table 3.2-32: Cumulative Total Concentrations Compared to Canadian Air QualityObjective

Highest and Cumulative Concentrations (µg/m3)

CriteriaPollutant

AveragingPeriod

MaximumExisting


(µg/m3) 1

ModeledMaximumImpacts of

Sumas Energy 2(µg/m3) 2

Modeled MaximumImpacts of BP

Cogeneration Facilityin Abbotsford

(µg/m3)

CumulativeImpact(µg/m3)

MostStringent ofCanadianObjective(µg/m3)

Annual 3 0.13 0.0014 3.13 2524-hour 8 1.22 0.058 9.80 1503-hour 21 4 0.353 25.35 375

SO2

1-hour 29 5.13 1.04 35.17 450Annual 14 0.38 0.0079 14.39 30PM10

24-hour 36 3.67 0.16 39.83 508-hour 3,480 3.32 0.45 3,484 5,500CO1-hour 6,960 6.5 2.7 6,969 14,300

NO2 Annual 29 0.26 0.006 29.27 6024-hour 73 2.54 0.12 75.66 2001-hour 109 10.73 3.2 122.93 400

Source: BP 2002, GVRD 1999, 2000, 20011 Maximum concentration from a three year monitoring period (1999, 2000, 2001).2 Modeled maximum impacts of Sumas Energy 2 are taken from the SE2 Second Revised Application dated June 29, 2001,

Table 6.1-16.

Table 3.2-33: Cumulative Total Concentrations Compared to NAAQS or WAAQS

Highest and Cumulative Concentrations (µg/m3)

CriteriaPollutant

AveragingPeriod

MaximumExisting


(µg/m3) 1

ModeledMaximumImpacts of

Sumas Energy2 (µg/m3) 2

Modeled MaximumImpacts of BPCogeneration

Facility in Sumas(µg/m3)

CumulativeImpact(µg/m3)

MostStringent ofNAAQS orWAAQS(µg/m3)

Annual 3 0.13 0.0046 3.13 5224-hour 8 1.4 0.13 9.53 2623-hour 21 3 0.57 24.6 1,300

SO2

1-hour 29 6.97 1.7 37.7 1,050Annual 14 0.39 0.027 14.4 50PM10

24-hour 36 4.23 0.43 40.7 1508-hour 3,480 4.57 0.81 3,485 10,000CO1-hour 6,960 8.82 4.4 6,973 40,000

NO2 Annual 29 0.27 0.021 29.3 100Source: BP 2002, GVRD 1999, 2000, 20011 Maximum concentration from a three year monitoring period (1999, 2000, 2001).2 Modeled maximum impacts of Sumas Energy 2 are taken from the SE2 Second Revised Application dated June 29, 2001,

Table 6.1-16.



Construction


Any emission of fugitive dust requires implementation of Best Management and GoodConstruction Practices. Incorporating mitigation measures into the construction specifications forthe project would reduce construction impacts. Possible mitigation measures to control PM10,particulate matter deposition, and emissions of CO and NOx during construction are listed below.

• Spraying exposed soil with water would reduce PM10 emissions and particulate matterdeposition. Water would be applied at a rate to maintain a moist surface, but not createsurface water runoff or erosion conditions.

• Providing wheel washers to remove particulate matter that would otherwise be carried offsiteby vehicles would decrease deposition of particulate matter on area roads and subsequententrainment from those roads.

• Removing mud deposited on paved, public roads would reduce particulate matter in the area.• Routing and scheduling construction trucks to reduce delays to traffic during peak travel

times would reduce secondary air quality impacts caused by a reduction in traffic speedswhile waiting for construction trucks.

• Requiring appropriate emission-control devices on all construction equipment powered bygasoline or diesel fuel would reduce CO and NOx emissions in vehicular exhaust. Usingrelatively new, well-maintained equipment would reduce CO and NOx emissions.

• Planting vegetative cover as soon as appropriate after grading would reduce windblownparticulate matter in the area.

• Appropriate measures will be implemented to minimize deposition of particulate matterduring transport of materials in trucks.

Operation and Maintenance

Regulated Air Emissions

The Applicant would mitigate air emissions from the proposed cogeneration facility by burningonly natural gas in the combustion turbines and duct burners and only low-sulfur diesel fuel inthe emergency generator and firewater pump. Over and above the CGT vendor’s 9.0 ppm dry,low NOX technology, NOX emissions from the CGTs and duct burners would be controlled to theBACT level (2.5 ppm annual average at 15% O2) through the use of SCR. A catalytic oxidationsystem would be installed for the control of CO emissions from the CGTs and duct burners to anannual level of 2 ppm (at 15% O2). This catalytic oxidation system would also provide the addedbenefit of controlling about 30% of the VOC emissions, including toxic air pollutants. Otherpollutants would be controlled using good combustion technology and good operating practicesand the combustion of low-sulfur natural gas as a fuel (BP 2002).


Emissions during startup and shutdown would be mitigated by applying the following BACTmeasures:

• Requirement to follow the startup and shutdown procedures that are developed by theequipment manufacturers and documented by the Applicant in an equipment Start-up,Shutdown, and Malfunction Procedures Manual;

• Specific timelines for startups for the combustion turbines and associated equipment in casethese proper operating temperatures are not obtained within a reasonable time;

• Measurement of all emissions and summation of emissions into annual emissions; and• Limitation of the quantity of startup- and shutdown-generated emissions through annual

emission limits on NOX and CO.

Furthermore, in a Settlement Agreement with the Counsel for the Environment, the Applicanthas agreed to remove the refinery boilers within six months of the project’s commercialoperation.

Greenhouse Gas

As long as the proposed cogeneration facility is owned by the Applicant, the project’sgreenhouse gas emissions mitigation would be a part of BP’s corporate greenhouse gas objectiveand the proposed project emissions would be offset by greenhouse gas emission reductionswithin BP worldwide operations. See Section 3.2.5 for additional information regarding othermitigation measures. BP’s worldwide objective is to hold net GHG emissions at the 2002 level of90.8 tons (181.66 billion pounds) through the year 2012, while absorbing all new growth in BPcompany operations.

If, at some point in the future, the Applicant sells the proposed cogeneration facility, mitigationwould be provided for greenhouse gas emissions in excess of 0.675 pound CO2/kWh in the formof an annual payment to a qualifying organization such as the Climate Trust of $0.87/ton CO2, orgreenhouse gas reductions would be obtained by the proposed cogeneration facility owner, or acombination of the two. Mitigation would be satisfied annually for 30 years, which is theassumed economic life of the project. Mitigation would be reported to EFSEC annually.

3.2.8 Significant Unavoidable Adverse Impacts

No significant unavoidable adverse impacts on air quality are identified. The proposedcogeneration facility would emit criteria air pollutants and toxic air pollutants; however, theproposed project would enable the BP Cherry Point Refinery to implement emission (PM10)reductions. When such emission reductions are implemented, it is likely there would be minimalchanges in ambient air quality levels, either in the U.S. or in Canada. The various analysesconducted for the PSD application and for other sensitive areas of interest indicate that airemissions associated with the proposed cogeneration facility would not violate ambient airquality standards or objectives, or other regulatory air quality values. Those emissions are notlikely to cause any adverse impacts to the protection of human health and welfare, to any soils,vegetation, flora, or fauna, or to any other sensitive areas identified by the National Parks


Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, or by Canadian air qualityregulatory agencies.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.3 Water ResourcesFinal EIS 3.3-1 August 2004

3.3 WATER RESOURCES

The following information has been updated in the Final EIS. These updates and clarifications toboth the text and figures do not change the conclusions presented in the Draft EIS.


• The scale in Figure 3.3-4 has been revised. The new Figure 3.3-4, located at the end of thissection, should replace the one in the Draft EIS.


• After the last paragraph on Page 3.3-14 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added.

As originally proposed in the ASC, a perimeter ditch was to be constructed around the entire siteto intercept surface water coming onto the site from the south and east. Because of concernsabout the potential of this ditch draining Wetland C, the Corps has indicated the ditch will not bepermitted in that portion of the site.

• Figure 3.3-8 has been revised to show the updated layout or location of detention pond 1 andthe cooling tower within the fenceline of the cogeneration facility. Figure 3.3-8, located atthe end of this section, should replace the one in the Draft EIS.

• In the second full paragraph on Page 3.3-21 of the Draft EIS, the sixth sentence should bereplaced with the following:

To the extent possible, construction of the storm drainage facilities for the laydown areas wouldoccur when the ground is dry enough to work efficiently.

• In the fourth paragraph on Page 3.3-22 of the Draft EIS, the third sentence should be replacedwith the following:

To the extent possible, construction of the water reuse facilities would occur when the ground isdry enough to work efficiently.

• The last sentence in the second paragraph on Page 3.3-23 should be deleted and replacedwith the following text.

As originally proposed in the ASC, a perimeter ditch was to be constructed around the entire siteto intercept surface water coming onto the site from the south and east. Because of concernsabout the potential of this ditch draining Wetland C, the Corps has indicated the ditch will not bepermitted in that portion of the site.


• On Page 3.3-23 of the Draft EIS, the following sentence should be added at the end the thirdparagraph.

The loss of 30.51 acres of wetland would result in the loss of the associated stormwater storagefunctions.

• Changes to the following text have been added for clarification. The average amount of reusewater available from an operational Alcoa Intalco Works has been changed from 2,770 gpmto 2,780 gpm. Also, the maximum instantaneous use of the cogeneration facility couldexceed 2,801 gpm. As a result, the fifth paragraph on Page 3.3-23 of the Draft EIS should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

Industrial process water would be supplied through a water re-use agreement between theWhatcom County PUD, the Applicant, and Alcoa Intalco Works for once-through cooling waterfrom Alcoa, assuming Alcoa Intalco is in operation. Under this scenario, Alcoa would be able toprovide approximately 2,780 gpm and the excess not used by the cogeneration facility could beused by the refinery, resulting in a net reduction of water withdrawal from the Nooksack River.If Alcoa is not in operation, the average 2,244 to 2,316 gpm of process water required by thecogeneration facility would be supplied directly by the PUD. The maximum instantaneous use atthe cogeneration facility could exceed 2,801 gpm. In either case under average conditions, therewould be no net increase in water withdrawal from the Nooksack River.


• On Page 3.3-25, the first sentence of the fifth paragraph should be deleted and replaced withthe following text.

Other known or proposed projects in the Terrell Creek watershed include the Georgia StraitCrossing (GSX) pipeline, the BP ISOM unit, and the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. TheGSX pipeline traverses about 5 miles of the Terrell Creek watershed. While some wetlandswould be excavated, they would be reestablished after construction to restore their hydrologiccharacter. The pump station would be on a 5-acre site, but none of that would be wetland. TheISOM unit would be constructed on existing impervious surface at the refinery where stormwatertreatment and detention are already provided. The Brown Road Materials Storage Area wouldeliminate about 11 acres of wetlands that provide surface water storage but would include 34acres of wetland mitigation to replace that function. Cumulatively, there would be someincremental loss of wetland surface water storage in the watershed, but it would be offset byonsite treatment and detention and offsite mitigation in the basin.



• As a measure to avoid the potential drainage impact on Wetland C, the Corps of Engineerswill not permit the Applicant to install a perimeter ditch along the west side of Wetland C.Because this would become a condition of the 404 permit, the following changes have beenmade. On Page 3.3-27 of the Draft EIS, the heading “Additional Recommended MitigationMeasures” and text under the heading should be deleted. A new heading “Wetland C” shouldbe added in its place with the following new text under it.

To avoid the potential for draining Wetland C, the Applicant will not construct the perimeterditch along the west side of the wetland.

3.3.6 Significant Unavoidable Adverse Impacts

• Because of the avoidance measure to reduce the potential drainage impact on Wetland C, thelast sentence on Page 3.3-28 of the Draft EIS should be deleted.

B I R C HB A Y

D R A Y T O NH A R B O R

PointWhitehorn

CherryPoint

Lake Terrell

Kick

ervi

lle R

oad

Jack

son

Road

Aldergrove Road

Brown Road

Grandview RoadST

RA

I T O

F G

EO

RG

I A

PROJECT SITE


0 2

Gra

phic

s Se

rver

/Gra

phic

s/Bi

llabl

e/BP

Che

rry P

oint

/EIS

/Fig

3.3

-4 F

lood

Haz

ards

7.

1.04

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

0 xxxx

FIGURE 3.3-4

FLOODPLAINS

Source: BP 2002

1014003T


97

97

97

100-year floodplain

Zone C: areas outside 500-year floodplain


Insert Figure 3.3-8


BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.4 Water QualityFinal EIS 3.4-1 August 2004

3.4 WATER QUALITY

The following information has been updated in the Final EIS. Updated information was obtainedfrom Michael Kyte’s prefiled testimony (Exhibit 27R.0) as presented to EFSEC.


• On Page 3.4-12 of the Draft EIS, the following text should replace the first paragraph afterthe bullet point.

After treatment in the refinery wastewater treatment system, wastewater from the cogenerationfacility would be discharged along with the refinery wastewater to the Strait of Georgia. Thecogeneration facility would add approximately 190 gpm on average to the refinery’s effluentdischarge, assuming 15 cycles of concentration in the cooling tower of non-recyclable processwastewater, to the refinery discharge. Table 3.4-5 presents a numerical analysis of the potentialimpact of the cogeneration facility wastewater on the refinery’s wastewater stream. The impactanalysis is based on the average discharge from the refinery wastewater treatment study that wasconducted in July, August, and September of 2001.

• The following table should replace Table 3.4-5 on Page 3.4-12 of the Draft EIS.

Table 3.4-5: Potential Impact of Proposed Cogeneration Facility on the Existing RefineryWastewater Discharge to Outfall 001 in the Strait of Georgia

Parameter

UntreatedCogenProcess

Wastewater1

TreatmentEfficiency

CogenProcess

Wastewaterafter

Treatment

RefineryProcess

Wastewaterafter

Treatment

% Increasewith CogenContribution

(aftertreatment byrefinery) 2

Discharge Flow (gpm) 190 0% 190 2,338 8.1%

Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) lbs./day mg/l

132 98% 2.64 275 1%

Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) lbs./day

323 96% 12.9 2,235 0.6%

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)lbs./day

98 35% 63.7 427 14.9%

Oil and Grease (lbs./day) 3 98% 0.1 115 0.1%

Total Chromium (lbs./day) 0.32 (1.45) -- -- 0 3

Temperature (oF) 93.8 -- -- 82.7 <1º F

pH 6.5 - 9.5 -- -- 8.0 - 8.6 Min. NA

1 Wastewater that is “discharged” to the refinery’s wastewater treatment system.2 Based upon treatment efficiencies documented in the BP Cherry Point Treatment Efficiency Study and Engineering Report,

May 2002.3 Not estimated – the Treatment Efficiency Study report shows that metal concentrations are reduced through the refinery

wastewater treatment system.


• The following text should be added after Table 3.4-5 on Page 3.4-12 of the Draft EIS.

According to Michael Kyte, (Prefiled Testimony, Exhibit 27R.0), there is no evidence to suggestimpacts on fish populations or food sources would result from the discharge of the combinedrefinery and cogeneration treated wastewater to the Strait of Georgia. Even if the temperature ofthe discharged effluent increased, the water velocity within the mixing zone would rapidly mixand dilute the treated wastewater. As a result, any substance or temperature increase wouldrapidly be reduced to ambient levels. In such conditions, it is unlikely that herring or salmonadults, juveniles, or larvae would be subject to higher concentrations of any substance or raisedtemperatures long enough to cause short-term harm. According to plume modeling conducted byEcology, the refinery’s effluent would be diluted within the zone of initial dilution (ZID) at afactor of 28:1. Outside the ZID, the effluent would be diluted at a factor of 157:1 before reachingthe edge of the chronic dilution zone, where all substances or parameters must be equal toambient conditions. Physical modeling studies conducted in 1990 using dye injected into therefinery effluent showed that the actual dilution ratio within the ZID was 144:1 and the dilutionat the edge of the chronic dilution zone was 1,709:1. Therefore, based on this information and onthe results of no impacts of the ongoing quarterly acute bioassay testing conducted by BP as partof the refinery’s NPDES testing and monitoring requirements, no impacts are anticipated fromthe combined refinery and cogeneration wastewater discharge.

• In the second paragraph on Page 3.4-14 of the Draft EIS, the second to the last sentenceshould be deleted. A special groundwater study is not needed because stormwater dischargedto the detention facility, and ultimately to CMA 2, would be collected only fromuncontaminated areas of the cogeneration facility.


• On Page 3.4-17 of the Draft EIS, the second paragraph should be deleted and replaced withthe following text.

Water used for hydrostatic testing would require capture and discharge. The Applicant wouldmeet the requirement of the State Waste Discharge Permit and develop and implement a plan tocharacterize the hydrostatic test wastewater for conventional and priority pollutants. The resultswould determine if the wastewater could be properly disposed of in the refinery’s wastewatertreatment system prior to discharge. Hydrostatic test water would only be discharged to therefinery’s wastewater treatment system if testing confirmed that it was within acceptable limitsfor that system. After treatment, the hydrostatic test water would be discharged to the Strait ofGeorgia through the refinery’s Outfall 001. If hydrostatic test water does not meet criteria fordischarge to the refinery’s wastewater treatment plant, other offsite disposal options would benecessary.


• On Page 3.4-17 of the Draft EIS, the following text should precede the third paragraph underthe heading “Stormwater Mitigation Measures.”

EFSEC has developed conditions for the proposed project’s National Pollutant DischargeElimination System Permit, which the Applicant will meet. The permit conditions specifyconstruction stormwater effluent limits and monitoring requirements. The effluent limitations arepresented in Table 3.4-7. The Applicant would begin monitoring construction stormwater qualitywith the start of construction activities.

• On Page 3.4-17 of the Draft EIS, the last sentence and list items 1 through 12 (whichcontinue onto the next page) should be deleted.

• On Page 3.4-19 of the Draft EIS, the heading “Additional Recommended MitigationMeasures” and paragraph below it should be deleted. This section has been deletedthroughout the Final EIS.

• On Page 3.4-19 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added before the thirdparagraph.

EFSEC has developed State Waste Discharge Permit conditions for operation of the cogenerationfacility. These conditions include discharge limitations, monitoring requirements, reporting andrecordkeeping requirements, an operation and maintenance plan for water quality treatmentfacilities, SPCC and hazardous waste management plans, and a SWPP plan. The operationeffluent limits are presented in Table 3.4-7.

• On Page 3.4-20 of the Draft EIS and continuing onto the next page, the heading “AdditionalRecommended Mitigation Measures” and paragraphs below it should be deleted. This sectionhas been deleted throughout the Final EIS.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.5 WetlandsFinal EIS 3.5-1 August 2004

3.5 WETLANDS

Additional and updated information about wetlands is presented below. Most of the newinformation relates to potential impacts on Wetland C and potential wetland impacts from theBrown Road Materials Storage Area and the Clean Fuels or ISOM project.


• Figure 3.5-2 from the Draft EIS has been deleted. On Page 3.5-3 of the Draft EIS, the firstsentence of the first paragraph should be deleted and replaced with the following text.

Wetlands associated with the cogeneration facility are primarily PEM systems (Figure 3.5-1).

• On Page 3.5-4 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the fifth paragraph should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

Wetlands associated with components of the refinery interface (Laydown Areas 1, 2, and 3,Access Road 2, and pipeline corridor) are primarily PEM systems (Figure 3.5-1).

• A new Figure 3.5-2 has been added to the Final EIS. It is located at the end of this section.On Page 3.5-9 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the first paragraph should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

Two mitigation sites have been identified immediately north of the cogeneration facility andrefinery interface site (Figure 3.5-2).

• Figure 3.5-3 has been revised. The revised figure, located at the end of this section, shouldreplace the figure in the Draft EIS.


• In the third paragraph on Page 3.5-12 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be insertedbetween the seventh and eighth sentences.

As identified in the original ASC, a perimeter ditch was to be constructed along the westernborder of Wetland C. The Corps of Engineers has indicated, however, that construction of thisditch through Wetland C will not be permitted.

• On Page 3.5-13 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the second full paragraph should bereplaced with the following text.

This 150-foot-wide, 0.8-mile transmission corridor would require the construction of 4 towers.



• The following text provides additional information on other projects currently being built orto be built in the near future. On Page 3.5-15 of the Draft EIS, the fourth paragraph should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

The proposed Georgia Strait Crossing (GSX) pipeline project is anticipated to be constructedconcurrently with the proposed project. Along the more than 33-mile pipeline corridor,approximately 62 acres would be affected by construction, but only 7.4 acres would bepermanently affected by vegetation management as part of pipeline maintenance. Within theportion of the pipeline corridor in the Terrell Creek watershed (MPs 28 to 33), about 2 acreswould be affected by construction and about 1 acre would be permanently affected by vegetationmanagement. Mitigation for these impacts has been accepted by the Corps.

Currently, the BP Cherry Point Refinery is constructing a Clean Fuels or gasoline isomerization(ISOM) project within the boundary of the refinery. This project would not affect wetlandsbecause the project site is a cleared gravel area. Another BP project to be built in the near futureis the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. This project would permanently affect 11 acres ofwetlands and temporarily disturb 0.17 acre of wetland in the area south of the proposedcogeneration project. These wetland impacts would be mitigated by rehabilitating approximately34 acres of wetlands, ponds, and surrounding uplands located within the BP Cherry Pointproperty. The proposed mitigation area for this project is north of Grandview Road andimmediately west CMA 2, one of two wetland mitigation sites for the proposed project.

Most of the wetlands identified above to be affected in the Terrell Creek watershed are highlydisturbed and dominated by non-native, invasive plant species. The mitigation areas would beconstructed with native species. While cumulatively there would be a net loss in wetland area, itis anticipated there would be a net gain in wetland function.

At this time, Whatcom County envisions growth and development in the general area. Potentialimpacts on wetland systems associated with these projects would depend on the quantity andquality of affected wetland systems and approved mitigation. The proposed project would notcontribute to potential cumulative impacts on wetland communities because proposed mitigationmeasures would create and enhance wetlands with high functional values to replace disturbedwetlands with low functional values.



• The last paragraph on Page 3.5-15 and the first paragraph on Page 3.5-16 of the Draft EISshould be deleted and replaced with the following text.

Mitigation measures consistent with those generally required by the Corps and Ecology forCategory III wetlands within western Washington would be carried out during construction andoperation of the project to protect wetlands that would not be filled. Wetlands adjacent to theproject site, such as Wetland I, would be protected using silt fencing and hay bales. The potentialdrainage impact on Wetland C from the construction of a perimeter ditch along the west side ofthe wetland would be avoided by not digging a ditch, as required by the Corps.

The portions of Wetlands A, B, C, and D that would not be disturbed would also be protectedusing silt fencing and hay bales. Approximately 4.66 acres of Wetland F and 0.2 acre of WetlandB3 would be temporarily disturbed and restored after project construction is completed. Underthe proposed mitigation plan, in addition to the 0.2 acre of wetland restoration of Wetland B3,0.3 acre of wetland creation would occur, for a total of 0.5 acre of wetland restoration andcreation in this area of the project site (Appendix C).

• Since the Draft EIS was published, the Applicant completed the Final Cogeneration ProjectCompensatory Mitigation Plan. Also, the Applicant and Whatcom County approved aSettlement Agreement, which among other things identifies specific measures to make themitigation sites CMA 1 and CMA 2 more “heron-friendly.” On Page 3.5-16 of the Draft EIS,the last sentence of the third paragraph should be deleted and replaced with the followingtext.

Detailed information associated with proposed mitigation measures is provided in the FinalCogeneration Project Compensatory Mitigation Plan and all of its attachments (see Appendix Cof this Final EIS).


Figure 3.5-2



Figure 3.5-3


BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.7 Vegetation, Wildlife, and FisheriesFinal EIS 3.7-1 August 2004

3.7 UPLAND VEGETATION, WILDLIFE AND HABITAT, FISHERIES, ANDTHREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

Updates to Section 3.7 include insertions of additional information provided by commenters onthe Draft EIS and factual corrections. Factual corrections relate to the number of new towersneeded to connect the proposed project to the Bonneville Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No.2. These updates to the text of the Draft EIS do not substantially change the description ofexisting conditions or the potential impacts resulting from construction and operation of theproposed project. The addition of mitigation measures further reduces the significance ofpotential impacts on natural resources in and around the project area. The following is updatedinformation that has been added to the Final EIS.


• On Page 3.7-15 of the Draft EIS, the following sentence should be added to the end of thethird paragraph.

The WDFW Priority Habitat and Species database also identifies a bald eagle nesting site within400 feet of the existing Custer-Intalco Transmission Line No. 2 (see Appendix B, Section 3.1.4,Page 21 of the Draft EIS and Letter 18, Response 2 in Volume 2 of this Final EIS.

• On Page 3.7-17 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added to the end of the firstparagraph.

During prefiled testimony, Michael Kyte stated that the herring stock at Cherry Point hasdeclined. He further testified that he has not seen evidence of adverse effects resulting from thedischarge of wastewater from onshore industries (Kyte, Prefiled Testimony, Exhibits 27.0 and27R.0).


• On Page 3.7-20 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added at the end of the fourthparagraph.

Transmission line construction activities could disturb bald eagle nesting from mid-March tomid-June.

• On Page 3.7-22 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added after the last sentence ofthe first paragraph.

The Birch Bay great blue heron rookery is located about 1.5 miles from the project site. WDFWmanagement recommendations for great blue heron include a 3,280-foot buffer between heroncolonies and construction activities (WDFW 2004).


• On Page 3.7-23 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the fourth paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

Installation of the transmission system requires a 150-foot-wide, 0.8-mile-long corridorconsisting of four new towers.

• On Page 3.7-23 of the Draft EIS, the first sentence of the fourth paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

As described above in the upland vegetation section, the four tower pads would coverapproximately 0.29 acre.

• On Page 3.7-25 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added after the first fullsentence at the top of the page.

Bonneville would consult with WDFW during design of the transmission line to develop theHydraulic Project Approval.


• On Page 3.7-35 of the Draft EIS, the last sentence of the first paragraph should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

To minimize and control the spread of noxious weed species, all equipment would be cleanedbefore leaving the site during initial clearing activities.

• Since the Draft EIS was published, the Applicant completed the Final Cogeneration ProjectCompensatory Mitigation Plan. Also, the Applicant and Whatcom County approved aSettlement Agreement, which among other things identifies specific measures to make themitigation sites CMA 1 and CMA 2 more “heron-friendly.” On Page 3.7-35 of the Draft EIS,the last sentence of the second paragraph should be deleted and replaced with the followingtext.

Detailed information associated with proposed mitigation measures is provided in the FinalCogeneration Project Compensatory Mitigation Plan and all of its attachments (see Appendix Cof this Final EIS).

• On Page 3.7-36 of the Draft EIS, the following text should be added after the last sentence ofthe second paragraph.

Bonneville would avoid transmission line construction and maintenance activities near theknown bald eagle nesting site from mid-March to mid-June.


• In the Settlement Agreement between the Applicant and Whatcom County, there is astipulation for site restoration. On Page 3.7-36 of the Draft EIS, the following text should beadded after the third paragraph.

As part of the Settlement Agreement between the Applicant and Whatcom County, the Applicantagrees to prepare an initial site restoration plan and submit it at least 90 days prior to thebeginning of site preparation. The Applicant would also prepare and submit a detailed siterestoration plan to EFSEC for approval within 12 months of the project’s completion. Thedetailed site restoration plan would identify a reasonable time frame for the work, taking intoaccount the various phases of restoration and the anticipated future use of the site.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.8 Energy and Natural ResourcesFinal EIS 3.8-1 August 2004

3.8 ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Additional and updated information about the availability and potential impacts on naturalresources has been added to the Final EIS. The Final EIS also notes that the Chehalis PowerStation began operation since the publication of the Draft EIS. The revised information aboutenergy and natural resources does not affect the conclusions of the section as presented in theDraft EIS.


• On Page 3.8-4 of the Draft EIS, Table 3.8-4 should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing:

Table 3.8-4: Washington Generation Facilities Currently Under Construction

Facility Developer Facility Type Size(MW)

Expected On-Line Date

Chehalis Power Station 1 Tractebel Power, Inc. Comb Cycle 520 Qtr. 3/2003Coyote Springs 2 Avista Comb Cycle 260 Qtr. 3/2003Goldendale Calpine Corp. Comb Cycle 248 Qtr. 2/2004Satsop CT Project Duke Energy Comb Cycle 650 Construction Suspended

Source: PSE 20031 - Station has begun operation since the publication of the Draft EIS.


• On Page 3.8-10 of the Draft EIS, the following text and table should be added after the thirdparagraph.

Overall, the North American natural gas resource base is feeling the effects of its maturity, withproduction from conventional wells flattening out since the mid 1990s, and non-conventional gasresources making up the balance (National Petroleum Council 2003 and U.S. Department ofEnergy 2004). The Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts that by 2025, 43% oftotal production in the lower 48 states of the U.S. would be met by unconventional resources.Table 3.8-7 summarizes U.S. natural gas supply projections developed by the California EnergyCommission and the EIA.


Table 3.8-7: Projected Natural Gas Supplies for the United States (in trillion cf/yr)

Supply Sources Projected 2003 Projected 2008 Projected 2013 Projected 2025AEO2004

Lower 48 18.664 20.277 21.746 21.29Canada 4.209 4.503 4.853 2.56

Other sources1 1.200 1.887 2.688 4.682

Total 24.072 26.668 29.368 31.41Source: California Energy Commission 2003, U.S. Department of Energy 2004.1 Other sources include: fuel available from fuel switching, liquefied natural gas (LNG) receipt at existing U.S. import

facilities, and Mexican imports; assumes no new LNG facilities, but expansion of existing facilities as LNG imports becomea more cost effective resource.

2 Includes LNG and imports from Mexico

In the short term, it is expected that overall declines in U.S. production from the lower 48 stateswill be made up through development of non-conventional resources and increased productionfrom the Rocky Mountain region as noted above. The National Petroleum Council (NPC) hasprojected that in the longer term (2025), production from the lower 48 states and non-arcticCanada would only make up 75% of U.S. demand. The EIA and the NPC have concluded thatthe balance of supply would come from the most cost-effective combination of the followingresources:

• Development of Canadian Arctic Gas: The MacKenzie Delta natural gas pipeline is projectedto begin moving supplies to U.S. buyers in 2009, with maximum annual throughput of 675billion cubic feet reached in 2012 and continuing through 2025. However, it is also expectedthat a significant portion of the gas production of the Mackenzie Delta fields would beconsumed within Canada.

• Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Imports: Supplies of natural gas from oversea sources, importedthrough U.S. liquefied natural gas terminals, account for most of the projected increase in netimports in both the EIA and NPC forecasts. It is projected that expansion of LNG capacitywould occur through both expansion of the four existing facilities in the U.S. (three onAtlantic seaboard, one on the Gulf Coast) and development of new facilities. As of December1, 2003, there were 32 proposals for new terminals; however, proposals for new capacityinvolve significant risk and uncertainty both within and outside the U.S. and are not allexpected to move forward.

• Development of U.S Arctic Gas: Both the U.S. Department of Energy (2004) and NPCforecasts project the development of North Slope Alaska fields, with operation beginningonly after 2015. Although the potential of the Alaska gas resource is known to be large,uncertainty surrounds its development because the resource is stranded from the U.S. market,public opposition, and regulatory factors.


• On Page 3.8-12 of the Draft EIS, Table 3.8-7 should be changed to Table 3.8-8.





• On Page 3.8-15 of the Draft EIS, the fourth paragraph should be deleted.

3.8.3 Impacts of No Action

• The last paragraph on Page 3.8-16 and the first paragraph on Page 3.8-17 should be deletedand replaced with the following text.

Under the No Action Alternative, the cogeneration facility, refinery interface, 230-kVtransmission facility, and other project components would not be constructed and theconsumption of energy or natural resources associated with construction and operation of theproject would not occur. Existing natural-gas-fired power plants would be more likely tocontinue operations. No new hydroelectric generating capacity is being added, and thedevelopment of nuclear power plants has been halted. Wind and solar power do not have thegenerating availability needed to meet continuous electrical demand, but they could allow moreflexibility in managing baseload resources. Fuel cell technologies are being developed, but theseremain relatively small and expensive. Natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle combustion turbineplants would meet the increasing demand for baseload electrical generation. If the proposedcogeneration facility were not constructed, the refinery and industries in the region would useelectricity produced by existing sources of generation, electricity produced by other new sourcesof generation, or through regional user-side electricity efficiency savings.

Under this alternative, the cogeneration facility would not generate and transmit electrical powerfor use on the Northwest power grid. The No Action Alternative would not remove the need forpower production; it would potentially transfer the impacts to another site and anothertechnology. There would be no increase in the power supply reliability for the BP Cherry PointRefinery and no contribution to new electrical generation required to meet increasing powerdemands in the Pacific Northwest and adjoining regions.



• On Page 3.8-17, the second, third, and fourth paragraphs should be deleted and replaced withthe following text and table.

Natural Gas Supply and Consumption

The project would consume 42,457,356 MBtu (approximately 43 MDth) of natural gas annuallyin the production of electrical energy and steam. The proposed project would incrementallycontribute to the regional demand for natural gas and, given existing natural gas transmissionsystem capacity in the region, would represent an additional increment of demand on the system.The cogeneration facility’s projected annual natural gas consumption would be relatively smallcompared to the region’s existing and projected future supply, and it would not be expected tosignificantly affect the overall supply for other users in northwest Washington.

Cumulative impacts on natural gas consumption from the development of this and other gas-firedelectrical generation facilities would depend mainly on market forces, regional and nationaleconomic growth, and the response of this and other industrial sectors who are large consumersof natural gas and/or electricity. It is anticipated that shifts in the industrial market willaccommodate tightening natural gas supplies in a number of ways.

Recent data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA 2004) has indicated a dramaticincrease in additions to U.S. electricity generation capacity since 2000, with virtually all of thenew capacity using natural gas as fuel. However, natural gas consumption in the electric powersector has not increased as rapidly. From 1995 to 2002, natural-gas-fired generation in the powersector increased by 43%, but natural gas consumption in the power sector increased only 31%.This reduced consumption relative to generation can be attributed to increased efficiency ofnatural-gas-fired generation. The significant role of natural gas fuel in power generation isexpected to continue in the foreseeable future, but the disparity between generating capacityadded and natural gas use is also expected to grow for the following reasons.

The modest rate of growth of electricity sales will mean that many of the new facilities areunlikely to operate at full capacity in their early years of operation. Also, as clearly evidenced inthe Pacific Northwest in the past 24 months, market forces will dictate the number of newfacilities that will actually be constructed and operated (California Energy Commission 2003).Table 3.8-12 summarizes the recent status of natural gas generation (greater than 25 MW) in thePacific Northwest region (WECC 2004) and clearly indicates a direct decrease in projects beingdeveloped due to the weak regional economy and the short term decrease in regional electricityconsumption.


Table 3.8-12: Summary of Proposed Combustion Turbine Facilities in the PacificNorthwest

Facility County Location TechnologyOutput(MW)

Est.Operational

DateCompany

Operating Facilities

Evander Andrews(Mt Home)

Elmore Idaho Gas Turbine 90 10/1/2001 Idaho PowerCompany

Rathdrum Kootenai Idaho 270 9/1/2001 Avista/CogentrixExxon I Yellowstone Montana Gas Turbine 20 4/1/2001 ExxonAlbanyCogeneration

Linn Oregon Cogen 85 7/1/2000 Willamette

Beaver GT Columbia Oregon Gas Turbine 24 7/1/2001 Portland GeneralElectric

Coyote Springs II Morrow Oregon Combined 280 7/1/2003 Avista/MirantHermiston Umatilla Oregon Combined 530 8/20/2002 CalpineHermiston Peaking Umatilla Oregon Combined 100 8/20/2002 CalpineKlamath FallsCogeneration

Klamath Oregon Combined 500 7/1/2001 PacifiCorp

Klamath FallsExpansion

Klamath Oregon Gas Turbine 100 6/1/2002 Pacific KlamathEnergy

Morrow Power GT Morrow Oregon 25 8/1/2002 Morrow PowerSP NewsprintCogen

Yamhill Oregon Combined 130 7/1/2003 SP Newsprint

Benton PUD(Finley)

Skagit Washington Gas Turbine 27 12/20/2001 Benton PUD

Big Hanaford(Centralia)

Lewis Washington 248 7/1/2002 TransAlta

Boulder Park Spokane Washington 25 4/1/2002 AvistaBP Cherry PointGTs

Whatcom Washington Gas Turbine 73 9/1/2001 Cherry PointRefinery

ChehalisGeneration

Lewis Washington Combined 520 10/1/2003 Tractebel

Equilon GTs Skagit Washington Gas Turbine 38 1/1/2002 EquilonEnterprises

Frederickson Pierce Washington 249 8/1/2002 EPCOR & PugetSound Energy

Fredonia Addition Skagit Washington Gas Turbine 106 8/1/2001 Puget SoundEnergy

Pasco GTs Franklin Washington Gas Turbine 44 6/30/2002 Franklin/GraysHarbor PUD

Pierce Power Pierce Washington Gas Turbine 154 9/1/2001 TransAltaSUBTOTAL 3,638

Facilities Under Construction

FredericksonExpansion

Pierce Washington 25 6/1/2005 EPCOR & PugetSound Energy

SUBTOTAL 25

Regulatory Approval Received

Bennett Mountain Idaho Peaker1 162 7/1/2005 Idaho PowerSilver Bow Silver Bow Montana Combined 500 1/1/2011 Continental

Energy Services1 A facility that operates during peak power demands.




Est.Operational

DateCompany

Port Westward Columbia Oregon Combined 650 4/1/2006 Portland GeneralElectric

Summit/Westward Columbia Oregon Combined 520 4/1/2006 Westward EnergyLLC

UmatillaGeneration Project

Umatilla Oregon Combined 610 3/31/2008 PG&E NatlEnergy

FredericksonPower 2

Pierce Washington Combined 300 1/1/2011 EPCOR & PugetSound Energy

Sumas 2GeneratingFacility

Whatcom Washington Combined 660 1/1/2011 National Energy

Wallula Walla Walla Washington Combined 1,350 1/1/2011 NewportGeneration

SUBTOTAL 4,752

Under Review

Rathdrum GT toCC Conversion

Kootenai Idaho Combined 90 9/1/2005 Avista

Basin Creek Silver Bow Montana ReciprocatingEngines

48 1/1/2011 Basin Creek Power

COB EnergyFacility

Klamath Oregon Combined 1,150 6/1/2005 Peoples Energy

KlamathGeneratingFacility

Klamath Oregon Combined 500 1/1/2011 PacifiCorp PowerMarketing

Turner Marion Oregon Combined 620 1/1/2011 CalpineWanapa EnergyCenter

Umatilla Oregon Combined 1,230 1/1/2011 Eugene Water &Elec

West CascadeEnergy Facility

Lane Oregon 600 12/31/2007 Black Hills Corp

BP Cherry Point Whatcom Washington Combined 720 6/1/2006 Cherry PointRefinery

PlymouthGeneratingFacility

Benton Washington Combined 306 1/1/2011 Plymouth Energy

Tahoma EnergyCenter

Pierce Washington Combined 270 1/1/2011 Calpine

SUBTOTAL 5,534

Cancelled, Denied Permit, or Delayed Indefinitely

Garnet EnergyFacility I

Canyon Idaho Combined 273 Ida-West

Garnet EnergyFacility II

Canyon Idaho Combined 262 Ida-West

Kootenai Kootenai Idaho Combined 1,300 NewportGeneration

Mountain Home(PDA)

Elmore Idaho Gas Turbine 104 PowerDevelopmentAssociation

Rathdrum II Kootenai Idaho Combined 500 CogentrixMontana FirstMegawatts

Cascade Montana Combined 250 Northwestern Corp




Est.Operational

DateCompany

Coburg Lane Oregon Combined 605 Coburg PowerColumbia RiverEnergy

Columbia Oregon GT 44 Columbia RiverEnergy

Grizzly PowerProject

Jefferson Oregon Combined 980 Cogentrix

Morrow Morrow Oregon Combined 550 PG&E NatlEnergy

Pope & TalbotCogen (Halsey)

Linn Oregon Gas Turbine 93 Oregon Energy

St Helens Cogen Columbia Oregon Combined 141 Oregon EnergyWest Linn Paper Clackamas Oregon Combined 94 West Linn PaperCowlitzCogenerationproject

Cowlitz Washington Combined 395 Weyerhauser

Everett Delta 1(Preston Point)

Snohomish Washington 496 FPL Energy

Goldendale Klickitat Washington Combined 248 CalpineGoldendale NW(The Cliffs)

Klickitat Washington Gas Turbine 190 Goldendale NWAlum

Longview PowerStation

Cowlitz Washington Combined 245 Enron

Mercer Ranch Benton Washington Combined 850 CogentrixMint Farm Cowlitz Washington Combined 286 MirantNW RegionalPower (Creston)

Lincoln Washington Combined 838 Northwest PowerEnt

Satsop (GraysHarbor Phase l)

Mason Washington Combined 650 Duke Energy NA

Satsop ll (GraysHarbor Phase ll)

Mason Washington Combined 600 Duke Energy NA

Sedro-Wooley Skagit Washington Gas Turbine 83 Tollhouse EnergyStarbuck Columbia Washington Combined 1,200 PPL GlobalSUBTOTAL 11,277

Press Release Only

Black Hills Hill Montana 80 Black Hills PowerBlackfeet Glacier Montana 160 AdairIndigenous Global Washington 1,000 Indigenous GlobalPort FredericksonIndustrial

Pierce Washington 324 Morgan Stanley

SUBTOTAL 1,564GRAND TOTAL 26,790Source: Database of Proposed Generation within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council, February 2, 2004.

New gas-fired electrical generation is significantly more efficient that existing and older gas-fired and oil-fired generation. Whereas older facilities are only 33% or less efficient, newer gas-fired facilities are 45% to 50% efficient. Combined heat and power facilities such as theproposed BP cogeneration project are even more efficient. This efficiency of gas will lead powercompanies to retire older, less efficient plants, thereby reducing the amount of natural gasconsumed per MW of electricity produced.


Finally, the price of natural gas relative to other fuels and the cost effectiveness of new naturalgas supplies will determine how much gas will be consumed by the gas-fired electricalgeneration sector as a whole. The tight balance of supply and demand that is forecast for the next20 years, associated with the maturing natural gas resource in the U.S. and Canada, willemphasize the cost effectiveness of new gas resources being developed, including liquefiednatural gas imports, Arctic gas development in both the U.S. and Canada, and the developmentof non-conventional gas resources. The cost of the gas produced through these and existingconventional resources will influence the energy sector’s natural gas market share inconsumption. The generation sector will switch to cheaper fuels as allowed by environmentalconstraints or make fuller use of gas supply from the new sources (National Petroleum Council2003 and U.S. Department of Energy 2004).

Electrical Generation

The project would use 146,325 MWh of electrical power annually to generate electricity andsteam. However, the overall impacts of electrical energy use would not be significant comparedto the total amount of energy being produced by the proposed facility. Operation of thecogeneration facility would cumulatively add to the availability of energy in the PacificNorthwest by generating up to 635 MW of electrical power for distribution on the Northwestpower grid.

Other Resources

Approximately 176,850 cubic yards of sand, gravel, fill dirt, and concrete, and 1,050 tons of steelwould be used to construct the cogeneration facility, representing an incremental contribution tothe regional consumption of these resources. Total permitted gravel resources in WhatcomCounty are estimated to be approximately 55.2 million tons. The proposed project would use lessthan 0.05% of these permitted sources in Whatcom County and would not result in a significantcumulative impact on these resources.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.9 NoiseFinal EIS 3.9-1 August 2004

3.9 NOISE

Updates to the Draft EIS Section 3.9 include the addition and deletion of text and revision ofTables 3.9-4 and 3.9-5. These updates are based on public comments on the Draft EIS andinformation provided by the Applicant. The updates to the text and changes to the tables do notchange the conclusion about the potential noise impacts presented in the Draft EIS.


• On Page 3.9-6 of the Draft EIS, the fourth paragraph should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing text.

Based on the results of the two noise studies, background or ambient noise levels in the projectvicinity are higher than expected for a rural environment with residences and scattered industrialfacilities. As noted above, wind gusts, creeks, nearby industries, and more importantly, transientnoise all contribute to the existing noise environment surrounding the location of the proposedcogeneration facility. These background levels were used in calculating predicted (modeled)noise levels from an operating cogeneration facility. The estimated noise levels combiningmodeled and background noise levels are shown in Table 3.9-5.


• The last two paragraphs on Page 3.9-7 and the first three paragraphs on Page 3.9-8 should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

Two studies were performed to predict the noise emissions from the project. The first, conductedby Golder and Associates in 2002, was based on a project designed to use air-cooling. Thesecond, conducted by Hessler Associates Inc., revised the project design to the currentconfiguration using a wet-cooling system. The Hessler noise study predicted operational noiselevels at the 15 chosen receptors and estimated noise levels at the selected offsite receptors,based on the anticipated noise levels produced by the proposed cogeneration facility withoutincluding the background or transient sounds. The baseline analysis assumed standard power-generating equipment would be used throughout the facility without any special or unusualimprovements specifically intended to reduce far-field noise. The primary noise-generatingequipment would consist of three CTGs, one STG, three HRSGs, and an air/water cooling tower.Modeling assumed that the CTGs and STG would be housed within standard, acoustically treatedenclosures (but not within buildings). Besides the main components, other equipment that couldgenerate potentially significant noise levels, such as boiler feedwater pumps, circulating waterpumps, main transformers, and various steam lines, were included in the model.

Standard noise control features such as a combustion turbine inlet silencer, various turbineenclosures, and enclosure of the steam turbine structure below the operating deck were alsoincorporated into the modeling.


The Hessler study, however, found that a moderate reduction in HRSG stack noise wouldsignificantly lower the overall noise levels facility-wide. Consequently, Hessler recommended,and the Applicant accepted, the addition of stack silencers with a nominal reduction of 10 dBAin stack sound; the stack silencers were incorporated into the project design and noise modeling.With this improvement, total noise levels at some of the more critical locations would be reducedby 3 to 4 dBA. The stack silencers also carry an additional benefit that stack noise is less likelyto adversely affect levels at receptors situated downwind from the facility. The high elevation ofthe stacks makes their noise more susceptible to wind effects.

Finally, to ensure the modeling results are conservative, the noise impact modeling predicted themaximum noise levels to be produced by the proposed project. To achieve these conditions, noattenuation factors, such as vegetation or topography, were included in the modeling for existingor future noise results.

Table 3.9-4 presents the projected noise levels of the proposed project at the 15 receptors asoriginally modeled by Hessler with inclusion of stack silencers. This modeling indicates that thenoise levels of the proposed project would be below the regulatory daytime and nighttimeallowable levels as shown in Table 3.9-4.

• Table 3.9-4 on Page 3.9-8 of the Draft EIS should be deleted and replaced with the followingtable.

Table 3.9-4: Estimated Noise Levels without Background Ambient Sound Levels (Leq

dBA)

Receptor LocationHessler’s Predicted Noise Level

(with stack silencers)Most Stringent State Regulatory

Limit (nighttime)

1 (I) 47 702 (R) 41 503 (I) 46 704 (I) 39 705 (I) 40 706 (I) 41 707 (R) 40 508 (R) 34 509 (R) 38 5010 (R) 40 5011 (R) 40 5012 (I) 60 7013 (I) 48 7014 (R) 44 5015 (R) 35 50

Note: I=industrial, R=residential


• The last paragraph on Page 3.9-8, which continues onto the next page, should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

As shown above, all of the modeled noise levels produced solely by the cogeneration facilitywould be below the state regulatory thresholds. Because stack silencers have been added to theproject design, Hessler’s modeled results were used to calculate the noise levels at the 15receptor locations to include the background noise conditions combined with the noise producedfrom the cogeneration facility. Table 3.9-5 outlines the existing background conditions measuredby Golder and Hessler, the estimated combined noise levels predicted by Hessler (existingconditions plus the predicted cogeneration noise levels with stack silencers), and the increaseabove existing noise levels.

• Table 3.9-5 on Page 3.9-9 of the Draft EIS should be deleted and replaced with the followingtable.

Table 3.9-5: Estimated Noise Levels Combining Modeled and Background Sources (Leq

dBA)

Daytime Noise Level Nighttime Noise Level

Receptor ExistingCondition 1

ExistingCondition

plus ModeledLevel with

StackSilencers 1

Increaseabove

ExistingCondition 1

ExistingCondition

ExistingCondition

plus ModeledLevel with

StackSilencers

Increaseabove

ExistingCondition

1 (I) 68 68 0 65 65 02 (R) 58 59 1 63 63 03 (I) 61 61 0 60 61 14 (I) 50 51 1 52 53 15 (I) 63 63 0 58 58 06 (I) 61 61 0 59 59 07 (R) 63/51 (1) 63/51 0 56 56 08 (R) 55 55 0 52 52 09 (R) 57 57 0 50 50 010 (R) 62/42 (1) 62/44 0/2 54 54 011 (R) 61/40 61/43 0/3 53 53 012 (I) 64 65 1 61 63 213 (I) 62 62 0 57 57 014 (R) 60/41 60/45 0/4 51 52 115 (R) 47 48 1 39 40 1

Note: I=industrial, R=residential1 Where background measurements were performed by Golder and Hessler, both measurements as shown with Golder data firstand Hessler data second.


• On Page 3.9-9 of the Draft EIS, the second and third paragraphs should be deleted andreplaced with the following text.

The modeling results presented in Table 3.9-5 indicate that one receptor (14 R) would experiencea perceptible increase (above 3 dBA) in noise during the daytime. Two receptors wouldexperience a noise increase over 1 dBA. Receptor 10 is estimated to increase by 2 dBA duringthe daytime, and Receptor 11 is estimated to increase by 3 dBA during the daytime. Receptor 12is estimated to increase by 2 dBA at night. As shown on Table 3.9-2, these receptors range from300 feet to 1.48 miles from the proposed cogeneration facility.


• The first and second bullets on Page 3.9-12 should be deleted.

• Since the Draft EIS was published, the Applicant and Whatcom County have reached aSettlement Agreement regarding conditions of the project, including noise mitigationmeasures. On Page 3.9-12 of the Draft EIS, the following bullets should be added at the topof the page.

• The Applicant would operate the project in compliance with applicable Washingtonregulations governing noise from industrial facilities, found in Washington AdministrationCode Chapter 173-60.

• In addition to applicable Washington regulations, the Applicant would comply with thefollowing limitations when the project is operating normally with all units operating at fullload:- At Receptor 7 (as identified in Figure 3.9-1 of the Draft EIS), project-only noise would

not exceed 47.7 dBA (regardless of wind direction).- At Receptor 9 (as identified in Figure 3.9-1 of the Draft EIS), project-only noise would

not exceed 45.8 dBA (regardless of wind direction) and would not exceed 70 dBC(regardless of wind direction).

- At Receptor 10 (as identified in Figure 3.9-1 of the Draft EIS), project-only noisewould not exceed 41.5 dBA (during calm wind and winds from all quadrants exceptsouthwest) or 45.0 dBA (during wind from the southwest quadrant) and would notexceed 70 dBC (regardless of wind direction).

- At the Cottonwood Beach receptor, located at 4961 Morgan Road, project-only noisewould not exceed 36.4 dBA (during calm winds and winds from all quadrants exceptsouthwest) or 43.6 dBC (during wind from the southwest quadrant) and would notexceed 70 dBC (regardless of wind direction).

- At Receptor 13 (as identified in Figure 3.9-1 of the Draft EIS), project-only noisewould not exceed 54.4dBA (regardless of wind direction).

• Within 180 days of the beginning of operation, the Applicant would conduct post-operationnoise monitoring at the five receptors identified in the agreement to determine compliancewith the noise limitations, and report the results of the monitoring to EFSEC. Compliancewould be verified by measurements taken when the project is operating normally with allunits operating at full load. Compliance monitoring would be conducted in accordance withthe stipulations referenced in the agreement.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.10 Land UseFinal EIS 3.10-1 August 2004

3.10 LAND USE

The following information has been updated in the Final EIS.


• On Page 3.10-2 of the Draft EIS, the second paragraph should be deleted and replaced withthe following text.

Land uses in the project vicinity include a variety of recreational, industrial, commercial,residential, and agricultural uses. Low-density residential uses occur to the north and east of thesite and west of the BP Cherry Point Refinery at Point Whitehorn. These residential uses areprimarily single-family houses on large lots. Northwest of the refinery, residential propertiesoccur in the bayfront community of Birch Bay. According to U.S. Census data, the Birch BayCensus Designation Place supported 5,105 total housing units in 2000 with a correspondingpopulation of 4,961. Of the total number of housing units, approximately one-half, or 2,620units, were classified as seasonal or occasional use units (Whatcom County 2003a).

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.13 Public Services and UtilitiesFinal EIS 3.13-1 August 2004

3.13 PUBLIC SERVICES AND UTILITIES

• The gallons per minute (gpm) amount for Alcoa Intalco Works has been corrected. On Page3.13-16 of the Draft EIS, the third sentence in the second paragraph should be deleted andreplaced with the following sentence.

Under this scenario, Alcoa Intalco Works, when operational, would be able to provideapproximately 2,780 gpm, and the excess not used by the cogeneration facility could be used bythe refinery, resulting in a net reduction of water withdrawal from the Nooksack River.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.14 Cultural ResourcesFinal EIS 3.14-1 August 2004

3.14 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Changes to this section include clarification of the native plant survey, a factual correctionregarding a recommended mitigation measure, and the addition of mitigation measures asrecommended by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. The following information has been updated inthe Final EIS.


• On Page 3.14-9 of the Draft EIS, the third paragraph should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing text.

BOAS, Inc. recorded no cultural resources in this area. The Lummi Indian Nation’s secondnative plant survey has not been completed, however. The results of this study may identifytraditional resources in this area. According to the Applicant, the archaeological survey for theAccess Road No. 1 area included all but the northern 50 feet of the access road right-of-way (BP2004).


• On Page 3.14-11 of the Draft EIS, the word “intact” should be deleted from the first sentencein the fourth full paragraph.

• On Page 3.14-11 of the Draft EIS, the last paragraph should be deleted and replaced with thefollowing text.

The Applicant completed archaeological and native plant surveys at the site of detention pond 2and its apron, the refinery interface area, and Access Road 3. The Corps reviewed the surveyreport and made a determination of No Historic Properties Affected. The report and the Corps’determination have been forwarded to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for reviewand concurrence. In a letter dated June 14, 2004, SHPO concurred with the Corps’ definition ofthe Area of Potential Effect (APE) and determination of No Historic Properties Affected.

The Applicant will complete additional surveys within the industrial or sanitary wastewaterpipelines, Alcoa water pipeline route, and the wetland mitigation areas (CMA 1 and CMA 2)after further design studies but before the start of construction. If no significant archaeologicalresources are discovered or if the resources would not be affected by the project, mitigationwould not be necessary. If significant resources were found and would be affected by the project,the Corps would propose the following measures as conditions to the project 404 permit:

• A professional archaeologist will be onsite to monitor for the presence of archaeologicalresources during all ground-disturbing construction within the permit area, including CMA 1and CMA 2.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.14 Cultural ResourcesFinal EIS 3.14-2 August 2004

• A summary report of the findings of the archaeological monitoring or status report will besubmitted to the Corps’ Seattle District, Regulatory Branch; EFSEC; SHPO; and LummiIndian Nation within 13 months of permit issuance.

• If human remains or archaeological resources are encountered during construction, alldisturbing activities will be immediately stopped in the immediate area and the Applicantshall (within one day of discovery) notify the Corps, EFSEC, SHPO, and Lummi IndianNation. The Applicant will perform any work required by the Corps in accordance withSection 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and Corps regulations.

• The remaining or follow-up native plant study will be conducted within the project area andmitigation areas prior to construction and during the growing season. Prior to construction,the study report will be submitted to the Corps and Lummi Indian Nation Cultural ResourcesDepartment. After the Corps and the Lummi Cultural Resources Department have reviewedthe report, the mitigation plans will be updated to reflect the planting of suitable vegetationwithin the mitigation and restoration areas.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.15 Traffic and TransportationFinal EIS 3.15-1 August 2004

3.15 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

Updates to the Draft EIS Section 3.15 include factual corrections, title clarification for Figure3.15-7, and additional mitigation measures agreed to by the Applicant and WSDOT since thepublication of the Draft EIS. Corrections to text and Figure 3.15-7 and additional mitigationmeasures are described below.


• On Page 3.15-9 of the Draft EIS, footnote 2 in Table 3.15-4 should be deleted and replacedwith the following text.

Accidents per million vehicles entering intersection.


• In the first sentence on Page 3.15-11 of the Draft EIS, the term “Access Road 1” should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

(Access Road 2)

• On Page 3.15-11 of the Draft EIS, the second sentence should be deleted.

• On Page 3.15-13 of the Draft EIS, the term “see Figure 3.1-6” should be deleted and replacedwith the following text.

(see Figure 3.15-6)

• Figure 3.15-7 of the Draft EIS has been revised. The new Figure 3.15-7 with the new title“Projected 2004 PM Peak-Hour and Average Weekday Traffic Volumes During PeakConstruction Activities” is included at the end of this section.


• On Page 3.15-23 of the Draft EIS, the first bullet in the list under this heading should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

A traffic signal would be installed at the intersection of Grandview Road (SR-548)/Portal Waythat is synchronized with the existing Burlington Northern Railroad signals. This measure is partof the Letter of Understanding (LOU) No. 66 dated December 4, 2003 between the Applicantand WSDOT.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.15 Traffic and TransportationFinal EIS 3.15-2 August 2004

• On Page 3.15-23 of the Draft EIS, the second bullet in the list under this heading should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

The Applicant would ensure that agreed upon mitigation measures would be completed and fullyoperational within 260 days of the Site Release or prior to peak construction.

• On Page 3.15-23 of the Draft EIS, the last sentence of the last bullet in the list under thisheading should be deleted and replaced with the following text.

Delivery of heavy or oversized equipment would be by road or rail, as practical.

• On Page 3.15-23 of the Draft EIS, the heading titled “Additional Recommended MitigationMeasures” and the text below it, which continues onto the next page, should be deleted.

BLAINEAIRPORT

S T R A I TO F

G E O R G I A

B I R C HB A Y

D R A Y T O NH A R B O R

CherryPoint

Poin

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rn R

oad

B UR L I N

GT O

N N

OR T H

E R N R A

I L R OA

D

C A N A D A

U N I T E D S T A T E S

Lonseth Road

Jack

son

Road

Blai

ne R

oad

Blai

ne R

oad

BellRoad

Peace Portal Drive

Kick

ervi

lle R

oad

Aldergrove Road

Grandview Road

Brown Road

Birch Bay – Lynden Road

Bay Road

Henry Road

LakeTerrell

Terrell Creek

Dakota Creek

Portal Way

Vista Drive

Vista Drive

5

5

548

548

B UR L I N

GT O

N N

OR T H

E R N R A

I L R OA

D

Blaine

Ferndale

RI V

ER

NO

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SA

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Drayton Harbor Road

PROJECT SITE

CUSTERSUBSTATION

0 127 30

5

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86

133

216

54

177 128 44

1046

57

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56 10

2663

21

9 17 5

27 9515 149107 7

36 45 7

26 8 30

71 54434 156

2 24

8 45 153

615 2162 7

18 38

024

52

2 81496 210

55 81

3030

49

58 92 61

36 66232 31630 82

49 103 95

44 14140 182

365 2 146

176 429517 116

58 0 8

SITEGATE

49458660

2940

1960

54704550

11730

1595

2840

1995 2300

2970

2980

4180

7920

6460

73857385

970

4160


FIGURE 3.15-7

PROJECTED 2004 PM PEAK-HOUR ANDAVERAGE WEEKDAY TRAFFIC VOLUMES

DURING PEAK CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

1014003T


0 1

Grap

hics S

erver/

Grap

hics/B

illable

/BP C

herry

Point

/EIS/F

ig 3.15

-7 tra

ffric

7.01

.04

Source: BP 2002

295 PM peak-hour trafficvolume and direction

average weekday traffic volume1200

transmission line

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.16 Health and SafetyFinal EIS 3.16-1 August 2004

3.16 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Updates to this section of the Draft EIS resulted from additional information provided by theApplicant and information obtained in response to public comments on the Draft EIS. Updatedtext and revisions to Table 3.16-5 in this section based on the new information are presentedbelow.

• On Page 3.16-1 in the Draft EIS, the last two sentences in the second paragraph should bedeleted and replaced with the following text.

A Health and Safety Plan and Emergency and Security Plan would be developed for thecogeneration facility. These plans would be developed in coordination with the refinery’sexisting plans. Where additional sources of information have been used to evaluate the potentialimpacts associated with the proposal, those sources have been cited.

• In Table 3.16-1 on Page 3.16-2, the tenth bullet under the subheading “Applicable IndustryRequirements” should be deleted and replaced with the following.

• Uniform Building Code 97;


• On Page 3.16-15 in the Draft EIS, the following text should be added after the fourthparagraph.

As described in Section 3.15.2, trucks would deliver anhydrous ammonia to the cogenerationfacility approximately twice a month; currently ammonia is delivered to the refinery twice ayear. It is anticipated that the additional ammonia needed for the Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR) would be supplied by local suppliers, and delivery trucks would use the same deliveryroutes as used today. All ammonia delivery trucks would need to follow appropriate federal,state, and local permitting requirements. In addition, the cogeneration facility’s RiskManagement Plan would identify and describe actions to be taken by the refinery and publicemergency response personnel in case of an accidental spill or traffic accident involving therelease of ammonia to the environment.

• On Page 3.16-17 in the Draft EIS, the second full paragraph should be deleted and replacedwith the following text.

Applicant-proposed mitigation measures to be implemented in case of an accidental ammoniarelease are summarized in Section 3.16.5. Additional modeling would be performed for the RiskManagement Plan to identify the probable area of exposure to ammonia at a concentration of 200ppm or higher under a realistic release scenario. This modeling, which would be done to assesshealth impacts from such an exposure, is not required at this time.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project 3.16 Health and SafetyFinal EIS 3.16-2 August 2004

• On Page 3.16-20 in the Draft EIS, the following text should be added before the last row inTable 3.16-5.

Sodium Bromide 100 to 700 gallons 800 gallons Cooling water treatment

• After the first paragraph on Page 3.16-21 in the Draft EIS, the following heading and textshould be added.

Cooling Tower Inhibitor

Biocides would be added to the cooling water to control bacterial formation in the cooling tower,and thereby prevent or reduce the formation of Legionella bacteria. A mixture of bleach (15%aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite) and sodium bromide (40% aqueous solution) would beadded to the circulating water in a ration of 10:1. This is the same biocide formulation that isused in the existing refinery cooling towers. Generally, industrial cooling systems are less proneto bacterial formation because they operate continuously, unlike indoor Heating/Ventilation/Air -Conditioning (HVAC) systems that have been most prone to outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease.Continuous operation keeps the biocides well mixed in the circulating water and reducesstagnant conditions where bacteria can develop and reproduce.

• After the third paragraph on Page 3.16-21 in the Draft EIS, the following heading and textshould be added.

Air Emissions

A discussion of potential health impacts resulting from inhalation of PM2.5 can be found inSection 3.2.3 of the Final EIS.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 4: ReferencesFinal EIS 4-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES

Cited References

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). 1988. Emergency Response PlanningGuidelines. Fairfax, VA 22031.

American Lung Association of Washington. 2004. State of the Air in Washington.

American Lung Association of Washington. 2003. State of the Air in Washington.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 1989. Gas Turbine Installation Sound Emissions.Appendix B ANSI B133.8.

Arco Products Company. 1999. Wetland Compensatory Mitigation Plan for BPA/PUDTransmission Line Project: JARPA Application and SEPA Checklist.

Armstrong, J. E., Crandell, D. R., Easterbrook, D. J., Noble, J. B. 1965. “Late PleistoceneStratigraphy and Chronology in Southwestern British Columbia and NorthwesternWashington.” Geological Society of America Bulletin. Volume 76, No. 3. pp. 321-330.Quoted in BP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (including April 2003 revisions). BPCherry Point Cogeneration Project, Application for Site Certification. Prepared byGolder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC).Olympia, Wash.

Bailey, J. 1970. Site form for 45WH30. Manuscript on file, Washington State Office ofArchaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Wash. Quoted in Stone, Robert. 2002.Cultural resources investigation of the east and west access roads to the proposedXwechi’exen, Cherry Point, BP cogeneration facility project, Whatcom County,Washington. Submitted to the Lummi Indian Nation.

BC Hydro. February 12, 2003. Greenhouse Gases. URL: http://www.bchydro.com/policies/ghg/ghg798.html (visited July 24, 2003).

Bechtel. August 29, 2001. Edge Analytical Test Report. Reference # 01-4184.

Berger/ABAM Engineers, Inc. 2000. Arco Products Company Cherry Point Refinery MarineTerminal Pier Addition. Quoted in BP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (includingApril 2003 revisions). BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project, Application for SiteCertification. Part I, Compliance Summary; Part II, Environmental Report; and Part III,Technical Appendices. Prepared by Golder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility SiteEvaluation Council (EFSEC). Olympia, Wash.

Billington, Lynn. July 22, 2003. Manager of Technical Services, Northwest Air PollutionAuthority. Personal communication.


Bonneville Power Administration. August 1, 2001a. Phase I Results, Regional Air QualityModeling Study. Quoted in Washington Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council(EFSEC). 2002. Wallula Power Project EIS. Prepared by Jones and Stokes.

Bonneville Power Administration. 2001b. Newport Wallula Power Project contribution toregional haze. Quoted in Washington Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC).2002. Wallula Power Project EIS. Prepared by Jones and Stokes.

Bonneville Power Administration. 2001c. 7,000 MW baseline source group contribution toregional haze. Quoted in Washington Energy Facilities Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC).2002. Wallula Power Project EIS. Prepared by Jones and Stokes.

Bonneville Power Administration. August 30, 2001d. Upgrading the Capacity and Reliability ofthe BPA Transmission System, Report of the Infrastructure Technical Review Committee.

Bonneville Power Administration. September 25, 2002. Draft Interconnection FeasibilityEvaluation for Cherry Point Generation Addition BP Refinery, Whatcom County,Washington.

BP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (including April 2003 revisions). BP Cherry PointCogeneration Project, Application for Site Certification. Application No. 2002-01. Part I,Compliance Summary; Part II, Environmental Report, and Part III, TechnicalAppendices. Prepared by Golder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility Site EvaluationCouncil (EFSEC). Olympia, Wash.

BP West Coast Products LLC. April 8, 2003. Fact Sheet for Prevention of SignificantDeterioration Permit. PSD 02-04, BP Cherry Point Refinery Isomerization Project,Whatcom County, Washington.

Brown, E. R. 1985. Management of Wildlife Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon andWashington, Vols. 1 and 2. U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Publication.

California Energy Commission (CEC). August 2003. Natural Gas Market Assessment, CaliforniaEnergy Commission Staff Report, 1003-006.

Canadian Federal Government. December 17, 2002. Ecosystem Info – Smog: An Indicator ofPotential Air Quality Health Risk in the Fraser Valley. Environment Canada-The GreenLine. URL: http://www.ecoinfo.ec.gc.ca/env ind/region/smog/smog e.cfm (visited July24, 2003).

Carlson, Roy L. 1990. “Cultural Antecedents.” In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7.Northwest Coast. pp.60-69. Ed. Wayne Suttles. Smithsonian Institution, WashingtonD.C.


CH2M Hill. 1985. Hydrogeologic Investigations Cherry Point Refinery. Submitted to ArcoPetroleum Products Company, Cherry Point Refinery Ferndale, Washington. Quoted inBP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (including April 2003 revisions). BP CherryPoint Cogeneration Project, Application for Site Certification. Part I, ComplianceSummary; Part II, Environmental Report, and Part III, Technical Appendices. Preparedby Golder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC).Olympia, Wash.

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton, editors. 1993. Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.

Cole, Douglas and David Darling. 1990. “History of the early period.” In Handbook of NorthAmerican Indians. Vol. 7. Northwest Coast. pp.119-134. Ed. Wayne Suttles. SmithsonianInstitution, Washington D.C.

Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands andDeepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pub. No.FWS/OBS-79/31.

Duke/Fluor Daniel. 2001. Engineering Contractor for the Cherry Point Cogeneration Project.Quoted in BP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (including April 2003 revisions). BPCherry Point Cogeneration Project, Application for Site Certification. Part I, ComplianceSummary; Part II, Environmental Report, and Part III, Technical Appendices. Preparedby Golder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC).Olympia, Wash.

Easterbrook, D. J. 1973. Environmental Geology of Western Whatcom County, Washington.Western Washington State College Press. Quoted in BP West Coast Products LLC. June2002 (including April 2003 revisions). BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project,Application for Site Certification. Part I, Compliance Summary; Part II, EnvironmentalReport, and Part III, Technical Appendices. Prepared by Golder Associates, Inc. for theEnergy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC). Olympia, Wash.

Easterbrook, D. J. 1976. Geologic Map of Western Whatcom County, Washington. Map I-854-B.U.S. Geological Survey. Quoted in BP West Coast Products LLC. June 2002 (includingApril 2003 revisions). BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project, Application for SiteCertification. Part I, Compliance Summary; Part II, Environmental Report, and Part III,Technical Appendices. Prepared by Golder Associates, Inc. for the Energy Facility SiteEvaluation Council (EFSEC). Olympia, Wash.

Ecology. See Washington Department of Ecology.

Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC). September 28, 2001. Potential Site Study, BPCherry Point Cogeneration Project. Prepared by Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Seattle,Washington.


Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC). 2002. Sumas Energy 2 Generation Facility,Volume 1 of 2, Section 3.1. Prepared by Jones and Stokes.

Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC). June 19, 2003. Draft Fact Sheet BP CherryPoint Cogeneration Project. State Waste Discharge Permit WA-ST-7441.

England, Glenn and Stephanie Wien. October 23, 2002. Development of Fine ParticulateEmission Factors and Specification Profiles for Oil- and Gas-Fired Combustion Systems.GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation.

EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Everitt, R. D., C. H. Fiscus, and R. L. DeLong. 1980. Northern Puget Sound Marine Mammals.Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program Report. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, EPA-600/7-80-139. U.S. Department of Commerce, Seattle, Wash.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). July 2002. Final Environmental ImpactStatement, Georgia Strait Crossing Project, Georgia Strait Crossing Pipeline LP, DocketNos. CP01-176-000 and CP01-179-000, FERC/EIS - 0140. Office of Energy Projects.Washington, DC.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). June 10, 2003. Order Amending Section 3Authorization and Presidential Permit. Docket No. CP03-30-000.

Federal Register. 1999. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Proposed Rule toRemove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States from the List of Endangered andThreatened Wildlife. 50 CFR Part 17, Vol. 64, No. 128. 36454-36463.

Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness. 1988. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. 452 pp.

Frey, A. H. 1993. “Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems,” Federation ofAmerican Societies for Experimental Biology Journal (FASEB) 7: pgs.272-281.

Gardner, C. A., Scott, K. M., Miller, C. D., Myers, B., Hildreth, W., and Pringle, P. T. 1995.Potential Volcanic Hazards from Future Activity of Mount Baker, Washington. U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-498.

Gauger. 1985. “Household appliance magnetic field survey,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatusand Systems, PAS – 104 (9). Pages 2436-2444.

General Land Office (GLO). 1859. Survey plat of Township 39 North, Range 1 East. Microfilmon file at the Suzzallo Library, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

Goldin, Alan. 1992. Soil Survey of Whatcom County Area, Washington. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Soil Conservation Service.


Grabert, G. F. and M. Hall. 1978. An Archaeological Reconnaissance at Cherry Point,Washington. Reports in Archaeology No. 7. Western Washington State College,Bellingham, Wash. Quoted in Stone, Robert. 2002. Cultural resources investigation of theeast and west access roads to the proposed Xwechi’exen, Cherry Point, BP cogenerationfacility project, Whatcom County, Washington. Submitted to the Lummi Indian Nation.

Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD). October 2002. Lower Fraser Valley Ambient AirQuality Report, 2001. URL: http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/air/monitoring.htm (visited July 24,2003).

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Wigfield, Kim. July 22, 2003. Washington Department of Ecology. Personal communication.

Williams Gas Pipeline West. April 2001. Environmental Report. Exhibit F-1 in the Certificate ofPublic Convenience and Necessity. Georgia Strait Crossing Pipeline Project. DocketNumber CP01-176-000. Salt Lake City, Utah.

Williams, R. W., R. M. Laramie, and J. J. Ames. November 1975. A Catalog of WashingtonStreams and Salmon Utilization. Volume 1. Washington Department of Fisheries.Olympia, Wash.

Woodman, J. C. and L. Mighetto. 1992. A Cultural Resources Survey of the Cascade NaturalGas Pipeline Project, Whatcom County, Washington. Report prepared for ENSRConsulting and Engineering by Historical Research Associates, Inc., Seattle, Wash.Quoted in Stone, Robert. 2002. Cultural resources investigation of the east and westaccess roads to the proposed Xwechi’exen, Cherry Point, BP cogeneration facilityproject, Whatcom County, Washington. Submitted to the Lummi Indian Nation.

Adjudicative Hearing Exhibits (December 8, 9, 10, and 11, 2003)

• Exhibit 2.1 Preliminary Approval Notice of Construction and Prevention of SignificantDeterioration, Permit No. EFSEC/2002-01. Includes Technical Support Document.

• Exhibit 3.0 State Waste Discharge Permit WA-ST-7441, Draft.• Exhibit 3.1 Fact Sheet BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project State Waste Discharge Permit

WA-ST-7441.• Exhibit 20.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness Mark S. Moore. Includes

Attachments 20.1 and 20.2.• Exhibit 20R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Mark S. Moore.• Exhibit 21.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness Michael D. Torpey. Includes

Attachments 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, and 21.4.• Exhibit 21R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Michael D. Torpey.• Exhibit 22.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness Brian R. Phillips. Includes

Attachments 22.1, 22.2, and 22.3.• Exhibit 22R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Brian R. Phillips.• Exhibit 23.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness W. David Montgomery, Ph.D.

Includes Attachments 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, and 23.4.


• Exhibit 24.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness David M. Hessler, P.E.Includes Attachments 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, and 24.5.

• Exhibit 24R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness David M. Hessler, P.E.Includes Attachments 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.5, 24.6, and 24.7.

• Exhibit 25.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness Thomas R. Anderson.• Exhibit 26.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness William P. Martin. Includes

Attachments 26.1, 26.2, and 26.3.• Exhibit 27.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness Michael A. Kyte. Includes

Attachment 27.1.• Exhibit 27R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Michael A. Kyte.• Exhibit 28.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness A. David Every, Ph.D. Includes

Attachments 28.1. 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5, and 28.6.• Exhibit 28R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness A. David Every.• Exhibit 29.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Direct Testimony, Witness James W. Litchfield. Includes

Attachment 29.1.• Exhibit 30R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Donald Davies, Ph.D.

Includes Attachment 30R.1.• Exhibit 31R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Ann M. Eissinger. Includes

Attachment 31R.1.• Exhibit 32R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Sanjeev R. Malushte,

Ph.D., S.E., P.E. (Civil), P.E. (Mechanical), C. Eng., F.ASCE. Includes Attachment 32R.1.• Exhibit 33R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness Dennis R. Bays.• Exhibit 34R.0. Applicant’s Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony, Witness David H. Enger. Includes

Attachment 34R.1.• Exhibit 40.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #40, Bill Elfo.• Exhibit 41.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #41, Neil Clement.• Exhibit 42.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #42, Dr. Kate Stenberg.

Includes Attachment 42.1.• Exhibit 43.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #43, Douglas Goldthorp.• Exhibit 44.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #44, Hal Hart.• Exhibit 45.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #45, Paul Wierzba, Ph.D., P.

Eng. Includes Attachments 45.1, 45.3, 45.4, and 45.5.• Exhibit 46.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #46, Rodney Vandersypen.

Includes Attachment 46.1.• Exhibit 47.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #47, Kraig Olason.• Exhibit 48.0. Whatcom County’s Prefiled Testimony, Witness #48, Jane Koenig, Ph.D.

Includes Attachments 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 48.4, 48.5, 48.6, and 48.7.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 5: Acronyms and AbbreviationsFinal EIS 5-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 5: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meterAASHTO American Association of State Highway Transportation OfficialsACC air-cooled condensingADT average daily trafficAHPA Archaeological and Historic Preservation ActAIHA American Industrial Hygiene AssociationANSI American National Standards InstituteAPE Area of Potential EffectApplicant BP West Coast Products, LLCAQI air quality indexAQRV air quality related valuesASC Application for Site CertificationASILs Acceptable Source Impact LevelsB&O business and occupationBACT Best Available Control TechnologyBE Biological EvaluationBFW boiler feedwaterBMPs Best Management PracticesBNSF Burlington Northern Santa FeBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandBonneville Bonneville Power AdministrationBP BP West Coast Products, LLCBtu/kWh British thermal units per kilowatt hourCAA Clean Air ActCB citizens bandCEQ Council on Environmental QualityCERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Information SystemCFR Code of Federal Regulationscfs cubic feet per secondCGTs combustion gas turbine generatorsCMA Compensatory Mitigation AreaCO carbon monoxideCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCorps U.S. Army Corps of EngineersCPR cardiopulmonary resuscitationCRGNSA Columbia River Gorge National Scenic AreadB decibelsdbh diameter at breast heightDOT U.S. Department of TransportationDth/d decatherms per dayEcology Washington Department of EcologyEFSEC Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation CouncilEHSP Environmental, Health, and Safety Program


EIA Energy Information AdministrationEIS Environmental Impact StatementEMF electromagnetic fieldsEMI electromagnetic interferenceEOs Executive OrdersEPA U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEPC Engineering, Procurement and ConstructionEPP Emergency Preparedness PlanERC emission reduction creditERPG Emergency Response Planning GuidelinesESA Endangered Species ActESU Evolutionarily Significant UnitFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFCRTS Federal Columbia River Transmission SystemFEMA Federal Emergency Management AgencyFerndale pipeline Arco Western Natural Gas PipelineFERO Fire Emergency Response OperationsFM frequency modulatedFPPA Farmland Protection Policies ActGHG greenhouse gasGLO General Land Officegpm gallons per minuteGPT Gateway Pacific TerminalGSX Georgia Strait CrossingGTN Gas Transmission, NorthwestGVRD Greater Vancouver Regional DistrictH2SO4 sulfuric acid mistHAP hazardous air pollutantsHHV Higher Heat ValueHII Heavy Impact Industrialhorsepower hpHRSGs heat recovery steam generatorsIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeISC Industrial Source ComplexISOM project gasoline isomerization or Clean Fuels ProjectkHz kilohertzkpph thousand pounds per hourkV kilovoltkV/m kilovolts per meterkW kilowattL&I Washington Department of Labor and Industrieslbs/kWhr pounds per kilowatt-hourLII Light Impact IndustrialLNG liquid natural gasLOS level-of-serviceLOU Letter of Understanding


MACT Maximum Available Control TechnologyMBtu million British thermal unitsMDth/day million decatherms per daymG milligaussMMlb million poundsMMTCE million metric tons of carbon equivalentsMP milepostMSDS Material Safety Data SheetsMSL mean sea levelMVA million volt ampMW megawattNAAQS National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation ActNEPA National Environmental Policy ActNESHAPS National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air PollutantsNHPA National Historic Preservation ActNO2 nitrogen dioxideNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOx nitrogen oxidesNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemNRCS Natural Resources Conservation ServiceNSPS New Source Performance StandardsNSR New Source ReviewNWAPA Northwest Air Pollution AuthorityNWPCC Northwest Power and Conservation CouncilO3 ozoneOAHP Office of Archaeology and Historic PreservationOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOTED Washington State Office of Trade and Economic DevelopmentPb leadPEM palustrine emergentPFO palustrine forestedPFOC seasonally flooded palustrine forestedPG&E PG&E National Energy GroupPGA peak ground accelerationPM particulate matterPM10 particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in sizePM2.5 particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in sizeppb parts per billionppm parts per millionppmdv parts per million dry volumePSD Prevention of Significant DeteriorationPSE Puget Sound Energypsi pounds per square inchpsia pounds per square inch absolutepsig pounds per square inch gauge


PSS Potential Site StudyPSS palustrine scrub-shrubPSSA temporarily flooded palustrine scrub-scrubPUD Whatcom County Public Utility District No. 1RAS Remedial Action SchemeRCW Revised Code of WashingtonRI Radio InterferenceRMP Risk Management PlanROD Record of DecisionROW right-of-waySCF standard cubic feetSCR selective catalytic reductionSE2 Sumas Energy 2 Generation FacilitySEPA State Environmental Policy ActSILs Significant Impact LevelsSO2 sulfur dioxideSPCC Spill Prevention Control and CountermeasuresSQER Small Quantity Emissions RateSTG steam turbine generatorSWPP Stormwater Pollution PreventionTAP toxic air pollutanttcf trillion cubic feetTESC Temporary Erosion and Sedimentation ControlTMDL Total Maximum Daily Loadtpy tons per yearTransCanada Alberta Natural Gas PipelineTSP total suspended particulateTSS total suspended solidsTVI television interferenceUGA Urban Growth AreaUSDA U.S. Department of AgricultureUSFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceUSGS U.S. Geological SurveyVOC volatile organic compoundsWAAQS Washington Ambient Air Quality StandardsWAC Washington Administrative CodeWDFW Washington Department of Fish and WildlifeWDNR Washington Department of Natural ResourcesWECC Western Electricity Coordinating CouncilWRIA Water Resource Inventory AreaWRAT Water Right Application TrackingWSCC Western System Coordinating CouncilWSDOT Washington State Department of TransportationWUTC Washington Utilities and Transportation CommissionWWTP Birch Bay Wastewater Treatment PlantZID Zone of Initial Dilution

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 6: List of PreparersFinal EIS 6-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 6: LIST OF PREPARERS

The lead agencies for the BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project EIS are Bonneville and EFSEC.The EIS was written with the technical assistance of Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Individualsresponsible for preparing the EIS are listed below.

6.1 BONNEVILLE STAFF

Thomas C. McKinney – Bonneville Power Administration, NEPA Compliance Officer.Contributed to underlying need for action section. Education: B.A. Geography. Experience: 23years of environmental analysis experience.

Patrick R. Rochelle – Bonneville Power Administration, Network Planning, Electrical Engineer.Performed technical evaluation of the integration of the project into the Bonneville PowerAdministration system. Education: B.S. Electrical Engineering, M.S. Electrical Engineering.Experience: 15 years of electrical engineering in maintenance and utility engineering.

6.2 CONSULTING STAFF

Christopher J. Andersen – Senior Environmental Planner, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Primaryauthor or contributor to agricultural land, crops, and livestock, energy and natural resources, landuse, visual resources, light and glare, population housing and economics, and public services andutilities. Education: B.S. Environmental Science and Public Policy. Experience: 11 years.

Mark Adams – CDM. Author for water/water resources section. Education: B.S. Geology,University of Oregon; M.S. Geology. Experience: 25 years.

Monica Beckman – CDM. Responsible for Health and Safety Section. Education: B.S.E.Industrial and Operations Engineering. Experience: 15 years.

Marc E. Boulé – Senior Vice President, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible for the analysisof water resources, water quality, wetlands and wetland mitigation, and vegetation. Education:B.S. Geology, M.S. Marine Science. Experience: 33 years.

Jason Detamore – Acoustic and Air Quality Specialist, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Primaryauthor of the air quality section. Education: B.S. Environmental Science, certification in FHWAFundamentals and Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise, and Modeling of Mobile Source AirQuality Impacts. Experience: 3 years.

Calvin Douglas – Senior Ecologist, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible for the analysis ofwetlands, agricultural land, crops, and livestock, vegetation, wildlife, habitat, fisheries, and T&Especies. Education: B.S. Wildlife Biology. Experience: 18 years.

Linda Goetz – Senior Archaeologist, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible for the analysis ofcultural resources. Education: B.A. Anthropology and Archaeology. Experience: 18 years.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 6: List of PreparersFinal EIS 6-2 August 2004

Jack Gougé – Regulatory Compliance Manager, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible for thehealth and safety section. Education: B.S. Geology and Cultural Anthropology, M.S. BiologicalSciences and Residential Development. Experience: 29 years.

John Greene – Senior Environmental Scientist, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible forpreparing the earth and water quality sections of the EIS. Education: B.S. EnvironmentalScience. Experience: 19 years.

Stephen B. Lovell – Senior Transportation Planner, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Responsible forpreparation of the traffic section. Education: B.S. Civil Engineering, Professional Certificate inTransportation Planning. Experience: 33 years.

Shannon Moore – Acoustic Specialist, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Primary author for the noisesection. Education: B.S. Zoology, certification in FHWA Fundamentals and Abatement ofHighway Traffic Noise. Experience: 8 years.

Dick Myers, ASLA – Senior Landscape Architect, Shapiro and Associates, Inc. Contributor toanalysis of visual resources, light and glare. Education: B.S. Landscape Architecture.Experience: 29 years.

Lance Peterson – CDM. Education: B.S. Geology, Western Michigan University; M.S. Geology.Experience: 15 years.

Keith Ward – CDM. Author for Earth Section. Education: P.S. Civil Engineering, MichiganState University; M.S. Civil/Geotechnical Engineering. Experience: 10 years.

BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project Chapter 7: Distribution ListFinal EIS 7-1 August 2004

CHAPTER 7: FINAL EIS DISTRIBUTION LIST

Federal AgenciesDale Bambrick National Marine Fisheries ServiceRichard Clark U.S. EPA, Aquatic Resources UnitDan Meyer U.S. EPA Region 10 Air Operating Permits OAQ 107Olivia H. Romano U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle DistrictDr. Tom Sibley National Marine Fisheries ServiceDee Morse NPS - Air Resources DivisionBob Bachman USDA FS NR U.S. Forest ServiceBill Jolly Parks and Recreation CommissionThomas McKinney, Kec-4 Bonneville Power AdministrationJohn Notar National Park System, Air Resources DivisionThomas M. Noguchi Bonneville Power AdministrationPatrick R. Rochelle Bonneville Power AdministrationHerbert V. Adams Bonneville Power AdministrationNancy Brennan-Dubbs U.S. Fish and WildlifePreston A Sleeger USDOI – Office of the Secretary

Tribal GovernmentBob Kelly Jr. Nooksack Tribe - Natural ResourcesDaryl Williams Tulalip TribesMerle Jefferson Lummi Nation - Natural ResourcesHonorable Herbert A. Williams Jr. Tulalip TribesHonorable Art George Nooksack TribeHonorable Darrel Hillaire Lummi Nation

Canadian Governments and AgenciesNancy Knight Greater Vancouver Regional DistrictAli Ergudenler Greater Vancouver Regional DistrictHu Wallis BC Ministry of Water Land and Air ProtectionAdrian Duncan Environment Canada Pacific and Yukon RegionRay Robb BC Ministry of Water Land and Air ProtectionCarl Alleyne, Ph.D. Health Canada - BC/Yukon RegionDavid A. Bricklin Bricklin Newman Dold, LLP

Steve Sakiyama BC Ministry of Water Land and Air ProtectionStephany Meyn BC Ministry of Water Land and Air ProtectionPaul Jarman BC Ministry of Attorney GeneralHugh Sloan Fraser Valley Regional DistrictBob Smith Fraser Valley Regional DistrictAdam Larusic Environment CanadaColin Di Cenzo Environment CanadaPeter Andzans City of AbbotsfordVerne Kucy The Corporation of Delta


State AgenciesDoug Brown Department of Ecology NWROMichael Lufkin Counsel for the EnvironmentCurt Leigh Department of Fish and WildlifeDick Grout Department of EcologyRich Siffert Department of HealthAnn Kenny Ecology, Northwest Regional OfficeKim Wigfield Department of Ecology Industrial SectionTony Usibelli Community, Trade and Economic DevelopmentAlan Newman Department of Ecology Air Quality ProgramDoug Kilpatrick Utilities and Transportation CommissionJim Luce EFSECDavid Mudd Department of Fish and WildlifeSusan Meyer Department of Ecology, Northwest Regional OfficeBob Burmark EcologyJohn Thielemann Washington Department of HealthTodd Harrison Department of TransportationBarry Wenger Washington Department of EcologyLee Conrad WSDOT - Mt Baker Area HQHugo Flores Department of Natural ResourcesBarbara Ritchie Dept of Ecology – SEPA UnitSondra Walsh WUTCMary Barrett Counsel for the EnvironmentAnn Essko Attorney General’s OfficeDick Fryhling CTED EFSECTony Ifie DNR EFSECSally G Johnston Attorney General’s Office, WUTCKaren Kloempken Department of Fish and WildlifeKelli Linville Washington State RepresentativeDoug Ericksen Washington State RepresentativeDale Brandland Washington State SenatorChris Towne Department of Fish and Wildlife EFSECDavid Enger Transportation Planning & Engineering

Local GovernmentGary Russell Whatcom County Fire District No. 7John Guenther Whatcom County Planning and Develop ServicesTerry Galvin City of Blaine Planning DepartmentJamie Randles Northwest Air Pollution AuthorityTom Anderson Whatcom Public Utility District No 1Neil Clement Whatcom County Department of Emergency ManagementPete Kremen Whatcom County ExecutiveJames S. Darling Port of BellinghamDavid M. Grant Whatcom County Prosecutors OfficeSam Crawford Whatcom County CouncilStephan Jilk Port of Bellingham


Dan McShane Whatcom County CouncilDan Newell Blaine School DistrictRob Pochert Bellingham Whatcom EDCRodney Vandersypen Whatcom County Public Works

Libraries and Educational InstitutionsBarb Hynek White Rock Public LibraryIsabelle Hay Ocean Park LibraryJoel M. Pritchard Library WA State LibraryGayle Helgoe Bellingham Library Reference DeskDave Menard Whatcom County Library SystemKathy Richardson Whatcom County Library

Businesses, Organizations, and IndividualsBrian Steele, P.E.G. Materials Testing and Consulting, Inc.Doug Caldwell ISCA Management Ltd.

Mike Torpey BP West Coast Products LLCMark Moore BP Cherry Point RefineryKaren Payne BP Cherry Point RefineryRick Porter BP Cherry Point RefineryBill Kidd BP Cherry Point RefineryMike Abendhoff BP Cherry Point RefineryPhil Sinclair BP Cherry Point RefineryMark Moore BPCynthia Weston BP LegalDarryl Thorson BP EnergyKevin Casey BP EnergyKaren McGaffey Perkins Coie LLPLiz McDougall Perkins Coie LLPWolfgang Neuhoff TransCanadaBrad Howard TransCanadaSteeve Terri TransCanadaSteve DeMinco BechtelDinesh Agarwal KAD ConsultantsGeorge H Astler Borderland MinigolfTrina Blake NW Energy CoalitionMarc Boule Shapiro & AssociatesLorne Bradley Overland Corridor CorpDean Culwell Westech Environmental Services, Inc.Len Fanning IRCBrad Owens NW Building TradesRobert W Ramage Jr. Cherry Point Energy LLCSkip Shalan SSA MarineGerald Steel WSAPS


Businesses, Organizations, and Individuals (cont’d)Brian Steele, P.E.G. Materials Testing and Consulting, Inc.Wendy Steffenson ResourcesJohn Cameron Davis Wright Tremaine, LLPDavid Hessler Hessler Associates, IncAstrida Blukis Onat BOAS, IncChuck Lockhart Golder Associates, IncDavid Every URS CorpAnn Eissinger Nahkeeta Northwest Wildlife ServicesWalt Russell AirPermits.comRose LathropAndy FoleyPat FrenchCraig NoordmansSandra AbernathyD.G. AthensWyburn BannermanEdward BuendiaCharles CarelliArne ClevelandKathy ClevelandJulian DewellFrank EventoffBill HenshawDr. Roderick and Stephanie JohnsonAnn KennyMark LawrenceFred & Kay SchuhmacherBrian StebbeAlan Van HookMark Ward

REVISED 404 (B) (1)ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS

BP Cherry Point CogenerationProject

Prepared for:BP West Coast Products, LLC

Revised June 29, 2004

1501 Fourth Avenue, Suite 1400Seattle, WA 98101-1616(206) 438-2700

33749546.05070

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 I NT RODUCTI ON ................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 P URPOSE AND NEE D .......................................................................................................... 12.1 RELIABILITY ....................................................................................................12.2 COST-EFFECTIVENESS ...................................................................................32.3 SIZE OF FACILITY............................................................................................42.4 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PRACTICABLE LOCATIONS......................5

2.4.1 Size.......................................................................................................... 52.4.2 Proximity to Refinery & Related Infrastructure ........................................ 72.4.3 Security.................................................................................................... 82.4.4 Accessibility ............................................................................................ 8

3.0 ALT ERNAT IVES ................................................................................................................... 93.1 ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS................................................................................9

3.1.1 Steam Reliability...................................................................................... 93.1.2 Electricity Reliability and Cost-Effective Supply ................................... 103.1.3 Laydown Areas/Turnaround Space......................................................... 103.1.4 Summary Impact Evaluation .................................................................. 113.1.5 Economic Considerations....................................................................... 123.1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 12

3.2 ALTERNATIVE COGENERATION SITES. .................................................... 133.2.1 Site 1 (Proposed Site)............................................................................. 133.2.2 Site 2...................................................................................................... 143.2.3 Site 3...................................................................................................... 143.2.4 Site 4...................................................................................................... 153.2.5 Site 5...................................................................................................... 163.2.6 Site 6...................................................................................................... 173.2.7 Summary Comparison of Alternative Cogeneration Sites ....................... 17

3.3 ALTERNATIVE LAYDOWN SITES ............................................................... 183.3.1 Site A (Proposed Laydown/Turnaround Area)........................................ 183.3.2 Site B (Proposed Cogeneration Site) ...................................................... 193.3.3 Site C (Alternate Cogeneration Site) ...................................................... 193.3.4 Site D (Alternate Cogeneration Site) ...................................................... 203.3.5 Site E (Alternate Cogeneration Site)....................................................... 203.3.6 Summary Comparison of Alternative Laydown Sites ............................. 21

3.4 COMBINATIONS OF SITES ........................................................................... 213.5 ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATIONS............................................................. 22

3.5.1 Cogeneration Site................................................................................... 223.5.2 Laydown/Turnaround Site...................................................................... 23

4.0 CONCL US I ON...................................................................................................................... 23

5.0 REF ERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 24

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TABLES

1 Construction Laydown Uses and Area.............................................................................62 Comparison of Alternative Cogeneration Sites .............................................................. 183 Comparison of Alternative Laydown Area Sites ............................................................ 21

FIGURES

1 Alternative Cogeneration Plant Locations...................................................................... 262 Alternative Laydown and Staging Locations ................................................................. 27

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Alternatives Analysis replaces the Alternatives Analysis prepared by Golder Associates(Golder Associates 2003) that was submitted to EFSEC as Appendix H-5 of the RevisedApplication for Site Certification. This replacement incorporates information from the earlierdocument and provides additional information and analysis.

2.0 PURPOSE AND NEED

The basic purpose of the cogeneration project is to provide a reliable and cost-effective supply ofboth steam and electricity to the BP Cherry Point refinery and to provide electricity to theregional power grid.

The BP Cherry Point refinery needs significant amounts of steam and electricity to refine andprocess petroleum products. BP needs a supply of steam and electricity that is both reliable andreasonably priced. Without a reliable source of steam and electricity, the refinery cannotmaintain operations, and the refinery satisfies fundamental regional needs for petroleumproducts. A reliable source of steam and electricity is also needed to operate the refinery safely.Unanticipated interruptions in supply could require the emergency shutdown of refineryoperations and the safety risks associated with unplanned shutdowns. BP also needs steam andelectricity to be available at a reasonable price. In the past, extreme electricity price volatilityhas imposed a significant economic cost on the refinery, and over the long term, could threatenthe viability of the refinery.

The region also needs additional electricity generation capacity, as demand for electricitycontinues to grow. The cogeneration project would provide electrical energy for sale into theregional power grid, thus supplying a growing public need for electricity.

In order for the cogeneration project to satisfy the refinery's need for electricity and steam, andthe region's need for additional generating capacity, the cogeneration project must be anappropriate size, capable of producing cost-competitive steam and power, located in closeproximity to the refinery, and commercially feasible.

The fundamental purpose and need for the laydown areas is to provide temporary constructionstaging and support areas for the cogeneration project and permanent area for routinemaintenance of refinery components. In order to satisfy that purpose and need, the laydownareas must be located in close proximity to the east of the refinery and cogeneration project site,of sufficient size for anticipated activities, and must not compromise security at the refinery.

2.1 RELIABILITY

Refinery operations require significant amounts of both electricity and steam. The BP refinerycurrently uses approximately 85 MW of electricity, and this requirement is expected to grow inthe future. In particular, BP plans to add process units to allow the refinery to produce cleaner

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gasoline and diesel to comply with clean fuel regulations that will go into effect in 2005 and2006. BP is currently completing the Isomerization Project, which will produce the cleanergasoline, and that project is expected to increase electricity demand by approximately 2.5 MW.BP will eventually be installing new equipment to produce cleaner diesel fuel as well. Thisequipment will further increase the refinery's electricity demand. Although it is too early in theproject development to determine the amount of the additional electricity demand, it is likely tobe about 2.5 MW more.

The BP refinery also uses a substantial amount of steam. Steam is used to heat materials and toprovide pressure to drive pumps and compressors. Four utility boilers currently provide steam tothe refinery, each with the capacity to produce 150,000 lbs./hr. of steam for a total capacity of600,000 lbs./hr. The range of steam production varies greatly with a variety of refinery processconditions, with the current steam requirement averaging 287,000 lbs./hr on an annual basis.The clean gasoline and diesel projects discussed above will increase the refinery's steamrequirement. The Isomerization Project will increase the average steam requirement to 510,000lbs./hr, and a new boiler will be added to provide additional steam capacity. The clean dieselproject will increase steam demand further, although it is too early to determine the amount ofthe additional steam demand.

Maintaining a reliable supply of electricity and steam is necessary from operational, safety, andeconomic perspectives.

First, a reliable supply of electricity and steam is necessary to maintain operation of the refinery.Without electricity and steam, the refinery cannot operate. Brief power outages or even suddenvoltage changes can cause some refinery process units to be shut down temporarily. Forexample, in March 2004, lightning struck a transmission line near Lynden, Washington, causinga drop in voltage from 115kV to about 25kV. Automatic equipment corrected the problem inabout 70 milliseconds, and the closure of breakers on the line caused a second similar dip for 70milliseconds. This transmission line connects to a substation in common with a transmission linesupplying the BP Cherry Point refinery, and those brief power dips caused a calciner hearth anda utility boiler to shut down.

Refinery equipment that must be shut down suddenly without prior planning can require aconsiderable amount of time to bring back on line. It may require hours, even weeks, to makeprocess units safe to start up after a sudden and unplanned shutdown. Some heavy liquidssolidify if allowed to cool. If these liquids solidify inside process equipment such as pipes,vessels, valves and pumps, it is very difficult to remove, clean up and prepare the equipment forstartup. Maintaining a constant reliable supply of both electricity and steam is, therefore, criticalto maintaining continuous operations at the refinery.

Second, a reliable supply of electricity and steam is necessary to minimize safety risks at therefinery. The refinery has procedures to allow the safe shutdown of process unit operations forsudden and unplanned reasons. However, the restart of equipment following sudden andunplanned shutdowns can present safety risks. For example, a very serious incident occurred at aneighboring refinery, when a sudden loss of electric power resulted from a severe storm andcaused the shutdown of steam production and process operations. The sudden shutdown of oneprocess unit resulted in unprocessed material being left inside the equipment. Two days later,

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the opening of the vessel to discharge the partially cooled material caused the unexpected releaseof volatile material that caught fire and resulted in the death of six refinery personnel (U.S.Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board 2001). Although these kinds of accidents canbe avoided with careful procedures, this accident illustrates the potential risks associated withunplanned shutdowns.

Third, a reliable source of electricity and steam is important to the regional economy. Withoutsteam and electricity, the refinery cannot operate. Interruptions in the production and supply ofrefined petroleum products cause problems for the regional economy. About one fifth of thevehicles in the state of Washington run on gasoline produced by BP Cherry Point Refinery, andabout 80 percent of the jet fuel for Sea-Tac airport comes from the BP refinery. Interruptions insupply would have a major effect on the economy of the region.

The importance of power reliability to the refinery is reflected in the redundant systems currentlyin place to supply electricity and steam to the refinery. There are four separate electrical powertransmission lines feeding the refinery today: two separate transmission lines from the CusterSubstation, one transmission line from the Bellingham Substation, and one transmission linefrom the Puget Sound Energy Point Whitehorn Generating Station. Except for the generatingstation, any one of the transmission lines by itself could supply the refinery power needs.Likewise, the refinery maintains multiple boilers, so that all need not be operational to satisfy therefinery's demand for steam. Maintaining reliability is fundamental to the operation of therefinery, and improving it when possible is prudent.

In order to ensure a reliable supply of both electricity and steam, BP has designed thecogeneration project to have three gas-fired turbines, each with a heat recovery steam generator(HRSG) that can provide steam directly to the refinery or to the cogeneration unit’s steamturbine. Having three gas turbines and HRSGs will ensure a continuous supply of steam andelectricity to the refinery, even if one gas turbine were off-line for maintenance and a secondturbine shut down unexpectedly.

2.2 COST-EFFECTIVENESS

BP needs to obtain electricity and steam for the refinery at a reasonable price. The averageannual electricity cost has been $21 million. In 2000 and 2001, however, the cost of electricityfor the refinery was more than triple the 10-year average cost, and the cost for those two yearscombined was more than $100 million above the 10-year average. On a long-term basis, suchelectricity costs would threaten the economic viability of the refinery.

The proposed cogeneration facility is cost-effective because the combined cost of electricity andsteam it would provide to the refinery is expected to be at or below the typical average combinedcost of buying electricity from the regional grid and producing steam from stand-alone boilers.In this region, the cost of both electricity and gas is typically lower in the late spring andsummer, and the cogeneration/refinery operation can adapt to the price.

The region also requires additional electrical generating facilities that are capable of generatingelectricity at a reasonable and competitive price. As a privately-financed project, the

4

cogeneration project can only go forward if it is able to compete successfully in the regionalpower market by selling power at a competitive price. Most of the base-load power in the regionis provided by hydroelectric, nuclear, and coal power plants, but new units of those types ofplants are unlikely to be added to the supply. Only gas-fired power plants are likely to be built,and only the most efficient are competitive for base-load power. Other plants with higheroperating costs can operate economically only during peak demand periods when prices arehigher. An important part of the ability of the project to operate competitively in a base-loadmarket is that, as a cogeneration plant, this facility will be one of the most fuel-efficient gas-firedpower plants available.

The concept of cogeneration is fundamental to efficiency, because it allows steam to begenerated once and used at least twice. The power plant will be a combined cycle plant withwater cooling for greatest efficiency. A stand-alone power plant would have to condense 100%of the low-pressure steam from the steam turbine into water in order to pump it back into the heatrecovery steam generators (HRSGs). The heat in this low-pressure steam is then lost to theatmosphere. Cogeneration allows part of this heat to be used in refinery processes. The steamsent to the refinery would be used both to heat and to move oil and then once it is used, thecondensed steam would be pumped back to the cogeneration plant to be reused to make moresteam. The steam that is provided by the cogeneration project allows the refinery to discontinuethe production of steam in the utility boilers. The steam delivered to the refinery from thecogeneration plant will be delivered as though it were being produced at nearly 100% efficiency.The existing boilers produce steam at a range of about 70% to 83% efficiency. The refinery isconstantly reviewing energy usage by comparing current energy usage to a number called theEnergy Intensity Index (EII.) The cogeneration steam will help lower the refinery EII. With thecogeneration plant in place, the three existing least efficient boilers at the refinery will bedecommissioned.

2.3 SIZE OF FACILITY

The size and configuration of the proposed cogeneration facility were determined primarily bytwo factors. First, BP requires a redundant supply of steam. Given the importance of steamreliability described above, BP designed the cogeneration project with three separate generatingunits, each sized so that it could provide required steam to the refinery even if one unit weredown for maintenance and a second unit were shut down unexpectedly. Second, the project mustbe cost-effective and capable of competing successfully in the regional electricity market as acontinuously-operating or base-load facility.

Although a smaller three-turbine facility (utilizing smaller turbines) could provide a triple-redundant supply of steam to the refinery, it would not be cost-effective. The capital costs of agenerating facility are not linear in relation to the facility's output. On the contrary, largerturbines are generally more efficient, and a substantial share of the costs associated with a largerfacility are also incurred in connection with a smaller facility. The economies of scale are suchthat the cost per megawatt of electricity generated declines as the size of the facility increases.This is particularly true with a cogeneration facility, which requires significant infrastructure tointegrate the generating facility with the steam host, in this case. BP estimates the costassociated with that infrastructure to be at least $10 million for the proposed cogeneration

5

project. BP has proposed a facility of a size that will take advantage of the economies of scaleand spread the cogeneration infrastructure costs so that it can provide cost-effective steam andelectricity to the refinery and compete in the regional electric market.

Three General Electric 7 FA turbines (nominal 174 MW each) and one steam turbine (nominal243 MW, but only 216 MW when 510,000 lbs per hour of steam are being delivered) were usedto develop base case economics for the project. The combination would produce a nominal totalof 720 megawatts (MW). The actual output is less than the individual ratings because the powerplant uses 18 MW in its operation. Smaller turbines available as options are less efficient andwould reduce the return to investors enough that their selection would not be cost-effective andwould make the project impracticable.

2.4 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PRACTICABLE LOCATIONS

Potential locations for the cogeneration plant and laydown areas may be rendered impracticableas a result of cost, technology or logistical considerations [40 C.F.R. § 230.3(q)]. Four specificparameters that may render sites impracticable for use as a cogeneration project site or laydownarea as a result of associated cost, technology or logistical limitations are size, proximity to therefinery, security, and accessibility. Each of these limiting parameters is described below.

2.4.1 Size

The location of both the cogeneration plant and associated laydown areas must be of theappropriate size to accommodate the facility and the required construction activities. Given theavailable technology and associated equipment required for a cogeneration facility of the sizeneeded, BP has determined that a site of at least 33 acres is required.

BP has designed the plant configuration to be as compact as possible so that the footprint, thematerials of construction, the interconnections with the refinery and associated costs areminimized. However, an equally important and competing consideration is that the plantcomponents must be spaced far enough apart to allow for maintenance. BP has balanced thesetwo considerations against one another and proposed a configuration of the facility that willoccupy approximately 33 acres and utilize approximately 33 acres for construction laydown.

The 33-acre project site is typical for this type of facility. Similar power plants occupy 30 to 40acres. For example, the 750 MW Pastoria Energy Facility in California has a 31-acre site,(California Energy Commission 2000) and the 850 MW Mercer Ranch project proposal inWashington had a 40-acre site (EFSEC 2000). Two larger power plant projects proposed inWashington (Starbuck and Wallula) have sites of 40 and 97 acres, respectively (Starbuck PowerCompany 2001, Wallula Generation 2001). Three recently permitted combustion turbine powerprojects in Washington (Chehalis, Satsop, and Sumas), each with two turbine units, have projectsites ranging from 20 to 33 acres in size (Chehalis Power 1994, Duke Energy 1994, SE2 2001).

Fifteen to 20 acres of construction laydown area are required for the materials and assembly ofthe major components. Different contractors do different parts, and construction schedulesrequire that several different components be in progress at once in order for each to be ready

6

when required to fit into or be connected to others. In addition, each contractor requires officespace and parking. Hundreds of workers, vendors, and delivery people are at the site at the sametime, and parking and security have to be provided to accommodate the peaks.

Logistical considerations require at least 33 acres of laydown area for cogeneration projectconstruction. Table 1 shows the cogeneration project construction laydown area uses andapproximate acreage required for each use during peak construction.

Table 1Construction Laydown Uses and Area

ItemEstimated Acreage

Requirement1

Gas Turbines 4Steam Turbine 1.5HRSGs 8Cooling Tower 1Structural Backfill 2Civil Materials 1.5Structural Steel 2.5Misc. Equipment 1Piping Materials 2.5Electrical Bulks 1.5Electrical Cable 1Receiving area 0.5Warehouse 0.5Small Construction Equipment 0.5Trailer Complex 2.5Craft Parking 2.5Total 33

1 These acres are used for planning purposes, but the actual use of many of the acres includes several

different functions during construction. Some functions have area requirements that vary over time.

The laydown area requirements for the construction of the cogeneration project total 33 acres inaddition to the 3 acres of existing contractor parking area. The 3-acre existing contractor parkingarea was incorporated as area that can be used at times other than turnarounds, reducing the totallaydown area from the 36 acres identified in the Revised EFSEC Application to 33 acres andfurther reducing the wetland fill needed for the laydown use. Eleven acres of the laydown areawill be temporary impact areas that can be restored after the construction of the cogenerationproject. Twenty-two acres will be permanently impacted either because they are required forcogeneration project facilities or because they will be required for future refinery maintenanceactivities.

Of the 22 acres permanently required, approximately 4 acres will be occupied by stormwaterfacilities, roads, and other interconnections between the cogeneration project and the refinery.

Logistical and cost considerations require at least 22 acres of permanent laydown area forrefinery maintenance activities, including annual "turnarounds" where one or more majorcomponents of the refinery undergo planned refurbishment. These turnarounds involve the

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dismantling and refurbishment of large equipment. Hundreds of additional workers are involved,and space is needed to move and store equipment and materials. Turnaround activities must beperformed quickly and efficiently because refinery operations are temporarily shutdown duringthese activities. Anything that causes these activities to take longer results in significantopportunity costs to BP and interrupts the region's supply of needed petroleum products. Inorder to perform turnarounds quickly and efficiently, a significant amount of space is needed. Inthe past, major turnarounds have utilized up to 45 acres for laydown purposes. Many of thespaces used for turnaround and maintenance activities in the past have and will be taken up bynew refinery equipment used to comply with new clean fuel regulations and other changes inrefinery operations. Additional space is, therefore, needed for maintenance and turnarounds, andfor some functions, it must be in close proximity to the refinery components.

2.4.2 Proximity to Refinery & Related Infrastructure

Technology, logistics, and cost require the cogeneration plant to be located in close proximity tothe refinery because of the numerous connections integrating the cogeneration facility with therefinery.

An essential part of the cogeneration project is the delivery of steam to the refinery. The steammust be delivered through insulated pipes and maintained at specific temperature and pressure.Existing technology does not allow steam to be reliably transported more than a few thousandfeet (less than a mile) at a constant temperature and pressure.

The actual distance threshold is derived from a complex combination of factors. In order todeliver steam to the refinery in useable form, it must remain superheated to prevent condensationfrom forming water droplets that could damage turbines. This can be accomplished over acertain increased distance by thicker insulation, but the chance of condensation increases withincreasing distance. The steam also must be delivered at a high pressure. This can beaccomplished over some distance by increasing the diameter of the pipe. The pressure cannot beallowed to drop substantially because the refinery header pressure must be maintained within anarrow band (about 1 to 2 pounds per square inch above or below 600) in order to overcomesignificant fluctuations in steam demand. Refinery steam demand fluctuates on a minute-to-minute or hour-to-hour basis as refinery processes and components are started, stopped, oradjusted to produce different products or components of products. The length of pipe required isalso longer than the linear distance between the steam source and the refinery because expansionloops are required as part of the design. All of these factors combine to limit the feasiblelocations for a steam source to those immediately adjacent to the refinery. As the distanceincreases, the tolerance for changes in conditions that could affect steam delivery temperature,pressure, and rate decreases. In order to maintain reliable steam delivery, the distance iseffectively limited to less than 5,000 thousand feet.

The distance of the cogeneration facility from the refinery is also limited by cost and logisticalfactors. The cogeneration facility will be connected to the refinery in several ways. Pipes willprovide steam to the refinery and will return condensate to the cogeneration project. Pipes willtransport waste water from the cogeneration facility to the refinery's waste water treatmentsystem. A pipeline connection will transport natural gas from the existing pipeline at the refineryto the cogeneration facility. Transmission lines will transmit electricity from the cogeneration

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facility to the refinery. The cost issues associated with each of these connections increases withdistance. A more distant location would also present logistical difficulties if piping andtransmission lines would have to cross roads, rights-of-way, or other utility corridors. For thesereasons, BP limited its consideration of alternative sites to those less than 5,000 feet away fromthe refinery.

Laydown areas must be located near both the cogeneration project site and the refinery. Thelaydown areas must provide ready access between the laydown area where the major power plantcomponents are assembled and the site where they will be installed. In order to be used forrefinery maintenance and turnaround activities, permanent laydown areas must be located nearthe refinery. They must also be located near needed utilities, such as electrical, water and sewerconnections. In many instances, it would not be logistically feasible to transport the largerefinery components on public roads to a more distant laydown area.

2.4.3 Security

In order for the cogeneration facility to provide a reliable source of steam and electricity, it mustremain secure. Since September 11, 2001, security has been increased at all refineries and powerplants in the United States. The cogeneration facility site and laydown areas were selected tofacilitate the security measures in place at the refinery. Having the cogeneration plant adjacentto the refinery would allow the existing security fence to be extended around the cogenerationproject and would allow the cogeneration facility and the connections between the cogenerationproject and the refinery to be incorporated into the security system of the refinery. Keeping theconnections within the refinery security system will help protect them both from intentionalsabotage and from accidental damage by vehicle damages or other mishap. Any site that wouldrequire the steam pipeline to cross a public road is considered unacceptable from a securitystandpoint. Unlike the other pipelines and piping connections, the steam pipeline must be above-ground. Crossing a public road would make it too vulnerable to intentional or accidentaldamage. Within the refinery security fence, vehicle safety is tightly enforced and drivers areeither employees or are escorted by employees and must pass rigorous safety training.

Locating the cogeneration project laydown and staging areas and the permanent refinerylaydown/materials storage sites within the existing or extended refinery security fence maintainssecurity. Locating these laydown areas elsewhere would require significant expense to installand maintain alternative security measures. Logistically, separate secured locations would alsopresent more potential areas of vulnerability.

2.4.4 Accessibility

The primary issues with accessibility are logistical, although efficiency of operation is alsoextremely important, and efficiency directly translates to cost. Two major considerations ofaccessibility are the delivery of equipment and materials to the laydown areas and accessibilitybetween the laydown areas and the construction site or the refinery components beingrefurbished.

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The laydown areas must receive large equipment and materials of various sizes and quantitiesthat arrive by highway. Therefore, there must be a direct connection with existing highways.That connection must be separate from the primary entrances to the refinery to keep oneoperation from compromising another (i.e., refinery operation and construction of thecogeneration facility).

Since the permanent laydown areas will serve two purposes, they must be located so they areaccessible to both the refinery and the cogeneration facility. The location of the permanentlaydown areas must provide unobstructed access to the refinery components that are regularlyrefurbished. Some of the components are large enough to be very difficult to move on publicroads, and some of the mobile equipment used to move refinery components for maintenancewould not be appropriate on public roads. Equipment being moved during periods of highmaintenance must be moved within the secured areas of the refinery in order to limit access andmaintain efficient operations. The refinery was constructed to accommodate the majority of theturnaround activities in the open space immediately adjacent to the east side of the refineryfacilities. Performing these activities at other locations would either not be feasible or at least bemore difficult, more time-consuming, more expensive and much more disruptive to on-goingrefinery operations.

In addition, none of the feasible alternative locations for the cogeneration project are west of therefinery. Therefore, in order to be accessible for both the refinery maintenance operations andthe cogeneration construction, the permanent laydown areas must be on the east side of therefinery.

3.0 ALTERNATIVES

The Cogeneration Project is not a water-dependent project. Therefore, alternative actions,alternative sites, and alternative site configurations were considered to determine if they couldsatisfy the project purpose and need, would be practicable, and would result in less wetland andoverall environmental impact.

3.1 ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS

If the cogeneration facility were not built, other actions would have to be taken to attempt tosatisfy the purpose and need. The actions associated with each component of the purpose andneed are discussed below.

3.1.1 Steam Reliability

A reliable steam supply could be provided by using existing boilers and adding boilers as therefinery steam demand grows. Even the most efficient stand-alone boilers would produce steamless efficiently than the cogeneration project, so more natural gas would be consumed and moreair pollutants and greenhouse gases would be emitted per unit of steam produced. No alternatetechnology is known that would take the place of the boilers. Therefore, while it is possible tosupply steam reliably by means other than the cogeneration plant, it can only be done at a higher

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cost, with greater natural gas use, and with higher air emissions per unit of steam than withcogeneration.

3.1.2 Electricity Reliability and Cost-Effective Supply

There is no alternative that would provide the refinery with a reliable and cost-effective supplyof electricity. As long as the refinery’s electricity must be purchased on the market, the refinerycontributes to the increasing regional demand for electricity and is vulnerable to all the factorsthat can cause the price and availability of electricity to fluctuate. Very high electrical prices inlate 2000 and early 2001 placed the viability of the refinery at risk. In fact, during that period,BP spent over $100 million more than it has historically spent on electricity to operate therefinery. While the price volatility has decreased significantly since then, the projected growthin regional power needs and the variability in hydropower availability will require new powergeneration to balance supply and demand. The effects of the imbalance in supply and demandcould be felt as early as 2006 (Western Electric Coordinating Council 2002). In the currentmarket, BP is not able to obtain a long-term contract for electricity at a reasonable guaranteedprice. Power is now typically sold on a “toll” basis, which means essentially a cost-plus basis.The cost of natural gas will drive the cost of electricity whenever the demand above otherexisting supplies is met by electricity produced by gas-fired power plants. Most of the newcombustion turbine power plants have the ability to produce power when the gas price isfavorable and not produce it at other times. The cogeneration plant’s efficiency advantage willgive it a broader effective price range within which it is economical. With the cogenerationproject in place, the combined cost of steam and electricity to the refinery is expected to be at thelower end of prices, and the refinery would be supplied directly from the cogeneration plant,which maximizes reliability.

Not building the cogeneration project simply will not accomplish the purpose of providing areliable and cost-effective electricity and steam supply for the refinery. No other action woulddo so, and no other known technology would do so. The costs to the refinery would be higher,and the resulting cost of producing gasoline and diesel in the region would also be higher.

Other power facilities could be constructed to satisfy the region's need for additional electricalgenerating capacity. If the cogeneration project is not built, the power plants most likely to bebuilt to fulfill regional electricity demand will be stand-alone gas-fired combustion turbineplants. Very few large-scale cogeneration facilities are built because a large host willing to enterinto a long-term, contract for steam or heat is necessary (CTED 2003). A stand-alone facilitywould be less efficient than the cogeneration plant. It would consume fossil fuels at a higherrate, and therefore, emit air pollutants and greenhouse gases at a higher rate.

3.1.3 Laydown Areas/Turnaround Space

The 11 acres of temporary laydown area would not be needed if the cogeneration plant were notbuilt. However, the refinery would still require the permanent laydown areas for refinerymaintenance and “turnarounds.” The site shown in this document to provide that space with theleast wetland and other environmental impact is the proposed site at the northeast corner of therefinery just west of Blaine Road and south of Grandview Road. Only the areas of permanent fill

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would be constructed, which would fill about 19 acres of wetlands. No other action wouldsubstitute for this requirement and have less wetland or overall environmental impact.

3.1.4 Summary Impact Evaluation

If the cogeneration project were not built, it would be possible to meet the need for a reliablesteam supply by conventional boilers but at a higher cost and with greater environmentalimpacts. It would not be possible to significantly decrease the cost and improve the reliability ofthe electricity supply for the refinery. It would be possible to provide additional electricity to theregion but at less efficiency and therefore greater fuel use and environmental impacts. . It wouldnot be possible to provide the refinery maintenance turnaround area with less than about 19 acresof wetland impact. Therefore, the no-action alternative would not meet half of the componentsof the purpose and need, and more than half of the wetland impacts would still occur.

If the cogeneration project were not built, permanent impact by the cogeneration plant on about12 acres of wetland and temporary impact by the laydown areas on about 5 acres of wetlandwould not occur. It is also reasonable to assume that any new power plant to be built in westernWashington to supply the power demand will have some impacts on wetlands, since wetlands areso prevalent in this region. Therefore, the actual reduction in impact on wetlands by not buildingthe cogeneration plant may be small. In other words, a no-build alternative is not likely to bewithout wetland impacts.

Other impacts associated with alternative steam and electricity sources would be higher thanwith the cogeneration plant. Without the cogeneration facility, the steam produced for therefinery would be produced with higher emissions of air pollutants per unit of steam. Forexample, the NOx emissions are more than 2 times higher for the most efficient stand-aloneboiler that might be used and more than 16 times higher for some of the existing boilers than thecogeneration plant per unit of fuel. In addition, because the cogeneration plant is so much moreefficient, the stand-alone boilers would use significantly more fuel than the cogeneration plantper unit of steam, thus increasing the effective difference in emissions.

Similarly, differences in air emissions and fuel consumption would exist between thecogeneration plant and any additional power plants that would provide the needed electricity.The cogeneration plant would be the most efficient source of power. Any likely alternativesource (gas-fired plants) would necessarily have higher fuel consumption rates per unit of powerand therefore, higher emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Air emissions are alsolikely to be higher because most power plants in the region are not subject to emissionslimitations as stringent as those proposed for the Cogeneration Project.

The environmental impacts avoided by not building the cogeneration facility at the BP CherryPoint refinery may be more than offset by the environmental impacts of other actions required tofill the needs. In addition, the impacts of the cogeneration project are readily mitigated, whilesome alternative action impacts may be less easily mitigated.

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3.1.5 Economic Considerations

The economic consequences of not building the cogeneration plant must also be considered.

The BP Cherry Point refinery is the only BP refinery in the United States without a cogenerationplant. Because refineries are large steam users, a cogeneration plant interconnected to a refineryis a good fit. With the cogeneration project, the refinery will receive less expensive reliablesteam and power than without cogeneration, and the power produced for the regional market willbe more cost-effective than other new sources of power. The reason for the refinery to pursuethe construction of a cogeneration plant is the substantial annual savings in energy costs andreduced vulnerability to power market fluctuations. However, the economic benefits go muchbeyond the economics of the BP Cherry Point refinery. The economics of the whole region arelinked to the reliable supply and price of electricity and fuel. .

It is difficult to predict what effect future power market fluctuations might have on the refinery,but in 2000 and 2001, they put the viability of the refinery at significant risk. In response to sky-rocketing electricity prices, the refinery temporarily added 26 diesel generators during the mostsevere electric power prices, and then replaced the diesel generators with 14 natural gas-firedgenerators until the power market stabilized. If electricity prices had stayed high long enough,the refinery may not have continued to operate. Without the refinery operating, the regionalsupply of fuel would be severely constrained, and the economic consequences would beenormous.

Electricity can not be stored. Therefore, supply must precisely equal demand. As this balancebecomes closer and the reserve generating capacity margin becomes smaller, power pricesbecome very volatile and can increase rapidly. Power buyers must find sources to meet demand,and if the supply gets too tight, they must find power at any cost, or their customers would bewithout power. Because supply must meet demand, if it falls short it is not that customers getless power, rather they get none, which is the reason for blackouts. All customers, includingresidential, commercial and industrial customers find this inconvenient and potentiallydevastating. Having the cogeneration plant operating would help prevent such disasters in twoways. The power demand of the refinery would no longer be a drain on the regional power grid,thus effectively lowering the demand. The excess electricity produced by the cogeneration plantwould also increase the supply available to meet the growing regional demand.

3.1.6 Conclusion

The alternative of not building the cogeneration project would not satisfy the purpose and needstated at the beginning of this document. While it might reduce the amount of wetland impact,that is not certain, because some less efficient power generation facilities would have to be builtin the region, and many proposed projects have significant wetland impacts. The economicconsequences of not building the cogeneration plant might be enough to shut down the refineryunder certain circumstances, and that would have broad and severe regional economicconsequences. Not building the cogeneration facility would also forego the economic andenvironmental benefits of more efficient electricity production in the region.

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3.2 ALTERNATIVE COGENERATION SITES.

As explained above, alternative cogeneration plant sites must meet four criteria in order to bepracticable: size, proximity to refinery, security, and accessibility. Alternate technologies are notapplicable for comparing sites. While there is likely to be a difference in costs between sites,costs are less important than impacts or feasibility. The cogeneration plant will require a site thatis at least 33 acres in size. As explained above, the cogeneration site must be located within aone-mile pipe distance of the refinery and may not be located across a highway from the refineryin order to be a feasible site. Therefore, potentially feasible sites would include sites within therefinery fence, i.e., between Grandview Road on the north, Jackson Road on the west,Aldergrove Road on the south, and Blaine Road on the east. Existing refinery facilities alreadyoccupy most of this land, and sites on the west of the refinery do not have adequate accessibilityfrom the highway and to the cogeneration site and refinery. This leaves only the northeast cornerof the refinery with enough open space to consider inside the security fence and the highways.In addition, sites adjacent, but outside the fence to the east could be secured and are potentialsites. Since Brown Road is gated and controlled by BP, sites both north and south of BrownRoad would meet the security criteria.

Four potential sites (Sites 1 through 4) meet the four criteria, including enough area available tofit the cogeneration project (Figure 1). BP owns all of the potential sites, and therefore all arepotentially available for the project. Two additional sites (Sites 5 and 6) were discussed in theAlternatives Analysis prepared by Golder Associates for the EFSEC permit application. Thesesites do not fit all the selection criteria, but are addressed here for completeness.

3.2.1 Site 1 (Proposed Site)

Site 1 is the proposed site. It is located just south of Grandview Road and east of the refineryfence. This site is referred to as Site 3 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.

Size & Wetland Impacts

The proposed site has at least 40 acres available. The site could be expanded south or east, butthat would encroach on more wetlands. It cannot be expanded to the north because of theCounty requirement for a 300-foot buffer between the plant site and Grandview Road. The sitelocation has been selected to minimize wetland impact area. With the proposed site layoutoccupying 33 acres, 12 acres of wetland would be filled.

Proximity to Refinery & Related Infrastructure

This site is directly adjacent to the refinery fence and would have minimal impacts fromconnecting to required infrastructure. One access road and a permitted corridor for atransmission line connection to the BPA transmission line to the east are immediately adjacent.An existing natural gas line with capacity is in the utility corridor adjacent to the west edge of thesite, and a water supply pipe from the Whatcom PUD is also in the corridor but a few hundredfeet south.

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Security

Site 1 is immediately east of the refinery security fence, which can be readily expanded toinclude the site. In addition, the steam pipeline would not have to cross a public road and itwould therefore be secure.

Accessibility

This site is directly accessible to the proposed laydown areas and all facilities and infrastructure.Access to the refinery and Blaine Road are about 250 feet away, and access to Grandview Roadis similarly short.

3.2.2 Site 2

Site 2 is south of the proposed site. It is just north of Brown Road and east of the refinery fenceand the proposed Brown Road Materials Storage Area. This site includes a large part of Site 1 inthe Golder Alternatives Analysis.


Site 2 has at least 40 acres available. The site could be expanded north or east, but those areasare essentially all wetland. With a site layout of 33 acres, at least 31 acres would be wetland fill.This impact conclusion is based on a wetland delineation for the Brown Road Materials StorageArea (URS 2003) and on a delineation by Golder Associates (Golder 2003) which showed 2acres of upland in patches outside the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. The remainder ofSite 2 is wetland.


The site is near to the refinery, and impacts of connecting to the infrastructure would be onlyslightly greater than the proposed site because of greater distances for some utilities.

Security

Site 2 is close enough to the east of the refinery security fence that the fence could be readilyexpanded to include the site. In addition, steam pipeline could be made secure because it wouldnot have to cross a public road.

Accessibility

This site is directly accessible to potential laydown areas (as evaluated below) and all facilitiesand infrastructure. Highway access would be by way of Brown Road.

3.2.3 Site 3

Site 3 is just south of Brown Road (and Site 2) and adjacent to the east refinery fence. This siteis included as part of Site 6 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.

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This site has at least 40 acres available. The site could be expanded to the south or east, butthose are essentially all wetland areas. With a site layout occupying 33 acres, it wouldessentially all be wetland fill. This impact conclusion is based on a wetland delineation for theBrown Road Materials Storage Area (URS 2003) that found about 5.5 acres of upland in the 11acres to be used for the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. Nearly all of the adjacent area tothe south appears to be wetland, based on reconnaissance-level information by both GolderAssociates and URS. Site 3 would be located mostly south of the Brown Road Materials StorageArea in an area that is almost all wetland.


The site is adjacent to the refinery. The impacts of connecting to the infrastructure would besimilar to the proposed site. The transmission line connection would have to go an additional1,200 feet. The gas pipe would have to be extended a few hundred feet from the meteringstation. A water pipe is nearby in the utility corridor.

Security

Site 3 is immediately east of the refinery security fence, which can be readily expanded toinclude the site. In addition, steam pipeline could be made secure because it would not have tocross a public road.

Accessibility to Laydown Areas

This site is directly accessible to potential laydown areas (as evaluated below) and all facilitiesand infrastructure. Highway access would be by way of Brown Road.

3.2.4 Site 4

Site 4 is the northeast corner of the refinery south of Grandview Road and west of Blaine Road.This site is referred to as Site 5 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.


Site 4 consists of Laydown areas 1, 2, and 3 associated with the proposed site and the existingcontractor parking lot. Although the 32 acres available at this location might be large enough forthe cogeneration facility if the configuration were altered, it would be impossible to maintain thebuffer along Grandview Road that is required by Whatcom County Code. Approximately 20acres of this site are wetlands. The site could not be expanded because it is constrained on allsides. On the west, it is constrained by the drainage course that conveys clean runoff to the northacross Grandview Road, which has refinery facilities just to its west. On the north, the site isconstrained by the refinery security fence and the adjacent Grandview Road. To the east, the siteis constrained by Blaine Road (a refinery road here) and the adjacent utility corridor, which hasnatural gas pipelines, water pipelines, and electrical transmission lines and must be maintained as

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a utility corridor. To the south, the site is bounded by wetlands and existing refinery facilitiesand use areas.


All of the infrastructure is nearby, and the impacts of connecting to it would be similar to theproposed site. However, as explained above, the refinery needs additional laydown/turnaroundareas. If this area were used as the project site, an additional 33 acres would be needed forconstruction laydown and turnaround activities, and the impacts to wetlands would occur forthese new refinery laydown/turnaround areas.

Security

Site 4 is within the refinery security fence. Piping would be secure because the steam pipelinewould not have to cross a public road.


The laydown area would occupy the site proposed for the cogeneration facility. In other words,if the cogeneration unit occupies this site, that would require a direct switch with the areaoccupied by the laydown area. Accessibility would be the same as the proposed site.

3.2.5 Site 5

Site 5 is located within the refinery and is the area previously used for refinery turnarounds. Partof that area is where the Isomerization Unit for meeting clean gasoline requirement is beingconstructed. This site is referred to as Site 2 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.


This site was much too small (less than 20 contiguous acres) to accommodate a cogenerationfacility even before part of it was required for other purposes. It has been eliminated fromfurther consideration on this basis alone. The site is bounded on three sides and part of a fourthside by refinery facilities and use areas, and the remainder of the fourth side is a wetland adjacentto the proposed laydown area.


This site is actually too close to refinery operations because construction of a cogenerationfacility in the midst of the refinery would interfere with refinery operations. Construction in themidst of the refinery would be more difficult and more expensive, and would result in costlyinterference with refinery operations.

Security

Site 5 is within the refinery security fence. Piping would be secure because the steam pipelinewould not have to cross a public road.

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The site is accessible to the proposed laydown area and to Grandview Road via Blaine Road.

3.2.6 Site 6

Site 6 is located north of Grandview Road. It consists of approximately 2 acres of mixed forestand shrub habitat surrounded by old fields that include emergent wetlands. This site is referredto as Site 4 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.


33 acres could be available at this location. Wetlands occur here, but we have not determinedhow much wetland fill would be required because the site failed to satisfy other essential criteria.The south side of the site is bounded by Grandview Road. Expansion in the other directionswould encroach into wetlands.


This site is not adjacent to infrastructure or security. Extension of gas, water, and transmissionlines to the site would entail other impacts, including wetland impacts. For these items, there isalso a cost element, because the infrastructure would have to be extended further to this site thanto other sites. The distance that steam pipes would have to cover to deliver steam to the refinerywould be more than a mile, which is beyond the threshold of current technology. The extra coststo extend infrastructure were not calculated because the site failed the security criterion.

Security

Site 6 is not readily incorporated into the existing refinery security system, so an additionalsecurity system for the site itself would be required. Such a system would be more costly andless secure than a single secured area. In addition, the steam pipeline would not be securebecause it would have to cross a public road. Because security is such an important item inrefinery operation, this is a fatal flaw, and therefore, the site fails the security criterion. Existingtechnology will not solve the problem.


The only areas available for laydown that are not almost entirely wetlands are located across astate highway from this site. Construction would be logistically very difficult, disruptive to thesurrounding community and much more expensive. Therefore, accessibility is not suitable forthe construction activity.

3.2.7 Summary Comparison of Alternative Cogeneration Sites

The alternative sites are compared in Table 2 on the basis of the criteria necessary to bepracticable and wetland impact. It is clear that the only sites that might have lower wetlandimpact than the proposed site are not practicable according to one or more of the criteria.

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Table 2Comparison of Alternative Cogeneration Sites

Site SizeProximity to

Refinery Security AccessibilityWetlandImpacts

1 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 12 acres2 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 31 acres3 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 33 acres4 Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion About 20 acres5 Fails Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 2.5 acres6 Meets Criterion Fails Criterion Fails Criterion Meets Criterion Unknown

3.3 ALTERNATIVE LAYDOWN SITES

Alternative laydown sites must meet three criteria in order to serve the purpose and need: size,accessibility, and security. Cost is anticipated to be similar enough not to be a discriminator incomparing sites. Technology is also not relevant in comparison of sites because no alternatetechnology is available that would be applicable or be different on one site versus another. Thecogeneration project requires construction laydown and staging areas 33 acres in size with easyaccessibility to the construction site. The permanent laydown area for refinery use must be 22acres.

The same sites considered practicable for the cogeneration plant would also meet the key criteriafor practicability for the laydown/turnaround area (see Figure 2).

3.3.1 Site A (Proposed Laydown/Turnaround Area)

As a means of minimizing wetland impact overall, the construction laydown for the cogenerationplant is proposed to use mostly areas that will ultimately be used for refinery maintenance andturnarounds. That way, only one set of wetlands will be filled, not two. The proposed site is Site4 considered for the cogeneration project located at the northeast corner of the refinery, south ofGrandview Road and west of Blaine Road. A separate temporary laydown area (Laydown Area4) of about 4 _ acres is located between the cogeneration site and Grandview Road. Site A isreferred to as Laydown Site One, Areas One and Two, in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.


Using this approach, about 5 acres of wetland will be impacted by fill for temporary constructionlaydown area for the cogeneration project only. Those five acres will then be restored as wetlandalong with six acres of upland and become part of a visual buffer along the south side ofGrandview Road. The remaining area (22 acres) will be permanently filled to provide theconstruction laydown needs for the cogeneration project and then the turnaround areas forongoing refinery refurbishment activities. An existing 3.2-acre contractor parking lot would beincorporated as part of the laydown/turnaround area, but it is already used during turnarounds.

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Accessibility

This site is readily accessible from the cogeneration construction area, the refinery, the highway,and the needed infrastructure.

Security

This site is within the refinery fence and meets all security requirements.

3.3.2 Site B (Proposed Cogeneration Site)

The site where the cogeneration project is proposed would not be available for use as alaydown/turnaround area if it is occupied by the cogeneration project. Potentially the two couldbe swapped.


A site big enough for the cogeneration project is big enough for the laydown area. If thelocations were swapped, then the same amount of wetland impacts would occur at both locations.

Accessibility

Although this site would be readily accessible from the cogeneration facility if the cogenerationand laydown swapped places, it would not provide adequate accessibility from the refinery andits infrastructure that will be needed for the permanent refinery laydown/turnaround area.

Security

This site is adjacent to the refinery security fence and could be made secure by extending thefence.

3.3.3 Site C (Alternate Cogeneration Site)

Site C is the same site designated as Cogeneration Site 2 above. It is just north of Brown Roadand east of the refinery fence and the proposed Brown Road Materials Storage Area. This siteincludes a large part of Site 1 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.

Size & Wetland Impact

Site C has at least 40 acres available. With a site layout of 33 acres, at least 31 acres would bewetland fill. This impact conclusion is based on a wetland delineation for the Brown RoadMaterials Storage Area (URS 2003) and on a delineation by Golder Associates (Golder 2003)which showed 2 acres of upland in patches outside the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. Theremainder of Site C is wetland.

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Accessibility

Site C is adjacent to the proposed cogeneration site and would provide adequate accessibility tothe cogeneration construction. While it is near to the refinery fence, it is farther from thefunctions needed for ongoing refinery maintenance and the infrastructure required for some ofthose functions. Therefore, the criterion of accessibility for refinery maintenance is onlypartially satisfied.

Security

Site C is near enough to the refinery security fence that it could readily be included within thesecurity fence.

3.3.4 Site D (Alternate Cogeneration Site)

Site D is the same as Alternate Cogeneration Site 3. Site D is just south of Brown Road (andSite C) and adjacent to the east refinery fence.

Size & Wetland Impact

Site D has at least 40 acres available. With a site layout of 33 acres, it would essentially all bewetland fill. This impact conclusion is based on a wetland delineation for the Brown RoadMaterials Storage Area (URS 2003) that found about 5.5 acres of upland in the 11 acres to beused for the Brown Road Materials Storage Area. Nearly all of the adjacent area to the southappears to be wetland, based on reconnaissance-level information by both Golder Associates andURS. Site D would be located mostly south of the Brown Road Materials Storage Area in anarea that is almost all wetland.

Accessibility

Site D is separated from the proposed cogeneration site by about 1,400 feet. The site would beaccessible so long as no intervening facilities interfere with transport of materials, but it wouldmake cogeneration project construction more logistically difficult and more costly than utilizingthe proposed site. Site D is also adjacent to the refinery fence, but it is farther from the functionsneeded for ongoing refinery maintenance and the infrastructure required for some of thosefunctions. Utilizing this site for refinery maintenance and turnaround activities would be moredifficult logistically, more time consuming and more costly as a result. Therefore, the criterionof accessibility for refinery maintenance is only partially satisfied.

Security

Site D is adjacent to the refinery security fence and could readily be included within it.

3.3.5 Site E (Alternate Cogeneration Site)

Site E is located south of Aldergrove Road and east of Jackson Road along the refinery pipelinecorridor. This site is referred to as Laydown Site 2 in the Golder Alternatives Analysis.

21


This site has at least 33 acres available. It is constrained on the west by Jackson Road, on thenorth by Aldergrove Road, and on the south by another public road. To the east is land notowned by BP, which is forested and probably contains wetlands. Part of the area was previouslyfilled and is not wetlands, but an unknown amount of wetland would have to be included.

Accessibility

Site E fails the accessibility criterion for both cogeneration project construction and refinerymaintenance and turnaround activities. It is located nearly two miles from the proposedcogeneration site. Assembling equipment at such a distance from the project site is logisticallydifficult and costly. Very large equipment would have to be transported on public roads, whichwould require modifications of the roads and interruption of traffic. The site is outside therefinery, across a public road, and at least a mile from key refinery infrastructure. It would notwork for refinery maintenance activities.

Security

The site is outside the security fence and could not be incorporated within the refinery securityperimeter. This site could not practicably be made secure for all the activities it would need tosupport. The key element for security is the security of the steam pipe extending across a publicroad. Technology does not solve the problems of making it both secure and functional.

3.3.6 Summary Comparison of Alternative Laydown Sites

The alternative sites are compared in Table 3 on the basis of the practicability criteria andwetland impact. It is clear that the only sites that might have lower wetland impact than theproposed site are not practicable according to one or more of the criteria.

Table 3Comparison of Alternative Laydown Area Sites

Site Size Security AccessibilityWetlandImpacts

A Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion 19 acresB Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion for cogeneration, not for refinery use 12 acresC Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion for cogeneration, not for refinery use 31 acresD Meets Criterion Meets Criterion Meets Criterion for cogeneration, not for refinery use 33 acresE Meets Criterion Fails Criterion Fails Criterion unknown

3.4 COMBINATIONS OF SITES

For the cogeneration project, all of the components of the project must be contiguous in order tofunction. It would not be practicable to put part of the components on one site and others onanother site, since they are mostly integral components of the power plant.

22

However, for the laydown/turnaround area, it would be possible to have multiple sites as long asthe size of each was large enough to accommodate the functions required and the otherfunctional requirements are met. These sites would also have to be located in such a way as toefficiently manage the work and the work force.

For the cogeneration laydown areas, the smallest contiguous block now proposed is about 5acres. This area would be used by one contractor to construct the electrical switchyard. All ofthe other activities will be controlled by the general contractor and must use a single entrance forsecurity and site control. Some components of the project are large and require large contiguousareas to be available in order to maneuver several components simultaneously. Therefore, it isnot feasible to further break the laydown area into smaller units located in different areas.

For the turnaround functions, the refinery area previously used provided over 25 acres ofcontiguous useable area. The many large components and simultaneous activities require such alarge area, and it must provide unobstructed access to the refinery components. It might bepossible to segregate a few functions into a separate area on a smaller parcel, but that would notdiminish the requirement for a large contiguous block of area.

The only combination of sites that might offer some hope of reducing wetland impact might be acombination of the two sites north and south of Brown Road and adjacent to the cooling tower.In order to get 33 acres of laydown/turnaround area, more than 23 acres of wetland fill would berequired.

No combination of sites would give the required laydown/turnaround area and require lesswetland fill than the proposed site.

3.5 ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATIONS

Alternative configurations for both the cogeneration site and the laydown/turnaround site wereconsidered, and the practicable configuration with the least impact on wetlands was selected.The process is discussed below.

The first consideration was whether any of the alternate sites could accommodate either areconfigured cogeneration layout or a reshaped laydown/turnaround area and result in lesswetland impact than either the proposed cogeneration site or the proposed laydown/turnaroundsite. Since the wetlands in all the alternate sites are in large contiguous areas with small uplandareas interspersed, there is no way to get the required area, meet the minimum requirements foraccess and security, and have less impact on wetlands. Therefore, alternative configurations ofthe two proposed sites were considered and none were found to be better than the proposed ones.

3.5.1 Cogeneration Site

The selection of the specific preferred site was made by moving the original site footprint aroundto incorporate as much upland as possible. That placed the site as close to the south side ofGrandview road as allowed by the 300-foot setback from the road required by Whatcom County

23

Code. It also placed the site just east of the drainage ditch along the east boundary of the utilitycorridor that parallels Blaine Road.

The original footprint was generally rectangular, and the early design assumptions placed thedetention basin mostly outside the rectangular plant footprint. Refinements in the design processand further efforts to minimize the facility footprint have allowed further reductions in wetlandimpact to be realized. As a result of these factors, the southeastern corner of the site (which is allwetland) is no longer proposed to be filled, which reduced the originally proposed wetlandimpact by 2.5 acres. The detention basin is now designed within the rectangular footprint. As aresult, the area of wetland fill was reduced by about an acre. However, because the water thatfeeds that wetland will unavoidably be blocked by the constructed pad for the cogeneration plant,we have conservatively assumed the wetland will be lost.

3.5.2 Laydown/Turnaround Site

The original expectation of laydown area need was 41 acres. By taking advantage of existingaccess and keeping the laydown areas contiguous with the construction site, the area needed wasreduced to 36 acres. The 3-acre existing contractor parking area was then incorporated as areathat can be used at times other than turnarounds, reducing the total laydown area to 33 acres andfurther reducing the wetland fill needed for the laydown use. By temporarily using area that willbecome the buffer along Grandview Road, it was possible to make about six acres of that beupland and another five acres be temporary wetland impact.

The permanent turnaround area could not be further reconfigured to reduce wetland impact, sinceessentially all of the remaining area is wetland. However, choosing this site avoided the wetlandimpact that would likely occur if it were necessary to provide utilities and security to otherlocations.

4.0 CONCLUSION

This Alternatives Analysis has demonstrated that no other practicable action, site, combination ofsites, or site configuration would have less wetland impact or environmental impact overall andat the same time meet the purpose and need. Therefore, the proposed sites for the cogenerationproject and the laydown/turnaround area meet the required tests of Clean Water Act section 404(b) (1) and section 230.10(a) Guidelines for Implementing the Clean Water Act.

24

5.0 REFERENCES

California Energy Commission. 2000. Final Staff Assessment, Pastoria Energy Facility,September 2000.

Chehalis Power Inc. 1994. Application for Site Certification, Chehalis Generating Facility.Submitted to State of Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council. September1994.

CTED (Washington Department of Community, Trade, and Economic Development). 2003.Memo from Tony Usibelli, Assistant Director CTED Energy Policy to EFSEC dated Dec.9, 2003.

Duke Energy (Energy Northwest and Duke Energy Grays Harbor LLC). 1994. Application forSite Certification Agreement, Satsop Combustion Turbine Project. Submitted to State ofWashington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council. August 1994.

EFSEC 2000. Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, Meeting Minutes. October9, 2000. http://www.efsec.wa.gov/FILES/minutes/2000/min00oct.htm.

Golder Associates. 2003. Siting and Wetland 404(b)1 Alternatives Analysis BP Cherry PointCogeneration Project [Revised]. Golder Associates Inc. Portland, Oregon. Included asAppendix H5 in the Application for EFSEC Site Certification.

Starbuck Power Company. 2001. Application for Site Certification, Starbuck Power Project.Submitted to State of Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council. August 2001.

SE2 (Sumas Energy 2, Inc). 2001. Application for Site Certification, Sumas Energy 2Generation Facility. Submitted to State of Washington Energy Facility Site EvaluationCouncil. January 1999, revised in November 1999, revised in June 2001.

URS Corporation. 2003. Wetland Delineation Report, Brown Road Materials Storage Area.Seattle, Washington.

U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. 2001. Safety Bulletin No. 2001-04-SB.Management of Change. August 2001

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Part 230: Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines forSpecification of Disposal Sites for Dredged or Fill Material, Subpart B Compliance Withthe Guidelines. http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/40cfr/230B.html

Wallula Generation, LLC. 2001. Application for Site Certification, Wallula Power Project.Submitted to State of Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council. August 2001,amended in October 2001.

Western Electric Coordinating Council. 2002. Planning and Operations for Electric SystemReliability. 10-Year Coordinated Plan Summary, 2002-2011.

Site 4

Site 5

Site 1(Proposed Site)

Site 6(North of Grandview Road)

Site 2

Site 3

Figure 1

Alternative Cogeneration Plant LocationsBP Cherry Point

404 (B) (1) Alternatives AnalysisBP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project

Site ASite B

(Proposed Site)

Site C

Site A

Site E(South of Aldergrove Road,

East of Jackson Road)

Site D

Figure 2

Alternative Laydown and Staging LocationsBP Cherry Point

404 (B) (1) Alternatives AnalysisBP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project

APPENDIX BAIR EMISSIONS MODELING ISOPLETHS

Number Pollutant Modeled Model Used and Assumptions1

Exhibit 22.1.Page 1

SO2 Maximum Annual Concentrations ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 2

SO2 Maximum 24-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 3

SO2 Maximum 3-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 4

SO2 Maximum One-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 5

PM10 Maximum Annual Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 6

PM10 Maximum 24-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 7

CO Maximum 8-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 8

CO Maximum One-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 9

NOx Maximum Annual Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 10

NOx Maximum 24-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.1,Page 11

NOx Maximum One-hour Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissions,no refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.2,Page 1

NOx Maximum Annual Concentration ISC Prime, maximum potential emissionswith refinery reductions

Exhibit 22.2,Page 2

PM10 Maximum Annual Concentration Calpuff, max potential emissions, norefinery reductions

Exhibit 22.2,Page 3

PM10 Maximum Annual Concentration Calpuff, max potential emissions, withrefinery reductions

Exhibit 22.3 PM10 Expected Actual Maximum AnnualConcentration

Calpuff, expected annual emissions, withrefinery reductions and secondaryparticulate

1 All Calpuff modeling includes formation of secondary particulate; ISC Prime modeling includes secondary particulate byassuming 20%of sulfur emissions are converted to particulate matter.

www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/BPCherryPoint/AppenB1-1.pdf














www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/BPCherryPoint/AppenB3.pdf

FINAL COGENERATIONPROJECT COMPENSATORYMITIGATION PLAN

BP Cherry Point

Pre pa re d f or

BP West Coast Products, LLCBP Cherry Point Refinery4519 Grandview RoadBlaine, WA 98230

June 2, 2004

1400 Century Square1501 4th AvenueSeattle, Washington 98101-1616(206) 438-2700

33749546.05070

Final Cogeneration Project Compensatory Mitigation Plan, BP Cherry Point

ERRATA [Please make the following changes to your copy.]

Insert to Section 9.0 to follow paragraph 5:

The timing of maintenance/contingency measures will be based on the stage of plant growth whenthe measures will be most effective. The timing will be affected by weather patterns that affect thegrowing season and plant growth. If conditions and circumstances requiremaintenance/contingency activities to occur more than 5 days in 30 days between February 15 andJuly 31 (the WDFW-recommended period to protect against disturbing heron nesting and rearingactivities), then Whatcom County Planning and Development Services will be notified andappropriate monitoring and protective measures will be agreed upon before the maintenanceactivity proceeds.

Insert to Section 10.0 in the first paragraph before the last sentence:

Earthwork is expected to be conducted during the dry months of late summer and early fall andtherefore within the WDFW-recommended construction window for protection of heron nestingcolonies (July 31 to February 15). Initial planting is also expected to be completed within thiswindow. However, if conditions or circumstances require planting outside that window, thenWhatcom County Planning and Development Services will be notified and appropriate monitoringand protective measures will be agreed upon before the planting proceeds.

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................ES-1

1 .0 PROJECT DESCRIPTI ON......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT LOCATION .................................................................................................................11.2 RESPONSIBLE PARTIES............................................................................................................11.3 DESCRIPTION OF OVERALL PROJECT .................................................................................11.4 WETLAND DELINEATION OF IMPACT SITE .......................................................................4

2 .0 ECOLOGI CAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT SI TE ..........................................................................................4 2.1 EXISTING VEGETATION ..........................................................................................................42.2 EXISTING WATER REGIME .....................................................................................................52.3 EXISTING SOILS .........................................................................................................................52.4 EXISTING FAUNA ......................................................................................................................62.5 FUNCTIONS AND VALUES ......................................................................................................72.6 WATER QUALITY.......................................................................................................................72.7 BUFFERS.......................................................................................................................................72.8 WETLAND RATING....................................................................................................................82.9 POSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE WETLANDS IN THE LANDSCAPE ...................8

3 .0 MITIGATI ON APPROACH ...................................................................................................................................9 3.1 MITIGATION SEQUENCING.....................................................................................................93.2 GOALS.........................................................................................................................................103.3 OBJECTIVES AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS............................................................10

3.3.1 Wetland Hydrology ........................................................................................................113.3.2 Vegetation.......................................................................................................................11

4 .0 PROPOSED RESTORATION..............................................................................................................................1 34.1 SITE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................134.2 OWNERSHIP ..............................................................................................................................134.3 RATIONALE FOR CHOICE......................................................................................................134.4 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RESTORATION AREAS......................................14

4.4.1 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................144.4.2 Experience ......................................................................................................................154.4.3 Exotics (Non-native, Invasive Species).........................................................................164.4.4 Wetland Functions..........................................................................................................174.4.5 Buffers ............................................................................................................................214.4.6 Land Use.........................................................................................................................21

4.5 CONSTRAINTS ..........................................................................................................................224.6 SITE PLAN..................................................................................................................................22

4.6.1 Topography.....................................................................................................................224.6.2 Hydrologic Modifications ..............................................................................................234.6.3 Soil ..................................................................................................................................234.6.4 Habitat Features..............................................................................................................244.6.5 Vegetation Establishment...............................................................................................254.6.6 Irrigation .........................................................................................................................30

ii

5 .0 PROPOSED COMPENSATORY MI TIGATION .............................................................................................3 05.1 SITE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................305.2 OWNERSHIP ..............................................................................................................................315.3 RATIONALE FOR CHOICE......................................................................................................31

5.3.1 Mitigation Ratio..............................................................................................................315.3.2 Site Selection ..................................................................................................................335.3.3 Compensatory Mitigation Potential of the CMAs.........................................................35

5.4 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MITIGATION SITE........................................................375.4.1 Plant Communities .........................................................................................................375.4.2 Soils.................................................................................................................................385.4.3 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................385.4.4 Experience ......................................................................................................................415.4.5 Exotic (Non-Native, Invasive) Species..........................................................................425.4.6 Wetland Functions..........................................................................................................445.4.7 Buffers ............................................................................................................................545.4.8 Land Use.........................................................................................................................55

5.5 CONSTRAINTS ..........................................................................................................................565.6 SITE PLAN..................................................................................................................................56

5.6.1 Hydrologic Modifications ..............................................................................................565.6.2 Post-mitigation hydrologic pathways and rates.............................................................585.6.3 Soil ..................................................................................................................................595.6.4 Habitat Features..............................................................................................................605.6.5 Vegetation Establishment...............................................................................................605.6.6 Irrigation .........................................................................................................................61

6 .0 CONSTRUCTI ON SPECIFI CATI ONS & AS-BUI LT REPORT...................................................................6 1

7 .0 SITE PROTECTI ON ..............................................................................................................................................6 2

8 .0 MONITORI NG PLAN ...........................................................................................................................................6 38.1 CONSTRUCTION MONITORING ...........................................................................................638.2 RESTORATION AND COMPENSATORY MITIGATION MONITORING.........................63

8.2.1 Wetland Hydrology ........................................................................................................648.2.2 Hydrologic Modifications ..............................................................................................648.2.3 Vegetation.......................................................................................................................658.2.4 Photographs ....................................................................................................................66

9 .0 MAI NTENANCE AND CONTINGENCY PLAN............................................................................................6 6

1 0.0 I MPLEMENTATI ON SCHEDULE.....................................................................................................................6 910.1 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ................................................................................................6910.2 MONITORING SCHEDULE......................................................................................................7010.3 REPORTING SCHEDULE.........................................................................................................70

1 1.0 PARENT COMPANY GUARANTEE................................................................................................................7 0

1 2.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................7 1

iii

TABLES

Table 1 Expected Wetland Impacts ........................................................................................................................2Table 2 Installed and Volunteer Plant Cover Standards ......................................................................................12Table 3 Cover of Non-Native, Invasive Species ..................................................................................................13Table 4 Comparison Between Wetland Functional Performance for Wetland F Under Current Conditions

And 25 Years After Restoration Is Initiated in The West Restoration Area.................................................18Table 5 Planting Plan for Upland Communities ..................................................................................................25Table 6 Planting Plan for Seasonally Saturated (SS) Wetland Communities .....................................................26Table 7 Planting Plan for Seasonally Inundated (SI) Wetland Communities .....................................................27Table 8 Native Seed Mix ......................................................................................................................................28Table 9 Summary of Compensatory Mitigation Acres, Ratios, and Credits.......................................................31Table 10 Existing Reed Canarygrass Cover.........................................................................................................42Table 11 Comparison Between Functional Performance of the Assessment Unit Associated With CMA1

(38.4 Acres) Under Current Conditions and 25 Years After Compensatory Mitigation Is Initiated ...........46Table 12 Comparison Between Functional Performance of the Assessment Unit Associated With CMA2

(64 Acres) Under Current Conditions and 25 Years After Compensatory Mitigation is Initiated ..............47Table 13 Wetland Functional Performance Indices and Acre-Points for Existing Wetland Areas That Will

be Permanently Eliminated by the Proposed Construction. 1........................................................................52Table 14 Expected Gross and Net Gains And Losses of Acre-Points.................................................................53

FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Vicinity MapFigure 2 Impacted Wetlands and Restoration Areas - Existing ConditionsFigure 3 Restoration Areas Plan - Topography and Plant Community DistributionFigure 4 Properties Considered for Off-site Compensatory MitigationFigure 5A CMA1 Existing ConditionsFigure 5B CMA2 Existing ConditionsFigure 6A Existing Surface and Subsurface (Interflow) Hydrologic Pathways In and Downslope

of CMA1Figure 6B Existing Mitigation Surface and Subsurface (Interflow) Hydrologic Pathways In and

Downslope of CMA2Figure 7A CMA1 Reed Canarygrass Cover DistributionFigure 7B CMA2 Reed Canarygrass Cover DistributionFigure 8A CMA1 Plan - Topography and Hydrologic ModificationsFigure 8B CMA1 Ditch Filling Cross SectionsFigure 9A CMA2 Plan - Topography and Hydrologic ModificationsFigure 9B CMA2 Ditch Filling Cross SectionsFigure 9C CMA2 Inlet Channel DesignFigure 9D Typical Swale Cross SectionFigure 10A Post-Mitigation Surface and Subsurface (Interflow) Hydrologic Pathways In and

Downslope of CMA1Figure 10B Post-Mitigation Surface and Subsurface (Interflow) Hydrologic Pathways In and

Downslope of CMA2Figure 11A CMA1 Plan - Topography and Proposed Plant Community DistributionFigure 11B CMA2 Plan - Topography and Proposed Plant Community DistributionFigure 12 Transect Segment with Randomly Selected, Nested Sample Plots

APPENDICES

iv

Appendix A Additional FiguresAppendix B Wetland Functions Assessment Data SheetsAppendix C Wetland Rating Field Data FormsAppendix D Year 2 Monitoring Report For Wetland Compensatory Mitigation, 4.58 Acres BP Cherry

Point RefineryAppendix E Wetland Mitigation Potential Survey ReportAppendix F BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Facility Wetland Mitigation and the Birch Bay Great Blue

Heron ColonyAppendix G Cogeneration Project Hydrologic Monitoring Work PlanAppendix H CMA and Restoration Areas Performance Standards

ES-1

EXECUTI VE SUMMARY

Thi s We t la nd Mi ti ga t io n Pla n wa s p re p ar ed t o e ns u re a pp r op ri a te mit i ga ti o n fo r t he we tl an d i mp ac t sa ss oc ia t ed wi th t he pr op o se d co n st ru c ti on o f t he Ch er ry Po in t Cog en e ra ti o n Pr oj e ct ( Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t ),a 7 20 -me ga wa t t, g as - fi re d , co mb i ne d c yc le c o ge ne r at io n f ac il i ty ( po wer p l an t) , a nd t h e as so c ia te d c on st ru c ti on la y- do wn ar e as a t t he BP Che rr y Poi n t pr op e rt y. The BP Che r ry Poi n t pr o pe rt y i s lo c at ed n e ar Bla in e, Wa sh i ng to n, in u n in co rp o ra te d Wha tc o m Co u nt y. Alt ho u gh t he pl ac e me nt a n d de s ig n of th eCog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t h as av oi de d a nd mi ni mi z ed we tl an d i mp ac t s to t h e ex t en t fe a si bl e , 4.86 ac re s o fwet la nd wi ll be t emp or ar i ly d is t ur be d a nd 3 0 .5 1 a cr es o f wet l an d wi l l be pe rman e nt ly fi ll ed . Th e i nt en t o ft he p la n i s t o mi ti g at e f or t he s e imp ac ts b y p ro d uc in g a n et in cr ea s e in we tl an d f un c ti on al pe rf o rman ce wit hi n t he s u b- ba si n s th a t co nt a in t h e pr op o se d c on st ru c ti on si te .

The p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n wil l d is tu r b lo w q ua li t y, h is t or ic a ll y de g ra de d wet la n ds . Mo st o f t he ar ea i n t he v ic in it y o f t he c on s tr uc t io n si t e is co mp os e d of br oa d f ie ld s d ra in e d by di tc he s a nd do mi na t ed b y o ve rg r ownp as tu re gr as s es . La rg e p or ti on s o f t he wet l an ds ar e st r on gl y d omin a te d b y no n- n at iv e , in va s iv e v eg et at i on ,p ri ma ri l y re e d ca na r yg ra s s (Pha la ri s a ru n di na ce a ) .

Wet la nd impa c ts a ss o ci at e d wi th th e p ro po se d p ro j ec t wi l l be mi ti ga t ed v i a st an d ar d mit ig at i on s e qu en ci n g.Pot en ti a l we t la nd i mpa ct s h av e b ee n a vo id ed an d min imiz e d by de si gn i ng t h e lo ca t io n o f co ns t ru ct i on a re a sa wa y fr o m de l in ea te d wet l an ds a s muc h a s po s si bl e g iv en en gi n ee ri ng co ns t ra in ts an d t he p re v al en c e of wet la nd s i n t he a re a . A to ta l o f 9.2 7 ac re s c on t ai ni ng bo th we tl an d s an d wet la n d bu f fe rs ( u pl an d s) wil l b et empo ra r il y f il le d a nd s u bs eq ue n tl y r es to re d . An ot he r 1 .8 1 a cr es o f u pl a nd wil l b e t empo ra r il y e li mi na t ed a nd s ub s eq ue n tl y fo r es te d a ft er co ns t ru ct io n i s c ompl et e t o e nh an ce a vi s ua l bu f fe r b et we en th e p la nt s i te a nd Gra n dv ie w Roa d. Any te mp or a ry o r i na dv e rt en t i mp ac t s to we tl an d s th a t ma y o cc ur du ri ng c on st ru c ti on wi ll b e r ep a ir ed a n d re h ab il it a te d a s ap pr o pr ia t e.

Una vo id a bl e i mp ac ts to we tl an ds wi ll be c omp en sa t ed . Th e p la n i nc lu d es r e ha bi li t at in g a pp ro x imat e ly 1 10 a cr es o f d eg r ad ed we tl an d s an d s ur ro u nd in g u pl an d s lo ca t ed wi th in t h e BP Ch er ry Po in t p ro pe r ty . Th es eCompe ns a to ry Mi ti ga t io n Are as ( CMAs) wi ll b e r eh a bi li ta t ed b y r es to r in g h is to ri c d ra i na ge p a tt er n s vi a r e- r ou ti ng tr ea t ed s to r mwat e r ru no f f an d p lu gg i ng e x is ti ng di tc h es , re mov in g a nd s u pp re s si ng n o n- na t iv e,i nv as iv e p la n ts s uc h a s r ee d ca n ar yg r as s, a n d es t ab li sh i ng n a ti ve p l an t c ommu ni t ie s. Re -r ou t in g s to rmwa t er r un of f wil l i nc lu de in st a ll in g p ip es , c ul ve r ts , a nd a n i nl et ch an ne l wit h d if fu s e- fl o w ou tl e ts t o d ir ec t r un o ff f ro m on e o f t he t wo pr op o se d de t en ti o n po nd s t o o ne o f t he CMAs r at h er t h an l et al l o f it g o t hr o ug h ar oa ds id e d it c h di re c tl y t o Te rr e ll Cr ee k. All r u no ff f r om t h e ot he r d et e nt io n p on d wil l be di re c te d th r ou gh a n ex is t in g c ul ve rt to a se ri es of p o nd s co n ne ct e d by n a tu ra l c ha nn e ls a n d swal e s. The r e- r ou te d s to rmwat er r un of f wil l b e di re c te d t o la rg e n at u ra l ar e as t h at wil l p ro v id e ad d it io n al h yd r ol og i c st or a ge a n d wa te r q ua li ty tr ea t me nt . Th e f or es t a nd s h ru b ha b it at s t ha t wil l d ev el op in t h e CMAs wi ll fu rt he r i mp r ov eh yd ro lo g ic s t or ag e t hr ou g h in cr e as ed ev ap ot r an sp i ra ti on an d i nt er ce p ti on of p re c ip it a ti on . Th us , h yd ro l og ic i mp ac ts as we ll a s o th er ty pe s o f we t la nd i mpa ct s wil l b e co mpe ns at e d.

The a re a s to be u se d f or mi ti ga t io n wer e se l ec te d a s amo ng t h e be st av ai l ab le i n t he Te rr el l Cre e k ba si n . BPo wn s a l ar ge pa rt o f t he ba si n, an d BP's la n ds n o rt h of Gr an d vi ew Ro ad (ab ou t 1 ,0 00 ac re s) we re as se ss e df or mit i ga ti o n po te n ti al . In a l l th i s ar ea , t he two pr o po se d CMAs wer e j ud ge d t o ha v e th e g re at e st p ot e nt ia l f or c omp en sa t in g we t la nd impa ct s a ss o ci at ed wi th th is p r oj ec t . The CMAs ar e lo c at ed as n ea r a s p os si bl e t o

ES-2

t he p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n s it e, ar e p os it io n ed t o r ec ei v e re - ro ut ed st or mwa te r r un of f , an d h av e g re at p ot en ti a l fo r i mp ro v in g e co lo gi c al c o nn ec ti v it y b et we en th e Ter re ll Cr ee k c or ri d or a n d na tu r al a r ea s to th es ou th i n cl ud i ng t he La ke Te rr el l Sta t e Wi ld l if e Are a. No ot h er a re a s ha d mor e p ot en t ia l be n ef it s . A s u rv ey o f th e p ro pe r ti es f o r sa l e in t h e Te r re ll Cr ee k b as in r e ve al e d th at on ly 5 pa rc e ls a t l ea st 20 a c re s in si ze ar ea va il ab l e. Non e of th es e p ar ce l s or co mb in a ti on of t he s e pa r ce ls a r e ab l e to p r ov id e t he mi ti ga t io no pp or tu n it ie s o f th e p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n ar e as .

1

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op e rt y is lo ca t ed n ea r Bla i ne , Wa s hi ng t on i n u ni nc o rp or at e d Wh a tc om Co un ty .Wha tc om Co un t y is b o rd er e d by Sk ag it Co un ty to t h e so ut h , Ge o rg ia St ra it to t he we st , a nd Br it is h Col umbi a , Ca n ad a to th e n or th . Th e Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t wil l b e lo c at ed ea st o f t he ex is ti n g re f in er ywit hi n t he BP Che rr y Poi n t pr op e rt y, so ut h o f Gr a nd vi ew Ro ad an d no r th o f Bro wn Ro ad .

The p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n a re a i s ap p ro xi ma t el y t wo mil e s ea s t of Ch er ry Po in t a nd Ge or gi a Str ai t i nSec ti on s 7 a n d 8 of To wn s hi p 39 , Ran g e 1E. Mi ni miz at io n a nd re st or a ti on of wet l an d i mp ac ts wi ll oc cu r i nt hi s ar e a. Compe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n wil l oc c ur i n t he p r op os e d Co mp e ns at o ry Mit i ga ti o n Ar ea s ( CMAs) ,whi ch wi ll b e l oc at e d no r th o f Gra nd v ie w Ro a d on th e BP Ch er r y Po in t p ro p er ty i n Sec t io ns 5 an d 6 o fTowns hi p 3 9, Ra ng e 1 E. A s it e map s h owin g t he a r ea s th a t wi l l be i mpa ct e d an d t he a r ea s th a t wi l l be r es to re d a nd re ha bi l it at e d as c o mp en s at or y mit ig a ti on i s Fig u re 1 .

A map s h owin g t he p r oj ec t s it e s up er i mp os ed ov er a Na ti o na l Wet la nd s I nv e nt or y Map f o r th e a re a i sFig ur e 3 o f t he Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er ry Po in t Cog en e ra ti on Pr oj e ct [ Re v is ed ] (Gol de r Ass oc ia t es 2 0 03 a) . A ma p s ho wi n g th e p ro je c t si t e su pe r impo s ed o ve r a So il Con s er va t io n Se r vi ce (SCS)Soi l Su r ve y map i s Fig ur e 4 o f t he Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [ Re vi se d ] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a ). Th e se f i gu re s a re a l so p re s en te d i n Ap p en di x A.

1.2 RESPONSIBLE PARTIES

BP We st Co as t Pro du c ts , LLC ( BP) i s t he p ro j ec t p ro po ne n t an d p er mi t a pp l ic an t. The co nt ac t p er s on a t BPf or t hi s p ro j ec t is Mi ke To rp ey , who is t he le ad on Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct pe rmit t in g f or BP. His ph on en umbe r a nd a d dr es s a re a s f ol lo ws: 3 6 0/ 37 1- 1 75 7, BP Che r ry Po in t Re f in er y , 45 19 Gr an d vi ew Ro ad ,Bla in e, Wa sh i ng to n 9 82 30 . Th e c on su l ti ng f i rms r es po ns i bl e f or t he we tl a nd d el i ne at i on r ep o rt e n ti tl ed Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a )a re Gol d er As so ci at e s, I n c. a nd Sc ho t t an d Ass oc i at es . URS Cor po ra t io n i s re sp o ns ib l e fo r t he We tl an dMit ig at i on Pl an a nd th e d el in ea t io n r ep or t o f pr e ex is ti n g co n di ti on s o n t he c omp en sa t or y mi t ig at i on a re a s.

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF OVERALL PROJECT

The p ro p os ed Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t is th e co n st ru c ti on o f a 7 2 0- me ga wat t, ga s- fi r ed c o ge ne ra t io n e le ct ri c p ower p l an t a nd a ss o ci at e d fa ci l it ie s i nc lu d in g c on st ru c ti on la y- do wn ar e as a nd ac ce s s ro ad s . Be ca us e t he c og en er a ti on fa ci li t y wi l l be a n i nt e gr al p a rt o f t he r e fi ne r y, i t mus t b e lo ca t ed i n c lo se pr ox i mi ty t o t he r ef in er y f ac i li ti es . Th e p ower pl an t wil l b e co n fi gu re d wit h c ombi n ed -c y cl e co mbu st i on t ur b in es , e ac hd ri vi ng an e l ec tr ic ge ne r at or . El ec t ri ci ty an d s te am p r od uc e d by t h e co g en er at i on f a ci li ty wi ll po we rRef in er y o pe r at io ns , g re a tl y re d uc in g t he n e ed f o r st ea m f ro m e xi st i ng r e fi ne ry bo il e rs . Ex ce ss el ec tr i ci ty p ro du ce d b y t he c og e ne ra t io n fa c il it y wil l b e pr o vi de d t o th e Bon ne v il le Po we r Admin i st ra ti o n (BPA) e le ct ri c al g r id . A Co rp s o f En g in ee r s (COE) p er mit f or impa c ts o n wet la n ds r el a te d t o co ns t ru ct i on o f a p ower l i ne t h at wil l s er v ic e th e p ro p os ed p o we r p la nt h a s be e n in p l ac e s in ce 2 0 00 . Th e ac c es s r oa ds a n d

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t he a re a f or th e tr a ns mi s si on t o we r p ad s ha v e be e n co ns t ru ct e d, b ut th e t ower s a nd c o nd uc to r s ha v e no t b ee ne re ct ed .

The c og e ne ra t io n fa c il it y , in cl u di ng si te a c ce ss ro ad s a nd a vi su al bu ff e r ar ea , wil l e nc omp as s 3 3.17 a c re s,o f wh ic h a pp r ox imat e ly 2 5 a cr es wi ll be c on v er te d t o imp er vi o us s ur f ac e a re a fo r t he pl an t c on st r uc ti on .Con st ru c ti on of t he po we r p la nt an d a ss oc ia t ed f a ci li ti e s (i .e. a cc e ss r o ad s) wi ll p e rman en t ly f i ll a nd / or c u to ff t he hy dr o lo gi c s ou rc e f or 1 1 .9 1 a cr es o f wet l an d (Ta bl e 1 ).

App ro xi mat el y 3 3.1 a cr es of u nd e ve lo p ed l an d wil l b e co n ve rt e d to c o ns tr u ct io n l ay -d o wn a re a s. Lay -d own ar e as a r e lo ts wi th gr av el e d or impe rv i ou s s ur fa ce ar ea th at p r ov id e s ta gi n g ar e as d ur i ng c o ns tr uc t io na nd e qu i pmen t s to ra g e ar e a af te r c on s tr uc ti o n. An ex is t in g g ra ve l l ot ( Con tr ac t or ’s pa rk in g l ot ) t ha t i s 3.1 8a cr es i n s iz e wil l b e us e d fo r l ay -d o wn a s wel l. The c o ns tr u ct io n o f th e l ay -d o wn a r ea s wi l l fi l l a to t al o f 2 3.46 a c re s o f we tl a nd s, of whi c h 4.8 6 ac re s wil l b e te mpo ra r il y fi l le d.

Two p or t io ns of t he la y- d own ar e as t o ta li ng 11 .0 8 a cr es wi ll be t emp or ar y a nd r e mo ve d a ft er co ns t ru ct io n i sc ompl et e . 9.27 a cr e s of th es e t empo r ar il y i mp ac t ed a re a s ar e c on si d er ed Re st or a ti on Ar ea s s in ce th e 4.8 6a cr es o f wet l an ds a n d 4.4 1 ac re s o f wet la nd bu ff e rs ( up l an ds ) t ha t c ompr i se t he s e ar e as wil l b e r es to re d t on at iv e p la nt co mmun i ti es . Th e r emai n in g 1.8 1 ac r es i s wit hi n a n up l an d a re a mo r e th a n 30 0 f ee t f ro m th e n ea re st we tl a nd t o b e re s to re d. Upl a nd f or e st wi ll b e e st ab l is he d i n th i s ar ea to e n ha nc e v is ua l b uf fe r b et we en th e p la nt s i te a n d Gr an d vi ew Ro ad a n d pr o vi de e c ol og i ca l co n ne ct i vi ty b e twee n t he Ea st Res to ra t io n Are a an d t he fo re st e d ar e as e as t o f t he p la n t si t e. A map o f e xi st i ng we tl an ds , t he pr op os e di mp ac t a re as , t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea s, an d th e v is u al b uf f er a r ea s is pr ov i de d by Fi gu r e 2.

Thu s, a to ta l o f 35 .37 a c re s of we tl a nd s wi l l be fi ll ed . Th e t ot al we tl a nd a re a t o b e te mp o ra ri l y fi ll e d is 4.86 a cr es a n d th e t ot al we tl a nd a re a t o b e pe rma ne nt l y fi ll e d is 30 .5 1 a cr es . Ov er 10 ,0 0 0 cu bi c y ar d s of ma te ri a lwil l be re mo v ed f ro m t he co ns tr u ct io n s it e f or t h is p ro j ec t.

Table 1 Expec te d Wet l and Impac ts

Pro ject Area Tot al A rea

( acres)

A rea of Perma nent Wet la nd Fill

( acres)

A rea of Temp o ra ry Wet la nd Fill

( acres) Cog en er ation Facility1 3 3.17 1 1.91 0 Lay -D ow n A rea 1 6 .2 9 4 .3 9 0 Lay -D ow n A rea 2 2 1 6.61 8.75 3 4 .6 6Lay -D ow n A rea 3 5 .4 6 5 .4 6 0 Lay -D ow n A rea 4 4 .7 4 0 0 .2 0Existin g d ev elo ped area( co ntracto r’ s p ar kin g lo t)

3 .1 8 0 0

Tot al 6 9.45 3 0.51 4 .8 6

1 Th is ar ea in clud es th e p ow er p lan t, Detention P o nd 1 , the tw o acces s ro ads , th e n or thern mo s t 30 0 f eet o f th em ainten ance r oad, an d th e v is ual ( fo r es t) b u ff er ar ea w est o f Lay -D o wn A r ea and no rth o f th e p lan t site.

2 Th e ar ea fo r Lay -D o wn A r ea 2 in clud es Deten tion Po nd 2 .3 The p er m an en t w etlan d im p act ar ea in clu des the w alk in g p ath that will tr avers e the W est Res tor ation A rea ( see

S ection 4) .

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Wit hi n t he c o ns tr uc t io n z on es , v eg et a ti on wi ll b e c le ar e d, t o ps oi l wil l b e ex ca v at ed , a nd t h e so i l su rf a ce wi ll b e gr ad e d, c o mp ac te d , an d f il le d . Th e Co ge n er at i on Pro j ec t i nc lu de s c on s tr uc ti o n of po we r p la nt fa ci li t ie s,g ra ve le d o r p av ed wo rk a r ea s an d p ar k in g lo t s, p a ve d ac c es s r oa ds , a nd d e te nt io n p on d s.

The i mp e rv io u s su rf a ce s t o be c r ea te d b y th e p ro p os ed p r oj ec t wil l r ed uc e h yd ro l og ic st or ag e a nd in du ce h ig he r r at es of r un o ff . Th is a r ea i s a r el a ti ve l y smal l p or t io n (0 .4%) o f th e t ot al wa te rs h ed a r ea t ha t c ompr is e s th e Ter re l l Cr e ek wat e rs he d , wh ic h i s a pp ro xi mat el y 2 0.8 s qu ar e mil es in s i ze . If l ef t u nman ag e d, r u no ff f r om t h e si te ma y d eg ra de wa te r q ua li t y an d a lt er hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime s of d o wn st r ea mwat er bo d ie s ( we tl an d s an d Ter re l l Cr e ek ) an d c on s eq ue nt l y de g ra de t h ei r h ab it at qu al i ty .

Two d et e nt io n p on ds wi ll be c on s tr uc t ed t o c on tr o l su rf a ce r u no ff f r om t h e pr op o se d c on st ru c ti on ar ea s( Go ld er As so c ia te s 2 00 2) . De te n ti on Po nd 1 wi ll co ll ec t r un o ff f ro m t he co ge ne r at io n f ac il i ty a n d th ep or ti on of La y- Do wn Ar ea 4 to b e r es t or ed a f te r c on st ru c ti on is c omp le te . Th is ar ea is l ab e le d t he Eas t Res to ra t io n Are a. Det en t io n Po n d 2 wil l co l le ct ru no ff fr om th e La y -Down Are as 1, 2 , a nd 3 in cl u di ng t h ep or ti on of La y- Do wn Ar ea 2 to b e co me th e We s t Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a (Fig u re 2 ) . Oil / wa te r s ep ar a to rs wi ll b e i ns ta ll e d at th e in l et t o e ac h p on d. The p o nd s h av e be e n de s ig ne d t o me e t te ch n ic al re qu ir e me nt s o f bo t hWha tc om Co un t y an d t he Wa sh in gt o n St a te Dep a rt me n t of Ec ol og y ( Ec ol o gy ) t o pr ov i de a d eq ua te wa te r q ua li ty tr ea t me nt a n d fl o w co nt r ol f o r ru no f f fr o m impe r me ab l e su rf a ce s t o be c r ea te d b y th e p ro p os ed c on st ru c ti on .

Det en ti o n Po n d 1 wi l l be lo ca te d i n t he n or t hwes t c or ne r o f t he c og e ne ra t io n si t e. Run of f f ro m Det en ti o nPon d 1 wil l b e pi pe d n or t hwes t a cr os s Gra nd v ie w Roa d an d Bla i ne Roa d a nd di sp er s ed a c ro ss a la rg e a re awit hi n o ne o f t he CMAs . De te nt i on Po nd 2 wi ll b e l oc at e d ju s t we st of La y- Do wn Ar ea 2. Ru n of f f ro mDet en ti o n Po n d 2 wi l l di s ch ar ge to a n e xi st i ng d r ai na ge way t h at e xt e nd s a cr os s Gra nd v ie w Ro a d to an e xt en si v e po n d an d wet la n d sy st e m. Bot h ar e as t o r ec ei v e si t e ru no f f dr a in t o Ter re l l Cr ee k n ea r i ts c r os si n gu nd er J a ck so n Roa d.

Thu s, r u no ff fr om t h e pr o je ct s i te wi ll b e d ir ec t ed t o i ts h i st or ic dr ai n ag e ar e as wh er e it wi ll su pp or t a nd e nh an ce ex is t in g we t la nd s b ef or e d ra i ni ng t o Ter r el l Cr e ek . In a dd i ti on , d ir ec t in g r un of f t o th e se wet l an da re as wi ll i mpr ov e r un of f wat er qu al i ty a nd pr ev e nt i nc r ea si n g fl ow fl uc t ua ti on in Te rr el l Cre ek ab ov ee xi st in g l ev e ls . A mo re de ta il e d de s cr ip ti o n of th e po s t- mi t ig at io n h yd r ol og ic sc en a ri o is in Se ct io n 5 .6 .2 .

Out si de of t h e pr op o se d c on st ru c ti on ar ea , e xi st i ng d it c he s wil l be re -r o ut ed t o a vo i d th e p la nt si te a n ds up po rt ar ea s . Sur f ac e wat er i n t he s e di tc h es wi ll c on t in ue to f lo w n or t h un de r Gra n dv ie w Roa d t hr ou gh th es ame di t ch es th at c u rr en t ly s up p or t r un of f f ro m t he u nd e ve lo p ed p ro j ec t s it e.

I mp ac ts as so c ia te d wit h t he p ro p os ed pr oj ec t wil l b e mi t ig at e d by a p pl yi n g th e s ta nd a rd mit i ga ti o ns eq ue nc e . Th e pl ac e me nt an d de s ig n o f th e Cog en e ra ti on Pr oj e ct h as av oi d ed a nd mi ni miz ed we tl an d i mp ac ts to t h e ex te n t pr a ct ic ab l e. The t emp or ar y p or ti o ns o f t he l a y- do wn ar ea s wil l b e re s to re d t o su p po rt n at iv e wet la n d an d u pl an d p la nt co mmu ni ti es . Pe r ma ne nt impa c ts t o t he r e ma in in g 3 0.5 1 ac re s o f wet la nd s t o be f i ll ed wi ll b e c omp en sa te d b y r eh ab il i ta ti n g ap pr o xi ma t el y 11 0 a cr e s of n e ar by la nd s mai nl y c on si st i ng o f d eg ra d ed we tl an d.

The p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n wil l d is tu r b lo w q ua li t y, h is t or ic a ll y de g ra de d wet la n ds . Al th ou g h th e wet la n ds wit hi n t he p r op os ed pr oj e ct s it e i mp a rt a v a ri et y o f we t la nd fu nc ti o ns , p er fo rma nc e o f th es e f un c ti on s

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o cc ur s a t fa i rl y lo w l ev e ls . Th e pr o po se d r es to r at io n a nd c o mp en sa t or y mit ig at i on wi ll e st a bl is h wet la n da nd wet l an d b uf fe r ( up la n d) c ommun it i es t ha t p er f or m th e se f u nc ti on s a t mod er at e t o h ig h le v el s. Ina dd it io n , pr o po se d t op og r ap hi c a nd h y dr ol og i c mo d if ic at i on s t o th e CMAs wil l re s to re hi st or i c dr a in ag ep at te rn s .

1.4 WETLAND DELINEATION OF IMPACT SITE

See the Wetland Delineation Report BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project [Revised] (Golder Associates2003a) for the wetland delineation and maps.

2.0 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT SITE

Thi s se c ti on su mmar i ze s e co lo gi c al c o nd it io n s of th e pr o po se d p ro je c t si t e as d e te rmi ne d in pa rt by t he f in di ng s o f Gol de r Ass oc i at es . De ta i le d de s cr ip t io ns o f t he en vi ro n me nt a l co nd i ti on s o f th e p ro p os ed c on st ru c ti on zo ne s i nc lu d in g th e e xi s ti ng v e ge ta t io n, s o il , wat er r e gi me , a nd wi ld li f e of t h e on - si te we tl an d sa nd u pl a nd s a re f ou n d in th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] ( Go ld er As so c ia te s 2 00 3a ) a nd t h e Tec hn ic a l Re p or t on We tl a nd Fun c ti on s a nd Va lu es As se ss men t BPChe rr y Poi nt Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t [Re vi se d] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 b ). Th e se r e po rt s d es cr i be t he g eo gr ap h ic e x te nt , f un ct i on s, a n d ra t in gs o f t he we tl an d s de l in ea te d i n t he v ic i ni ty of t he pr op o se dc on st ru c ti on ar ea s.

2.1 EXISTING VEGETATION

Mos t of th e a re a wi t hi n t he p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n s it e a nd v i ci ni ty is c o mp os ed of wi de f ie l ds t h at a re d omin at e d by ov er gr o wn p a st ur e g ra ss e s. Th e se f i el ds a r e fa l lo w ag r ic ul t ur al l a nd t h at h as no t b ee nc ul ti va t ed i n o ve r 1 0 ye a rs . In te rs p er se d wit h t he f ie l ds a r e he dg e ro ws an d pa t ch es of s emi -mat u re f or e st p la nt at i on s t ha t we r e pl a nt ed f o r pu l pwoo d h ar ve s t. Tr e e sp e ci es c o mp ri s in g th e se p l an ta ti o n ar e as i nc l ud eDou gl as fi r ( Pse ud ot s ug a men zi es i i) a nd h y br id po pl ar (Pop ul us tr ic h oc ar pa x d el to id e s) . Mat u re f o re st c on ta in i ng d e ci du ou s a nd co ni fe r ou s t re es t h at c o lo ni ze d t he si te n a tu ra l ly i s l oc at e d so ut h ea st of t he p ro po se d p la n t si te . Th e re a re no e x is ti ng st ru c tu re s wit hi n t he p r op os e d co ns t ru ct i on a re a .

A map s h owin g d el in e at ed ve ge ta t io n c ommu ni t ie s s up er imp os ed on a n o bl iq u e ae ri a l ph o to gr ap h o f t he c on st ru c ti on ar ea s, re fi n er y, a n d ar e as t o t he we st i s Fig ur e 5 o f t he Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r yPoi nt Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t [Rev i se d] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a ). A map s h owin g d el in e at ed v e ge ta t io nc ommu ni t ie s s up er imp os ed on a n o ve rh e ad a er i al p h ot og ra p h of th e pl a nt s i te a nd ar ea s t o th e s ou t h an de as t is Fi gu r e 6 of th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] ( Go ld er As so c ia te s 2 00 3a ) . The s e fi g ur es a r e pr e se nt ed be lo w i n Ap p en di x A.

A l ar ge pr op o rt io n o f th e se f ie l ds a r e co mp o se d o f pa lu s tr in e e me rg e nt ( PEM) we t la nd s a s de f in ed by t he c la ss if i ca ti o n sy st e m of Co wa rd i n et al . (1 9 79 ). The PEM we t la nd s p ri ma r il y co n si st of n on - na ti v e pa st u re g ra ss es su ch as r ed to p ( Agr os ti s s to l on if er a ) , co lo n ia l b en t gr a ss ( Agr os ti s c ap i ll ar is ) , ve lv e t gr a ss ( Hol cu sl an at us ) , an d r ee d c an ar yg r as s ( Pha la ri s a ru n di na ce a ) . Lar g e amo un ts o f s of t r us h ( J un cu s e ff us u s) , ag ra mi no i d, a l so o cc u r in th es e wet la n ds . Th e ve g et at io n wit h in t he PEM wet la nd s h as no t be e n mo wed o rg ra ze d i n ov e r 10 y e ar s.

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One 0 .6 - ac re pa lu st r in e s cr ub -s h ru b ( PSS) we tl an d a re a c on ta i ni ng i mma tu r e hy br i d po p la r tr e es a n d on e1 .6 9 pa l us tr i ne f or e st ( PFO) we t la nd th at s u pp or t s se mi - ma tu r e (a t l ea st 12 y ea r s ol d a nd o v er 2 0 f ee t t al l) h yb ri d p op la r a ls o o cc ur wi th in th e c on st ru c ti on zo ne s.

Upl an d a re as wi th in th e p ro je ct si te ar e pr i ma ri l y do mi n at ed by Hima la ya n b la ck b er ry (Rub us d i sc ol o r) , bu tc on ta in so me ev er gr e en b l ac kb er r y (Rub us l a ci ni a tu s) a s we l l. Some Do u gl as fi r sa p li ng s p la nt e d in th es ea re as a r e al s o pr es e nt i n s ome u pl an d p at ch e s. Upl an ds al so in cl ud e s ome p or ti o ns o f t he a b an do n ed mea do w a re a a s we ll ; t he s e ar ea s a re do mi na t ed b y c ol on i al b e nt gr as s a nd co nt ai n s ome s ti ng i ng n e tt le ( Urt ic a d io ic a ) , bi rd s fo ot tr ef oi l ( Lot us c o rn ic u la tu s) , an d Can ad a t hi st l e (Cir si um ar ve n se ) . Some u pl a nd a re as c o nt ai n s pe ci e s fo u nd i n t he a d ja ce nt we tl a nd a re a s in c lu di ng co lo n ia l be n tg ra s s, r ee d c an a ry gr as s ,a nd r ed al de r ( Aln us r u br a) s ap li n gs .

The a re a e nc o mp as si n g th e BP Ch e rr y Poi nt p r op er t y or ig i na ll y s up po r te d f or es t wit h c on if er o us e v er gr ee n a nd b ro a d- le a f de ci d uo us tr ee s, bu t was l og g ed a t l ea st 10 0 y ea rs a g o. The l an d was th en c u lt iv a te d fo r t he f ir st h a lf o f t he 2 0 th ce nt ur y a nd us ed a s p as t ur e an d c ro p la nd . Th e p re do mi n an t a gr ic ul t ur al us e of th es e a re as wa s ca t tl e gr a zi ng , whi ch fo st e re d th e s pr e ad o f n on -n a ti ve p a st ur e g ra ss e s.

2.2 EXISTING WATER REGIME

The p ri mar y s ou rc es of s u rf ac e wat er an d so i l mo i st ur e t o th e c on st r uc ti o n si te ar e p re ci pi t at io n a nd l a te ra l d ra in ag e f ro m a dj ac e nt a r ea s. Ver ti c al d ra i na ge th ro ug h t he so il i s l imi te d by th e u nd er ly i ng c l ay t il l ,e sp ec ia l ly wh er e it is wi th in t wo fe e t of t h e so i l su rf a ce . La te ra l d ra i na ge i s l imi te d by lo w r el ie f. As a r es ul t, so il sa tu ra t io n a bo ve 1 8 i nc h es i s wid es p re ad t h ro ug h t he we t se a so n in bo th we tl an d a nd up la nd a re as . Ho we v er , mo s t ar e as o f t he p r oj ec t s it e t yp ic al l y dr y o ut s u bs ta n ti al ly in t h e la tt e r ha l f of t h e gr o wi ng s ea so n.

The d ra i na ge di tc he s t ha t a re p r es en t t hr ou g ho ut th e si t e we r e or ig i na ll y i ns ta l le d t o fa ci l it at e d ra in a ge a n de xp ed it e d ry i ng o f t he s o il f or fa rmi ng . Th e se d i tc he s c on ti n ue t o f un ct i on a lt h ou gh th ey a r e no t mai nt a in ed a nd a re ov er g ro wn wi th v e ge ta ti o n.

2.3 EXISTING SOILS

Mos t of th e s oi l in th e a re a wa s d er i ve d fr o m gl a ci omar i ne d r if t pl a in s a nd i s u nd er l ai n by cl ay ti ll s t ar ti n g at 1 0 to 3 0 i nc h es b el o w gr o un d su r fa ce (b gs ). Soi l i n th e p ro j ec t si t e ra n ge s fr o m lo a m to s i lt y c la y lo a m,t ho ug h s ome s an dy s o il s a nd g ra v el n o t re fl e ct iv e o f na t iv e c on di ti o ns a r e pr es e nt i n s ome o f th e u pl an d a re as . Th e f in er t e xt ur e d so il s a re ma in ly re st r ic te d t o th e wet la n ds . A ma p s ho wi n g so il sa mp l in gl oc at io n s is Fi gu re 7B o f t he Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] ( Go ld er As so c ia te s 2 00 3a ) . Thi s f ig u re i s p re se n te d be l ow i n App en d ix A.

The t wo so il se ri es ma pp e d as o c cu rr i ng wit h in t h e co ns t ru ct i on s it e i nc l ud in g t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s ar e Whi te ho r n si l t lo am, a h y dr ic s o il , a nd Bir c hb ay si lt l o am, a n on hy d ri c s oi l. As ex p ec te d, th e s oi ls c ha ra ct e ri st i c of Wh it eh o rn s il t l oa m a re t y pi ca l ly f ou n d in we tl an d a re a s wh er e as t h e so il s c ha r ac te ri s ti c o fBir ch ba y s il t l oa m a re f o un d in th e u pl an d a re as .

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Whi te ho r n si l t lo am is a ve ry d e ep s o il c on s id er e d by Go ld in (1 99 2) to b e p oo rl y d ra i ne d. Howev e r, a wet la nd de li n ea ti on co nd u ct ed b y ENSR Con su l ti ng an d En g in ee r in g (1 9 92 ) t ha t in c lu de d i nt en s iv ei nv es ti g at io n o f so i ls a n d hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime wit h in t he pr op o se d si t e fo r t he Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t fo un d h ig h pe r me ab i li ty a n d ra p id l at e ra l d ra in ag e wit h in s ub s oi l l ay er s o f so i ls c ha r ac te r is ti c o f Wh i te ho rn si lt l oa m. As a r es ul t, th e s tu dy c o nc lu d ed t ha t t he Wh it eh o rn s i lt l oa m wit h in t hi s a re a s ho ul d b e c on si de r ed s omewha t p oo r ly d ra i ne d r at he r t ha n p oo rl y d ra in e d (Gol d er As so ci at e s 20 0 3a ). Thi s s oi l is mo de r at el yf er ti le , h as a mo de r at e a mo un t o f or g an ic ma tt er , a nd i s s li g ht ly a c id ic in t he su rf a ce l ay e r. Th e so il se ri e sc on ta in s i nc l us io ns of n o n- hy dr i c so i ls . Th e wat e r ta bl e i n t hi s so i l fl u ct ua te s b et wee n 1 f oo t a bo ve g r ou nd a nd 1 f o ot b e lo w gr o un d f ro m No v embe r t o Ma y .

I n co nt r as t, Bi rc hb a y si l t lo am is a ve ry d e ep , mod er at e ly we ll d ra i ne d s oi l. Th e su r fa ce l a ye r o f th eBir ch ba y s il t l oa m i s mo d er at el y f er t il e, h a s a mod er at e a mo u nt o f o rg an i c ma tt e r, a n d is s l ig ht l y ac id i c.Thi s so i l se r ie s ha s b et t er n at u ra l d ra in ag e t ha n t he o t he r s oi l ty p es i n t he s t ud y a re a an d i s n ot l is t ed a s a h yd ri c s oi l. Th e wa t er t a bl e in th is so il t y pi ca l ly v ar i es b e twee n 2 a nd 4 fe et de pt h f ro m Dec emb er t hr o ug hApr il .

Top og ra p hi c r el ie f i s mi n imal , b ut t h e ar ea ge ne r al ly s l op es to t he no rt h a nd n o rt hwe st . To p og ra p hy i n t he a re a is ro ll i ng t o f la t a s de te r mi ne d b y re c en t g eo lo gi c h is t or y. His to r ic c ul t iv at i on f or cr op s a nd h a yd is tu rb e d so i l st ru c tu re an d smo ot he d wha t was l i ke ly r o ug h mic ro -t o po gr a ph y do min at e d by s mal lh ummo ck s

2.4 EXISTING FAUNA

The b ro a d fi e ld s pr o vi de ha bi ta t f or th e ab u nd an t f ie ld mi ce , v ol es , a nd va ri ou s s ma l l ro de n ts . Th e fo r es te d p at ch es lo ca t ed n ea r by p r ov id e h ab it a t fo r wil dl i fe s pe c ie s c ommo nl y f ou n d in wo od la n d ed ge ha bi t at i nwes te rn Wa sh i ng to n. The s e sp ec i es i n cl ud e c oy ot e , bl ac k -t ai l ed d ee r , an d n umer o us r e si de nt an d mig ra to r yb ir ds s u ch a s r ed -t a il ed ha wk , Ame ri c an r ob i n, s o ng s pa r ro w, an d co mmo n y el lo wt h ro at . No a mph ib i an s,r ep ti le s , or fi sh a r e kn o wn t o i nh ab i t th e c on st r uc ti on si te .

A g re at bl ue he ro n ( Ard ea h e ro di a s) b re ed i ng c o lo ny i s l oc a te d ap p ro xi mat el y o ne mi le wes t o f CMA 2 a n do ve r on e mil e wes t o f CMA 1 ( Fi g ur e 1 ). Th i s co l on y of be twe en 2 00 an d 4 00 b re e di ng pa ir s ( fl uc t ua te so ve r ti me) r e pr es en t s on e o f 4 l ar ge co lo ni e s lo c at ed i n n or t hwes te r n Wa s hi ng to n a nd so ut hwe st er n Bri ti s hCol umbi a . I n di vi du a ls f r om t hi s c ol o ny a re kn own t o us e n ea r by o pe n f ie l d ha bi t at s s imil ar to t h os e pr e se nt o n CMA 1 a nd CMA 2. The s e ne ar b y fi e ld s ar e u se d f or s t ag in g d ur in g t he ne st in g s ea s on a nd fo r f or ag in g f or a mp h ib ia n s an d s ma ll ma mmal s t hr o ug ho ut th e y ea r.

Col on y n es ti n g bi rd sp ec i es , in c lu di n g gr ea t b lu e h er on s , ar e c on si d er ed a pr io r it y s pe ci es in t h e st at e o fWas hi ng t on ( WDFW 20 0 0) . Wh at co m Cou n ty l is t s he r on s as a sp e ci es o f l oc a l impo r ta nc e i n it s Cri t ic al Are as Co de , App en di x C ( Wha tc om Co un t y) . In c on n ec ti on wi th a di ff e re nt pr oj ec t , BP co mp le t ed a Her on Ha bi ta t Man ag e me nt Pl an in s pr i ng 2 0 04 a dd r es si n g th e i mp ac t s of c u rr en t a nd f u tu re co ns tr u ct io n o n th ei r l an d s no rt h o f Gra nd vi e w Ro a d (URS 20 04 ) . As p ar t o f th is pl an , a 1 -y e ar mo ni to ri n g pr o gr amb eg an i n Mar c h 20 04 by a lo ca l b io lo g is t fa mil ia r wit h t he l o ca l he r on p o pu la ti o n. Thi s mo n it or i ng s ee k s to s pe ci fy hi gh he ro n u se a r ea s on BP’s pr op er t y an d wha t h er on ac ti vi t ie s a re o cc u rr in g i n th o se l o ca ti on s .Thi s pr o gr am wi ll h e lp BP a dj us t t he impl eme nt at i on s tr a te gy fo r th i s mi t ig at io n p la n o n CMA 1 a n d 2. A

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mor e de t ai le d d is cu s si on of i ss u es c o nc er ni n g th e h er on co lo n y is p r ov id e d in Ap pe nd i x F: BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog en er a ti on Fa ci li t y We t la nd Mi ti ga t io n an d t he Bi rc h Bay Gr ea t Bl u e He r on Col o ny .

2.5 FUNCTIONS AND VALUES

The wet l an ds wi th in th e p ro po se d p ro j ec t si t e se r ve a v a ri et y o f hy d ro lo g ic f un c ti on s s uc h a s imp ro vi ng wat er q u al it y , re du c in g p ea k fl o w, a n d de cr e as in g d owns t re am er os io n . Th ey a ls o p ro v id e ha b it at s ui ta bi l it y f un ct io n s fo r wil dl i fe , mai nl y mamma l s an d b ir ds . A mo r e de t ai le d d is cu s si on o f t he cu rr en t f un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce o f t he we tl an d s wi th i n th e c on st r uc ti o n si te is i n t he Tec hn ic a l Re p or t on We tl a nd Fun ct io n s an d Val ue s Ass e ss me nt BP Ch er ry Po in t Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t [ Re v is ed ] ( Go ld er As so c ia te s2 00 3b ).

2.6 WATER QUALITY

Alt ho ug h n o wat er q u al it y mon it o ri ng ha s oc c ur re d o n th e s it e , th e q ua li t y of s u rf ac e wat er th er e i s li k el yh ig h. As st a te d ea r li er , t he ma in s o ur ce o f moi s tu re t o t he co ns tr u ct io n s it e i s pr e ci pi ta t io n a nd d ra i na ge f ro m ad j ac en t a re as . Si n ce p re c ip it a ti on wa te r q ua li ty is g o od a nd th e a dj ac en t a re a s th at pr ov i de d ra i na ge a re u nd e ve lo p ed a nd we ll ve ge ta t ed , n o wa te r q ua l it y pr o bl ems a re e x pe ct e d to b e p re s en t.

2.7 BUFFERS

Und ev el o pe d u pl an d a re as th at s e rv e a s we tl a nd b u ff er a r ea s a re s ca t te re d a cr os s t he pr oj ec t s it e . The s eu pl an d a re as su pp or t v ar i ou s pl a nt c o mmun it i es i n cl ud in g a ba n do ne d mea do w, re gu l ar ly ma in ta i ne dg ra ss la n d, Do ug la s f ir /Hi ma la ya n b la c kb er ry pa tc h es , Hi mal ay a n bl ac k be rr y p at ch e s wi t ho ut Do ug la s f ir ,s emi- ma t ur e h yb ri d p op la r f or es t p at c he s, a n d na t iv e mi x ed c o ni fe ro u s/ de c id uo us fo re s t. Up l an d p or ti on s o f th e a ba nd o ne d me a do w a re f ou n d th r ou gh ou t t he pr oj ec t s it e . The pl an t at io n a nd f o re st ed ar ea s a re mai nl y s it ua t ed n or t h an d e as t o f th e p ro po s ed p o we r pl a nt a n d we st of t h e no rt h er n p or ti on of La y- Do wn Are a 2. Gra n dv ie w Roa d l imit s t he b u ff er a r ea n o rt h of th e p ro je ct si te to t he ri gh t -o f- wa y ( ROW)i mmed ia t el y s ou th o f t he ro ad . Fi gu r e 6 of th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io nPro je ct [Rev i se d] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a ), whi c h is pr ov id e d in Ap pe nd i x A o f th is pl an , s ho ws th ed is tr ib u ti on of t he s e pl a nt c ommun it i es wit h in a n d imme d ia te l y ad ja c en t t o th e c og en e ra ti on fa ci l it y si t e.

The a re a e as t o f th e p la n t si te co ns i st s of hy br i d po pl a r fo r es t pl a nt at i on a nd a sma ll a mo u nt o f mat ur e f or e st d omin at e d by bo th d e ci du o us b ro a d- le a ve d an d c on i fe ro us ne ed l e- le av e d tr e es . Th is a r ea i s o ve r 2 ,0 00 f e et wid e (e a st -we st ). The a r ea i mme di at e ly s ou t h an d s ou th e as t o f th e c og en e ra ti on fa ci l it y si t e is co mp ri s ed o f t he p or t io n o f We tl a nd D th at wi ll n o t be i mpa ct e d by t h e pr o po se d c on st r uc ti on . We t la nd D is a se as on a ll ys at ur at e d/ in u nd at ed pa lu s tr in e e me rg e nt ( PEM) we t la nd d o mi na t ed b y n on -n a ti ve p a st ur e g ra ss e s an d o th er h er ba ce o us s p ec ie s. Thi s wet la n d ap p ea rs t o e xt e nd e as t o ff si te i n to t h e me ad o w ar e a so ut h o f t he f or e st p la nt at i on . Th e ar e a so u th ea st of We tl an d D i s a f or es t ed a r ea t ha t i s mai nl y c ompr i se d of ma tu r e up la n df or es t d omin a te d by pa pe r b ir ch (Bet ul a p ap yr i fe ra ) , bi g- l ea f map le ( Ace r ma c ro ph y ll um) , Do ug l as f i r, a nd b la ck c o tt on woo d (Pop ul us ba ls a mi fe ra ss p. t ri ch oc a rp a) . Thi s a re a a ls o c on ta i ns Wet l an d E, a PFOwet la nd , a nd a mo sa i c of smal l, fo re s te d we t la nd pa tc he s . Bl ac kb er r y (Rub us sp .) l i ne s t he e dg e o f t hi s

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f or es te d a re a a nd d o mi na t es t he na rr o w up la n d ar e a so ut h a nd so ut hwe st o f Wet la n d D a nd n or t h of Br ownRoa d.

The a re a b et wee n La y -Down Are as 1, 2 , a nd 3 an d t he c og e ne ra t io n fa c il it y whe re We tl a nd H i s l oc a te d is ar eg ul ar l y ma i nt ai ne d f ie l d do mi n at ed by p as t ur e g ra ss es th at se rv es as a ut il it y c or r id or f o r th e BP Ch e rr yPoi nt p r op er t y (s ee Fi gu r e 2) . Th e a re a we s t of th e no r th er n p or ti o n of La y- Do wn Ar e a 2 is a 50 0 -f oo t wid ep at ch o f mat u re mix e d co n if er ou s /d ec i du ou s f or es t . Thi s a re a i s bo r de re d t o th e wes t b y th e mai n e nt ra n ce r oa d fo r t he BP Che r ry Po in t Re f in er y .

2.8 WETLAND RATING

As de te r mi ne d b y Go l de r Ass oc ia t es ( 2 00 3a ), ea ch we tl an d wit h in t he co ns t ru ct io n z on e i s ra t ed a s a Cat eg or y I II we tl an d . Se e th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [ Re vi se d ] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a ) fo r c op ie s o f th e o ri g in al d a ta s h ee ts .

The r at i ng s u se d fo r t hi s p ro je c t co n fo rm t o t he ra ti ng sy st e m de sc r ib ed by t he Wa sh i ng to n Sta te We tl an d sRat in g Sys te m – Wes t er n Was hi ng t on ( Eco lo gy 19 93 ) . Wet l an ds wi th t h e Ca t eg or y I II r a ti ng a r e th e mos tf re qu en t ly e n co un te r ed a n d ty pi c al ly re qu ir e a mo de ra te le ve l o f pr o te ct i on . The Eco l og y r at in g s ys te m i sd es ig ne d t o d if fe re n ti at e b et we e n we t la nd q u al it y b as ed on r a ri ty , i rr ep l ac ea bi l it y, se ns it i vi ty to d is t ur ba n ce ,a nd f un c ti on a l pe rf o rman c e. The wet l an ds fo un d i n th e p ro je c t ar e a ar e n ot Ca te go ry I or II wet l an ds si nc et he y do no t p ro vi de ha bi t at f or se ns i ti ve o r i mp o rt an t wil dl i fe o r p la nt s , ar e n ot r e gi on al l y ra r e, a nd do n o tp ro vi de ve ry hi gh f u nc ti o na l pe r fo rma nc e. No on - si te we tl an d s ar e c on si d er ed Ca te go r y IV we tl an d s si nc e a ll wet l an ds pr es en t a re hy dr ol o gi ca l ly c on n ec te d t o Te r re ll Cr ee k.

2.9 POSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE WETLANDS IN THE LANDSCAPE

Wit h th e e xc e pt io n o f We t la nd I , t he Hy dr og e omor p hi c Cl a ss if i ca ti on of t h e we tl a nd s wit hi n t he p r oj ec ta re a is de pr e ss io na l o ut f lo w. The se we tl an d s va r y in s i ze , b ut a ll ar e s it ua te d i n t op og ra p hi ca l d ep re s si on s t ha t ha v e cl o se d co n to ur s o n th r ee s i de s an d s up p or t su r fa ce wa te r o ut fl o w to d o wn st r ea m wa t er bo d ie s.Wet la nd I is co ns id e re d a r iv er i ne f l ow-t hr o ug h wet la nd . Ri v er in e f lo w- t hr ou gh we tl a nd s ar e t ho s e th at do n ot r et a in s u rf ac e wat er si gn if i ca nt l y lo ng e r th a n th e d ur at i on o f a f lo o d ev en t .

The se we tl an d s pe rf o rm mo st h yd r ol og i c an d h ab it a t fu nc t io ns al be it at l o w pe rf o rman c e le ve l s as di sc us s ed i n Se ct i on 4 .4.4. The we tl an ds he re ha ve l i mi te d o pp or t un it i es t o p er fo r m so me hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s si n ce t he a re a s wi t hi n th e ir u p gr ad ie n t ca t ch me nt ar ea s a re u n de ve l op ed , wel l v eg et at e d, a n d do n o t pr o du ce e xc ep ti o na ll y l ar ge ou tf l ows of wa te r . As men ti o ne d ea r li er , t he ma in s o ur ce s o f mo i st ur e t o th e se wet l an ds i s pr ec i pi ta t io n an d s ha l lo w su b su rf a ce d ra i na ge fr om a d ja ce n t up la n ds . Al th ou g h th e s it e i s lo c at ed i n t he c en tr al pa rt of t he wa te r sh ed , t he o n -s it e wet la n ds a re si tu a te d in re la t iv el y s ma ll su bc at c hmen t s an dt he re fo r e ha v e li mi t ed a mou nt s o f su b su rf ac e d ra i na ge p r ov id e d to t h em.

The p ro j ec t s it e an d a dj a ce nt a r ea s t o th e e as t a re p ar t o f a c or ri d or o f u nd ev e lo pe d l an d b et we e n th e Lak eTer re ll Wi ld l if e Ar e a, a 1,50 0- a cr e r es er ve ma na g ed b y t he Wa sh in gt o n De p ar tmen t o f Fis h an d Wil d li fe ( WDFW), an d t he Ter r el l Cre ek r i pa ri a n fo re s t. Alt ho ug h t hi s c or ri d or i s f ra gme nt ed by r oa d s an d b ot ha ba nd on e d an d a ct iv e p as t ur e, i t may pr ov id e e co l og ic al co nn e ct io ns be twe en t he s e ar e as f or a wi d e va ri e ty

9

o f wi ld l if e i nc lu di n g la r ge mammal s s uc h as bl ac k ta il d e er a n d co yo t e. The p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n i s no t e xp ec te d t o s ev er el y d eg r ad e th e se c o nn ec ti o ns s i nc e th e o n- s it e ar e as t o t he e a st wi ll r ema in v e ge ta te d .

3.0 MITIGATION APPROACH

3.1 MITIGATION SEQUENCING

Alt ho ug h BP e va lu at e d a n umbe r o f pr o je ct a l te rn a ti ve s, it d e ci de d t ha t t he Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct wi ll b e st s er ve t o p ro v id e re l ia bl e s te am an d e le ct ri c al p o we r to th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt Ref i ne ry an d pr o vi de ef fi ci e nt a nd c os t -e ff e ct iv e e le ct r ic al p o we r t o th e r eg io n . Th e Cog en e ra ti on Pr oj e ct wil l a ls o min imi ze t h e Re fi n er y's r el ia nc e o n o ut si de so ur c es f or el ec t ri ci ty an d min imiz e i mp a ct s to th e e nv ir on men t. For mo re i n fo rmat i on s ee S it in g a nd We tl an d 4 04 (b ) 1 Al te r na ti v es Ana l ys is , BP Ch e rr y Poi nt Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t [Rev i se d] ( Go ld er As so c ia te s 2 00 3c ) .

BP al so ev al u at ed a l te rn a ti ve s i te s f or t he Co ge n er at io n Pro j ec t ba s ed o n t he f o ll owi ng c ri t er ia : s uf fi c ie nt a cr ea ge av ai l ab le , wet la n d impa c ts , p ro xi mi t y to th e Re f in er y a nd r e la te d i nf ra s tr uc t ur e, s e cu ri t y an da cc es si b il it y .

The p ro p os ed si te a v oi ds an d mi n imiz e s we tl a nd i mpa ct s a s mu c h as p o ss ib l e. Of th e f iv e po s si bl e a lt er na t iv e s it es c o ns id e re d, o n ly o n e th at is l a rg e en o ug h f or t he pr op o se d pr o je ct wo ul d i mp ac t l es swet la nd ar ea . Ho we v er , t ha t si t e wa s t oo f a r awa y fr om th e r ef in er y t o b e pr ac t ic ab l e fo r c og en e ra ti on an dr ai se d s ig ni f ic an t s ec ur i ty c on c er ns . Th us , t he pr op os e d si t e av oi d s an d min imi ze s wet la nd impa c ts a nd mee ts t h e si t in g cr i te ri a b es t o f al l t he s i te s c on si de r ed .

The p ro p os ed pl an i s d es i gn ed t o mit i ga te we tl an d i mp ac t s by fo ll owi ng t h e st an d ar d mit ig at i on s e qu en ce as o ut li ne d i n t he Memo ra nd u m of Ag re eme nt b et wee n t he Env i ro nme nt al Pr ot ec t io n Ag e nc y ( EPA) a n d th e US Ar my Co rp s o f En g in ee r s (Cor p s) . Th is s e qu en c e an d a b ri e f su mma ry o f h ow e a ch mi ti ga ti o nc ompo ne n t wi l l be a c co mp l is he d i s pr o vi de d b el ow:

1. Avo idanc e: As d is c us se d a bo ve , t he si te c h os en fo r co n st ru c ti on a v oi ds we tl an d i mp a ct s. For a d et ai le d a cc o un t of ho w wet la nd impa c ts h av e b ee n a vo id e d by th e pr o po se d p ro je c t, s e e S it in g a nd Wet la nd 40 4( b )1 Alt e rn at i ve s An a ly si s , BP Ch er ry Po in t Cog en e ra ti on Pr oj e ct [ Re v is ed } ( Go ld er Ass oc ia t es 2 0 03 c) .

2. Minimiz a ti on: Wi th in th e c on st ru c ti on si te , i mp ac t s to we tl an d s wi ll be mi ni mi ze d b y l oc at in g t he c on st ru c ti on ar ea s a wa y f ro m de l in ea t ed wet l an ds as muc h a s p os si bl e g iv e n en gi n ee ri n gc on st ra i nt s. The p r op os e d co ns t ru ct i on wil l d is t ur b lo w q ua l it y, h i st or i ca ll y d eg ra d ed wet l an ds an da vo id t h e hi g h qu al i ty , f or es te d wet l an ds l o ca te d o n th e p ro p er ty . In a d di ti on , p ro j ec t- sp e ci fi c Sto rmwa t er Po ll ut io n Pre v en ti on Pl an s ( SWPPPs) wi ll b e c ompo s ed t o p ro vi d e gu id e li ne s f or p re ve nt i ng t h e di sc h ar ge of f il l mat e ri al i n wet l an ds a n d st r ea ms d u ri ng bo th c o ns tr u ct io n a nd o pe ra ti o n.

3. Res to ra t io n: Re st or a ti on of t emp or ar i ly d is t ur be d wet la n ds a n d we tl a nd b u ff er s wil l o cc ur t o r e- e st ab li s h we t la nd c o nd it i on s an d i mp r ov e pe r fo rma nc e of mo st we tl an d f un c ti on s. Any te mp or a ry

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o r in ad v er te n t impa c ts t o wet la n ds t h at may oc cu r d ur in g c on s tr uc ti o n wi l l be r e pa ir e d an dr eh ab il i ta te d a s ap p ro pr i at e. Ina dv e rt en t i mp ac t s ma y i nc lu d e cl ea r in g a nd t ra mpl in g o f ve g et at i on ,s oi l co mpa ct i on , di s ch ar g e of f i ll , a nd a lt e ra ti o ns t o h yd ro l og ic r e gi me as a r e su lt of t he s e ac t iv it ie s .For a d e ta il e d ac co u nt o f h ow r e st or a ti on o f i nt e nt io na l ly t e mp or ar y i mp a ct s wi l l be ac hi ev e d, s e eSec ti on 4 of th is r e po rt .

4. Compe ns a ti on: Un av oi d ab le impa ct s t o wet la nd s wil l b e co mpe ns a te d by re ha b il it at i ng d e gr ad ed wet la nd an d u pl an d a re as wi th in a po r ti on o f t he BP Che r ry Po in t pr o pe rt y t ha t wil l n ot b e d ir ec t ly i mp ac te d b y t he p ro p os ed co ns tr u ct io n . For a de t ai le d a cc ou n t of h o w co mpe ns at o ry mi ti ga ti o nwil l be ac hi e ve d, s e e Se c ti on 5 of t h is r ep o rt .

The p la n f or re st or a ti on an d co mpe ns a ti on i n co rp o ra te s r ec ommen da ti o ns f r om s ev e ra l r es ou rc e s in c lu di ng Gui de li n es f o r De ve l op in g Fre sh wat er We tl an d s Mi t ig at io n Pla n s an d Pro po s al s (Gui de li n es ) ( Hr ub y a nd Bro we r 1 99 4) , Res to ri n g We t la nd s i n Wa s hi ng to n (Ste ve n s an d Van bi a nc hi 19 93 ), an d Was hi ng t on S t at eWet la nd Mi ti g at io n S tu dy – Ph as e 1 : Compl ia n ce (Eco lo g y 20 0 1) . In a dd i ti on , wet la n d an d u pl an d f or es t p at ch es ex is t in g wi t hi n t he BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op e rt y we r e us e d in p a rt a s r ef er e nc e s it es f o r th e p la nt i ng p la ns o f r es t or at io n a nd co mp en s at or y mit ig a ti on .

3.2 GOALS

The g oa l s of th is mi ti ga t io n pl a n ar e a s fo l lo ws :

1. Res to re a to t al o f 9 .2 7 a cr es o f wet l an ds a n d we t la nd b u ff er s ( up la n ds ) t o emer g en t, sc ru b- s hr ub ,a nd f or e st ed ha bi ta t s do min at ed by n a ti ve v e ge ta t io n wi t hi n t wo Res t or at i on Are a s lo c at ed i n t he n or th er n p or t io n of th e c on st ru c ti on si te .

2. Reh ab il i ta te ap pr ox i ma te l y 11 0 a cr es of d eg r ad ed we tl an d s an d wet la n d bu f fe rs ( u pl an d s) wit h in t he t wo CMAs lo ca te d o n t he BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op e rt y. Reh ab i li ta ti o n wi l l oc cu r b y r es to ri n gh is to ri c d ra i na ge p a tt er n s vi a r e- ro u ti ng t r ea te d s to rmwat er ru no ff an d p lu gg in g e xi s ti ng d i tc he s ,r emov in g a nd su pp re s si ng no n- na t iv e, in va si v e pl a nt s su c h as re ed c a na ry g ra ss , a nd e s ta bl is h in ge me rg en t , sc r ub -s hr u b, a n d fo re s te d h ab it at s d omi na te d b y na t iv e ve g et at i on . Re -r ou t in gs to rmwa t er r u no ff wi ll i n cl ud e i ns ta l li ng p i pe s, cu lv er t s, a n d an i n le t c ha nn el wi th di ff us e -f lo wo ut le ts to d i re ct r u no ff fr om o n e of th e two p ro p os ed d e te nt i on p on d s to a po rt i on o f t he mi ti ga t io na re a ra t he r t ha n le t i t c on ti nu e t o g o th ro u gh a ro ad si d e di t ch d ir e ct ly to Ter r el l Cre ek .

3.3 OBJECTIVES AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

This section describes the specific objectives and performance standards for the mitigation proposed forthis project. A summary of these performance standards is provided in Appendix H.

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3.3.1 Wetland Hydrology

Obj ec ti v e A: Re- es ta b li sh we tl an d h yd r ol og y o ve r 4 .8 6 ac r es o f t he t e mp or a ry l ay - do wn ar ea s( Re st or a ti on Ar ea s) in t h e ap pr o xi ma t e lo ca t io ns of e xi s ti ng we tl an d s.

Per fo rma nc e Sta nd ar d : Soi ls th ro u gh ou t t he r e st or ed we tl a nd a re a s wi t hi n th e Res t or at io n Are as wi ll b e s at ur a te d t o th e s ur fa c e fo r a t le a st 1 0% of t h e gr owi ng s e as on . Th e g ro wi ng s ea so n e xt en d s fr om Ma rc h 1 2 to Oc to b er 3 1 a nd i s 2 23 d a ys l o ng ( Go l di n 1 99 2) . Th us , t he wet la nd hy dr o lo gy c r it er i on f or th e r es to re d wet l an ds wi th in th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as i s s at ur at i on a t t he s o il s u rf ac e f or a t l ea st 22 c o ns ec ut i ve d a ys d ur i ng t h e gr owi ng s e as on . Th ep re se nc e o f a f re e wat er su rf ac e wit h in 1 2 i nc he s o f th e s oi l s ur fa c e ov e r a co n ti nu o us 2 2- d ay p er io d d ur in g t he g r owin g s ea so n wil l b e us e d to in di ca t e we t la nd h y dr ol o gy wit h in t h eRes to ra t io n Are as . Th is pe rf or man ce st an da r d me e ts t he gu id e li ne s o f we t la nd h y dr ol o gy s et b y th e Cor ps of Eng i ne er s Wet la n ds De li ne at i on Ma nu al ( Cor ps 19 87 ).

Obj ec ti v e B: Mai nt ai n wet l an d hy d ro lo g y ov er th e 7 9.7 ac r es o f e xi st i ng wet l an ds wi th in th e CMAs.

Per fo rma nc e Sta nd ar d : As wi t h th e Res to r at io n Are as , t he we tl an d h yd r ol og y p er fo r ma nc es ta nd ar d f or th e CMA’s i s s at ur a ti on at t he so il su rf ac e o r i nu nd at i on t o a d ep t h no t e xc ee d in g6 i nc he s f or at l ea s t 22 co ns ec u ti ve da ys p e ri od du ri ng th e g ro wi ng se as o n. Me a su re men twil l be th e p re se nc e o f a f re e wat er su rf ac e wit h in 1 2 i nc he s o f th e s oi l s ur fa c e ov e r ac on ti nu o us 2 2 -d ay p e ri od du ri ng th e g ro wi ng se as o n an d wil l b e pa rt of t h e hy dr o lo gi c mon it or i ng p r og ra m ( Ap pe n di x G) . Th i s pe rf o rman c e st an d ar d mee ts t h e gu i de li ne s o fwet la nd hy dr o lo gy s e t by th e Co r ps o f Eng in e er s Wet la nd s Del i ne at io n Man u al ( Co r ps 1 98 7) .

3.3.2 Vegetation

Obj ec ti v e A: Mai nt ai n s ur v iv al o f p la n te d tr e es a n d sh ru b s du r in g th e f ir s t fi ve ye ar s b ef or e a de qu at e v eg et at i on c o ve r ca n b e mea su re d .

Per fo rma nc e Sta nd ar d : A s ur v iv al / re pl ac e me nt st an da r d wi l l ap pl y t o t re es a n d sh r ub s fo r t he f ir st f i ve y e ar s af t er i mpl emen t at io n , be fo r e co v er i s l ar ge en ou gh to p r ov id e a r ea s on ab le met ho d o f me a su re me n t. One h un d re d p er ce nt su rv i va l is re qu i re d fo r t he fi rs t y ea r a nd 8 0p er ce nt fo r y ea rs 2 th ro u gh 5 o r u nt i l wo od y s pe c ie s co v er r e ac he s 3 0 pe r ce nt i n a re a s pl an t ed t o tr ee an d s hr ub c o mmun i ti es .

Mea su re men t: Me as u re me n t wi ll be b y a s amp li ng me th od co ns i st in g o f pl o ts l oc a te d a lo ng t ra ns ec t s th a t sp an th e wid th o f e ac h Res to r at io n Are a a nd e a ch CMA. As re co mme nd ed by Kre bs ( 1 99 9) , a t le a st 1 % o f th e t ot a l ar ea to b e mon it o re d wil l be sa mp l ed d ir e ct ly .

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Obj ec ti v e B: Est ab li s h a v ar ie ty of f o re st ed , s cr u b- sh ru b , an d emer g en t p la nt c o mmun i ti es d o mi na t ed b yn at iv e v eg et a ti on i n b ot h wet la n ds a n d bu ff e r ar e as ( up l an ds ) wit hi n t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea sa nd t he CMAs .

Per fo rma nc e Sta nd ar d : Th e p er fo r ma nc e s ta nd a rd s fo r c ov e r of i n st al l ed a nd vo lu n te er woo dy ( t re e a nd s hr u b) a n d he rb a ce ou s v eg et a ti on ou tl in e d in Ta bl e 2 wil l b e ap p li ed to a ll p or ti on s o f t he Res t or at i on Are a s an d CMAs whe re tr ee a n d sh r ub c ommun it i es wil l b ep la nt ed . As ex pl ai n ed i n Sec ti o n 4.6 .5 , so me ar e as wil l r ema in f re e o f i ns ta ll e d tr e es a nd s hr ub s. Vol u nt ee r p la nt s a re t h os e p la nt s t ha t e st ab li s h on th ei r o wn wi th ou t d ir ec t p la nt i ng o r se ed i ng . Herbaceous cover standards are much higher than the tree and shrub coverstandards since herbaceous plants are expected to more rapidly colonize greater proportionsof both the Restoration Areas and the CMAs.

Mea su re men t: Mea su r emen t wil l b e co n du ct ed by u s in g a s ampl i ng met h od c o ns is ti n g of p lo ts l o ca te d a lo ng tr an s ec ts t h at s p an t he wi dt h o f ea c h Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a an d e ac h CMA. As r ec omme n de d b y Kr eb s ( 19 9 9) , at le as t 1 % of th e t ot al a r ea t o b e mo n it or e d wi ll be s a mp le dd ir ec tl y .

Table 2 I ns ta ll e d and Vol unt ee r Pla nt Co ve r Sta ndar ds

C riterio n Y ea r 1 Y ea r 2 Y ea r 3 Y ea r 5 Y ea r 7 Y ea r 10 Tree an d s hr u b co ver ( %) * * * 3 0 5 5 8 0H er baceo us co ver (%) 4 0 6 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0

* = T ree and sh ru b surviv al, rather than co v er, is measu red d urin g the first fiv e years o r u ntil wo od y species co ver reaches 30 p ercent in areas planted to tree and sh ru b com mu n ities.

Obj ec ti v e C: Red uc e a nd s u pp re ss co ve r b y no n -n at i ve , in v as iv e pl an t s pe ci e s.

Per fo rma nc e Sta nd ar d : Th e p er fo r ma nc e s ta nd a rd s fo r n on - na ti ve , i nv a si ve v e ge ta t io no ut li ne d i n Tab le 3 wi ll be a pp l ie d t o al l p or ti o ns o f t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s an d CMAs ,i nc lu di n g up l an ds a n d bu f fe r ar e as . Th os e p or ti o ns o f t he CMAs t ha t c ur r en tl y h av eg re at er th an 20 % co v er b y r ee d c an ar y gr as s wil l h av e a p er fo r ma nc e s ta nd a rd o f <20 %t hr ou gh ye ar 5. Po r ti on s o f th e CMAs t ha t c ur re n tl y ha v e le s s th an 20 % c ov er b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s wil l ha v e a p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d o f <10 %. Sin ce th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as wi ll h av e le s s th a n 20 % c ov er by r ee d c an a ry gr as s i mme di at el y p ri o r to i n it ia t in g re s to ra t io na ct iv it y , on l y th e p er fo r ma nc e s ta nd a rd o f <10 % wil l be ap pl i ed t o t he se ar ea s. By y ea r 7,a ll a re a s ar e t o ha v e le s s th an 10 % c ov er o f i nv a si ve s p ec ie s .

Mea su re men t: Me as u re me n t wi ll be c o nd uc te d b y u si ng a sa mp l in g me t ho d c on si st i ng o f p lo ts l o ca te d a lo ng tr an s ec ts t h at s p an t he wi dt h o f ea c h Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a an d e ac h CMA.As re co mme nd e d by Kr eb s ( 19 99 ), at l e as t 1% of t h e to ta l a re a t o be mo ni t or ed wi ll b e s ampl ed di re c tl y.

The n on - na ti v e, i nv a si ve pl an t s pe ci e s cu rr e nt ly fo un d i n th e CMAs i nc lu d e re ed ca na r yg ra ss , Hima la ya nb la ck be r ry , a nd e ve r gr ee n b la ck b er ry . Of a l l th e se s pe c ie s, on ly r e ed c a na ry gr a ss i s l is te d b y t he Was hi ng t on St at e No x io us We ed Co nt ro l Boa rd as a no xi ou s s pe c ie s in Wh at c om Cou n ty . Re ed

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c an ar yg r as s i s a Cl a ss C we ed , whi ch in di ca t es t h at i s wid es p re ad a n d is ta rg et e d fo r c on tr o l to se rv ee du ca ti o na l o r bi ol o gi ca l e ff or t s on l y.

Table 3 Cov er o f Non- Na ti ve , I nv a si ve Spec ie s

S pecies Y ea r 1 Y ea r 2 Y ea r 3 Y ea r 5 Y ea r 7 Y ea r 10 H im alay an black berr y and ev er gr een b lack ber ry ( %)

<10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Reed can ar yg r as s co v er in areas with >20 % pr e-exis ting co ver ( %) *

<20 <20 <20 <20 <10 <10

Reed can ar yg r as s co v er in areas with <20 % pr e-exis ting co ver ( %) *

<10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

* S ee S ectio n 5 .4 .5 , w hich discu ss es ex is tin g reed canar yg ras s co ver d is tribu tio n in th e CMA s, an d Figu r es 7 A and 7 B, w hich sh o w ex is tin g r eed can ar yg r as s co v er in the CMAs .

4.0 PROPOSED RESTORATION

4.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

Con st ru c ti on impa ct s a ss o ci at ed wi th th e Co g en er a ti on Pr oj ec t t ha t a re i n te nd ed to b e t empo r ar y wil l oc c ur i n th e n or th e rn mo st 6.33 ac re s o f La y -Down Are a 2 a nd a l l of La y- Do wn Ar e a 4. Th e we s te rn 2 .94 a c re s of Lay -Down Are a 4 , wh i ch i s 4 .7 5 a cr es in t ot a l si z e, wil l b e r es to re d a ft e r co ns t ru ct i on i s c ompl e te . Th is a re a wi l l be c ome th e Eas t Res to r at io n Are a. The re ma in i ng 1 .81 -a cr e p or t io n of La y- Down Ar e a 4 c on ta in s n o we tl a nd s a nd wil l b e p la nt ed as u p la nd f o re st . Th e n or th e rn mo st 27 3 f ee t (a p pr ox i ma te ly ) o f Lay -Down Are a 2, wh ic h i s 6.3 3 ac r es i n t ot al si ze , wil l b ec ome t he We st Res t or at i on Are a . (Fi gu re s 1 a nd 2) .

The t ot a l ar e a of e x is ti n g we tl a nd wi th in t h e Ea s t Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea is 0 .2 ac re s whe r ea s th e t ot a l ar ea of e xi st in g wet l an d wi t hi n t he Wes t Res t or at io n Are a i s 4.6 6 ac r es . Th e we t la nd wi th in La y- Do wn Ar e a 4 is a0 .2 -a cr e p or t io n of We tl a nd B-4 , whi c h is a PEMA we tl an d d omi na te d b y no n -n at iv e p as t ur e gr a ss es . Th ewet la nd in La y- Do wn Ar ea 2 is c a ll ed We tl an d F a n d is a l so a PEMA we tl an d d omin a te d b y no n- n at iv e p as tu re gr as s es . De ta il e d de sc r ip ti o ns a nd ma ps of e xi s ti ng we tl an d s an d p la nt co mmu ni ti es at t h es e si t es a re f ou n d in th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] (Gol de r Ass oc ia t es 2 0 03 a) .

4.2 OWNERSHIP

The Res t or at i on Are a s ar e wit hi n t he BP Che r ry Po in t pr o pe rt y , wh ic h i s o wn ed b y BP.

4.3 RATIONALE FOR CHOICE

The Res t or at i on Are a s we r e se le c te d f or t he fo ll o wi ng a t tr ib u te s:

• The Res t or at i on Are a s ar e l oc at e d wi t hi n th e p or t io ns o f t he pr op os e d co n st ru ct i on s i te t ha t a re on ly n ee de d d ur in g c on st r uc ti o n of t h e Co g en er at i on Pr oj ec t. Bec a us e th e y wi l l be l o ca te d wit hi n t emp or ar y

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l ay -d own a re a s, t he si te s c an b e r ea d il y ma n ip ul a te d by he av y mac hi n er y t o re -c r ea te we tl an d s an d u pl an ds in a p pr ox ima te ly th ei r e xi st i ng l oc a ti on s .

• The Res t or at i on Are a s ar e s it ua t ed s o t ha t r un of f c an b e d ir e ct ed t o t he m f ro m a re as ou ts id e o f t he p ro po se d c on s tr uc ti o n si t e th at wi ll re ma in un de v el op ed . Th i s ru no f f wi l l be d i ve rt e d to e n su re th at wet la nd hy dr o lo gy wi ll b e e st ab l is he d i n th e r es t or ed we tl an d s. Th e d iv e rs io n wil l a ls o be pa rt of r es to ri n g fl o ws t o h is to r ic d ra i na ge s .

• Aft er r e mo vi n g co mp a ct ed gr av el in st a ll ed f o r la y -d own o pe ra t io ns , n at iv e t op so i l wi l l be r e -a pp l ie d to t he Res t or at i on Are a s. Thi s to p so il cu rr en t ly s u pp or ts tr ee s , sh ru b s, a n d he rb a ce ou s v eg et a ti on an d wi l lb e st or e d du r in g pr o je ct co ns tr u ct io n . Alt h ou gh th e co n st ru c ti on p e ri od wi ll l a st 1 .5 to 2 ye ar s , so il wi ll b e st or e d in a ma nn e r th a t mi ni miz es re du ct i on i n s oi l f er ti l it y. Soi l t ha t cu r re nt l y su pp o rt s r ee dc an ar yg r as s wil l no t b e a pp li ed to t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s .

• The t re e s an d s hr ub s t ha t wil l e st ab l is h in th e Res to ra t io n Are as wi ll p r ov id e a v is u al b uf f er b e twee nGra nd vi e w Ro a d an d t he p r op os ed fa ci l it y si t e. Th e ex is t in g f or es t p at ch e s we st of e a ch Res t or at i on Are a an d t he Up la nd co mmu ni ti es to b e e st ab l is he d i n th e Res t or at io n Are a s wi ll pr ov i de b uf f er f o r th ewet la nd s wit h in t he Re st o ra ti on Ar ea s a s we l l as vi su al bu ff e rs f or th e p la nt s i te .

4.4 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RESTORATION AREAS

The Res t or at i on Are a s co mpr is e p or ti o ns o f t he a r ea s ur v ey ed fo r th e Wet la nd De li n ea ti on Re po r t BPChe rr y Poi nt Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t [Re vi se d] (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 a ). Th u s, mu ch o f t he i n fo rmat i on c on ta in e d in Se ct io n 2 , whi ch s u mmar i ze s th e e co l og ic al co nd i ti on s o f th e p ro po s ed p r oj ec t s it e a sd et er mi n ed b y t he Go ld er As so ci a te s ( 20 03 a) re po r t, a pp l ie s t o th e Res to r at io n Are as as wel l .

The r ema in de r o f th i s Se c ti on d e al s wit h th e t op i cs l is t ed i n p ar t 2 .5 .4 of t he Gui de li n es :

4.4.1 Hydrology

Mos t of th e Wes t Re s to ra t io n Ar e a is we tl an d whe r ea s mo s t of th e Ea s t Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a is u p la nd . The wet la nd s i n t he Res t or at i on Are a s ar e mai nl y p al u st ri ne emer g en t we t la nd s t ha t a re t e mp or ar i ly f l oo de d( PEMA). Alt h ou gh t h is we tl an d t yp e i s id en t if ie d a s ha v in g t empo ra r y fl o od in g, fl oo d s he re ar e p ro ba bl y v er y ra r e. Ins te ad , t he s e ‘wet me ad o w’ c ommun it i es r et a in s a tu ra ti o n at or n ea r t he su rf ac e o f t he s oi l f or l on g pe r io ds , e xt en d in g i nt o th e b eg i nn in g o f th e g ro wi n g se a so n, b u t ty p ic al ly dr y o ut i n t he l a tt er h a lf o f t he g ro win g s ea so n.

Acc or di n g to 30 y ea r s of da ta g a th er e d at t h e WETS we at h er s t at io ns in Bl ai ne a n d at th e Be l li ng h amI nt er na t io na l Air po r t, a v er ag e a nn ua l t empe r at ur e i s 49 .3 de g re es Fa hr en h ei t an d a ve r ag e an n ua lp re ci pi t at io n i s ap p ro xi mat el y 3 6 in c he s (NRCS 1 9 99 ). The we t se as o n is he re in de fi n ed a s Oct ob e r 1t hr ou gh Ma y 3 1, t he 8- mo n th p er i od i n whi ch ov er 82 % o f y ea r ly r ai n fa ll oc cu rs ac co r di ng t o t he WETSt ab le c l imat e d at a f ro m t he Bel l in gh a m In te r na ti o na l Ai r po rt (NRCS 1 99 9) . The d r y se a so n (Ap ri l 1 t oSep te mb e r 30 ) s ho ul d n ot be c on f us ed wi th t h e gr o wi ng s e as on , whi ch is t h e pe ri o d wh e n so il te mp e ra tu re s 1 9.7 in c he s b el ow t h e gr o un d su r fa ce ar e gr e at er th an 4 1 d eg r ee s Fa h re nh e it ( 5 d eg re e s Ce ls i us ) a cc or di n gt o th e 1 98 7 Cor ps We tl an d s De li n ea ti o n Ma nu a l. Th e gr owi ng s e as on l e ng th fo r th e a re a i s ap p ro xi mat el y

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2 23 d ay s a s d et er mi n ed b y a ve ra g in g g ro wi ng se as o n le ng t h gi v en b y Gol di n ( 19 92 ) f or Be ll in g ha m a nd Bla in e. Thi s p er io d o cc u rs f ro m Mar c h 12 t o Oct o be r 31 .

Soi l mo i st ur e l ev el s v ar y g re at l y be t we en we t se a so n an d t he dr y se a so n b ec au se th e d if fe re n ce i n p re ci pi t at io n b et we e n th e se p er i od s i s ex ac e rb at e d by t h e po o rl y dr a in ed so il s a nd t h ei r hi g h ra t es o f r un of f .The l ow re li e f in t h e ar e a an d t he c l ay t il l u nd e rl yi ng mo st of t he so il s i n th i s po r ti on o f Wha t co m Co u nt yg re at ly de cr e as es v e rt ic a l an d l at er a l dr ai n ag e, fo st er i ng wi de sp re a d ne a r- su rf a ce s a tu ra ti o n an d /o r sh a ll owi nu nd at i on d u ri ng t h e we t s ea so n . So il s in th is po rt io n o f Wha tc om Co un t y we re fo rme d in g l ac io mar in ed ri ft ( Bel li n gh am Dr if t) an d ar e u nd e rl ai n b y cl a y ti ll st ar t in g at 10 t o 3 0 in c he s b gs ( Go l di n 1 99 2) .Eva po tr a ns pi r at io n a nd a mi no r a mo un t o f in f il tr a ti on r e mo ve s mos t o f th e moi st u re s t or ed , c au si n gr el at iv e ly d r y co nd i ti on s i n th e l at t er h al f o f t he d ry se as o n.

Nei th er of t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s i s d ra in ed by d i tc he s. Howe ve r, s u bs ur f ac e dr a in ag e a nd o v er la n d fl owf ro m th e se a r ea s re a ch t h e di tc h es t h at o ri g in at e i n un d ev el o pe d ar e as s o ut h of th e p ro po se d c on s tr uc ti o ns it e. The se di tc he s p ri mar il y c ar ry su rf ac e wat e r du ri n g th e wet s e as on an d ar e d ry du ri ng th e d ry s ea s on .A map o f e xi s ti ng t o po gr a ph y an d d ra i na ge i n cl ud i ng d it c he s i n th es e a re a s is i n Fig u re 4 .1 - 2 in th e BPChe rr y Poi nt Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t – App li ca t io n f or S it e Cer t if ic at i on (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 03 d ). Th i sf ig ur e i s pr e se nt ed be lo w i n Ap p en di x A.

The p or t io n o f th e d it ch sy st em ou ts i de t he pr oj e ct a re a wil l b e re c on fi g ur ed d u ri ng co ns tr u ct io n s o th a t it wil l co n ti nu e t o co n ve y s ur fa ce wa te r t o ar e as wh er e it cu rr e nt ly f l ows. A map sh owi ng t he di tc h s ys te mp la n du r in g c on st ru c ti on is i n Fig ur e 1 A of th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct Su rf ac e Wat e rMan ag eme nt De si gn Ba si s (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 02 ) . An u pg ra d ed v er s io n o f th is fi gu r e th at re fl e ct s mi n or c ha ng es in t h e co ns t ru ct i on p la n i s p re se nt e d be l ow i n App en d ix A.

Aft er c o ns tr u ct io n i s co mpl et e a nd t h e te mp o ra ry la y- do wn ar e as r emo ve d, di tc h s ur fa c e wa te r wil l b ed iv er te d t o s up pl y s ea so n al ly i n un da t ed a re a s wi t hi n th e wet l an ds t h at wi ll b e r es to r ed . Th is d i ve rt ed s ur fa ce wa te r wil l a ls o e ns ur e t ha t t he s ea s on al l y sa tu r at ed po rt io n s of th e re s to re d wet la n ds p o ss es s wet la n dh yd ro lo g y. Div er ti n g mi n or a mo u nt s o f fl ow to t h es e ar e as wi ll c omp en sa t e fo r t he l o ss o f s ur fa c e an dg ro un d wat er th at i s s up p li ed b y t he ar ea s t o be el imin a te d b y co ns t ru ct i on o f t he Co ge ne ra t io n Pro je ct . Amap s ho win g t he d it c h sy s te m pl a n du r in g op e ra ti o n is i n Fig u re 1 B i n th e Des ig n Bas is BP Che r ry Po in tCog en er a ti on Su rf ac e Wat e r Ma na g emen t Des ig n Bas i s (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 02 ) . An u pd at e d ve rs i on o f t hi s fi g ur e t ha t re f le ct s min or ch an g es i n t he c o ns tr uc t io n p la n is pr es e nt ed b e lo w i n Ap pe n di x A.

4.4.2 Experience

URS h as ha d e xp er ie n ce wi th t he de si g n an d c on st r uc ti on of we tl an ds in p r oj ec ts lo ca t ed i n Ore go n ,Was hi ng t on , a nd Ala s ka . Fo r ex a mp le , URS ma na ge d t he d e si gn an d mo n it or i ng o f t wo c r ea te d mit ig a ti on wet la nd s u si n g st or mwa te r a s th e wat e r so ur c e fo r t he Bo ei ng Co mp an y i n wes te rn Wa sh i ng to n. One p ro je ct in i n cl ud ed re st o ri ng a st re a m fo r t ro ut ha bi ta t a nd cr ea ti n g a s eg me nt of n e w st re a m to li nk wi th t h ewet la nd . URS a ls o d es ig n ed a 4 .58 -a c re c omp en sa t or y mi t ig at i on s it e l oc a te d wi t hi n t he BP Che rr y Poi nt p ro pe rt y n or t h of Gr an dv i ew Roa d t ha t i nv ol v ed r e mo vi ng no n- n at iv e p la nt s , cr ea t in g a 0 .5 -a c re s e as on al l yi nu nd at e d ar e a, a nd es ta b li sh in g a mo sa ic o f n at i ve p la n t co mmu ni ti e s (Co rp s Re f er en c e #9 8- 4 -0 23 4 9) .

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4.4.3 Exotics (Non-native, Invasive Species)

For t he pu rp o se s of th is pr oj ec t , no n -n at iv e s pe c ie s ar e c on s id er ed to b e s pe ci e s th a t we re in tr o du ce d t owes te rn Wa sh i ng to n d ur in g whi te se tt l emen t. Of t he n on - na ti v e sp ec i es i n t he a r ea , o nl y th r ee n o n- na ti v ep la nt s a re c o ns id er e d to be i nv a si ve an d th e re fo r e pr ob l emat i c to mi ti ga t io n su c ce ss . Th e t hr ee sp ec ie s a re r ee d ca n ar yg r as s, Hi ma la y an b la c kb er r y, a nd ev er g re en b l ac kb e rr y. Sin ce th es e s pe ci e s ar e l ik el y t or ec ol on i ze t h e mi ti g at io n a re as (b ot h t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea s a nd t he CMAs ) i f no t c on t ro ll ed , t he y wil l b e th e f oc us o f t he no n- na t iv e, in va si v e sp e ci es c o nt ro l p ro gr a m.

Of th es e s pe c ie s, r e ed c a na ry gr a ss wi ll l ik e ly b e t he mo st d i ff ic ul t t o c on tr ol . Re e d ca na r yg ra s s is e x tr eme ly a gg re ss i ve a n d of te n f or ms pe rs i st en t mon oc u lt ur e s in we tl an d s an d r ip ar i an a re a s. Thi s co a rs e- s te mmed g ra ss g r ows s o vi go r ou sl y t ha t i t is ab le t o e li min at e c ompe t in g na t iv e wet la nd ve ge t at io n a nd p r ev en t i ts r ee st ab l is hme nt f or in de f in it e l en gt h s of t i me ( Apf el ba u m an d Sams 1 98 7; Ly on s 2 00 2) . Re ed ca na r yg ra ss c an f or m d en s e, p er s is te n t, mon o ty pi c s ta nd s i n wet la nd s , mo i st mea d ows, an d ri p ar ia n a re as . Th e se s ta n ds e xc lu de an d d is pl ac e n at i ve p la n ts a n d an ima ls a n d ma y b e of li tt le us e t o wi ld l if e ( Ho ff ma n & Ke ar ns 1 99 7) . In a d di ti on , r ee d c an ar y gr as s r ea di l y re - es ta bl i sh es it se lf up on cl ea ri n g an d c an r a pi dl y s pr ea d f ro mi nt ac t s ta nd s . Ree d c an a ry gr as s c an be c on t ro ll e d us in g a n a gg re ss i ve , p er si st e nt a p pr oa ch .

The b la c kb er r y sp ec i es p r es en t o n si t e ar e k no wn to a gg r es si v el y in v ad e u pl an d a re as an d su p pr es s e st ab li s hmen t o f na t iv e v eg et at i on .

Con tr ol of n o n- na ti v e, i n va si ve pl an t s pe ci e s in th e mi t ig at i on a re a s wi l l co ns i st o f a t hr e e- pr o ng ed a pp ro ac h : 1) in it ia l r emo va l, 2 ) s ub s eq ue nt ma in t en an ce fo r s ho rt -t e rm c o nt ro l, an d 3 ) es ta b li sh men t of n at iv e p la nt co mmun i ti es fo r lo n g- te r m co nt r ol .

I ni ti al re mo v al wil l o cc u r th ro u gh t h e re mo v al o f b ot h t he i n va si ve ve ge t at io n a nd t o ps oi l f ro m t he Res to ra t io n Are as p r io r t o co ns t ru ct i on o f t he l a y- do wn ar ea s . Onl y t op s oi l cu r re nt l y su pp o rt in g v eg et a ti on t ha t do e s no t i nc lu d e th e a bo ve - me nt i on ed n o n- na t iv e, i n va si v e pl an t s wi l l be s t or ed on s it e t hr o ug ho ut th ec on st ru c ti on pe ri od .

Sin ce t h e to p so il p i le s wil l be co ve r ed a nd st or e d fo r a pp ro x imat el y 2 y e ar s, ma ny o f t he s e ed s a nd r hi zo me s wit h in t he to ps o il wil l d ie ov er t h e co u rs e of to ps o il s to r ag e. Onc e t he t e mp or ar y l ay - do wn a r ea sa re r emo ve d, th e st o re d t op so il wi ll be r e- a pp li e d to t h e Re s to ra ti o n Ar e as . No n- na t iv e, i n va si v e sp ec i es t ha t re s pr ou t wil l b e sp r ay ed wi th h e rb ic id e c on t ai ni ng gl yp h os at e p lu s s ur fa ct a nt s. Thi s o r an i c he rb i ci de t ha t co n ta in s a ct iv e i ng r ed ie nt s o th e r th an or i n a dd it i on t o g ly ph o sa te wi ll o n ly b e a pp li e d to ar ea s f re ef ro m in u nd at i on a nd un li k el y to su pp o rt i nu n da ti o n wi th i n 2 wee ks o f t he ap pl ic a ti on . Al l h er bi c id e wi l l be a pp li ed by s t at e- li c en se d a pp li c at or s u nd er a pe r mi t fr o m th e Was hi n gt on St at e Dep ar t me nt o f Agr i cu lt ur e .

Aft er n a ti ve pl an ts ar e i ns ta ll e d an d t he s e ed mi x ap pl i ed , wee d co n tr ol wi ll o c cu r t hr ou gh a co mbi na ti o n of mec ha ni c al r e mo va l a nd h e rb ic id e a pp l ic at io n . Me ch an ic a l co n tr ol wi ll i n cl ud e mowin g a nd h a nd -p u ll in gn ea r in s ta ll e d pl an t s to re mo ve rh iz o me s as we ll as s ho o ts . We ed c o nt ro l wil l o cc ur wi th g r ea t c ar e to p re ve nt da ma g e to n a ti ve ve ge ta t io n a nd wil l c on t in ue t h ro ug h ou t th e mon i to ri ng an d mai nt en a nc e p er io d,a s ne ce s sa ry .

As wi ll be d i sc us se d i n Sec ti on 8, URS wi ll mo ni t or s uc c es s o f no n- n at iv e , in va s iv e s pe ci es co nt r ol e ac h y ea r of a 10 - ye ar p e ri od su bs eq u en t t o th e i ni ti a l pl an t in g a nd s ee d in g. Mon it o ri ng re su lt s wil l g ui de

17

r ec omme n da ti o ns g iv e n by URS to ma in t ai n co v er b y n on -n a ti ve , i nv as i ve p l an ts b e lo w t hr es ho l ds s e t by t he p er f or ma n ce s ta n da rd s . Are a s wi t h un ac c ep ta b le l ev e ls o f n on -n a ti ve , i nv as i ve p l an ts wi ll b e mar ke d i nt he f ie l d so th at t h e ma i nt en an c e cr e w ca n mor e a cc ur at e ly t a rg et t h ei r t re at me n t pr a ct ic es . Al t ho ug hr emov al of n o n- na ti v e, i n va si ve pl an t s is e x pe ct e d to o c cu r t hr ou gh o ut t h e 10 -y e ar p e ri od , t he i n te ns it y o ft he mai n te na n ce e ff o rt s h ou ld d e cr ea s e ov er ti me . Ev en t ua ll y , na ti v e ve g et at io n wil l s er ve to s u pp re ss no n- n at iv e p la nt s o ve r l ar ge po rt io n s of th e si t e by sh ad in g a nd so il r e so ur c e co mp e ti ti o n.

4.4.4 Wetland Functions

The p ro p os ed re st or a ti on ha s be e n de s ig ne d t o imp ro ve t h e pe r fo rman c e of we tl an d f un c ti on s. Wet l an df un ct io n s ar e d ef in e d as th e bi o ge oc h emic al , h yd r ol og ic a l, a n d ec ol o gi ca l p ro ce s se s a nd man i fe st a ti on s o ft he se p r oc es s es t ha t o cc u r wi th i n we t la nd s. Wet l an d fu n ct io n s te nd to e x er t a r el at i ve ly s t ro ng in fl ue n ce o ve r th e f un c ti on al pe rf o rman ce of t h e su rr o un di n g la nd s ca pe . Fu nc t io ns ar e ea s il y c on fu se d wit h v al ue s ,whi ch a r e mo r e cl os e ly a s so ci at e d wi t h th e g oo ds an d se r vi ce s t ha t wet la n ds p ro v id e t o so ci e ty .

The f un c ti on a l as se s smen t met ho d a pp l ie d to we tl a nd s on si te is d et a il ed in t he Met ho ds fo r Ass es si n gWet la nd Fu nc t io ns (Eco lo g y 19 9 9) , wh i ch i s b as ed on t h e Hy dr o ge omo rp hi c App ro a ch f or As se s si ng Wet la nd Fu nc t io ns ( HGM Ap pr oa ch ) . Th e Co rp s o f Eng in ee r s an d o th er fe de r al a nd st at e a ge nc i es a r ec ur re nt l y imp le me nt i ng t h e HGM a pp ro a ch t o wet la n d fu nc t io na l a ss es s me nt th ro ug h t he de ve lo p me nt of r eg io na l g ui d eb oo ks . The po ss ib l e ra n ge o f i nd ex va lu es fo r e ac h fu n ct io n i s 1 t o 10 , whe re 10 r e pr es en t st he h ig h es t l ev el o f p er f or ma nc e . A to ta l o f 13 we tl an d f un c ti on s wer e e va lu at e d fo r e ac h wet la n d ar ea a ss es se d . Si nc e th e o n- s it e we t la nd s r ec ei v e su b su rf ac e f lo w f ro m a dj ac e nt u pl a nd s a nd a re op en ba si ns wit h se a so na l o ut fl o w, t h ey a re cl as s if ie d a s de p re ss io n al o u tf lo w wet la n ds .

The p ro d uc t o f we tl a nd f u nc ti on a l pe r fo rman c e in d ex a nd we tl a nd a cr e ag e was c al c ul at e d fo r e ac h f un ct io n t o de te r mi ne ac re -p o in ts . Al th o ug h t he wet l an d f un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce i s i nf lu e nc ed by wet l an d s iz e, a c re -p oi nt s i s a met ri c t ha t e ss en ti a ll y g iv es e q ua l i mp or ta n ce t o wet la n d fu n ct io na l p er f or ma nc e a nd we tl an d s iz e. Acr e- p oi nt s ( al so ca ll ed fu nc t io na l u ni ts ) c an b e u se d t o co mpa re ga in a n d lo s s of f u nc ti o na lp er fo rma nc e f or e ac h f un c ti on , b ut s h ou ld n o t be su mmed to a c co un t f or e a ch wet l an d’ s g ai n a nd l o ss o fo ve ra ll fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e.

As me nt i on ed ea rl ie r , th e Wes t Res to r at io n Are a i s 6.33 ac re s i n si z e an d c on ta i ns 4 .72 a cr e s of th e 13 .41 a cr es t h at c o mp ri se We tl a nd F. Si nc e 0 .0 6 a cr es of wet l an d wit hi n t he We st Res t or at i on Are a wil l b e fi l le db y a 5- f oo t wid e wa l ki ng pa th , o nl y 4 .6 6 ac r es o f wet la n ds wi ll b e r es to r ed h er e .

Gol de r Ass oc i at es ( 2 00 3b ) c on du c te d t he f un c ti on a l as se s smen t met ho d f or We tl an d F, u nd er c u rr en t c on di ti o ns . On ly p a rt o f t he AU-1 p o rt io n o f We t la nd F wi ll be t emp or ar i ly a ff e ct ed by t he la y- d ownc on st ru c ti on . URS c on du c te d an o th er fu nc ti o na l a ss es sme nt f o r th e p or ti o n of We tl an d F t ha t wil l b er es to re d ( We s t Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea ) a s i t wi ll ex is t 2 5 ye a rs a f te r co mpe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n is in it i at ed ( s ee Tab le 4 ) . Th e co mp l et ed da ta s h ee t f or t hi s a ss e ss me nt is p r es en te d i n App en di x B. Al th ou g h th e n or th e rn 0 .2 a cr e s of We tl an d B4 l oc at ed wi th i n th e Eas t Res to ra t io n Are a wi l l al s o be r e st or e d, t hi s a re a i sc on si de r ed t o o smal l t o j us ti fy a fu l l fu nc t io na l a ss es s me nt .

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Table 4 Compa ri s on Be twee n Wet la nd Func t io na l Per fo r ma nc e f or We tl and F Unde r Cur re nt Co ndit i ons

And 2 5 Yea rs Af te r Res to r at io n I s Ini ti at ed in The We st Re st o ra ti on Ar ea

Fun ct io n al I n dices/A cre- po int s Befo re

R es to ra t io n

Fun ct io n al I n dices/A cre- po int s 2 5 Years

A ft er R est ora tion

Wet la nd Fu nct io n

Tempo ra rily f illedp ortion of Wetlan d F

( 4.66 a c)

R es to red Port io n of Wet la nd F( 4.66 a c) Exp la na t io n

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g S ed im en ts

5/23.3

6/ 27.96

S ligh t increase ( +4 .66 acre-p oin ts )p redicted du e to in creas ed co ns triction atthe o utlet.

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g N utrien ts

3/13.98

5/23.3

S ligh t increase ( +9 .32 acre-p oin ts )p redicted du e to in creas ed ar eas thatu nd er go fluctuation betw een aer o bic and anaer ob ic co n dition s .

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g H eav yMetals and To xicO rg an ics

5/23.3

4/18.64

D es pite in cr eas ed o u tlet co ns tr ictio n , slig h td ecreas e ( -4 .66 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du eto decr eas ed co ver b y her baceou s v eg etation .

P oten tial fo r Red ucin g P eak F lo ws

4/18.64

5/23.3

S ligh t increase ( +4 .66 acre-p oin ts )p redicted du e to in creas ed ou tletcon striction .

P oten tial fo r D ecreas ing D ow ns tr eam Er os io n

5/23.3

8/37.28

I ncreas e ( +1 3 .9 8 acr e- po ints) p r ed icted d ue to increased ou tlet con striction an dincreas ed co v er b y f or es t and s cru b- s hr ub v eg etation .

P oten tial fo r Recharg ing G ro un dw ater

5/23.3

5/23.3

N o ch an g e pr edicted since inf iltratio n ratew ill no t chan ge.

G en er al HabitatS uitability

2/9.32

4/18.64

I ncreas e ( +9 .32 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicteds in ce th er e w ill be an in cr ease in cano py clo su re, n um b er o f v eg etation s trata,n um ber o f sn ags , veg etation clas sinter sp ers io n , larg e w oo d y debr is, n u mb er o f nativ e plant s pecies, an d nu m ber o fv eg etation as semb lag es .

H ab itat Su itability f or I nv erteb r ates

2/9.32

4/18.64

I ncreas e ( +9 .32 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du eto in cr eas e in vegetatio n class inter sp ers io n , larg e w oo d y debr is, an dm ax im um nu mb er of v egetatio n str ata.

H ab itat Su itability f or A mp h ib ian s

2/9.32

2/9.32

N o pr ed icted desp ite ins tallm en t o f h ab itatf eatu res b ecaus e th e b uf f er con d itio n and amo un t o f seaso nally inu n dated area w illn ot chan ge.

H ab itat Su itability f or A nad ramo u s Fish

N /A N /A N o an ad r om ou s f is h can o r w ill b e ab le to acces s the s ite.

H ab itat Su itability f or Res ident Fish

N /A N /A N o resid en t f is h can o r w ill be ab le to acces s the s ite.

H ab itat Su itability f or Bir d s

3/13.98

4/18.64

I ncreas e ( +4 .66 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du eto in cr eas e in nu mb er of sn ag s, vegetatio nclass in ters p er sion , and in vertebr ate h ab itats uitability.

Table 4 (Continued)Comparison Between Wetland Functional Performance for Wetland F Under Current Conditions

and 25 Years After Restoration is Initiated in the West Restoration Area

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Fun ct io n al I n dices/A cre- po int s Befo re

R es to ra t io n

Fun ct io n al I n dices/A cre- po int s 2 5 Years

A ft er R est ora tion


Tempo ra rily f illedp ortion of Wetlan d F

( 4.66 a c)

R es to red Port io n of Wet la nd F( 4.66 a c) Exp la na t io n

H ab itat Su itability f or Mam m als

1/4.66

1/4.66

N o ch an g e pr edicted du e to pr ox imity of p lant s ite an d as so ciated f acilities .

N ativ e P lantRichn es s

1/4.66

4/18.64

I ncreas e ( +1 3 .9 8 acr e- po ints) p r ed icted d ue to increase in m ax im u m nu mb er of s tr ata and n u mb er o f n ative p lan t sp ecies ,and d ecr ease in area d om inated b y no n -n ativ e p lant sp ecies .

P oten tial fo r P rimar yP ro du ction an dO rg an ic Ex po r t

8/ 37.28

9/41.94

I ncreas e ( +4 .66 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du eto in cr eas ed rate o f o rg anic matterp ro du ction .

Acc or di n g to th e re s ul ts of t he fu nc t io na l a ss es s me nt , t he p o rt io n o f We t la nd F to b e r es to r ed wi ll s li g ht ly i mp ro ve it s c ur re nt l y lo w t o mo d er at e a bi li t y to re mo ve se di men t an d n ut r ie nt s f ro m s ur fa ce wa te r i np ut s 2 5y ea rs a f te r r es to ra t io n a ct iv it y i s i ni ti at e d. Th e ex pe c te d i nc re as e s in th e pe r fo rma nc e of th e s ed imen t a nd n ut ri en t r emo va l fu n ct io n s re fl e ct t h e pr op o se d h yd ro lo g ic mo di fi ca t io ns , whi ch wi ll di ve rt di tc h f lo w f ro ma dj ac en t a re a s to s e as on a ll y in u nd at e d ha bi t at s a nd r el e as e t he se f l ows s lo wl y t hr ou g h a co n st ri c te d ou t le t( se e Se c ti on 4.6) . Co nf o rmin g t o th e d ef in i ti on gi ve n b y Ec o lo gy ( 1 99 9) , t he se se as o na ll y i nu nd a te d ar e as wil l po s se ss in un da t io n f or g re a te r t ha n on e mon t h pe r y ea r. As ty p ic al fo r mo s t se a so na ll y i nu n da te dwet la nd s i n t hi s re g io n, on -s it e i nu n da ti on wi ll oc cu r i n th e e ar ly pa rt of t he gr owi ng s ea s on . Th eo pp or tu n it y f or t hi s wet l an d to pe rf o rm t he s e fu n ct io ns wi ll re ma in lo w s in ce t h es e wet la nd s wil l o nl yr ec ei ve ru no f f fr om ar ea s t ha t wil l r emai n f re e f ro m de v el op men t or ag ri c ul tu re .

The p ot e nt ia l f or r e mo vi n g he av y met a ls a nd to xi n s wi ll sl ig h tl y de c re as e a cc or d in g t o th e mod el . Th emod el i n te rp r et s th e d ec r ea se i n h er b ac eo us ve ge t at io n a s a c au se f o r a d ec re as e i n t he wet l an d’ s a bi li t y to r emov e h ea vy me ta ls an d t ox in s. Sin c e fe w o f th e se c on t amin a nt s en t er t h e we tl a nd c u rr en tl y a nd fe w ar e e xp ec te d i n t he f ut u re , t ox in a n d he a vy met a l re mov al i s a f u nc ti on th e wet la nd ha s a nd wil l h av e l it tl e o pp or tu n it y t o pe rf o rm.

The wet l an d’ s c ur re n t ab i li ti es to r e du ce p e ak f l ows an d d ec r ea se d o wn st r ea m er o si on wi ll b o th i mpr ov e a sa r es ul t o f t he p ro p os ed re st or a ti on , whi ch wi ll di re ct a co n tr ol le d a mo u nt o f r un of f t o th e r es t or ed we tl an d wit hi n t he We st Res t or at i on Are a . Th e s ha ll o wl y i nu nd at e d ar e as t o b e cr e at ed wi ll r e ta in t h is r u no ff a n dt he re by re du c e pe ak fl ows a nd d e cr ea s e th e p ot en t ia l fo r d own st re am er os i on . In a dd i ti on , t he i n cr ea se d c ov er b y f or e st a nd sc ru b -s hr ub co mmu ni ti es wi ll fu rt he r i nc r ea se p e rf or man ce o f t he s e fu nc t io ns by f os te ri n g mo r e ev ap o tr an s pi ra ti o n an d i mp ro v in g t he s oi l ’s a b il it y t o re t ai n mo i st ur e a nd r e si st er os io n .Giv en t h at s u rf ac e wat er wi ll b e d el i ve re d t o th i s we tl a nd i n g re at e r qu a nt it y t ha n h ad o cc u rr ed pr ev io u sl y,t he o pp o rt un i ty f or th e wet la nd to p e rf or m p ea k f lo w re d uc ti o n an d d owns t re am e r os io n r ed uc t io n f un ct io n swil l be in cr e as ed t o a mo de ra te le ve l .

The p ot e nt ia l f or t h e we t la nd t o r ec h ar ge g r ou nd wat er wi ll r e ma in l o w. The i ns t al lme nt o f c ompa c te dg ra ve l p ad di n g at op th e s oi l fo r t he co ns tr u ct io n o f th e l ay - do wn a r ea s may t emp or ar i ly d imi ni sh so il p er me ab i li ty . Ho we v er , s oi l pe r me ab i li ty wi ll i n cr ea se ov er ti me t h ro ug h t he i mpr ov e me nt o f s oi l s tr uc t ur e

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wro ug ht by i n cr ea se s i n t re e an d s hr u b ro ot pe ne t ra ti on an d d is tr ib u ti on . In s p it e o f th es e i mp r ov emen t s,i nf il tr a ti on ra te s t o un d er ly in g a qu i fe rs wi ll r e ma in f a ir ly sl ow a t t hi s s it e d ue t o t he r e la ti v el y imp er me a bl ec la y ti l l fo u nd b el o w th e t op so i l. The o pp o rt un i ty f or th is fu nc ti o n to be p er f or me d may b e s li g ht ly i nc re as e d by th e gr e at er in fl ux of s u rf ac e wat er in t he We st Re st or a ti on Ar ea a f te r r es to ra t io n i s co mp l et e.

Gen er al ha bi t at s ui t ab il i ty wil l i mp r ov e su b st an t ia ll y d ue t o t he e s ta bl i sh me nt of a va ri et y o f wet la nd h ab it at s a nd na ti ve pl an t s. In s ta ll a ti on o f t he va ri ou s v eg e ta ti on cl as s es a nd ha bi t at f ea t ur es wi ll p r ov id e g re at er op po r tu ni ti e s fo r wil dl i fe t o f or ag e , ta k e co ve r , an d b re ed . Th e mos ai c o f p la nt c o mmun i ti es wi ll a ls o cr e at e mor e ‘e d ge s’ (t ra ns i ti on ar ea s b et we e n pl an t c ommun it ie s ), wh ic h wi l l au g me nt b o th wi ld li fe a nd p la n t di v er si ty .

Wil dl if e t ha t wil l l ik el y b en ef i t fr o m th e p ro po s ed r es t or at i on a re pr ima ri ly i n ve rt e br at es , b ir d s, a nd a mp hi bi a ns . No t hr e at en e d or e n da ng e re d sp e ci es ar e ex p ec te d t o be n ef it di re ct l y fr o m th e p ro po s ed r es to ra t io n. Th e ex i st in g c ha in - li nk fe nc e a ro un d t he r e fi ne r y in cl u di ng th e pr o po se d Wes t Res to r at io n Are aa nd c on s tr uc t io n of ch ai n -l in k f en ce ar ou nd th e p ro po se d Eas t Res to r at io n Are a wil l d et er l a rg e mamma ls s uc h as de er an d co y ot e f ro m ac c es si n g th es e s it e s. Gi v en t h e de te r ri ng fa ct or s o f t he s it e a nd it ss ur ro un d in g a re a, t h e op p or tu ni t y fo r t he r e st or e d we tl a nd t o p er fo r m th e h ab it a t su i ta bi li t y fu n ct io ns wi ll be l ow t o mod er a te .

Sin ce t h e we t la nd s c ur re n tl y do no t p ro vi de fi sh ha bi ta t a nd wi ll n o t pr o vi de f i sh h a bi ta t a ft er mi ti ga t io na ct iv it y i s c ompl et e , th e f un ct i on al pe rf or man ce fo r Ha b it at Su it ab i li ty fo r An a dr omo us Fis h a nd Ha bi ta t Sui ta bi l it y f or Res i de nt Fi sh c a n no t b e ev a lu at e d. Al t ho ug h Gol de r Ass o ci at es (2 00 3 b) d id ev al u at e th e se f un ct io n s fo r t he we tl an d s in t h e co n st ru ct i on s i te , th e y ga v e th em ve ry lo w sc o re s ( 0 or 1 ) .

The mod e ra te to h ig h a mo u nt o f b io ma s s pr od u ce d b y th is we tl a nd i s c ur re n tl y ex p or te d a t mo d er at e r at es t o ad ja c en t a qu at ic ec os y st ems v ia t h e di tc h o ut l et . Th e pr o po se d mit ig a ti on ma y ca u se mor e b io mas s to be p ro du ce d o n s it e th r ou gh th e es t ab li s hmen t a nd g r owth o f p ri mar il y d ec id u ou s, b r oa d- l ea ve d t re es an ds hr ub s. Org a ni c ma t er ia l wil l c on ti n ue t o b e re l ea se d f ro m t he s it e a t mod er at e r at e s th ro u gh t h emea nd er i ng c h an ne l t o be ex ca va t ed o n s it e.

I n su mma ry , t he mod e l pr e di ct s t ha t t he p ro p os ed re st or a ti on wi ll i n cu r i mp ro ve men ts fo r ni n e fu n ct io ns , n oc ha ng e i n th r ee f un c ti on s , an d a s li g ht d ec r ea se in o ne fu nc t io n.

I n ad di t io n t o th e f un ct i on al a s se ss men t, t h e Wa s hi ng to n Sta t e We tl a nd s Rat in g Sys te m ( Ec ol o gy 1 9 93 ) wa s a pp li ed by URS to t h e po r ti on o f Wet l an d F t ha t wil l be re st o re d (We st Re st or at i on Ar ea ) as it wi ll e xi s t 25 y ea rs a f te r r es to ra t io n i s in it i at ed . De sp i te b e in g le s s th a n 5 ac r es i n s iz e a nd n e ar ly s u rr ou n de d by ro ad s a nd l ay - do wn ar ea s, th is we tl an d a re a i s pr e di ct e d to s u pp or t c on di t io ns su it ab l e fo r r at in g a s a Cat eg o ry I I wet la nd . In pa rt ic u la r, th e we t la nd is p re d ic te d t o re t ai n t hr ee we tl an d c ommu n it y t yp es t h at a r e mo de r at el y wel l in t er sp e rs ed , s up po r t re la t iv el y h ig h p la nt di ve rs i ty , h av e so me be n ef ic ia l h ab i ta t fe a tu re s , an d mai nt a in i ts h yd r ol og i c co nn e ct io n t o Te r re ll Cr ee k. The co mp le t ed we tl an d r at in g s da ta fo rm fo r th e 4 .6 6 -a cr ewet la nd wi th i n th e Wes t Res to ra t io n Are a un d er c o nd it io n s pr e di ct ed fo r 2 5 ye ar s f ol l owin g i ni ti a lmit ig at i on a c ti vi ty is p r es en te d i n App en di x C. Al th ou g h th e n or th e rn 0 .2 ac re s o f Wet la nd B4 l o ca te dwit hi n t he Ea st Res t or at i on Are a wil l a ls o b e re s to re d, no f u tu re r a ti ng is g iv e n fo r t hi s wet la n d si nc e i t i s so s ma ll .

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4.4.5 Buffers

The u nd e ve lo p ed a re a s ou t si de o f t he pr op os e d co n st ru ct i on s i te t ha t s er v e as b u ff er s f or t h e we t la nd swit hi n t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s wi l l be ma in ta i ne d a s we tl a nd b u ff er s.

Upl an d c ommu n it ie s wil l b e es ta b li sh e d in t h e po r ti on s o f th e Res to r at io n Are as th at we re d e li ne a te d as u pl an d b y Go l de r As s oc ia t es ( 20 0 3a ). Th es e u pl an d s wi ll al so se rv e a s bu f fe rs f o r th e wet la n ds t o b er es to re d wit h in t he Re st o ra ti on Ar ea s . Exc l ud in g t he g r av el pa th , u pl an d a re as co mp r is e 4.2 8 ac r es wit h in t he Res t or at i on Are a s. Upl an ds co mp r is e 2.7 4 ac r es o f t he 2 .94 a cr e s in th e Ea s t Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a an d 1 .6 a cr es o f t he 6.33 a c re s i n th e Wes t Res to ra t io n Are a. The u p la nd a r ea s a re mai n ly c o nc en tr a te d a lo ng t h en or th er n e dg e o f th e se s i te s. Th e gr a ve l pa t h wi l l co ve r 0 .1 2 a cr es of t h e We st Re st o ra ti on Ar ea . Up la n dc ommu ni t ie s wil l be es ta b li sh ed in t h e ap pr o xi ma t e lo ca t io ns of t he ar ea s t ha t a re c u rr en tl y u pl a nd . Th es ea re as wi ll s e rv e as bu ff e rs f or th e r es to re d wet l an ds .

The e as t er n p or ti on of La y- Do wn Ar ea 4 no t i nc lu d ed i n t he Ea st Res t or at i on Are a wil l b e re f or es t ed t os er ve a s v is u al b uf f er f o r th e p la nt si te a n d pr o vi de a ec ol o gi ca l c on ne c ti vi ty be twe en t he Ea st Re st or a ti on Are a an d t he fo re st e d ar e as e as t o f t he p ro j ec t s it e.

4.4.6 Land Use

The u se s o f t he Res t or at i on Are a s an d t he Co ge ne r at io n Pro je c t ar ea wi ll re ma in as p l an ne d f or a n i nd ef i ni te l en gt h o f ti me. Th e a re a s wi th i n BP Ch er ry Po in t p ro pe r ty s o ut h of Gr an d vi ew Ro ad a r e zo ne d a s ‘ he av yi mp ac t i nd us t ri al ’. Howe ve r, c u rr en t a nd e x pe ct e d fu tu r e la n d us es in t h e ar ea ne ar th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as a re n ot li ke l y to i n hi bi t r es to r at io n o f th e Res t or at io n Are a s or d e gr ad e t he ir fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e o ve rt ime. Air q u al it y mod el i ng i nd i ca te s t ha t e mi ss i on s fr o m th e c og en e ra ti o n fa ci l it y wil l no t s ig n if ic an t ly a ff ec t c ur re n t ambi e nt a i r qu al i ty i n t he a r ea ( Gol de r Ass oc i at es 2 0 03 d) . Wa te r s ou r ce s fo r t he Re st or a ti on Are as wi ll p r imar il y b e d it ch es re -r o ut ed s o t ha t t he y c on ve y r un of f f ro m u nd ev e lo pe d a re as on t h e BPChe rr y Poi nt pr op er t y. The u nd e ve lo p ed l an d a t BP Ch er r y Po i nt i nc l ud es hy br id po pl a r fo re s t pl a nt at io n s,n at ur al fo re s t st an d s, a b an do ne d p as t ur es , a nd g r as sl an d s re g ul ar ly ma in t ai ne d b y mo win g. Run of f f ro m t he Cog en er a ti on Fa ci li t y an d a ss oc i at ed la y- do wn ar e as wil l b e d ir ec te d a wa y f ro m t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s.

Alt ho ug h l an d u se i n t he vi ci ni t y of th e pr o je ct ma y ch a ng e o ve r ti me, n o d ev el o pmen t t ha t may o c cu r he r ewil l li k el y d eg ra de th e Res to ra t io n Are as . Po rt i on s of fo re s te d pl a nt at i on s ma y b e l og ge d i n th e f ut ur e t os er ve t h ei r i nt en de d p ur p os e, b u t wi l l li ke l y be re pl an t ed . The p or t io ns of t he pl an t at io ns an d n at ur al fo re s ts ta nd s t ha t a re n ot wi th i n th e p ro po s ed c on s tr uc t io n ar e as a n d ar e wit hi n 2 00 f e et s o ut h of Gr an d vi ew Ro ad wil l re mai n s ta nd in g . Th es e fo r es te d a re as wi ll se rv e a s bu f fe rs b e twee n Gra nd v ie w Roa d an d t he pr op os e df ac il it i es . Ex pa ns i on o f r ef in e ry o r c og en e ra ti o n op er a ti on s may i n cl ud e e re ct i ng s t ru ct ur e s or la y- do wna re as i n t he fi el ds lo ca t ed s ou t h of th e pr o po se d p la nt si te . In a d di ti o n, n ew ut il i ty l in e s ma y b e ad d ed o r e xi st in g u ti l it y li n es ma in ta in e d in th e ar e a be t we en t h e pl a nt s it e a nd La y- Do wn Ar e as 1 , 2 , an d 3 whe r eWet la nd H is lo ca te d ( Fi g ur e 2) . Ho wev er , n o pe r ma ne nt st ru c tu re s t ha t a re n ot as so c ia te d wit h t he p ro po se d p ro j ec t ar e l ik e ly t o b e er e ct ed wi th in 10 0 fe e t of th e we t la nd s wit hi n e it h er Res t or at i on Are a . In a dd it io n , ai r q ua li t y mo d el in g i nd ic a te s th a t emi ss io ns fr om th e co g en er a ti on f a ci li t y wi ll no t s ig ni fi c an tl y a ff ec t c ur re n t ambi e nt a i r qu al i ty i n t he a r ea ( Gol de r Ass oc i at es 2 0 03 d) .

Cur re nt an d f ut ur e l an d u se s ou t si de th e BP Ch er r y Po in t p ro p er ty a r e no t l ik el y t o i nh ib it th e p ro po se d r es to ra t io n o r de gr a de f u nc ti on a l pe r fo rman c e of th e re s to re d wet la n ds o v er t ime . Th e ne ar e st p r op er ty to

22

t he Res t or at i on Are a s th a t is n o t own ed b y BP is lo ca te d a pp r ox imat e ly 0 .25 mil e s ea s t of t h e Ea s tRes to ra t io n Are a. Alt ho u gh i t c ur re n tl y co n ve ys li gh t t o mo d er at e t ra ff i c, t he po rt i on o f Gra nd v ie w Ro a de as t of th e i nt er se c ti on wi th Bl ai ne Ro ad ( a ls o k no wn a s Sta t e Ro ut e 5 48 ) i s no t l ik e ly t o b e ex p an de d a ta ny t ime ( Le e p er s. co mm. 2 00 3) .

4.5 CONSTRAINTS

The re a r e no kn own c on st r ai nt s o ut si d e th e o wn er ’ s co nt r ol t h at mig h t af f ec t th e Res t or at io n Are a s.

4.6 SITE PLAN

The t emp or ar i ly i mp a ct ed la y- do wn ar e as wil l b e man ip ul a te d t o cr ea t e co n di ti on s t ha t p ro mo t e th e e st ab li s hmen t o f na t iv e t re es a n d sh r ub s. A v ar i et y of na ti v e we tl a nd p l an t co mmu ni t ie s wi l l be es ta bl i sh ed i n th e a pp ro x imat e l oc at i on s of ex is t in g we t la nd ar ea s, an d u pl an d f or es t c ommu n it ie s wil l b e es t ab li sh e d in t he a pp r ox ima te l oc a ti on s o f ar e as t h at a re cu rr e nt ly u p la nd .

4.6.1 Topography

Sur fa ce el ev a ti on s t ha t wil l fo s te r u pl an d c on di t io ns wi ll b e r e- es t ab li s he d in th e a pp ro xi mat e l oc at io n swhe re u p la nd s a re c u rr en t ly f ou n d. Upl an d a re as wi ll b e s li g ht ly e l ev at e d ab ov e wet l an ds a n d th u s ma y b es ea so na l ly s a tu ra te d b el o w 12 i n ch es be ne at h t he so il s u rf ac e . Wet l an ds wi ll o c cu r i n th e a pp ro x imat el oc at io n s wh e re t he y a re cu rr en t ly f o un d, b u t th e ir s ur f ac e e le va ti o ns wi ll v ar y t o i nc lu de se as o na ll yi nu nd at e d ar e as a s wel l a s se as o na ll y s at ur a te d a re as . Si te co nt ou r s wi l l be g r ad ed to a ll o w a v ar ie ty of h yd ro lo g ic r e gi me s wit hi n wet la n d ar e as t ha t s pa n f ro m s ea so n al ly s a tu ra t ed 1 f o ot b e ne at h t he s o il s ur f ac et o se as o na ll y i nu nd a te d u p to 1 .5 fe e t ab ov e t he so il s u rf ac e . The pr op o se d po s t- re s to ra ti o n co n to ur s f or t h eRes to ra t io n Are as a r e sh o wn i n Fig ur e 3 .

Sma ll mo un ds or ‘ hu mmo ck s ’ wi ll be c r ea te d t hr ou g ho ut l a rg e p or ti on s o f t he Res t or at i on Are a s.Hummo ck s wil l b e cr e at ed by c on t ou ri n g impo r te d t op so il th at wi ll b e r emo ve d fo r p owe r pl an t a nd la y- d own ar e a co n st ru ct i on . Hu mmoc k s wi l l ha ve a sl i gh tl y d ee pe r e ff ec t iv e r oo ti ng zo ne an d wi l l th u s pr ov i de mor e mo i st ur e , nu tr i en ts , a nd r o ot in g med iu m t o v eg et at i on p e r ar ea of g r ou nd . Cr ea t in g th e se h u mmoc ks wil l au g me nt ov er al l t op o gr ap hi c v ar i ab il it y o n t he s it e a nd fa ci li t at e t he e st a bl is h me nt o f n at i ve t re e s an d s hr ub s, wh ic h t yp ic a ll y r eq ui re de ep e r ro ot pe ne t ra ti on th an he rb ac e ou s p la nt s. The mo un ds wi ll cr ea te awid er a r ra y o f mi cr o -e nv i ro nmen t al c o nd it io n s th a t ma y p ro vi d e gr ea t er o p po rt un i ti es fo r an in cr e as ed d iv er si t y of pl an ts an d o th er o r ga ni s ms t o u ti li z e th e s it e. Hummo c ks wi ll n ot se rv e a s be r ms f o r th es ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a s si nc e b er ms ty pi c al ly re qu ir e c omp ac ti on , whi c h is n o t co n du ci ve to p l an tg ro wt h.

Hummo ck s wil l b e cu r vi ng an d ob l on g i n sh ap e h av e a n av e ra ge di amet e r of ab ou t 2 4 fe e t. Th e t yp i ca lh ei gh t a bo ve th e su r ro un d in g el e va ti o n wi ll be 1 fo ot , a nd n o h ummo c k wi l l ri se mo re th an 1 .5 fe e t in e le va ti o n. Th e hu mmo ck s wil l be sp ac e d at a p pr ox i ma te ly 60 f e et o n c en te r ( ap pr o xi ma t el y 12 hu mmo ck sp er a cr e ). Hummo ck s wil l c ov er ap pr o xi ma te l y 12 .5% o f t he a r ea s in wh ic h t he y a re c r ea te d.

Rec on to u ri ng wi ll o c cu r b y tr ac k ho e a nd b ul l do ze r d ur in g t he dr y se a so n whe n so i l mo i st ur e i s at a se as o na ll ow. Na ti ve ve ge ta t io n wil l be in st a ll ed d u ri ng th e fo l lo wi n g we t s ea so n .

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4.6.2 Hydrologic Modifications

The Res t or at i on Are a s wi l l be r e co nt o ur ed t o c re a te s ma l l se a so na ll y i nu n da te d a re as th at wi ll b e v eg et a te dwit h eme rg en t h er ba c eo us pl an ts . As di sc us s ed i n Sec ti o n 4.6 .2 , su r fa ce wa te r wil l b e su pp l ie d t o th es e s ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a s by d i ve rt i ng s to r mwat e r ru no f f fr o m di tc h es t h at wil l b e l oc at ed ad ja c en t to th eRes to ra t io n Are as . Se e App en di x A f o r th e u pg ra d ed v er s io n o f Fi gu r e 1B of t he BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t S ur f ac e Wa t er Ma na ge me n t De s ig n Ba s is (Gol de r Ass o ci at es 20 02 ) i n Ap p en di x Af or t he lo ca t io n of th es e d it ch e s.

To en su r e th a t ap pr o pr ia t e fl ow le ve l s wi ll be d i ve rt ed to t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s , wa t er l ev e ls wi ll b ec on tr ol l ed b y a dj us t ab le we ir s o r si mil ar d e vi ce s . Wit h t he s e ad ju s ta bl e f ea tu r es , min or c h an ge s i n ch a nn el f lo w ma y b e mad e du r in g t he f ir s t 1 t o 2 ye a rs a f te r in s ta ll a ti on . If n e ce ss ar y , fu r th er a d ju st men ts wi th t h es ef ea tu re s may be mad e a s s it e co n di ti o ns c ha n ge .

The s ur f ac e wat er d i ve rs i on t o t he We st Res t or at i on Are a wil l b e di r ec te d t hr ou g h a 2 -f oo t wid e,mea nd er i ng o p en c ha n ne l e xc av at e d in th e we t la nd po rt io n o f t he Wes t Res t or at io n Are a . The ch an n el wil l d ir ec t wat er we st wa r d th r ou gh t h e si t e an d f ee d t he t wo se as o na ll y i nu nd a te d ar e as t o b e cr e at ed . The t o ta ls iz e of th e s ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a wit hi n t he We st Re st or a ti on Ar ea wi ll b e a t le a st 1 .3 ac re as mea s ur ed b y th e o rd in a ry h ig h wat e r ma rk . Ma x imum f l ow v e lo ci ty th ro u gh t he ch an n el wil l b e l es s th a n 0.2 5 fo ot p er s ec o nd .

A 2 -f oo t wid e , op en ch an n el wil l a ls o s er ve to c o nv ey s u rf ac e wat er to a n d fr om th e s ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a to be c r ea te d i n th e Eas t Res to r at io n Are a. Sur fa c e wa t er wil l e nt e r th ro u gh a cr ea te d c ha n ne l to th es ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a whe n t he wa te r le v el i s b el ow th e e le va ti o n of th e we i r to be i ns t al le d a t th e d iv er si o n. Whe n th e wat e r le ve l e xc e ed s th e e le v at io n o f th e wei r, th e s ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a wil l n ol on ge r a cc ep t wat er fr om th e di t ch , whi ch wi ll c o nt in ue to s u pp or t f lo w. Thi s ‘ of f- l in e’ d e si gn mi ni mi z es i nt ra -s e as on a l wa te r l ev e l fl uc t ua ti o n wi th i n th e s ea so n al ly in un da t ed a r ea a nd pr ev e nt s fl o od in g . The to ta l s iz e of th is se as on a ll y i nu nd at e d ar e a wi ll be a t l ea st 0.06 ac re a s mea s ur ed b y t he or di na r y hi g h wa te r mar k .Max imum fl ow ve lo ci t y th r ou gh t h e ch a nn el wi ll b e l es s t ha n 0 .2 5 fo o t pe r s ec on d .

4.6.3 Soil

As di sc u ss ed ea rl ie r , na t iv e to p so il wi ll b e r e- a pp li ed to t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s a ft e r re mo v in g c ompa ct e dg ra ve l f ro m t he t emp or ar y l ay -d o wn a r ea s. As di s cu ss ed in Se ct io n 2 .3 , t he se s o il s a re p ri mar il y l oa m a nd s il t an d e xt e nd 2 0 t o 30 in ch es bg s b ef or e mee ti n g th e r el at i ve ly i mpe rv i ou s cl a y ti l l la ye r . Al l so il pl ac e di n th e Res to r at io n Are as wi ll b e n at i ve , no n -s an d y so il s t ak e n fr om ab ov e t he c l ay t i ll l ay e r.

The s oi l may be c ov e re d wit h mu l ch , e ro si on - co nt r ol mat t in g, an d/ or st er i le a nn u al g r as s se e d to pr ev en t s oi l er o si on an d se d imen t at io n. Th es e a re as wi ll th en b e r ep l an te d wit h n at iv e v eg et a ti on a s s oo n a sp ra ct ic a bl e. Tre e a nd s h ru b pl a nt in g wil l o cc ur af te r s it e p re pa ra t io n wor k is co mp l et e. The p l an ti ng ,s ee di ng , a nd mu lc h r in g i ns ta ll men t t o oc cu r o n s it e ar e d es c ri be d f ur th e r in Se ct io n 4 .6 .5 .

A 5 -f oo t wid e wal ki n g pa t h wi ll be c o ns tr uc t ed a c ro ss t h e We s t Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea . The pa th wi ll b e c ompr is e d of gr av el or wo od c hi p s an d wil l t ra ve r se 0 .0 6 a cr e o f up l an d a nd 0 .0 6 a cr e o f we t la nd . The g ra ve l p at h wil l be de si g ne d an d c on s tr uc te d s o t ha t it wi ll no t be a ba r ri er t o s ur f ac e or su bs u rf ac e wat er f lo w.

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4.6.4 Habitat Features

A n umbe r o f h ab it at fe at u re s wi l l be di st ri b ut ed ac ro ss th e Res to ra t io n Are as . The h ab i ta t f ea tu re s p la n ne df or t he si te wi ll p r ov id e s tr uc t ur e t o en co u ra ge ha bi ta t u ti l iz at io n b y n at iv e wil dl i fe s pe c ie s.

Aft er r e co nt o ur in g i s co mpl et e, at l e as t 28 do wn e d lo gs (3 p e r ac re ) wil l b e pl a ce d a cr os s t he Re st or at i on Are as . Mo st o f t he s e lo gs wi ll be d er i ve d f ro m th e h yb r id p op l ar s a nd Dou g la s f ir s th a t wi l l be r e mo ve d f ro m th e p ro p os ed c o ns tr u ct io n a re as . Mo st of t h es e tr e es a r e 25 t o 3 5 f ee t ta l l an d h av e a d ia met er a t b re a st h ei gh t ( db h) th at i s 7 t o 1 0 in c he s. Hyb ri d p op l ar l og s wil l b e le f t to dr y fo r a f e w mo nt h s be f or e be i ng p la ce d i n th e mit ig a ti on ar ea s t o en s ur e th a t th e y do n o t sp r ou t. A f ew ot he r l og s wil l be ta ke n f ro m t he mix ed d e ci du o us /c on i fe ro u s fo re s t ar e a on t h e BP Ch er ry Po in t p ro pe r ty s o ut h of Gr an d vi ew Ro ad wh er ea n ac ce s s ro a d wa s r ec en t ly c on s tr uc t ed . Th es e l og s ra n ge i n l en gt h f ro m 3 5 to 90 f e et a nd in d i amet er fr om1 0 to 2 4 i nc h es . Th e la r ge r lo g s ma y h av e t o cu t i nt o t wo o r t hr ee pi ec e s be fo r e tr a ns po rt i ng t h em t o t he mit ig at i on a r ea s.

Some lo g s wi l l be s t ac ke d a to p e ac h o th er i n a p y ra mi da l s ha p e (2 l o gs o n b ot to m, 1 o n to p) to s i mu la te woo dy d e br is of l ar g er s i ze . Ot he r l og s wi l l be pl ac ed so t h at t he y e xt e nd i nt o t he se as on a ll y i nu nd at e da re as . The l og s wil l a ct a s h ab i ta t fe a tu re s , pr ov i di ng fo ra gi n g op p or tu ni t ie s a nd c ov e r fo r i ns ec t s,a mp hi bi a ns , s ma ll ma mmal s , an d b ir ds ( St ev en s a nd Va nb ia n ch i 1 99 3) .

A n umbe r o f a rt if ic i al s n ag s, o r d ea d -s ta nd i ng t r ee s, wi ll b e e re ct e d on si te . The l o gs t o b e us e d as a r ti fi c ia ls na gs wi ll b e d er iv e d fr o m th e s ame s ou rc e o f wo o dy mat e ri al fo r th e d own ed l og s . Ea ch s na g wil l b e at l ea st 2 0 f ee t t al l a nd a t l ea st on e s na g pe r Res t or at io n Are a wil l h av e a d bh g r ea te r t ha n 1 2 in c he s. The b a se o f ea ch sn ag wi ll b e i ns t al le d a t le a st 4 f e et b g s an d s ta bi l iz ed wi th c e me nt . A 10 - fo ot l o ng c r os s- be a m ma y b e at ta c he d t o ea ch sn ag to p ro v id e p er ch es fo r r ed -t ai l h awk s an d o th er bi rd s. The ha wk s a nd o t he rp re da to r y bi r ds wil l p re y o n mi c e an d v ol es , whi c h mi gh t o th e rwis e j eo pa r di ze t h e in s ta ll ed pl an t s by g na wi ng an d g ir dl in g .

At le as t t wo wi ld li f e br u sh s he l te rs wi ll b e c on s tr uc te d i n e ac h Re s to ra t io n Ar e a. The se s h el te r s wi ll be p la ce d a wa y f ro m ar e as t h at wil l b e s ea so na l ly i n un da te d . Th e ba se of e a ch s he l te r wil l be co mp o se d of l ar ge , p re fe r ab ly r o t- re s is ta nt bo ug h s or l o gs t h at a re 10 t o 1 5 fe e t lo n g an d 4 t o 6 i nc he s i n d ia me te r . Th es ep ie ce s wil l b e st ac k ed c r is s- cr o ss wi th p ar a ll el lo gs s p ac ed ap pr ox i ma te l y 2 fe e t fr o m ea ch ot he r u nt il th es tr uc tu r e is 1 to 2 fe et hi gh . Br an c he s of a gr a du al ly smal l er d ia met er wi ll b e p la c ed b et wee n a nd a bo v e th e b as e lo g s in te e- pe e s ty l e to f o rm a mo re c o mp ac t wea ve . Co n if er ou s e ve r gr ee n b ra nc h es wit h n ee d le s st i ll a tt ac he d s ho u ld b e a dd ed to e ac h p il e t o en h an ce sh el te r c ov e r. Th e e nd pr od uc t wil l b e a s tu rd y , do me - li ke s tr uc tu r e 4 t o 6 fe e t hi g h th at ha s a de qu at e s pa c e fo r s ma ll ma mmal s t o mov e ab o ut . Wi ld li f e br u sh s he l te rs p ro vi de he av y c ov er cl os e t o th e g ro u nd , wh i ch c a n at tr a ct a va ri et y o f wil dl if e i nc l ud in g r ab bi t s, mic e ,v ol es , s ma ll bi rd s, an d a mp hi bi a ns ( Mon ro e 2 00 1; Co nn ec t ic ut Wi ld li f e Di v is io n 1 99 9) .

I n ad di t io n, pl an ts li ke ru sh es an d s ed ge s wil l b e pl ac e d in th e sh a ll ow ar ea s o f ea c h ar ea ex pe c te d to be s ea so na l ly i n un da te d t o p ro vi de ov id e po si ti o n si t es f or na ti v e amph i bi an s . The s e co u ld b e s up pl e me nt ed wit h br a nc he s o r twi gs wi th l es s t ha n 8 mm ( 0.3 i nc h) d i amet e r (Ric h te r 1 99 9) i n st al l ed d ee p i n p on ds ub st ra t e to pr ev en t t he m f ro m b ei ng di sl od g ed b y t he r i se a n d fa ll of wa te r le v el s. Th e ov i de po s it io n s it es p ro vi de d b y t he b ra n ch es wi ll s u pp le men t th o se s i te s pr o vi de d b y th e e me r ge nt v e ge ta t io n th a t wi l l be co mee st ab li s he d i n sh al l owly in un da t ed a r ea s.

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4.6.5 Vegetation Establishment

The d is t ri bu t io n of pl an t c ommu n it ie s t o be es ta b li sh ed in t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s i s s ho wn i n Fig u re 3 . Pl an t s ch ed ul e s fo r t he se ar ea s a re s h own i n Ta bl e s 5 t hr ou gh 8. The se s c he du l es a pp l y to th e up l an d a nd wet l an da re as t h at wi ll b e r es to r ed . Th e sc h ed ul es sh ow th e sp a ci ng , q ua nt i ty , a nd c on d it io n o f sp e ci es to b ei ns ta ll e d in ea ch c o mmun i ty t yp e . In cl ud ed in t h es e ta b le s i s th e wet la n d in di c at or st at us (e xp l ai ne d i n th e Rev is ed Co ge n er at io n Pro j ec t Co mpe ns a to ry Mi ti ga t io n Ar e as We tl an d Del in e at io n Rep or t <URS 20 0 3a >) f or e ac h p la n t sp ec i es a c co rd in g t o US Fi sh an d Wil dl if e Ser v ic e (1 9 96 ).

The s pe c ie s c ho se n f or e a ch p la n ti ng zo ne a r e de e me d ap p ro pr i at e fo r t he en vi ro n me nt a l co nd i ti on s e xp ec te d i n t he a re a s wh e re t he y o cc u r. Th e s pe c ie s co mpo si t io n, d e ns it y ( sp ac i ng ), an d ot h er s pe ci fi c at io n s of p l an t mat er ia l s in d ic at ed in t h e pl an t s ch e du le s a re b a se d on fi nd i ng s fr o m fi e ld i nv es ti g at io n s, b es t p ro f es si on a l ju d gmen t, an d r ec omme n da ti o ns f ro m v ar i ou s re s ou rc e s.

Tab le 5 is t h e pl an t s ch e du le f o r th e Upl an d For e st c ommun it i es , Ta b le 6 is t he pl an t s ch ed u le f o r th es ea so na l ly s a tu ra te d ( SS) wet la n d co mmu ni ti e s, a n d Ta bl e 7 i s t he p l an t s ch ed ul e f or th e se a so na l ly s at ur at e d (SI ) we tl a nd c o mmun it i es . Ta bl e 8 p re s en ts t h e sp e ci fi ca t io ns fo r th e n at i ve s ee d mix th at wi ll b e a pp li ed to a l l co mmu ni ti e s wi th i n th e Res to r at io n Are as .

Table 5 Pla nt ing Pla n f or Upla nd Co mmuni ti es

S cien tif ic N a meC ommo n N ame/Wet la nd

ind icat o r st a tu s S pa cing C on ditio n & S izeAln us r u br a Red ald er/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’Betula p ap yr ifera P ap er b irch/F AC bare-root, 1.5’-3’Pru nu s ema rg ina ta Bitter cherr y /F ACU bare-root, 12-18”Pseud ots ug a m en zies ii D ou glas fir/F ACU bare-root, 1.5’-3’S alix s cou ler ia na S co uler willo w/FA C rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’T hu ja p licata W es tern red ced ar /F A C bare-root, 1.5’-3’T su ga h etero p hylla W es tern hemlo ck /F ACU -

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s trees pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 12 f t

bare-root, 1.5’-3’Cra ta eg u s do u glas ii D ou glas hawth or n/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’H olod is cus d iscolor O cean sp r ay /N I bare-root, 1.5’-3’O em leria cer a sifo rm is I nd ian p lu m/F ACU bare-root, 1.5’-3’Ros a nu tka na N oo tk a r os e/F AC- bare-root, 1.5’-3’S am bu cu s r acemo sa Red eld erb er r y/FA CU bare-root, 1.5’-3’S ym ph or ica rp o s albu s Com mo n

s no wb er r y/FA CU

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s s hr ub s pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 8 ft

bare-root, 1.5’-3’

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Table 6 Pla nt ing Pla n f or Se as ona ll y Sa t ur at e d (SS) We tl a nd Communit i es

S cien tif ic N a me

C ommo nN ame/Wet la nd ind icat o r st a tu s S pa cing C on ditio n & S ize

Aln us r u br a Red ald er/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’Betula p ap yr ifera P ap er b irch/F AC bare-root, 1.5’-3’Picea s itchen sis S itka s p ru ce/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’Pop ulus ba ls a mifera ss p.trich oca rp a

Black co tton w oo d/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’

S alix lu cida v ar . la sian d ra P acif ic willo w/FA CW + rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’S alix s cou ler ia na S co uler willo w/FA C rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’T hu ja p licata W es tern red ced ar /F A C

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s trees pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 9 ft

bare-root, 1.5’-3’Cor nu s s er icea Red -o sier

d og wo od /FA CW bare-root, 1.5’-3’

Cra ta eg u s do u glas ii D ou glas hawth or n/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’Malus fu sca W es tern

crabapp le/FA CWbare-root, 1.5’-3’

Physo ca r pu s cap itatu s P acif ic nineb ar k/FA CW- bare-root, 1.5’-3’Ros a nu tka na N oo tk a r os e/F AC- bare-root, 1.5’-3’Ros a pis ocar p a Clu ster ed wild ro se/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’Rub us s p ecta b ilis S almo nb err y/F AC+ bare-root, 1.5’-3’S alix p iperi P ip er ’s willo w/FA CW rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’S alix s itchen sis S itka w illow /FA CW

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s s hr ub s pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 6.5 f t

rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’Cam as sia q ua m as h Com mo n cam as /FA CW p lu gs Car ex o b nu pta S lo ug h s ed ge/OBL p lu gs D es ch am p sia caesp ito sa Tuf ted h airg r as s/FA CW p lu gs Eleocha r is p a lu stris Creep in g s pik e- ru sh /OBL p lu gs Jun cu s ens ifo lius D ag gerleaf r u sh /F ACW

I ns tall patch es o f h er baceo us s pecies wh er e o veralls pacing on center = 1.5 f to ver 1% of S S

p lu gs

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Table 7 Pla nt ing Pla n f or Se as ona ll y Inundat e d (SI) We tl a nd Communit i es

S cien tif ic N a me

C ommo nN ame/Wet la nd ind icat o r st a tu s S pa cing C on ditio n & S ize

Fra xinu s latifo lia O rego n ash /F A CW bare-root, 1.5’-3’S alix lu cida v ar . la sian d ra P acif ic willo w/FA CW + rooted cutting, 1.5’-3’Pop ulus ba ls a mifera ss p.trich oca rp a

Black co tton w oo d/FA C

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s trees pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 14 .5 ft bare-root, 1.5’-3’

Pop ulus tr em u lo id es Q uaking as pen /F AC+ Create s mall gr ov es with 4.5f t. o n cen ter o ver 2 % of SI


Cor nu s s er icea Red -o sierd og wo od /FA CW


L on icer a invo lu cr ata Black tw in ber ry /F AC+ bare-root, 1.5’-3’Physo ca r pu s cap itatu s P acif ic nineb ar k/FA CW- bare-root, 1.5’-3’Ros a pis ocar p a Clu ster ed wild ro se/FA C bare-root, 1.5’-3’S alix p iperi P ip er ’s willo w/FA CW bare-root, 1.5’-3’S alix s itchen sis S itka w illow /FA CW

I nter sp ers e the v ar iou s s hr ub s pecies so th at o ver alls pacing on center = 6.5 f t

bare-root, 1.5’-3’Car ex s tip ata S aw beak sedg e/O BL p lu gs Car ex u tricu lata Beaked s ed ge/OBL p lu gs Car ex o b nu pta S lo ug h s ed ge/OBL p lu gs Eleocha r is p a lu stris Creep in g s pik e- ru sh /OBL p lu gs Jun cu s b olan d er i Bolan der ’s r u sh /O BL

I ns tall patch es o f h er baceo us s pecies wh er e o veralls pacing on center = 1.5 f to ver 1% of S S

p lu gs S cirp us am er ica nu s A merican b ulr us h/OBL p lu gs S cirp us micr o ca rp us S mall-f r uited

b ulru sh /OBLp lu gs

T yp ha la tifo lia Com mo n cattail/OBL p lu gs

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Table 8 Nat iv e See d Mix

S cien tif ic N a meC ommo n N ame/Wet la nd

I nd icat o r St a tu sEst imat ed Qu a nt it y

( % by w eig ht ) Agr os tis s to lon ifer a Creep in g b en tgr as s/F ACW 3 5%Alo pecu r us a equ alis S ho rt-aw n fo x tail/O BL 2 .5 %Alo pecu r us g enicu la tus W ater f o xtail/O BL 1 7.5%D an th on ia in ter media Tim ber o atgr ass /F ACU + 2 .5 %Fes tu ca ru br a Red f es cue/F A C 4 0%H or deum br ach ya nther um Meado w b ar ley /F ACW- 2 .5 %

For Tab l es 5 , 6 , an d 7 , t he a ve r ag e s pa ci ng is g i ve n fo r t re e s, s hr u bs , a nd h er b ac eo u s pl an t s to be i ns t al le d i ne ac h co mmu ni t y. To impr o ve h ab i ta t h et er og e ne it y , pl an t in g d en si ti e s wi l l no t b e un i fo rm t h ro ug h ou t ea c hz on e. Ins te a d, t he zo ne s wil l c on ta i n pa tc h es wi th a r e la ti v el y hi g h de n si ty , p at ch e s wi th mo de r at e de n si ty ,a nd p at c he s wit h a r el at i ve ly l o w de n si ty . Th e v ar ie ty in d e ns it y wil l a ll ow p l an ti n g in a r ea s mos t su i ta bl e f or t he i r es t ab li sh men t a nd g ro wth . Th e lo c at io n s of t h e pa t ch es wi ll b e d et er min ed in t he fi el d .

Ove ra ll sp ac i ng f or th e Upl an d c ommu n it y is at a lo we r d en si t y th an th e SS or SI c ommun it y t yp es si nc et he re i s f ar le ss r e ed c a na ry gr a ss f o un d in up la n d ar ea s . Pl an ti ng de ns i ti es a r e se t h ig he r i n t he SS a nd SI c ommu ni t ie s t o he lp su pp r es s co v er b y r ee d c an ar y gr as s b y in c re as ed co mp e ti ti on an d s ha di ng . Al t ho ug ht he ir o v er al l d en si t ie s wil l be eq ua l , th e SI co mmu ni ti e s wi l l ha ve a hi g he r ra t io o f s hr ub s t o t re es t h an t h eSS co mmu ni ti e s si nc e n at i ve s hr u bs a r e be tt e r ab l e to g r ea te r l ev el s o f h yd ro lo g ic f l uc tu at i on .

No tr ee s o r s hr ub s wil l b e pl an t ed i n a f ew pa tc h es wit h in t h e Up la n d an d SI co mmu ni t ie s. In th e Upl an d c ommu ni t ie s, th es e p at ch e s wi ll be c o ns tr ic t ed t o a re as th at ha ve l e ss t h an 2 0% re ed ca na ry g ra ss pr io r t oi ni ti al mi ti g at io n a ct iv i ty . In t he SI c ommun it i es , th e se c o mmun it i es wi ll b e r es tr i ct ed t o a re a s th at ar ee xp ec te d t o h av e lo n g pe r io ds o f s ha l lo w (<1 .5 -f o ot ) in u nd at i on .

Upl an d c ommu n it ie s wil l b e es ta b li sh e d in t h e po r ti on s o f th e Res to r at io n Are as th at we re d e li ne a te d as u pl an d b y Go l de r As s oc ia t es ( 20 0 3a ). The se co mmu ni ti es ma y b e sa tu r at ed ne ar o r a t t he s oi l s ur f ac e fo r a f ew mon t hs d u ri ng t h e we t s ea so n . Th e ov er a ll t r ee a nd sh ru b s pa ci n g fo r t he Up la nd co mmun i ti es wi ll b e a pp ro xi mat el y 9 85 p l an ts pe r ac r e, wh ic h re q ui re s a n ov e ra ll sp ac in g o f 6 .6 5 fe e t on - ce nt er .

SS co mmu ni ti e s wi ll be e s ta bl is h ed i n wet la n d ar e as t ha t wil l b e se a so na l ly s at u ra te d , bu t t yp ic a ll y re t ai n n os at ur at i on n e ar t he so il su rf ac e d ur i ng t he dr y s ea so n. So me of t he s e ar e as may re ta i n sh al l ow i n un da ti o n fo r 1 t o 3 mon th s d ur in g t he we t se a so n. The o v er al l t re e a nd s h ru b de n si ty fo r th e SS c ommu ni t ie s wil l be a pp ro xi mat el y 1 ,5 65 pl an t s pe r a cr e, wh ic h r eq ui r es a n o ve ra l l sp ac i ng o f 5 .3 f e et o n -c en te r .

SI co mmu ni ti e s wi ll be e s ta bl is h ed i n wet la n d ar e as t ha t a re se as on a ll y i nu nd at e d, b u t re ta i n lo w l ev el s o fs oi l mo i st ur e d ur in g t he la tt er ha lf of t he dr y s ea so n. The s e ar ea s wil l t yp ic a ll y r et ai n s ha ll o w in un d at io n f or g re a te r t ha n 3 mon th s d ur in g t he we t se a so n a nd wil l l ik e ly r ema in s a tu ra te d f or a lo ng e r pe r io ds t h an t he SS c ommu n it ie s d ur in g t he e a rl y p ar t of th e g ro wi ng se as o n. Th e o ve r al l tr e e an d s hr ub de ns i ty f or th eSI co mmu ni ti e s wi ll be a p pr ox ima te ly 1,43 0 p la nt s p er a c re , whi ch r e qu ir e s an o v er al l s pa ci n g of 5.5 fe e to n- ce nt e r.

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Her ba ce o us p l an ts wi ll b e i ns ta l le d i n va ri o us p a tc he s c ov er i ng a pp r ox ima te ly 1 % o f t he SS c ommu n it ie sa nd 1 % o f th e SI co mmu ni t ie s. The p l an ti ng de ns i ty f or th es e p at ch e s wi l l be a p pr ox i ma te ly 1.5 f ee t on - c en te r, wh ic h i s ro u gh ly eq ua l t o 9,6 70 p la n ts p e r ac re .

Pla nt in g wil l b e ac c ompl i sh ed u s in g a mul ti - ph as e a pp ro a ch . Th e in i ti al ph as e wil l o cc ur d u ri ng th e fa l la nd /o r s pr in g b ef or e t he Ye ar 1 mo ni t or in g e ve nt . At t h is t i me , 50 % o f t he woo d y (t r ee a nd sh ru b ) an dh er ba ce o us p l an ts wi ll b e i ns ta l le d. The r e ma in i ng p la n ts wi ll b e i ns ta l le d ov e r th e s ub se q ue nt 3 to 4 ye ar s .I f ne ce s sa ry , a dd it i on al ap pl ic a ti on s o f th e n at i ve s ee d mix ma y oc c ur o v er t he su bs e qu en t 3 t o 4 y ea rs as wel l. Thi s mul ti -p h as e a pp ro ac h a ll o ws mor e a cc u ra te a s se ss men t of on -s i te g ro win g c on di ti o ns , whi ch i s e sp ec ia l ly i mpo rt an t i n a re as t h at wi ll b e s ea so n al ly i n un da t ed a nd / or wh er e he r ba ce o us v eg e ta ti o n wi ll be p la nt ed .

The s pe c ie s i n th e s ee d mix a re na ti v e gr as s es t o le ra nt of a br oa d r an ge of h yd r ol og i c re gi mes . Th e se e dmix wil l b e a pp li ed to t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s i n t wo p ha s es . Th e fi r st p h as e wi l l oc c ur i n l at e s umme r o re ar ly f a ll a fe w we e ks p r io r to in st a ll in g a ny t r ee s or sh ru b s. Th e s ec o nd p ha s e wi l l oc cu r t he fo ll owi ng s pr in g a ft er th e fi r st p h as e of tr ee an d sh r ub p l an ti ng is c o mp le te . At th is t i me , t he mix wi ll on ly b e a pp l ie dt o th e i nt er s ti ti al sp ac e b et we e n mu l ch r in g s. Si nc e in t er st i ti al s p ac es sh ou ld co mp r is e ap p ro xi mat el y 8 5%o f th e t ot al ar ea , t he a c tu al a r ea u p on whi c h th i s se ed mi x wil l be ap pl i ed i s 7 .9 a c re s. The t o ta l cu mul at i ve s ee di ng ra te wi ll b e 4 0 p ou nd s p er a c re , wh i ch i s a r el a ti ve l y hi gh se ed i ng r at e f or mi ti ga t io n a re as .

Nur se ri e s sp e ci al iz i ng i n wet la n d re s to ra ti o n wi l l pr ov i de t h e pl an t s to c k. Tr e es a n d sh ru b s wi l l be d e ri ve d f ro m lo c al s o ur ce s s o th a t th ey ar e b es t ad a pt ed to t he on -s i te c on d it io n s. Al l c ut t in gs wi ll b e o bt ai n ed f r om1 - to 2 - ye ar ol d wo o d, wi ll b e >3/ 8- i nc h in di ame te r, a n d wi l l be >3 f ee t l on g. The qu al it y a nd qu an ti t y of p la nt s wil l a ls o be ve ri f ie d by a URS b io lo g is t.

An in st a ll me n t co nt r ac to r wit h e xp er i en ce i n wet l an d re h ab il i ta ti on wi ll be r es p on si b le f or pl an t in gs a n ds ee di ng s . Lo ca ti on s o f e ac h pl a nt c o mmun it y z on e wil l b e st a ke d in th e f ie ld , a nd p l ac emen t o f p la nt s wil lb e ve ri f ie d b y a URS b io l og is t. All pl an ts wi ll be i ns t al le d , an d a ll s e ed s wi l l be sp re ad in s p ri ng o r f al l t oe nh an ce th ei r c ha nc e s of es ta bl i sh me n t an d s ur vi v al .

Eac h in s ta ll e d pl an t in g wil l re c ei ve a ri ng of i mpo rt ed mu lc h t ha t wil l b e at l e as t 4 f ee t i n di a me te r a nd 3 to 4 i nc he s t hi c k. Ho wev er , mul ch sh ou l d be k e pt a t l ea st 1 in c h away fr om th e ba s e of ea ch p l an t t o pr ev e nt p at ho ge n a nd pe st i n fe st a ti on . Th e mul ch wi ll b e woo d a nd b a rk -b as e d wi t h ve ry fe w wee d se e ds . Mu lc hr in gs wi ll h e lp t o s up pr e ss i nv a si on by n on - na ti v e pl an t s, r e ta in s o il mo is tu re , a nd co nt ri b ut e o rg an ic ma tt e rt o th e s oi l o ve r ti me.

A min imu m of wa te r- s ol ub l e, s lo w-r el e as e, c o ld -we at he r t ol er a nt f er t il iz e r pe ll e ts wi ll b e a pp li e d to t h e so i lp it whe r e ea c h tr ee an d s hr ub i s i ns t al le d. Fe rt il iz e r pe l le ts wi ll b e p la ce d 3 t o 4 i nc h es b e lo w th e g ro u nd s ur fa ce ad ja c en t to in st a ll ed p l an t r oo ts . In a d di ti on , a p o wd er f o rm o f f er ti l iz er wi ll b e a pp l ie d to th eg ro un d s ur fa c e at t h e ba s e of e a ch p l an ti ng . Th i s fe rt i li ze r wil l b e a mod er at e - to ra pi d- r el ea s e fe rt i li ze r t op ro mo te es ta b li sh me n t an d g ro wt h . Ca re wil l b e t ak en t o p la c e th e p owde r f or m o f fe r ti li ze r o nl y o n th e e xp os ed so il at t he ba se of t he pl an t a nd n o t on th e mu l ch wh er e th e h ig h c ar bo n :n it r og en r a ti o c ou ld c a us emuc h of th e f er ti li z er t o b e ra p id ly de pl et e d by mi cr o- o rg an i sms.

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Exc ep t f or s o me c ut t in gs , a ll i n st al l ed p la n ts wi ll b e p ro te c te d fr o m fo r ag in g mamma l s by p l as ti c s ee dl i ng p ro te ct i on t u be s. I n ad d it io n, pl as t ic mes h e xc l us io ns ma y b e co ns t ru ct e d ov er pa tc h es o f h er ba c eo us p l an ts t o pr ot e ct t h em f ro m p re d at io n b y ge e se , du c ks , o r ma mma ls . Th es e p ro te c ti on s may b e v er y i mp or t an t in p re ve nt i ng wi de sp re a d mo r ta li ty of n e wl y in s ta ll e d pl an t s.

4.6.6 Irrigation

An ir ri g at io n s ys te m wil l b e co n st ru c te d wi t hi n t he Res t or at i on Are a s af t er r ec o nt ou r in g is co mp l et e. Wat er f or i rr i ga ti o n wi ll be d e ri ve d f ro m t ap pe d wat er so ur ce s a t t he BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op e rt y. Irr ig a ti on wi ll s up pl y wat er du ri ng th e l at te r h al f o f th e g ro wi n g se as o n to co un te r s ea s on al d r ou gh t . Irr i ga ti o n wi ll li ke l ye nh an ce su rv i va bi li t y of in st al l ed t r ee s an d s hr u bs , bu t may al so e n co ur a ge t he gr owt h of n o n- na t iv e,i nv as iv e p la n ts s uc h a s r ee d ca n ar yg r as s.

I rr ig at i on wa te r wi l l be di st ri b ut ed by l ar g e ‘g u ns ’ th a t ha v e a sp r ay d i amet er of 1 1 0 fe et . Th e i rr ig a ti on g un s wi l l be pl ac ed up on ca rt s t ha t t ra ve l a ut oma ti ca ll y a t s lo w, c o ns is t en t sp e ed s t o en su r e ev e nd is tr ib u ti on . Te mp o ra ry pa th s l es s t ha n 10 - fe et wi de a n d sp a ce d 20 0 f ee t a pa rt wi ll be mad e f or th e ca r ts t o t ra ve l a cr os s t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea s. I rr ig at i on wi ll c on t in ue th ro ug h t he se co nd an d p os si bl y t hi r d gr owi ng s ea so ns af te r p la nt i ng i s i ni ti a te d. Irr ig a ti on eq ui pme nt wi ll b e c on ti n ua ll y mon it o re d an d mai n ta in ed by t ra in ed pe rs o nn el . URS wil l be in fo r me d of ir ri g at io n e qu ip men t pe r fo rma nc e an d wil l a dv is e a dj u st me nt s t o th e i rr ig a ti on s y st em as n ec e ss ar y .

The s ys t em wi ll s up p le me n t ra in f al l t o en su r e th a t in st a ll ed pl an ts ar e p ro vi de d wit h 0 .5 i n ch o f wat er pe rwee k fr o m Ju n e or J u ly t h ro ug h Oct ob e r, t he dr ie s t po rt i on o f t he y e ar . Ra in fa l l ra t es wil l b e mon it or e d on a wee kl y b as i s by c h ec ki n g da ta ga th e re d by th e wea th er st at i on o n t he BP Che rr y Poi n t pr op e rt y.

5.0 PROPOSED COMPENSATORY MITIGATION

The p ro p os ed pl an i s d es i gn ed t o a pp r op ri at e ly c o mp en sa t e fo r l os se s i n wet la nd fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc ee xp ec te d f ro m t he p r op os e d co ns t ru ct i on . To c omp en sa te fo r t he u na v oi da b le a nd pe rma ne nt r e mo va l o f3 0.51 a c re s o f we tl a nd , BP pr op o se s t o re ha b il it a te a pp r ox ima te ly 1 1 0.1 a cr es o f wet l an d an d wet l an db uf fe r d eg ra d ed b y h is to r ic a gr i cu lt u ra l pr a ct ic e s.

5.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

The Comp en sa t or y Mi t ig at i on Are a s (CMAs ) ar e l oc a te d on th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt p ro p er ty no rt h o fGra nd vi e w Ro a d, j us t n or t h of t h e si t e of t h e pr o po se d Cog en e ra ti on Pr oj e ct ( Fi g ur e 1 ). CMA1 is lo ca te d e as t of Bl ai n e Ro ad , n or t h of t h e pr o po se d p ower pl an t s it e. I t is si tu a te d in th e s ou th we s t qu a rt er o f Sec t io n5 o f To wns hi p 3 9N, Ran ge 1E. CMA1 i s 5 0.3 a cr es in s iz e . CMA2 i s l oc at e d we st of Bl ai ne Ro ad i n t he s ou th ea s t qu a rt er o f Sec t io n 6 o f To wns hi p 3 9N, Ran ge 1 E. CMA2 i s 5 9.8 a cr es i n s iz e . The ge og r ap hi ce xt en t, lo ca t io n, a n d ge n er al c h ar ac t er o f t he we tl an ds wi th i n CMA1 an d CMA2 ar e d es c ri be d i n th e Rev is ed Co mp e ns at or y Mit i ga ti on Ar ea s Wet la n d De l in ea ti o n Re p or t (URS 2 0 03 a) . Th is re po r t sh ows r es ul ts of i n ve st ig a ti on s t ha t h av e o cc ur re d f ro m 2 00 1 t o 20 0 2.

The b or d er s o f ea ch CMA a re 2 5 f ee t f ro m th e o ut e r ed ge of t h e ROW f or Bl ai ne Ro ad a n d 50 f e et f r om t he n or th er n e dg e o f th e ROW fo r Gr a nd vi e w Ro ad . Th e ROW f o r Bl a in e Ro a d ex t en ds 3 0 f ee t t o th e e as t a nd

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3 0 fe et to t h e we st of t h e ro ad ’ s ce n te rl in e . Th e ROW f or Gr an dv ie w Roa d e xt en d s 65 fe et n o rt h a nd 2 0 t o2 5 fe et so ut h o f th e r oa d ’s c en t er li n e. Th e ROWs c on ta i n te l ep ho ne li ne s , po we r l in e s, a nd di tc h es . Th ea re as b e twee n t he ROWs a n d th e CMAs a re c on s id er e d se tb a ck a r ea s an d wil l b e re s er ve d f or p o ss ib l eu ti li ty in st a ll me nt .

5.2 OWNERSHIP

The CMAs a re wi th in th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt p ro p er ty , whi ch is o wne d by BP.

5.3 RATIONALE FOR CHOICE

5.3.1 Mitigation Ratio

Thi s pl a n pr o po se s t o en h an ce t h e CMAs to c o mp en s at e fo r t ot a l we tl a nd i mpa ct s a t a r at io g r ea te r t ha n 3 :1 ( se e Ta b le 9 ) . Per man en t i mp ac t t o t he PFO hy br i d co tt o nwoo d p la nt a ti on we tl an d wil l b e co mpe ns a te d at a 4 .5 :1 ra ti o . Si nc e t hi s i mp ac t wil l c on si s t of 1.69 a c re s o f we tl a nd , 7 .6 1 ac r es wi ll b e e nh an c ed a sc ompe ns a ti on . As r e qu es t ed b y t he Co rp s, t h e 4.8 6 ac re s o f t empo ra l i mp a ct f ro m c on s tr uc ti o n of th e la y -d own ar e as t o b e re s to re d wil l b e co mpe ns at e d at a 1: 1 r at io . En ha n ci ng 28 .4 3 a cr es of wet l an d b uf fe r( up la nd ) wil l c ompe n sa te fo r 3.5 5 ac r es o f p er ma n en t we t la nd impa ct . Th e r emai n in g 6 9.21 a c re s o fd eg ra de d wet l an ds t o b e e nh an ce d i n t he CMAs wil l c ompe n sa te th e re mai ni n g 24 .9 9 a cr e s of p r op os e dwet la nd impa c t.

Alt ho ug h a t l ea st 1 .2 ac r es o f u pl an d a re e x pe ct e d to b e co me we tl an d a s a r es ul t o f t he p ro p os ed c ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n, we tl an d c on v er si on wi ll li ke ly oc cu r i n sma ll p a tc he s, th e e xa ct l o ca ti o ns o fwhi ch a r e di f fi cu lt to p r ed ic t. The s e fa ct o rs wo ul d ma k e mo n it or in g t o p ro ve we tl an d c on ve r si on p ro bl ema ti c. The re f or e, BP h as no t c la imed an y c re di t f or t h e we tl a nd c r ea ti on ex pe c te d in CMA2 .

Table 9 Summa ry of Co mpensa t or y Mit ig at i on Ac re s, Ra ti os , a nd Cr edit s

Typ e of Co mp ens at ory M it iga tion

S ize of Prop o sedC ompens a to ry

M it ig at ion A rea s( acres)

Pro po sed M it ig at ion R a tio

M it ig at ion C red it ( acres) 1

Enh an cem en t o f ex is tin g d eg raded w etlan ds to co mp ens ate f or temp or ary imp acts toP EM w etlan ds

4 .8 6 1 :1 4 .8 6

Enh an cem en t o f ex is tin g d eg raded w etlan ds to co mp ens ate f or im pacts to PF O w etlan d

7 .6 1 4 .5 :1 1 .6 9

Enh an cem en t o f wetland b u ff er ar eas( up land s )

2 8.43 8 :1 3 .5 5

Enh an cem en t o f ex is tin g d eg raded w etlan ds to co mp ens ate f or p erm an ent imp acts toP EM w etlan ds

6 9.21 2 .8 :1 2 4.99

Tot al a rea 1 10 .1 1 3 .1 :1 3 5.37

1 Mitigatio n credit d eter m in ed b y d iv iding th e acr eage o f each m itig ation ty pe b y the pr op os ed mitig atio n r atio.

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The Cor p s no r ma ll y r ec ommen ds c o mp en s at in g f or p e rman en t wet l an d imp ac ts at a mi ni mu m o f 3: 1 r at i of or wet l an d e nh an ce men t. For t e mp or a ry wet l an d i mp ac ts , t he Co rp s r ec ommen ds u s in g a 1 :1 r a ti o f or wet la nd en ha n ce me nt . Ec o lo gy g u id an c e emph a si ze s t ha t “ th e g oa l is al wa y s to r e pl ac e t he l o st f u nc ti on s a ta 1 :1 r a ti o” (Ec ol o gy 1 9 98 ). Eco lo g y ha s e st ab l is he d g en er a l mi ti g at io n r at io s b ec a us e it is u s ua ll yn ec es sa r y to in cr ea s e th e r ep la c emen t a cr ea g e in or de r t o ac c ompl is h t he go al o f r ep l ac in g l os t f un ct io n .Acc or di n g to Ec ol og y ’s r a ti os , i mp ac t s to Ca te go r y II a n d Ca t eg or y I II PEM we tl a nd s c an b e c ompe n sa te da t a 4: 1 r at i o fo r e nh an c emen t whe re a s impa c ts t o Cat eg o ry I I a nd Ca te go r y II I PFO we tl an ds ca n b ec ompe ns a te d a t a 6: 1 r at i o fo r e nh an c emen t.

The p ro p os ed do wn wa r d ad j us tmen t o f Eco lo gy ’ s ge n er al mi ti ga t io n ra t io s i s ap pr o pr ia t e in t h is s i tu at io n f or s ev e ra l r ea so ns :

• The wet l an d a re as t o b e e li mi na t ed h a ve a lr e ad y b ee n gr e at ly di st ur b ed b y h is to r ic al ag ri cu l tu ra l p ra ct ic e s. The wet l an ds wi th in th e c on st ru c ti on zo ne s a re r a te d as Ca te g or y II I wet l an ds u n de r t he Was hi ng t on St at e We t la nd s Rat in g Sys t em ( Ec o lo gy 19 93 ) a nd a r e pr ov i di ng on ly mi ni ma l p er fo rma nc e o f we tl a nd f u nc ti on s . Th e lo ss of s u ch wet l an ds wi ll c o ns ti t ut e on l y mi n imal e nv ir on men ta l i mp ac t . Ac co rd in g ly , t he ir f u nc ti o na l pe r fo rma nc e ca n b e mor e th a n fu l ly r ep l ac ed wi th l ower r a ti os th an t h os e o ut li ne d i n Eco lo gy ’ s gu i da nc e.

• The wet l an d a re as t o b e e nh an ce d h av e a ls o b ee n g re at ly di st u rb ed b y h is t or ic al ag ri c ul tu ra l p ra c ti ce st ho ug h t he y a re c la s si fi e d as Ca te go r y II we tl an d s. Th e se a r ea s ha v e hi g h po te n ti al fo r imp ro ve men tv ia r eh a bi li t at io n. The pr op os e d co mpe ns at o ry mi ti ga ti o n wi l l si gn i fi ca n tl y imp ro ve ov er al l wet l an df un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce o n s it e a nd c o nv er t l ow q u al it y Cat eg o ry I I wet la n ds i nt o a h i gh q ua l it yCat eg or y I I wet la nd s wit h in 2 5 y ea rs . Th e c ompl e te d we t la nd ra ti ng s d at a f or ms fo r t he CMAs u nd e rc on di ti o ns p r ed ic te d f or 25 y ea r s fo l lo wi ng in it i al mit i ga ti o n ac ti v it y a re p re s en te d i n Ap p en di x C.

• URS h as th e e xt en si v e ex p er ie nc e a nd te ch ni c al k n owle dg e o f t he BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op e rt y ne c es sa r yt o ac hi e ve s u cc es sf u l we t la nd e n ha nc e me nt a s p ro p os ed b y t hi s p la n. URS de si gn e d an d i s cu r re nt l ymon it or i ng e n ha nc eme nt o f a 4 .5 8 -a cr e wet la n d ar e a on t h e BP Ch er ry Po in t p ro pe r ty t h at was in it i at ed i n fa ll 20 00 . Th is ar ea wa s ab a nd on e d ag ri c ul tu r al l an d s tr o ng ly d o mi na t ed b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s. Byr ed uc in g r ee d c an ar y gr as s c ov er , c re a ti ng a sh al l ow, se a so na l ly i nu n da te d a re a, an d e st ab li s hi ng na ti ve p la nt c o mmun i ti es , t he g o al o f i mp ro v in g ec o lo gi c al i nt e gr it y a nd o v er al l f un ct i on al pe rf or man ce is wel l on th e way t o b ei ng ac co mp l is he d . Thi s p ro j ec t is co ns i de re d a s a p il ot p r oj ec t f or t h e pr o po se dc ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n. A c op y o f t he Yea r 2 Mon it o ri ng Re po rt fo r We t la nd Co mp en s at or y Mit ig at i on , 4 .5 8 ac r es BP Che rr y Poi n t Re fi n er y ( URS 20 0 2) i s i n Ap p en di x D. An a dd e nd umd is pl ay i ng t h e ad di t io na l p ho to g ra ph s d ep ic t in g s it e pr o gr es s h as b e en a d de d to th e mon it or i ng r e po rt .

As re co mme nd e d by t h e Fe d er al Co mmit t ee o n Cha ra c te ri za t io n o f We tl a nd s f or wet l an d e nh an ce men t a nd r es to ra t io n p ro je ct s , th e p ro po s ed e n ha nc eme nt a n d re st o ra ti o n wi ll impr o ve wet l an d f un ct io n al p er fo rma nc e a nd b en e fi t t he f un c ti on a l pe rf o rman c e of t h e su r ro un di n g la n ds ca pe (Lewi s, J r. et a l . 19 95 ) .Non -n at i ve , i nv as iv e p la n ts ( re e d ca n ar yg ra s s, Hi ma la ya n b la c kb er ry , a nd ev er gr e en b l ac kb er r y) wi ll b er emov ed as mu ch a s p os si b le . St or mwa te r ru n of f f ro m th e c og e ne ra ti o n fa c il it y’ s d et e nt io n p on d wil l be d ir ec te d t o a p or ti o n of on e of th e CMAs to impr o ve wat e r qu a li ty a n d re s to re h i st or i c dr ai n ag e p at te rn s .Sto rmwa t er f r om t he de te n ti on p o nd t o s er ve La y- Down Ar e as 1 , 2 , an d 3 wi ll b e d ir ec t ed t o e xi st i ng p on d sa nd wet l an ds lo ca te d wes t o f th e CMAs , al so co nt r ib ut in g t o t he r es t or at i on o f h is to r ic d ra i na ge pa tt er n s. A

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mos ai c o f we t la nd h a bi ta t s wi th di ve r se s pe c ie s c ompo si t io n a nd s tr u ct ur e wil l b e es t ab li sh e d in th e CMAs.Hab it at fe at u re s su c h as do wn ed lo gs an d wi l dl if e b ru sh sh el t er s wi l l be pl ac ed in v a ri ou s l oc at i on s to p ro vi de ad di t io na l c ov er an d fo r ag e f or wil d li fe .

5.3.2 Site Selection

Off -Sit e Are a s

A s ur ve y o f t he Ter r el l Cre ek b a si n was c on d uc te d t o se a rc h f or o ff - si te pr op er t ie s t ha t ma y b e s ui ta bl e f or u se i n c ompe n sa to ry mi ti g at io n. Fiv e v ac an t l an d p ro pe r ti es eq ua l t o or gr ea te r t ha n 2 0 ac r es i n s iz e a nd s it ua te d wit h in t he Te rr e ll Cre e k wa t er sh ed we re fo r sa l e in 20 02 ( Fig ur e 4 ). Non e o f th es e p ro p er ti es we re d ee me d t o ha v e hi gh po te n ti al t o c omp en sa te fo r t he p ro p os ed we tl an d i mp a ct s. A c omb in at io n o f t wo o rmor e of th es e p ro pe r ti es us ed f o r co mpe ns at o ry mi ti ga ti o n wo u ld n ot sa ti s fa ct or i ly c o mp en sa t e th e p ro po se d i mp a ct s ei t he r. Eve n i n co mbi na ti o n, t h e to ta l a re a i n th e se o f f- si te pa rc e ls t ha t c ou l d be u s ed f o rc ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n i s mu ch lo we r t ha n t he t o ta l ar e a to be u se d i n t he CMAs . Mo re ov er , t he lo gi st i cs r eq ui re d f or re ha bi l it at i ng a nd ma in t ai ni ng on e o r mo re of f- s it e mi t ig at i on a re a s wo u ld b e p ro bl e ma ti c. Ab ri ef d e sc ri p ti on o f t he s e fi ve pr op e rt ie s a nd t h ei r po t en ti a l to p r ov id e a re a f or c o mp en sa t or y mit ig at i on i s p ro vi de d b el o w:

1. The p ro p er ty cl os es t t o t he p ro j ec t s it e is lo ca t ed o n Bro wn Ro ad , l es s t ha n 0.5 mil e e as t o f th e r ef in er y . Th is p ar c el i s 3 9.1 a cr es in s iz e a nd is b ei n g so l d by Re /Max In c., Wha tc o m Co un t y. Thi sp ro pe rt y s up p or ts ma tu re , s ec on d -g ro wth f or e st o v er t he we st e rn h al f a nd re gu la r ly ma in ta in e dmea do w ( ab an d on ed p a st ur e ) ov er th e e as te rn ha lf . Th e Nat io n al Wet l an d I nv en to r y (NWI) s ho wswet la nd s e xt e nd in g a cr os s t he e n ti re pr op er t y. App ro xi mat el y o ne -h a lf t h e pr op e rt y c on ta in s a PFOA we t la nd co mmun i ty a n d th e r emai n in g ha l f co n ta in s PEMA a nd PEMC wet l an dc ommu ni t ie s. A wet l an d d el in ea t io n c on du ct e d in 19 92 ( Peg as u s Ea rt h Sen s in g Co r po ra t io n 19 9 2) f ou nd t h at mo st o f t he s i te c on s is ts of u pl a nd . Ho we ve r , th e s tu dy fo un d 1 1 we t la nd s t ot al i ng 9 .3a cr es i n c umu la ti ve si ze . We tl a nd s wer e fo u nd i n b ot h t he f o re st a n d th e mea do w. Si nc e th e p ro pe rt y i s f ar f ro m a r e li ab le so ur c e of wa te r, cr ea ti n g we t la nd s o n si t e wo ul d l ik e ly b e d if fi c ul twit ho ut a la r ge a mo u nt o f g ra di n g. The p ro p er ty is r ep o rt ed l y si tu a te d o n a dr a in ag e d iv id e a nd so o nl y pa r t of th e pr o pe rt y l ie s wit hi n t he Te rr el l Cre ek ba si n . Thu s , th e p ot en t ia l f or t hi s p ro p er ty t o b e us ed as c o mp en sa t or y mit ig at i on i s l ow t o mod e ra te .

2. Ano th er va ca n t- la nd pr op e rt y lo c at ed wi th in th e Ter re ll Cr ee k b as in is l o ca te d j us t s ou th o f Ald er gr o ve Ro ad , a f ew h u nd re d f ee t wes t of No rt h Sta r Roa d. Thi s p ar ce l i s 21 .5 ac r es i n s iz e a nd i s cu rr e nt ly fo r sa l e. Wet la nd s a pp e ar t o b e pr e se nt o n s it e . The NWI map s ho ws th i s pr op e rt y t oc on ta in ap pr o xi ma te l y 7.5 a cr es of PEMA wet l an ds . Re vi e w of ae ri al ph ot o gr ap hs an d r oa ds id e o bs er va t io ns in di ca t ed t h at a l a rg e p or ti on of t h e si te is me ad ow t h at i s l ik el y mowe d fo r h ay . Th emai nt ai n ed me ad ow i s o ve r 1 5 ac r es i n s iz e a nd ma y ex te n d ac r os s mu c h of th e PEMA we t la nd a s i nd ic at e d by th e NWI map . Ma tu r e de c id uo us , b ro a d- le av e d fo r es t ex t en ds ea st f r om t h e so ur c e of Ter re ll Cr ee k a cr os s muc h o f th e p ro p er ty . A su b st an ti a l po r ti on o f t he on -s it e f or e st a pp e ar s t o be wet la nd . Th i s po rt i on o f wet la n d is li ke ly pe rf o rmin g wet la n d fu nc t io ns at a r e la ti v el y hi g h le v el a nd c ou l d no t b e gr e at ly impr ov e d. The p ro p er ty ap pe ar s t o h av e mo d er at e p ot en t ia l f or wet l an de nh an ce men t a nd /o r c re at i on i n t he me ad ow a r ea s.

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3. Thi s va c an t- l an d pr o pe rt y i s lo c at ed no rt h o f Gr a nd vi ew Ro ad an d ea s t of Ki ck er v il le Ro ad . Th ep ro pe rt y i s 2 0 ac re s i n s iz e an d l ie s j us t n or th of Ter r el l Cre ek . Th e p ro pe rt y i s s it ua te d a t t he e nd o f a gr a ve l r oa d an d i s r el at iv e ly s e cl ud ed . Ac c or di ng to t h e NWI map , n o we tl a nd s o cc ur i n o rn ea r th i s pr o pe rt y. Dec i du ou s, br oa d -l ea ve d f or e st c ov e rs mu ch o f t he s i te . A ut il i ty c or r id or th at i s ov er 10 0 f ee t wi d e ru n s ac ro s s th e mid dl e o f t he p ro p er ty . Tr ee s a nd sh ru bs wi th i n th e c or ri d or a pp ea r t o ha v e be en cl ea r ed a nd me ad o w ve ge t at io n t ha t r ep la c ed t he tr ee s a nd s h ru bs ap pe ar to b e wel l ma i nt ai n ed . Th e no r th er n p or ti o n of t h e si t e ap pe a rs t o b e op e n fo r es t wi t h ab u nd an t b ru sh an ds ome gr a ve l r oa ds . A tr i bu ta ry of Te rr el l Cre ek ru ns t h ro ug h mat ur e f or e st l oc a te d a lo ng t h es ou th er n e dg e o f th e p ro p er ty . Th e t ri bu ta r y jo i ns Ter r el l Cre ek a p pr ox i ma te ly 20 0 f ee t we s t of th ep ro pe rt y b ou n da ry . Th is pa rc el is a l mo st e n ti re l y su rr o un de d b y fo r es t a nd mai n ta in e d me ad o ws .The p ot e nt ia l t o en h an ce or c re a te we tl an ds in t h is p ro p er ty ap pe ar s l ow.

4. The f ou r th v a ca nt -l a nd p r op er ty fo r s al e th a t is lo ca te d wit h in t he Te rr e ll Cre e k ba s in i s l oc at e d on t he c or n er o f Bla in e Roa d a nd Ar ni e Roa d. The NWI ma p s ho ws th at we tl an d s co ve r wel l o ve ro ne -h al f t he pr op er t y. PEMA/ PSSA we t la nd c o mmun i ti es a r e sh o wn t o b e lo c at ed i n t he no rt he r na nd s ou t he as t er n po r ti on s o f th e s it e . A PFOA c o mmun it y i s s it ua te d i n t he n or t he as t er n pa r t of th ep ar ce l. Thi s p ro pe r ty i s p ar ti a ll y c le ar ed , b ut co nt ai n s ma t ur e de c id uo u s, b ro a d- le a ve d fo r es t a cr os smuc h of th e s ou th er n p or t io n of th e s it e an d i n t he PFOA wet l an d co mmu ni t y in t h e no r th ea st e rn p or ti on of t h e si te . Ov e rg ro wn me ad o w ex is t s in th e no r th we s te rn a n d ce n tr al p o rt io n s of t h e si t e.A f ew t r ee s a nd s hr u bs a r e sc at t er ed ac ro ss th e mea do w a re as . Th e s it e h as f ai r ly l e ve l to p og ra p hy wit h no wa te r f ea tu r es . Th is 4 0 -a cr e p ro pe r ty l i es j us t e as t o f a r es id e nt ia l d ev el o pmen t. Pro p er ti es t o th e n or th ea st , a nd s o ut h re mai n u nd ev el o pe d o r ar e u nd er ag ri cu l tu ra l p ro du c ti on . Th e p ot en t ia lt o en ha n ce o r c re at e wet l an ds i n t hi s p ro pe r ty a p pe ar s mod er a te .

5. Thi s 21 - ac re pr op er t y is lo ca te d o ff of Hol i da y Roa d, j u st s o ut h of Bi rc h Bay – Ly nd e n Ro ad . Th e NWI map sh ows t ha t a PEMC wet la n d co mmu ni ty co ve r s ap pr o xi ma t el y on e h al f t he p r op er t y.Thi s we t la nd ar ea e x te nd s a cr os s muc h o f th e n or t he rn a n d ea s te rn p o rt io n s of t h e pa r ce l wh e re v er y fe w t re e s an d s hr ub s a re p r es en t . Lar g e ar e as i n t he we st er n a nd s o ut he rn pa rt s o f th e p ro p er ty s up po rt sh ru b -d omin a te d h ab it at s a nd se mi -ma tu re to mat u re d e ci du ou s , br o ad -l ea v ed f o re st . Th es it e ha s f ai r ly l ev e l to p og ra ph y wit h n o wa t er f e at ur es . Th e p ar ce l i s s it ua te d v er y j us t e as t a nd s ou th o f mod e ra te d e ns it y c omme r ci al an d re s id en t ia l de v el op men t. Pr op er t ie s to th e s ou th a n d ea s tr emai n u nd ev e lo pe d o r ar e u nd er ag ri c ul tu ra l p ro d uc ti on . Th e p ot en t ia l t o en ha n ce o r c re at e wet la nd s i n t hi s pr o pe rt y a pp ea r s mo d er at e.

On- Si te Ar ea s

I n 20 01 , URS as se ss e d ov e r 1,00 0 a cr e s (>40 0 h ec t ar es ) o f mo s tl y ag r ic ul t ur al l a nd n o rt h of Gr an d vi ewRoa d on th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt p ro p er ty fo r it s p ot e nt ia l t o be us ed a s c omp en sa to r y mi t ig at io n ( URS 2 00 1; s ee App e nd ix E) . An o n- s it e in v es ti g at io n a nd r e mo te r e so ur c e in fo r ma ti o n an al y si s wer e co n du ct e d to d et er mi n e th e p re se n ce , e xt en t, an d c ha ra ct e r of we tl an d s an d u pl an d s in th e su r ve y a re a. Veg et a ti on c ommu ni t ie s wer e ma p pe d a nd c ha r ac te r iz ed a c co rd i ng t o d omin a nt a nd su bd o mi na nt pl an t s pe ci e s.Wet la nd pl an t c ommu n it ie s wer e c la ss i fi ed a c co rd i ng t o t he Cla ss if i ca ti o n of We tl an d s an d Dee pwa te rHab it at s o f t he Uni t ed S t at es (Cowar d in e t a l. 1 9 79 ). Sur fa c e so i l la ye r s an d h yd ro l og ic re gi me s o f e ac hc ommu ni t y ty p e we re de sc r ib ed . Pe rf o rman ce of we tl an d f un ct i on s wa s a ss e ss ed u s in g t he Met ho d f or Ass es si n g We t la nd Fu nc ti o ns (Eco lo g y 19 9 9) a s a g ui d e.

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The t wo ma in fa ct or s a ss e ss ed t o e va l ua te mi ti ga t io n po t en ti a l we re en vi r on me nt a l co n di ti on s a nd we tl an d f un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce . Ot he r f ac to r s co ns i de re d i n as s es si n g mi ti g at io n p ot en t ia l i nc lu de si te ac ce ss an dp ot en ti a l fo r r e- es t ab li s hi ng e c ol og i ca l co n ne ct i vi ty .

Mos t po r ti on s o f th e mit i ga ti on po te n ti al s u rv ey ar ea we re c o ns id er e d to ha ve a t l ea s t mo de r at e mit ig at i on p ot en ti a l. The p ot e nt ia l f or r e st or i ng wet l an ds ap pe ar e d lo w s in ce vi rt u al ly n o a re a s th at we re hi st or i ca ll y d ra in ed fo r a gr ic ul t ur e c ur re nt l y la c k we tl a nd h y dr ol og i c re g ime. The p o te nt ia l f or cr ea ti n g we t la nd s a ls oa pp ea re d l ow si nc e f ew u p la nd a r ea s t ha t la c k va l ua bl e h ab it a t su ch as ma tu re f o re st oc cu r o n si t e. In c on tr as t , th e p ot en t ia l f or e nh a nc in g wet la n ds o n s it e was c o ns id er e d fa i rl y hi g h si n ce d eg r ad ed we tl an d swit h mo d er at e ly g oo d c on d it io ns fo r g ro wi ng na ti v e pl an t s ar e wid es p re ad . A fe w s it e s co ns i de re d t o ha v ee sp ec ia l ly h i gh p ot e nt ia l f or e n ha nc e me nt we re i d en ti fi e d.

The CMAs wer e a mo ng th e s it es c o ns id e re d to ha ve ve ry h i gh p o te nt ia l f or en ha nc e me nt fo r a n umbe r o fr ea so ns . In br ie f t he se re as on s i nc l ud e go o d gr o wi ng c o nd it i on s, h i gh p o te nt ia l t o e nh an ce ec ol o gi ca lc on ne ct i vi ty to i nt a ct n a tu ra l c ommu n it ie s l oc at e d ne ar b y, g o od a cc e ss ib i li ty , a nd h i gh l ik e li ho o d th at e nv ir on men ta l q ua li t y in th e ar e a wi l l no t d eg ra d e su bs t an ti a ll y ov e r ti me. Th e se r e as on s a re d i sc us se d i nmor e de t ai l i n th e n ex t s ec ti on .

5.3.3 Compensatory Mitigation Potential of the CMAs

The l ar g e me a do w ar e as e n co mp as s in g t he CMAs a re re ad il y a cc e ss ib le to l a bo re rs an d h ea vy ma ch in e ry f ro m ad j ac en t r oa ds . La b or er s a nd h e av y ma c hi ne r y wi ll ne ed to a cc e ss t h e si te du ri n g si te pr ep a ra ti on ,p la nt in g , an d mai nt e na nc e o pe ra t io ns . Th e d it ch e s se pa r at in g t he r o ad s f ro m th e s it e s ca n b e te mpo ra ri l yb ri dg ed to p e rmit a l l- te r ra in v e hi cl e s (ATVs ) ca r ry in g mul ch an d pl a nt s t o cr os s t he m.

The o pe n mea d ows wi t hi n CMA2 wi l l fa c il it at e c on s tr uc ti o n of a cu lv e rt a n d in le t c ha n ne l ne c es sa r y to d ir ec t s to rmwat er r u no ff to t hi s a re a f ro m t he d e te nt io n p on d p ro po s ed f o r th e p la nt si te . Di re c ti ng s to rmwa t er r u no ff t o t hi s a re a wil l r es to re hi st o ri c dr a in ag e p at te r ns a n d pr ov i de a d di ti on a l hy d ro lo gi c s to ra ge an d wat er q u al it y t re at men t. The b r oa d s lo pe wi th in th e si t e wi l l al lo w f lo w t o be di sp e rs ed a c ro ss awid e ar e a, i mpr ov in g h yd r ol og ic st or a ge a nd pe rf o rman ce of h y dr ol og i c fu n ct io ns . Mo s t po rt i on s o f th ed it ch es wi th i n th e CMAs c ou ld b e f il l ed t o r ed uc e t he s i te s’ ov er al l d ra i na ge r a te s, th er eb y i nc r ea si ng h yd ro lo g ic s t or ag e. The fo re st an d s hr ub h a bi ta t s th at wi ll de ve lo p i n t he CMAs wil l f ur th e r imp ro ve h yd ro lo g ic s t or ag e t hr ou g h in cr e as ed ev ap ot r an sp i ra ti on an d i nt er ce p ti on of p re c ip it a ti on .

Bot h CMAs an d t he me ad ow ar ea s a dj ac e nt a re co ns i de re d t o ha v e hi gh po te n ti al f o r es t ab li sh i ng a we tl an d c ompl ex in cl u di ng f o re st an d sh r ub -d o mi na te d h ab i ta ts ( URS 2 0 00 a) . So il s a nd h y dr ol o gi c co n di ti o ns p re se nt on s i te a pp e ar c a pa bl e o f su p po rt in g mod e ra te t o r ap i d gr owt h of tr ee s a nd s h ru bs , t hu s f ac il it a ti ng t he r e- e st ab l is hmen t o f f or es t a nd s c ru b- sh r ub h a bi ta t. Add i ti on al l y, e s ta bl is h in g f or es te d a nd sc ru b- s hr ub h ab it at ma y e nc ou ra g e na t ur al c o lo ni z at io n b y na t iv e tr e es a n d sh ru b s in me ad ow ar ea s a dj ac e nt t o t he CMAs.

Gro wi ng co nd i ti on s a t th e CMAs a re a d eq ua te fo r e st ab li s hi ng a va ri e ty o f n at iv e p la n t co mmu ni ti e s de sp i te s ome in h er en t p ro bl e ms . Al th ou g h mo s t of t h e so i ls a re sa tu r at ed o r i nu n da te d l on g e no ug h t o be c omed eo xy ge n at ed in t he up pe r s oi l h or iz o n du ri n g th e e ar ly pa rt of t he gr owi ng s ea s on , v ir tu al l y al l a re as b ec ome f ai rl y d ry a n d th e s oi ls we ll ox yg en a te d a s th e s ea so n p ro gr e ss es . Th e r un of f i nt ro d uc ed to CMA2

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wil l co n si de r ab ly i n cr ea s e in un d at io n d ur at i on , b ut e ve n t he we tt es t a re a s he re wi ll co nt in u e to be co me f ai rl y d ry d u ri ng t h e la t te r pa r t of th e gr o wi ng se as on .

Alt ho ug h t he s e ar ea s h av e b ee n d eg ra d ed b y p as t a gr ic ul t ur al pr ac ti c es , t he CMAs h av e n ot b e en c u lt iv at e da nd t he di tc h es o n s it e h av e no t b ee n mai nt a in ed fo r at le as t 1 0 ye a rs . So il s t ru ct u re , th e a rr a ng emen t o f s oi lp ar ti cl e s, h a s li ke l y re d ev el op e d to so me d e gr ee ov er t h es e p as t fe w y ea r s, i mp r ov in g s oi l d ra in a ge a nd a er at io n . Al th ou gh mo st of t he ar ea s i n th e CMAs a re c o ve re d wit h n on -n a ti ve g r as se s , na ti v e pl a nt s ca n b er ea di ly es ta b li sh ed us in g a pp ro p ri at e t ec hn i qu es .

Res to ri n g or en ha nc i ng h a bi ta t t yp es th at h a ve b e en e li min at e d or d e gr ad e d by p a st a g ri cu lt u ra l p ra ct ic e smay g re a tl y b ol st er lo ca l e co lo g ic al vi go r. Re- e st ab li s hi ng we tl an d h ab i ta ts wi th ma tu re , n at iv e v eg et a ti on wil l co n tr ib u te t o t he r e -e st ab l is hme nt o f a k ey co mp on e nt o f t he l a nd sc a pe ’s e c ol og i ca l in t eg ri t y.

The re i s h ig h p ot en t ia l f or i nc r ea si n g co nn e ct iv i ty b et wee n t he CMAs a nd ec ol og i ca ll y i mp or t an t a re as l oc at ed ne ar b y. En h an ce men t of CMA1 wi ll c r ea te a fo re s te d c or ri do r b et wee n th e Ter r el l Cr e ek r i pa ri an f or es t a nd t h e ma tu r e up l an d fo r es t l oc at ed at op th e hi l l ju s t no rt h o f Gra nd vi e w Ro a d. Su c h a c on ne ct i on wil l imp ro ve ec ol og i ca l c on ne ct i vi ty be twee n t he Te rr el l Cre e k ri pa r ia n f or es t a nd t h e la rg e f or e st ed a r ea ss ou th o f Gra n dv ie w Roa d. The se fo re s te d ar e as s o ut h of Gr an d vi ew Ro ad e x te nd s o ut h t o th e Lak e Ter re ll Wil dl if e Are a , a 1,5 00 -a c re r es e rv e man ag ed by t h e Wa sh i ng to n Dep ar t me nt of Fis h a nd Wi ld li f e( WDFW). The s e in ta c t fo r es ts c u rr en t ly s up p or t man y na t iv e p la nt s p ec ie s a nd p r ov id e h ab it a t fo r a v ar i et yo f wi ld l if e i nc lu di n g la r ge mammal s s uc h as bl ac k ta il d e er a n d co yo t es . Co nn ec t in g t he se f o re st e d ar ea s i sa ls o co n si de r ed de s ir ab l e fo r h er on , whi ch ha ve be en o b se rv e d pr ef e re nt i al ly f l yi ng al on g t re e l in es t o r ea c hf or ag in g a re a s.

Enh an ce men t o f CMA2 wi ll br oa de n t he co nn ec t io n e st ab li s he d b y en ha n ce me n t of CMA1 t o i nc lu d e th e a re a so u th o f Ter re l l Cr e ek a nd we st of Bla i ne Ro ad . CMA2 wi ll e xt e nd we st t o t he e a st e dg e o f t he e xi st in g mit i ga ti on si te in it ia t ed i n 2 00 0, co nn e ct in g t hi s a re a wi t h th e h ab it a t ne t wo rk t o b e e nh an ce d b yt he p ro p os ed co mp en s at or y mit ig a ti on . En ha n ce me n t of b o th CMA1 a nd CMA2 wi ll f a ci li t at e wi l dl if e mig ra ti o n an d d is pe r sa l i n th e Ter re l l Cr ee k wat e rs he d. Mig r at io n a nd d i sp er sa l h ab i ta t is es pe c ia ll yi mp or ta n t to ar ea s l ik e t hi s po r ti on of Wha t co m Cou nt y t ha t r et ai n f or es t ed a re a s he a vi ly f r ag me n te d by d ev el op men t. Cre at i on o f t hi s c or ri d or wil l a ls o p ro vi d e gr e at er o p po rt u ni ti es fo r n at iv e p la nt s t o ex c ha ng e p ol le n a nd s p re ad s e ed t o a nd f r om i n ta ct f o re st an d we t la nd ha bi ta t s.

I f no e n ha nc e me nt o c cu rs in t he CMAs , p io ne e ri ng sp ec ie s s uc h a s re d a ld e r, h ar d ha ck (S pi ra ea do ug l as ii ) ,Himal ay a n bl a ck be rr y , an d e ve rg r ee n b la ck be r ry wi ll e ve n tu al l y co lo n iz e l ar ge p o rt io n s of t h e se a so na ll y s at ur at e d we t la nd s a nd u p la nd me ad ows . The se as o na ll y i nu nd a te d po r ti on s o f th e wet l an ds ma y co n ti nu et o be d o mi na t ed b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s a nd t he fe w o th er h e rb ac e ou s sp e ci es pr es en t f or a lo ng ti me . Na ti v ef or es t a nd s h ru b- la n d co mmu ni ti e s ma y e ve nt u al ly do mi na t e th e se a re a s, b u t no t u nt il ma ny d e ca de s p er ha ps ce nt u ri es h a ve p a ss ed . In st e ad , su c ce ss i on al p r oc es s es c an be a r ti fi ci a ll y a cc el er a te d t o pr od u ce f or es ts an d s hr ub -l a nd s wit h a v ar ie t y of n a ti ve ve ge ta t io n i n mu ch le ss ti me i f a pp r op ri at e t ec h ni qu es ar ea pp li ed .

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5.4 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MITIGATION SITE

The Rev is ed Co ge n er at io n Pro j ec t Co mpe ns a to ry Mi ti ga t io n Ar e as We tl an d Del in e at io n Rep or t (URS2 00 3a ) d et ai l s ex is t in g c on di ti o ns wi th in t h e CMAs in cl u di ng pl an t c ommu n it ie s, so il s , hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime ,wet la nd fu nc t io ns , b uf fe r s, a nd la nd us e. Muc h o f th e i nf or mat io n f ro m t hi s re p or t i s su mma ri ze d i n th i ss ec ti on .

5.4.1 Plant Communities

The CMAs a nd su rr ou n di ng la nd s a re p r ed omin a nt ly co mp os e d of gr as sy ar ea s t ha t wer e o nc e cu l ti va t ed f or h ay . Th es e a re as h a ve a l l be en de gr a de d by hi st o ri c ag r ic ul t ur al p r ac ti c es i nc l ud in g p lo wi n g, p l an ti ng wi th n on -n at i ve g r as se s, an d d it ch in g . Ho we ve r, we tl a nd c on d it io n s pe rs i st a c ro ss mo st o f t he a r ea . Of t he 50 .3 a cr es c o mp ri s ed b y CMA1, 38 .4 a c re s ( 76 .2 %) we re de te rmi ne d t o be j u ri sd i ct io na l wet l an d (s e e Fi g ur e5 A) . Of t he 59 .8 a c re s c ompr is e d by CMA2 , 4 1.3 a cr es ( 6 9.2%) wer e d et er min ed t o b e j ur is di c ti on a lwet la nd (s ee Fi gu re 5B).

Mos t of th e l an ds wi th in th e CMAs ar e PEM we tl an d s do mi n at ed by n on - na ti v e pa st u re g r as se s.App ro xi mat el y 6 9.8% of t h e we tl a nd s f ou nd i n t he CMAs a r e PEM c ommu n it ie s t ha t a re s e as on al l ys at ur at e d, b u t no t i nu nd a te d (PEMA). Mos t PEMA wet la nd ar ea s a re d o mi na t ed b y c ol on i al b en t gr as s , bu tc on ta in so me ar ea s wit h d omin an t a mo u nt s of so ft ru sh a n d/ or re ed c a na ry g ra ss . Th e d is tr ib u ti on of e ac h s pe ci es is v e ry p at c hy , a nd s ome p at c he s in mo st ar ea s a re f a ir ly s mal l ( 10 0 to 1,00 0 f t2 ) . PEMAc ommu ni t ie s c on ta in a fe w s ub do min an t s pe ci e s in c lu di ng fi el d h or se t ai l, sl ou gh se dg e ( Car ex o b nu pt a ) ,t al l fe s cu e ( Fes tu ca ar un d in ac ea ) , an d o th er he rb ac e ou s s pe ci es we ll ad ap te d t o moi st , o pe n c on di ti o ns .

Nea rl y a ll o f t he r e ma in i ng 3 0.2 % of on -s it e wet l an ds a r e co mpr is ed by PEM co mmu ni ti e s th at ar es ea so na l ly f l oo de d ( PEMC) . Mos t PEMC wet la n ds a r e do mi n at ed by r ee d c an a ry gr as s , so f t ru sh , a nd / or c re ep in g b en t gr as s. Spe c ie s di s tr ib u ti on i n t he s e co mmu ni ti e s is a l so p a tc hy . PEMC co mmun i ti es al so c on ta in cr ee p in g bu t te rc u p (Ran un cu l us r e pe ns ) , fi el d h or s et ai l, me ad o w fo xt a il , a nd s lo u gh s e dg e.

A p at ch y mix of i mma tu re tr ee s, sh ru b s, a nd he rb a ce ou s s pe ci e s ar e f ou nd li ni ng th e s ev er al di tc h es t ha t t ra ve rs e t he CMAs . Th e v as t ma j or it y o f di t ch es we re e x ca va t ed i n wet la n d ar ea s a nd th us a r e co n si de re d p or ti on s o f t ho se we tl an d s. Pla n t sp e ci es mo st c o mmon ly fo un d a lo ng th es e d it ch e s in c lu de b l ac kc ot to nwo od , h ar dh ac k , Hi mal ay an bl ac k be rr y, ev er g re en b l ac kb e rr y, c l us te r ed wil d r os e ( Ros a pi s oc ar p a) ,a nd r ed al de r . Typ i ca ll y , th es e t re e s an d s hr ub s a re r o ot ed ad ja ce n t to th e di t ch wh er ea s r ee d c an ar yg r as sa nd /o r a f ew ot he r h yd ro p hy ti c h er ba c eo us s p ec ie s a re r o ot ed wi th in th e d it ch . Al th o ug h th e se d i tc he s a re n ot mai n ta in e d an d a re o v er gr own wit h v eg et a ti on , mos t d it ch e s co nt i nu e t o fa ci l it at e d ra in a ge f r om t he CMAs.

Upl an d a re as ar e in t er sp e rs ed wi th in th e we t la nd s p re se n t on si te . Up la n d ar ea s c omp ri se 1 2 .0 a c re s( 23 .8 %) of CMA1 a nd 18 .4 ac re s ( 30 .8 %) of CMA2 . Mo st o f t hi s u pl an d a re a i s me a do w t ha t is di ff i cu lt t o d is ti ng u is h f ro m ad j ac en t wet la n d me a do w ar e as . Vi rt ua l ly a l l up la n ds p r es en t i n th e CMAs a re s l ig ht ly e le va te d a bo v e th e wet la n ds t ha t s ur r ou nd t h em o r a re s i tu at e d on we ll -d r ai ne d s lo pe s . Howe ve r, mo st u pl an ds in t h e CMAs ty pi c al ly r e ta in sa tu ra t io n n ea r th e s oi l s ur fa c e fo r l on g p er io d s du ri n g th e wet s e as on .Upl an d mea do w a re as ar e d omin at e d by no n- na t iv e p as tu re gr as s es , ty p ic al l y co lo n ia l b en tg ra s s an d c ommo n v el ve t gr as s. Some u pl an d mea d ow a re a s ha v e su bs t an ti a l amou n ts o f o th er pa st u re g ra s se si nc lu di n g qu a ck gr as s ( Ely tr ig i a re p en s) , ta ll fe sc u e, r ee d c an a ry gr as s , an d s we et ve rn a l gr as s . In a dd it i on ,

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s ma ll p a tc he s o f Hi mal ay a n bl ac k be rr y a nd e v er gr e en b la c kb er r y, t wo no n- n at iv e, in va s iv e sh r ub s, ar ef ou nd i n b ot h mea do w a nd fo re st e d po r ti on s o f th e u pl an d a re a s.

5.4.2 Soils

Two o f t he t h re e so i l se r ie s th a t pr e do mi na t e in th e CMAs ar e c on si d er ed hy dr ic si nc e t he y t yp ic a ll y su s ta in s at ur at i on a t o r ne a r th e s oi l s ur fa c e th ro u gh ou t e xt en d ed p e ri od s o f th e g ro wi n g se a so n. All t h re e so i l ty p es a re mod e ra te l y fe rt i le a n d sl ig h tl y a ci di c i n th e s ur fa c e la y er ( Go l di n 1 99 2) . A mo r e de ta i le d d es cr ip t io n o ft he s oi l t yp e s is i n t he we tl an d d el i ne at io n r ep o rt f or th e CMAs (URS 20 0 3a ).

As me nt i on ed in Sec t io n 2 .3 , mo s t of th e so i l in th is p o rt io n o f Wh a tc om Co un ty wa s f or me d i n Be l li ng ha mDri ft a n d is un de rl a in b y c la y t il l ( Go ld in 19 92 ) . Bel l in gh a m Dr if t i s t he s ur f ac e s tr at ig r ap hi c l ay er u nd er ly i ng a la rg e a re a e nc ompa s si ng th e pr o po se d c on st r uc ti o n si te an d CMAs. Thi s l ay er i s 7 0 t o 80 f e et t hi ck a n d is co ns id e re d t o be a n a qu i ta rd , a ll owi ng r el a ti ve l y li tt l e wa t er t o p er co l at e to Te rr e ll Cre e k or to t he a qu i fe r l oc at ed be lo w t he Be ll in g ha m Dr i ft . A pr of i le d r awin g s ho wi n g th e s tr at i gr ap hi c l ay e rs i n t he a re a is in Fi gu re 3 .3- 5 o f BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct – Ap pl i ca ti o n fo r S it e Cer ti fi c at io n (Gol de r Ass oc ia t es 2 0 03 d) . Th is dr awin g i s p re se nt e d in Ap pe nd i x A.

5.4.3 Hydrology

A v er y h ig h p ro po rt i on o f p re ci p it at i on f al l in g a cr os s t hi s a re a is st or e d in t h e so i l an d s ur fa c e de pr e ss io n so r be co mes r u no ff t h at e n te rs Te rr el l Cre ek as s u rf ac e wat er du ri ng th e wet s ea s on a n d th e e ar ly pa rt o f t he d ry s ea s on . As a r e su lt , t he ma in s o ur ce o f wat e r fo r Ter re l l Cr ee k i s s ur fa ce wa te r r un of f f ro m t he 2 0 .8 s qu ar e mil e d ra in ag e a re a , in cl u di ng ru no ff fr om La ke Te rr el l . Alt h ou gh me an a n nu al fl ow i n t he lo we rp or ti on of Te rr el l Cre ek (wes t o f th e J ac ks o n Ro a d cr os s in g) is e st i ma te d t o be 20 t o 3 0 cf s ( We n ge r pe r s.c omm. 2 0 02 ), th e cr e ek h a s be en kn own t o dr y u p c ompl et e ly mo st s ummer s ( St at e o f Wa s hi ng to n Dep ar tme nt o f Wat er Re so u rc es 1 9 60 ).

The c la y t il l a nd l o w re l ie f fo u nd t h ro ug ho u t th e a re a g re at l y de cr e as es ve rt ic a l an d l at er a l dr a in ag e,f os te ri n g wi d es pr ea d n ea r -s ur fa c e sa t ur at io n a nd / or s ha l lo w i nu nd at i on d u ri ng t h e we t s ea so n . Th e su rf a ce s oi l la y er s i n mo st ar ea s o n si t e ar e s at ur a te d a t or n e ar t h e su rf a ce d u ri ng mo st o f t he we t se a so n. As sh o wn i n Fi gu r es 5 A a nd 5 B, la r ge p or t io ns of t he CMAs su pp or t s ha l lo w (t y pi ca l ly 1 t o 3 i n ch es d e ep ) i nu nd at i on t ha t pe r si st s t hr ou g h mo s t of t h e we t s ea so n . Wa te r de p th s a nd s oi l moi s tu re i n t he CMAs s t ea di l y de cl i ne d ur in g t he l a tt er p a rt o f t he we t se a so n an d t he ea rl y p ar t o f th e d ry s e as on v i a ev a po ra ti o n, t r an sp ir a ti on ,a nd i nf i lt ra t io n. The v a st maj o ri ty of t he si te s r et ai n l ow to mod e ra te mo is tu r e le v el s by th e e nd o f t he g ro wi ng se as o n. No ar ea s wit hi n t he CMAs c o ns is t en tl y s up po r t su rf a ce wa te r th r ou gh o ut t he ye ar .

Fig ur es 6A a n d 6B s h ow e x is ti ng hy dr o lo gi c p at hwa ys a nd su rf a ce f lo w r at e s wi th i n an d d owng r ad ie n t of e ac h CMA. Th e su rf a ce wa te r pa t hway s wit hi n t he CMAs o c cu r i n di tc h es a n d na tu r al c h an ne ls as we ll a si n br oa d s wa l es whe r e su r fa ce wa te r may b e d is pe r se d ac r os s s wa le s a s se mi- co nc e nt ra t ed f lo w o r a cr os sv er y br o ad s wal es a s s he e t fl ow. Sub s ur fa ce pa th way s we r e es t imat ed as o c cu rr in g wit h in t he to ps o il n ea r t he s oi l s ur f ac e; t h is t y pe o f f lo w p at h is te rme d in te r fl ow. To d e te rmi ne l oc a ti on s o f hy d ro lo g ic p at h wa ys ,d it ch es an d s wa le s wer e wal ke d a nd wa te r wa s p ump ed i nt o o ne impo rt a nt d i tc h to ob se r ve i ts fl ow.Obs er va t io ns of t op o gr ap h y an d o bs er v at io ns of wa te r fl o w du r in g st o rm e v en ts c o nt ri b ut ed t o i de n ti fy in g h yd ro lo g ic p a th wa ys . Va r io us f l ow o b se rv at i on s wer e al s o co mpa re d t o ra i nf al l d at a c ol le ct e d by th e BPmet eo ro l og ic a l st at i on .

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Est imat e s of fl ow r a te s a t va ri o us l o ca ti on s wer e mad e d ur in g a 6 -mo nt h, 24 -h ou r s to r m ev en t t ha t o cc ur r ed Dec embe r 1 3, 20 01 . Th es e e st ima te s wer e co n fi rme d by c a lc ul a ti on s mad e u si ng t h e So i l Co ns e rv at i on Ser vi ce (SCS) met ho d t o p re di ct ru no f f th at wo ul d o cc ur on s i te d ur i ng t h e 6- mo n th , 2 4- ho ur st or m e ve nt .The SCS me th o d, o r t he SCS Cu rv e -Numb er Met h od , was c re a te d b y th e US So i l Co ns e rv at i on Ser v ic e a nd i s a co mmo nl y u se d a pp ro a ch f or pr ed i ct in g r un of f f ro m wat er s he ds ( SCS 1 9 73 ).

CMA1 dr a in s n or th wa r d to Te rr el l Cre e k (s ee Fi gu r e 6A). The hy dr ol o gi c i np ut f o r th e d it ch is p re ci pi t at io n t ha t f al ls on t he la nd imme di a te ly wi th in CMA1 an d th e wes t -f ac in g p or t io n of th e h il li mmed ia t el y e as t of CMA1 . Th e h il ls l op e in th e s ou th ea s te rn po rt io n o f t he s it e f ac e s no rt h we st at a pp ro xi mat el y 3 .5 % g ra de . Th e r es t o f th e s it e i s ne ar l y fl a t, b ut sl op e s ge nt l y (<1 % gr ad e ) to th e no r th . Ab ro ad , s ha ll o w di tc h c ar r ie s su r fa ce wa te r n or th ac ro ss th e s it e. The d i tc h is 5 to 20 f ee t wid e a nd 1 to 1 .5f ee t be l ow t h e el ev a ti on of l an d i mme di at el y s ur r ou nd in g i t.

The d it c h co n ta in s s lo wl y f lo wi n g wa t er d ur i ng t h e we t s ea so n a nd s h al lo w s ta nd i ng wa te r an d /o r n os ta nd in g wat e r fr om Ju ne th ro ug h Oct o be r. The d i tc h ra p id ly be co me s a we ll -d ef i ne d c ha nn el af te r i t ex i ts CMA1 to th e n or th . Th is ch an ne l l ea d s th ro u gh t h e st ee p ly s l op ed r i pa ri a n fo re s t to jo in Te rr el l Cre ek .

A s ma ll e r an d muc h s ha ll o we r di t ch i s a ls o p re se n t in CMA1 . Th is d i tc h e xt en ds fr om th e we s t ed g e of t h es it e to th e mai n di t ch i n t he n o rt hwe st er n p ar t o f th e s it e. Thi s d it ch is s it u at ed on a r e la ti v el y fl a t gr a de a nd d oe s no t a pp e ar t o s up po r t an y f lo wi n g wa te r e xc e pt p er h ap s d ur in g v er y l ar ge wi nt er st or m e ve nt s . The d it ch i s a pp r ox imat e ly 2 .5 fe et wi de an d 1 f ee t d ee p be l ow t h e el ev a ti on of t he la nd su rr ou n di ng it . Ap or ti on of t h is d it c h ap p ea rs t o h av e b ee n f il le d a nd i s n ow on ly a he dg e ro w.

CMA2 dr a in s wes twar d t o t he e xt e ns iv e wet la n d sy s te m of f -s it e , wh ic h d ra i ns t o Ter re l l Cr ee k n ea r t he c ro ss in g a t J ac ks on Ro ad (s ee Fi gu re 6B). The e a st er nmo st 3 5 0 fe et of CMA2 i s f ai rl y f la t, bu t t he r emai ni n g po r ti on s i nc lu d in g th e ‘ pa n ha nd le ’ s lo p e we st at a p pr ox ima te ly 2.25 % g ra de . Th e p an ha n dl e is t he u no f fi ci a l ti tl e f or th e no r th we s te rn p o rt io n o f CMA2 lo c at ed we st o f t he f i ng er of f or e st t h at e xt e nd sn or th f r om t h e la rg e f or e st s it u at ed al on g t he we st er n b ou nd a ry o f CMA2’ s mai n s ec ti o n. Th e p an h an dl eg en er al l y sl o pe s we s t at ap pr ox i ma te l y 2.5% gr ad e , bu t i t do e s co nt a in s o me a re a s as st ee p a s 6%. As wi th CMA1, h i st or i c cu lt i va ti o n ha s s ub st a nt ia ll y d is t ur be d t he s i te , in c lu di n g th e c re at i on o f d it ch e s th at c on ti nu e t o f ac il it a te s i te d ra i na ge . Mo st of t h e si te is s l op ed s o t ha t s ub su r fa ce mo is tu r e se e ps t owa rd t h ed it ch s y st em th at l e ad s wes t ac r os s t he s it e .

Two d it c he s o f mo de r at e d ep th c a rr y s ur fa ce wa te r n or th an d wes t ac r os s CMA2. The d i tc h le a di ng no rt ha lo ng t h e we s te rn b o un da r y of CMA2 i s 2 t o 3 f ee t wid e ( bo tt o m wi dt h ) an d 2 t o 4 f ee t b el ow th e e le va ti o no f la nd imme d ia te ly su rr o un di ng it . Th e no r th er n p or ti o n of th is d i tc h i s ju st wi th i n th e l ar ge up la nd fo re s tc ommu ni t y. The d it c h le a di ng we st a c ro ss t h e si t e is 2 to 3 fe et wi de ( b ot to m wid th ) a nd 1 to 2 fe et d e ep .Thi s di t ch c r os se s t he n o rt he rn po rt i on o f t he f o re st p a tc h l oc at ed ju st ou ts id e o f CMA2. The c o nf lu en c e of t he t wo di tc h es i s l oc at e d at t h e we s te rn e d ge o f t he f o re st , a t th e s ou t he as te r n co r ne r of th e p an ha nd l e.Bel ow t h e co n fl ue nc e , th e d it ch co nt i nu es we st a l on g th e s ou t he rn e d ge o f t he CMA2 p a nh an dl e a nd e xt en ds of f s it e.

Onc e of f s it e , th e d it ch ru ns t h ro ug h t he l a rg e f or es te d a re a wes t o f CMA2. Fr o m th i s po in t f lo ws sp li t s,wit h so me le a di ng n o rt h a s sh ee t f lo w t hr ou g h a l ar ge PEM we t la nd , t he n wes t to Te rr e ll Cre e k ju s t ea st of

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J ac ks on Ro ad an d th e r ema in in g f lo w f ol lo wi n g th e d it ch to t wo la rg e p on d s th at dr ai n t o Te r re ll Cr ee ku nd er J a ck so n Roa d.

I t sh ou l d be no te d t ha t a s ma ll , b ut su bs ta n ti al amou nt of wa te r fr o m th e wes t- f lo wi n g di tc h c ur r en tl y l ea ds n or th t o b ec o me d is p er se d a cr os s a wi de p or t io n o f th e CMA2 p an ha nd l e. Some su r fa ce wa te r t ra ve l s no rt h f ro m th i s di t ch t hr o ug h t he s ea s on al l y in un d at ed we tl an d a re a l oc at e d no r th we st of t h e ex is t in g f or es t p at ch .A p or ti o n of th is wa te r s ee ps we st wa r d th ro u gh t h e ad ja c en t u pl an d, wh ic h i s sl o pe d t o th e wes t a nd t ra ns mi t s gr o un dwat e r at mo de ra t e ra t es t hr o ug h a s ub su r fa ce so il l a ye r. Nea r t he s o ut he rn po rt i on o f t hi ss ea so na l ly i n un da te d a re a i s an o th er lo ca ti o n wh e re s ome f lo w s pl it s f ro m t he d i tc h t o th e n or th . Mo st of t hi s se mi- co n ce nt ra t ed f l ow t ra v el s wes t to a swa le t ha t d ir e ct s fl o w no r th wa rd . Su r fa ce wa te r i n th e s wa le t he n se e ps we st wa rd th ro u gh t he ad ja c en t up l an d, as wit h t he sl op ed up la n d di sc u ss ed ab ov e. As a r es ul t o ft hi s se e pa ge , t he s e as on a ll y in u nd at e d ar ea at t h e we st e rn e d ge o f CMA2 a nd t he fo re s te d we t la nd to t he s ou th r e ma in sh al lo wly i n un da te d a nd / or s at u ra te d t hr ou g ho ut mo st o f t he we t se a so n. Mos t o f th e wat er h er e se e ps we st t o t he d i tc h th a t ru n s no rt h a lo n g th e e as t e dg e of an e x is ti ng co mp e ns at or y mit i ga ti on si te t ha t wa s e st a bl is he d i n 2 00 0 (Co rp s Ref er en c e #9 8 -4 -0 23 4 9) .

Run of f f ro m t he p la n t si t e an d a muc h l ar ge r a re a t o th e s ou t h is c u rr en t ly d ir e ct ed to t he di tc h a lo ng th e e as ts id e of Bl ai n e Ro ad . Wa t er f lo w i n t he d it c h oc c ur s ma i nl y d ur in g t he we t se as o n an d h as b e en o b se rv ed to b e ty pi c al ly gr ea te r t ha n 1 c fs du ri n g th e wet s e as on . The d it c h is li ne d wit h r ip -r ap fo r mos t of it s l en gt h,b ut d oe s c on t ai n en o ug h s oi l in so me sp ot s t o su p po rt h y dr op h yt ic p l an ts . Th e d it ch le ad s t o a c on cr et e c ul ve rt th at is 3 f e et i n o ut si d e di a me te r a nd l o ca te d s ou th of Ter r el l Cre ek . Th e c ul ve rt le ad s n or th by n or th ea s t do wn th ro u gh a na rr ow th ic k et o f Himal a ya n bl a ck be r ry a nd in to th e ma t ur e d ec id uo u s, b r oa d- l ea ve d r ip ar i an f or e st . Th e cu l ve rt de sc en d s a 2 0- 40 % s lo pe an d le a ds t o a 5 0- f oo t l on g gr a ve l c ha nn el th an c on ne ct s wit h Ter re l l Cr e ek j us t u ps t re am o f t he la rg e c ul ve r t un de r Bla i ne Roa d . Bo th t he cu lv e rt a nd th ec ha nn el ap pe a r st ab l e an d l ik el y d o n ot c on t ri bu t e mu ch se di men t to Te rr e ll Cre e k.

Sto rmwa t er r u no ff f r om a la rg e p or ti o n of t h e re f in er y i s de t ai ne d i n a d et en ti o n po n d an d s ub se q ue nt ly p umpe d t o th e Str ai t o f Geo rg ia ne ar Ch er ry Po in t . Run o ff f r om o ve r 5 0 a cr es o f u nd e ve lo pe d f or e st a nd s hr ub -l a nd i n t he n o rt hwe st p or t io n o f th e r ef in e ry p ro p er ty is d ir e ct ed of f- si t e vi a d it ch e s an d c ul ve r ts t o a Ter re ll Cr ee k t ri bu t ar y l oc at ed we st of J ac k so n Roa d. Sto rmwat er r u no ff on t he no rt h ea st er n p or t io n of th er ef in er y i s r ou te d t hr ou g h a cu l ve rt un de r Gra nd v ie w Ro a d th a t le ad s t o a s er ie s o f p on ds a n d we t la nd s i nt he u nd e ve lo p ed a re a wes t o f CMA2.

The a re a wes t o f CMA2 co n ta in s f ou r p on ds c o nn ec t ed b y wet la n ds a nd se as o na ll y f lo wi n g ch an n el s. The p on ds a r e al l p er ma n en tl y i nu nd a te d a nd o f v ar yi n g si ze an d s ha pe . Th e f ir st t wo po n ds i n t he p o nd s er i es wer e co n st ru c te d by WDFW in t he 19 90 ’ s. Th e f ir s t po nd is r e la ti ve l y sma ll ( 0.2 5 ac r e) , an d t he se co nd p on d is fa ir l y la rg e ( 4.5 a cr es ) . Ou tf lo w f ro m b ot h po n ds i s c on tr o ll ed by wei r s lo c at ed a t e ac h p on d’ s o ut le t. Alt h ou gh t h e po n ds a re in te n de d to pr ov i de h ab i ta t f or wat e rf owl , th es e p on d s in du c e wa t er q ua l it yt re at me n t by pr ov id i ng a p pr ox ima te ly 20 0,00 0 t o 2 50 ,0 00 ft 3 of h yd r ol og i c de ad st or a ge e ac h win t er .Sur fa ce wa te r r el ea s ed f r om t he la rg e p on d f lo ws th ro ug h a wi de , de n se ly ve ge ta t ed c h an ne l t ha t l ea ds we st .A f ew s mal l wet la nd s may re ce iv e s ome f lo w f ro m t hi s ch a nn el , b ut mo st o f t he f l ow e n te rs t h e th i rd p on d a ft er j o in in g r un of f f ro m t he d i tc h t ha t le a ds we st o f CMA2. Sur fa c e wa t er f ro m t he th ir d p on d, wh ic h i sa pp ro xi mat el y 3 .5 a c re s i n si ze , d ra i ns t hr o ug h a c ul ve r t to th e fo u rt h p on d, wh ic h i s ap pr o xi ma t el y 2.5 a cr es i n s iz e . The fo ur t h po nd dr ai n s to Te rr el l Cre ek th ro u gh a c u lv er t u nd er Ja ck s on Roa d .

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As me nt i on ed ea rl ie r , so i l mo is t ur e l ev el s v ar y g re at ly be twe en wet se as o n an d t he d r y se as o n be c au se t h ed if fe re n ce i n p re ci p it at i on b et wee n t he se p e ri od s i s ex a ce rb a te d by th e p oo rl y d ra in e d so il s a nd th ei r h ig hr at es o f r un o ff . Mo re ov e r, h is t or ic a l cu lt i va ti o n of c l ay ey so il s c ombi n ed wit h d it c h dr ai n ag e l ik el y c au se d t he h yd r ol og i c re gi me to fl uc tu a te mo re t ha n h ad oc cu rr e d pr i or t o c ul ti v at io n. Howe ve r, t h e ge n tl et op og ra p hy c o mb in ed wi th th e so i l st r uc tu re re de v el op me n t th a t li ke l y oc c ur re d d ur in g t he p a st f e w ye ar s wit ho ut cu lt i va ti on ma y h av e al l owed so il s i n th e CMAs t o re g ai n so me of th ei r i nh er e nt p er mea bi l it y an d s to ra ge ca pa c it y, t h er eb y a ll owi ng t h em t o mod er a te h yd r ol og i c fl uc t ua ti o n to s o me d e gr ee .

A c ompr e he ns i ve mon i to ri n g of t h e si t e’ s hy d ro lo g ic r eg i me i s b ei ng in it i at ed . On CMA 1, a p pr ox i ma te ly 6 s ha ll o w we l ls wil l b e s ys te ma t ic al l y lo ca t ed t o c ap tu r e cu r re nt v e rs us po st -mi ti ga t io n su r fa ce an ds ub su rf a ce h y dr ol og i c ch a ng e as s oc ia t ed wit h t he di tc he s . Be twee n 1 5 an d 2 0 sh a ll ow we ll s wil l b ei ns ta ll e d in st ra te g ic l o ca ti on s t hr o ug ho ut CMA 2 t o me a su re cu rr en t v er s us p os t -mit i ga ti on hy dr o lo gi cp at te rn s . An e xp la n at io n o f th e met h od s, d a ta c o ll ec ti o n, a n d re su l ts g a rn er ed ar e d es cr ib e d in th eCog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t Hyd r ol og ic Mo ni t or in g Wor k Pla n (Ap pe nd i x G) . Th e i nf or ma t io n wil l be us ed to i mp ro ve de si g n an d i mp le men ta ti o n of th e mi t ig at i on a nd to p r ov id e a mea n s fo r a ss es s in g hy d ro lo g ic c on di ti o ns b e fo re a n d af t er s ur f ac e wat er d i ve rs i on s ar e mad e . The y wil l b e mo n it or e d fr eq u en tl y t hr ou g ht he e nd of t h e mi ti g at io n mon it o ri ng pe ri od . In ad di ti o n to de te rmi ni ng th e si t e’ s h yd ro pe r io d ( wa te r l ev el f lu ct ua t io n) an d it s s pa t ia l va r ia ti o n, mon i to ri n g wi ll de te r mi ne l o ca ti o ns a nd ra te s o f ex i st in g a nd p o st -mit ig at i on f l owpa th s , bo t h ab ov e t he su rf ac e a nd as s ha l lo w g ro un dwa te r.

The a re a s sa mpl ed b y e ac h g au ge wi ll be d el i ne at e d an d map pe d p ri or to d i ve rt in g s ur f ac e wa t er t o t he s i te .Sur fa ce el ev a ti on a n d hy d ro lo gi c r eg i me o f t he a r ea i mme di at e ly s ur r ou nd i ng t he ga ug e wil l b e si mil ar t o t he a re a t ha t t he g a ug e i s de te r mi ne d t o be sa mp l in g. It is pr es ume d th a t ch an g es i n h yd ro l og ic re gi me wi ll o cc ur i n s ome a re as an d n ot o cc u r in ot he r a re as .

The map wi ll be c he c ke d f or a de q ua cy th ro ug h o bs e rv at io n s of on -s it e c on d it io ns af te r t he h y dr ol o gi cmod if ic a ti on s a re i mpl eme nt ed . Th e g eo gr ap h ic e x te nt o f t he ar ea s s ampl e d by e a ch g a ug e as pr es e nt ed i n t he map ma y b e al te r ed t o r ef le c t ac t ua l ch a ng es in h yd r ol og i c re gi me. Any a lt e ra ti o ns t o t he ma p wi ll be d oc umen t ed a n d ex pl a in ed in mon i to ri n g re po r ts .

5.4.4 Experience

URS d es i gn ed a 4.6- a cr e c ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n s it e lo c at ed wi th in th e BP Ch er r y Po i nt p ro p er ty no rt h o fGra nd vi e w Ro a d (Cor p s Re f er en ce #9 8- 4 -0 23 49 ) . Th is p ro j ec t i nv ol ve d r eh a bi li ta t in g a p or ti o n of a PEMwet la nd in cl u di ng r e mo va l o f no n -n at i ve , in v as iv e p la nt s , cr e at in g a 0 .5 - ac re s e as on a ll y in u nd at e d ar ea , a nd e st ab li s hi ng a mo sa i c of na ti ve pl an t c ommu n it ie s . Two ye ar s o f si t e mo n it or in g h av e s ho wn th at th ewet la nd re ha b il it at i on i s o n a t ra je c to ry t o wa rd su cc es s . Ap pr ox ima te ly 90 % of th e t re es a n d sh r ub si ns ta ll e d on si te h a ve s u rv iv ed an d o ve r 90 % o f t he se p l an ts sh ow n o s ig n s of s t re ss . Wh er e as h e rb ac eo u sc ov er i n mos t p or ti o ns o f t he s i te i s g re at e r th a n 10 0%, c ov e r by r e ed c a na ry gr a ss , a n on -n a ti ve , i nv as i ve wee d, h a s be e n re du c ed f r om o ve r 9 0% to a pp r ox ima te ly 1 2 % of th e si t e. A c op y o f th e Yea r 2 Mon it o ri ng Rep or t f or We tl an d Compe n sa to ry Mi ti g at io n, 4.58 ac re s BP Ch e rr y Po i nt Re fi ne ry ( URS 20 0 2) i s i nApp en di x D.

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5.4.5 Exotic (Non-Native, Invasive) Species

The p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n wil l co n tr ol th e no n -n at i ve , in v as iv e p la nt s g ro win g in th e CMAs. Non -n a ti ve p la nt s d omin a te mos t p or t io ns o f t he CMAs . As wi th t he Re st o ra ti on Ar ea s , on ly re ed ca na ry g ra ss ,Himal ay a n bl a ck be rr y , an d e ve rg r ee n b la ck be r ry a r e co ns i de re d i nv as i ve , whi ch s i gn if i es t ha t t he y c an b e h ig hl y c ompe t it iv e a nd d i ff ic ul t t o c on tr ol . Th u s, t he s e sp e ci es wi ll b e t he f o cu s o f th e n on -n a ti ve , i nv as i ve s pe ci es co nt r ol p ro g ra m.

As di sc u ss ed ea rl ie r , mo s t we tl a nd a r ea s of th e CMAs ar e d omi na te d b y in t er gr ad i ng p a tc he s o f re e dc an ar yg r as s, be nt gr a ss , a nd s of t r us h . Mos t o f t he u pl a nd a r ea s ar e d omi na te d b y no n -n at iv e p as t ur e gr a ss es s uc h as co lo n ia l be n tg ra s s, v el v et gr a ss , an d t al l f es cu e . A fe w up l an ds co nt ai n p at c he s of Hi ma l ay an a n de ve rg re e n bl a ck be rr y g ro win g ap a rt f r om a nd / or e n ta ng le d wit h n at iv e t re e s an d s hr ub s .

The e xi s ti ng di st ri b ut io n o f re e d ca n ar yg ra s s ac r os s th e CMAs was ma pp ed by u se of a Gl ob al Po si t io ni ng Sys te m ( GPS) wi th s u b- me t er a cc u ra cy (Fig ur e 7 A a nd 7 B) . Th r ee c at e go ri e s of r e ed c a na ry gr a ss c o ve rwer e de f in ed to g ui d e th e map pi n g ef f or t: 1 ) <20 % c ov er , 2 ) 2 0% t o 9 5% c o ve r, a n d 3) >9 5% c o ve r. The c ov er c a te go r ie s us e d to ga ug e r ee d c an ar yg r as s d is tr ib u ti on re fl ec t s ac t ua l co n di ti o ns o n s it e. The l i mi te d n umbe r o f ca t eg or ie s f ac i li ta te d t he ma pp in g e ff o rt . Th e ar e a co ve r ed i n r ee d c an ar y gr as s f or e a ch c at e go ry i s pr es e nt ed in Tab l e 10 .

Table 1 0 Exi st ing Ree d Canar y gr as s Cov er

C ov er C a tego ryC MA 1( acres)

C MA 2( acres)

Tot al( acres)

<20 % 2 5.43 3 8.44 6 3.87

2 0- 95 % 1 5.36 1 2.42 2 7.78

>95 % 9 .5 7 8 .9 3 1 8.50

The t ot a l ar e a th at su pp o rt s gr e at er th an 2 0 % co v er b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s i s 46 .2 8 a cr e s, whi c h is ab ou t 4 2%o f th e t ot al ar ea e n co mp a ss ed b y t he CMAs . Al th o ug h 9.5 a cr e s smal l er t h an CMA2 , CMA1 co nt a in s a l ar ge r a mo un t o f ar e a wi t h gr ea t er t h an 2 0% re ed ca na ry g ra ss co ve r. Thi s p at te r n co r re la te s t o t he h ig h er p ro po rt i on o f wet la n d ar e a in CMA1 . Th e va s t ma j or it y o f re e d ca na r yg ra s s fo un d i n t he CMAs o cc u rs i nwet la nd s . Ho we ve r, a fe w o n- si t e up l an d ar e as s u pp or t r ee d c an ar yg r as s, in cl ud i ng a fe w pa t ch es wi th g re at er th an 20 % co v er .

As wi th th e Res to ra t io n Are as , c on tr o l of n o n- na t iv e, i n va si v e pl an t s pe c ie s wi l l co n si st o f a t h re e- pr o ng ed a pp ro ac h : 1) in it ia l r emo va l, 2 ) s ub s eq ue nt ma in t en an ce fo r s ho rt -t e rm c o nt ro l, an d 3 ) es ta b li sh men t of n at iv e p la nt co mmun i ti es fo r lo n g- te r m co nt r ol . Th is a p pr oa c h wi ll be a p pl ie d t o al l a re as wi th i n th eCMAs. The f i rs t two p ro n gs o f t he t h re e- pr o ng ed ap pr oa c h wi l l be a p pl ie d t o th e a re a s be twe en t h e CMAs a nd t he di tc h es wit h in t h e ROWs .

Remov al wi ll oc cu r t hr ou g h a co mbi na t io n of mo wi n g, t il l in g, an d he r bi ci d e ap pl i ca ti o n. Su b se qu e nt mai nt en a nc e wil l ma i nl y e mp lo y h an d- p ul li ng an d h er bi ci d e ap p li ca ti o n, b u t ma y i nv ol v e so me mo wi n g as wel l. Nat iv e t re es an d s hr ub s wil l e ve nt ua l ly p r ov id e e no ug h s ha de an d o rg an ic li tt e r to s u pp re s s gr owt h of n on -n at i ve , s ha de -i n to le r an t pl a nt s f ro m la r ge p o rt io ns of t h e si te .

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Tho se a r ea s t ha t ha v e gr e at er t h an 2 0 % co ve r b y r ee d ca n ar yg r as s wi l l be re gu la r ly mo we d fo r t wo gr owin g s ea so ns pr io r t o th e i ni t ia l ph a se o f p la nt i ng . Fr eq ue n t mo win g du r in g t hi s ti me wi l l di mi n is h t he r ee d c an ar yg r as s p op ul at i on i n t he se ar ea s b y re mov in g a bo ve - gr ou n d pl an t mat t er , de p le ti n g ca rb o hy dr a te r es er ve s , an d s up pr e ss in g s ee d p ro du c ti on . An y s ma ll p a tc he s o f re e d ca n ar yg ra s s fo u nd wit h in a r ea smap pe d a s ha v in g <2 0 % co v er b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s wil l be mo we d o r sp r ay ed wi th h e rb ic i de .

Clu mp s o f Hi mal ay an an d e ve rg re e n bl a ck be rr y t ha t a re n o t in t er twin e d wi t h na ti v e tr e es a nd sh ru b s wi ll be mowed wi th a br us h- c ut te r . Bla c kb er r y th at is i n te rt wi n ed wi th t re e s wi l l be r e mo ve d b y ha n d to pr ev en t d amag e t o na t iv e ve g et at i on . Cu t st e ms may be me ch an ic a ll y c ho pp ed to p i ec es l e ss t h an 0 .5 fo ot in l en g th wit h a c ro p c ho pp er an d may b e l ef t o n si te to s e rv e as mu lc h .

Tho se a r ea s t ha t co n ta in gr ea te r t ha n 2 0% c o ve r b y re ed ca na r yg ra ss wi ll be t il l ed . Ti ll in g wil l o cc ur af te r mowin g d ur in g t he g r owin g s ea so n p ri o r to t h e in i ti al p h as e o f pl an t in g. A l ar g e ro t ot il le r p ul l ed b y t ra ct o rwil l ti l l so i ls t o a 6 -i n ch d ep t h. The se p o rt io n s of t h e si t e wi ll th en be d is k ed t o f ur th e r br e ak u p t he c l od sa nd k il l r hi z omes t h at s u rv iv ed th e mowin g. Are a s wi th le ss th an 2 0 % co v er b y r ee d c an ar yg r as s wil l no t b e ti ll e d si n ce t il l in g i s no t n ec es s ar y or pr ac t ic al t o s up p re ss r e ed c a na ry gr a ss i n t he se ar ea s a nd t i ll in g i sn ot c ri t ic al to e st a bl is h in g na t iv e t re es a n d sh r ub s. Howev e r, a ny st an d s of r e ed c a na ry gr a ss f o un d in th es e a re as wi ll b e mowed an d s ub se qu e nt ly sp ra ye d wit h h er bi c id e.

Til li ng an d d is ki ng wi ll fa ta ll y d ama ge man y o f t he r ee d c an a ry gr as s r hi z omes , b ut wi ll l ik e ly e n co ur ag e b ur ie d s ee ds an d un d amag e d rh iz o me s t o re sp r ou t. Ree d c an ar y gr as s t ha t d oe s re s pr ou t wil l b e sp r ay ed wit h he r bi ci d e. Th e h er b ic id e a pp li e d on s i te wi ll c on s is t o f gl yp h os at e p lu s s ur fa c ta nt s a nd wi ll o nl y b ea pp li ed to a r ea s fr e e fr o m in un d at io n a nd u n li ke l y to s u pp or t i nu nd a ti on wi th in 2 we e ks o f a pp li c at io n.Her bi ci d e wi l l be a p pl ie d b y st a te -l i ce ns ed ap pl i ca to rs . Th i s se qu e nc e o f mo wi n g, t i ll in g, di sk i ng , an d s pr ay in g h er b ic id e wil l wor k to ex ha u st e ne r gy s u pp li es of t h e re ed ca na r yg ra ss po pu l at io n. The h er ba ce o us s e ed mix se le c te d fo r t he ti ll ed ar ea s h as b e en r e co mmen d ed b y t he Co rp s o f En gi n ee rs be ca us e i t ha s p ro ve n t o be ef fe c ti ve a t c omp et in g wit h r ee st ab l is hi n g re ed ca na r yg ra ss .

The s ec o nd a n d th ir d c omp on en ts of t h e th re e -p ro n ge d ap p ro ac h t o no n -n at i ve , in v as iv e p la nt co nt r ol wil l b e impl e me nt e d eq ua l ly b e twee n t il le d a nd u n ti ll e d ar ea s . As wit h t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s, we ed c o nt ro l wil lo cc ur t h ro ug h a c omb in at i on o f mec ha n ic al r e mo va l a nd h e rb ic i de a pp l ic at i on a ft e r na t iv e pl a nt s a re i ns ta ll e d an d t he s e ed mi x ap pl i ed . Al th ou g h su c h ma in t en an c e is e x pe ct e d to o c cu r t hr ou gh o ut mo st o f t he 1 0- ye ar mo ni t or in g a nd ma in te na n ce p e ri od , t he i n te ns it y o f t he mai n te na n ce e ff o rt s h ou ld d e cr ea s e ov er t ime. Eve nt u al ly , n at iv e v eg et a ti on wi ll s e rv e t o su pp r es s n on -n at i ve p l an ts o v er l a rg e po r ti on s o f th e s it e b y sh ad i ng a n d so il re so u rc e co mpe ti t io n.

The r oa d ROWs a nd t h e se t ba ck a r ea s b et we en th e CMAs an d t he ro ad ROWs wi ll b e r eg ul a rl y mo wed t hr ou gh o ut t h e 10 -y e ar mo ni to ri n g pe r io d. Thi s wil l su p pr es s r ee d c an ar y gr as s o r an y o th er ex ot i c pl an t sf ro m pr o du ci n g an d d is se min at in g p ro p ag ul es to t h e CMAs fr om th es e a re as .

As pr ev i ou sl y men ti o ne d, URS wi l l mo n it or t h e su c ce ss o f n on - na ti ve , i nv a si ve s p ec ie s c on tr o l ea c h ye ar of t he 1 0- y ea r p er io d. Con t in ge nc i es wi ll b e mad e i f co nt r ol me th od s f ai l t o at ta i n pe r fo rman c e st a nd ar ds , a sn ec es sa r y. For r ee d c an a ry gr as s , th e c on ti n ge nc y mea su r es c o ns is t o f ta r ge te d e ff or t s to c o nt ro l o ut br e ak ss uc h as ma nu a l re mo v al o f i nv as i ve s p ec ie s, ad di t io na l s po t a pp li ca t io ns of h er b ic id e , mo re fr eq u en tmowin g, an d a dd it io n al p l an ti ng s a nd / or s ee d in gs in p ro b le m a re as .

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5.4.6 Wetland Functions

The p ro p os ed re ha bi l it at i on i s p re di c te d to si gn i fi ca nt l y imp ro ve t h e pe r fo rman c e of se ve ra l wet l an df un ct io n s. URS a ss e ss ed pe rf or man ce of wet l an d f un ct io n s fo r e ac h p or ti o n of t h e CMAs us in g t he Met ho ds fo r Ass es si n g We t la nd Fu nc ti o ns (Eco lo g y 19 9 9) . Fu nc ti o na l pe r fo rma nc e of th e wet la nd s u nd e rc ur re nt co nd i ti on s i s do c umen te d i n t he d el i ne at i on r ep o rt f o r th e CMAs ( URS 20 0 3a ).

The wet l an ds wi th in th e v ic in it y o f t he c omp en sa t or y mi t ig at i on wer e b ro k en i nt o mul t ip le a s se ss men t un i ts t o mo re ac cu r at el y e va lu a te t he i r fu n ct io na l p er f or ma nc e . Th e as se s smen t u ni ts ar e d iv id ed by d i ff er en c es i n co nt r ib ut i ng b as i n an d h yd ro l og ic re gi me .

The a ss e ss me n t un it as so c ia te d wit h CMA1 is th e wet la nd ar ea wi th in CMA1 . Al th o ug h t hi s we t la nd e xt en ds be yo n d CMA1 to t h e ea st , d ra i na ge wi th in CMA1 e i th er le ad s t o th e mai n d it ch or t o t wo i nt er mi t te nt l y fl owi ng c h an ne ls th at ar e ju s t ea s t of t h e ma i n di tc h . Su rf ac e wat er in t he we tl a nd a re a e as t o fCMA1 dr a in s a wa y fr o m CMA1 an d e nt er s a s ea s on al l y fl owi ng c h an ne l t ha t l ea ds t o Ter r el l Cr e ek s e ve ra lh un dr ed fe et up st re a m of wh er e s ur fa c e wa te r f ro m CMA1 e nt er s t he c r ee k. The c o nt ri b ut in g b as in fo r th e CMA1 as s es sme nt u ni t i s c ompr is e d by CMA1 a n d a s ma ll u p la nd ar ea s o ut he a st o f CMA1.

The a ss e ss me n t un it as so c ia te d wit h CMA2 in c lu de s t he we tl an d wit hi n CMA2 a nd t h e ar e a to t h e no r th a nd s ou t h of th e CMA2 pa n ha nd le . Th i s ar ea is e s ti ma te d t o b e ap pr o xi ma t el y 68 ac re s i n si z e an d d oe s n ot i nc lu de th e t wo p on d s cr e at ed b y WDFW, th e c ha nn e ls l ea d in g t o th em fr om th e cu l ve rt un de r Gra nd v ie wRoa d, o r t he ex is ti n g mi t ig at io n a re a ( se e Fig ur e 6 B) . Th e a ss es sme nt u n it c on t ai ns th e po r ti on of t he la rg e c on ti gu o us we tl an d e xt en d in g we s t to th e fl o od pl a in f or Te rr e ll Cre e k ne a r Ja ck s on Ro ad t ha t g en e ra ll ys lo pe s wes t a t an a v er ag e 2 .5 % g ra de . As a re su l t, mos t s ur f ac e wa t er f l ows we s t at re la ti v el y r ap id v el oc it i es . Th e va s t ma j or it y o f th e p ar t o f th i s we tl a nd t h at l ie s o ut s id e th e a ss e ss me nt un it sl op es we st at a pp ro xi mat el y 1 % gr a de a n d ha s r el at i ve ly s l ow f l ow v el o ci ti e s. As a re s ul t of th e g en tl e s lo pe , d it ch f lo od in g a nd sh ee t f lo w i s mu ch mo re co mmon in t h e ar ea ou ts i de t he as se s smen t u ni t ( se e Rev is ed Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t Comp en sa to r y Mi t ig at io n Are a s We tl a nd De li ne at i on Re po rt <URS 20 0 3a > f or mor e d et ai ls ) . Th e co nt r ib ut i ng b as i n fo r t he CMA2 a s se ss me n t un i t un de r c ur r en t co n di ti o ns i s c ompr i se d by th ea re a wi t hi n t he a ss e ss me n t un it it se l f. Fo r p os t -mit ig a ti on co nd it i on s, th e co n tr ib u ti ng b a si n a ls o in c lu de s t he c og e ne ra t io n fa c il it y ( 33 a c re s) .

The wet l an ds wi th in th e t wo a ss e ss me n t un it s b ot h c la ss i fy a s Dep re s si on a l Ou tf l ow we tl an ds . Be c au se mos t po r ti on s o f th e wet l an d wi t hi n CMA1 ha v e ve r y ge nt l e sl o pe a nd pr ec i pi ta ti o n ap p ea rs t o b e n ea rl y9 0% o f t hi s wet la nd ’ s wa t er s ou r ce , t he wet l an d wit hi n CMA1 n ea rl y c la ss i fi es a s a Fl at wet l an d a cc or di n gt o th e c la ss i fi ca ti o n sy s te m us e d by th e fu n ct io n al a ss e ss me n t me th o d. The CMA2 a ss e ss me nt un it ne ar ly c la ss if i es a s a Slo p e we t la nd s i nc e i t sl op e s we s t at a n a ve r ag e of 2.5% gr ad e. Howe ve r, b o th we tl an d a re as c la ss if y a s Dep re ss i on al Ou tf lo w wet l an ds b e ca us e t he y a re o p en b as i ns wi th s ub s ur fa c e in fl o w fr o ma dj ac en t u pl a nd s, d o n ot re ce iv e r iv e r or s t re am fl oo di n g, a n d emit ou tf l ow t ha t u lt i ma te ly le ad s t o ad owns tr e am wa te rb od y ( Te r re ll Cr ee k) .

The a ss e ss me n t me th o d wa s a ls o a pp li e d to t h e as s es smen t u ni t s un de r c ur r en t co n di ti o ns a nd un de r c on di ti o ns t h at a re ex pe c te d to de ve l op 2 5 y ea rs af te r c ompe n sa to ry mi ti g at io n i s in i ti at ed . Th e c ompl e te dd at a sh e et s f or t he s e as s es smen t s ar e p re se n te d i n Ap pe n di x B.

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The r es u lt s o f th is ev al u at io n a re s u mmar iz e d in Ta bl es 11 a n d 12 . Th e p os si bl e r an g e of i n de x v al ue s f or e ac h fu n ct io n i s 1 t o 10 , whe re 10 r e pr es en t s th e h ig he s t le v el o f p er fo r ma nc e. The ac re ag e o f e ac hmit ig at i on a r ea was us ed to c al c ul at e a cr e- p oi nt s . As e xp la i ne d pr e vi ou s ly , ac r e- po i nt c al c ul at i on p ro v id es a mor e q ua nt i ta ti ve me an s o f co mpa ri n g ga in s i n f un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce i n du ce d b y mi t ig at io n wit h l os se s i n fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e i nd uc e d by th e pr o po se d c on st r uc ti o n. As re co mme nd e d by Ec ol og y ( 19 99 ) ,URS c omp ar ed th e re s ul ts of t he fu nc t io na l a ss es s me nt s f or t h e mi ti g at io n a re as wi th th os e f or t h ec on st ru c ti on si te t o b et t er d et e rmin e t he a d eq ua c y of t h e co mpe ns at o ry mi ti ga ti o n pl a n to o f fs et th ep ro po se d i mp a ct s.

46

Table 1 1 Compa ri s on Be twee n Funct i onal Pe rf or mance o f t he As se ss ment Uni t As s oc ia t ed Wit h CMA1

( 38 .4 Ac re s) Unde r Cur re nt Co ndi ti ons a nd 2 5 Yea r s Af te r Compensa to r y Mi t ig at io n I s I ni ti at e d


Fun ct io n alI nd ices –Exist in g

C on ditio n

Fun ct io n alI nd ices – 25 Y ea rs Po st M it ig at ion Exp la na t io n

P oten tial fo r Rem ov ing S ed im en ts

4 /1 53 .6

3 / 11 5.2

D ecreas e ( -3 8 .4 acr e p oin ts ) pr edicted since area o fh er baceo us v egetatio n co v er w ill d ecr ease.

P oten tial fo r Rem ov ing N utrien ts

2 /7 6.8

2 /7 6.8

N o ch an g e pr edicted since the s ize o f s easo n ally inu nd ated ar ea will no t chang e s ub stantially .

P oten tial fo r Rem ov ing H eavy Metals an d To x icO rg an ics

4 /1 53 .6

3 /1 15 .2

D ecreas e ( -3 8 .4 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to decreas ein co ver b y h er baceo us v egetatio n.

P oten tial fo r Red ucing P eak Flo ws

4 /1 53 .6

4 /1 53 .6

N o ch an g e pr edicted since d itch plug g in g will occur o nly in th e u pp er p o rtio n o f th e d itch.

P oten tial fo r D ecreasing D ow ns tr eam Er os io n

5 /1 92 .0

7 /2 68 .8

I ncreas e ( +7 6 .8 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inp er cent co ver ed b y f or es t and s h ru b v eg etation .

P oten tial fo r Rechar ging G ro un dw ater

3 /1 15 .2

3 /1 15 .2

N o ch an g e pr edicted since v er tical d r ainage in th is areaw ill rem ain s lo w.


3 /1 15 .2

5 /2 30 .4

I ncreas e ( +7 6 .8 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inarea with can op y clo su re, m ax im u m nu m ber of strata,n um ber o f sn ags , veg etation clas s in ter sp er s io n, larg ew oo dy d ebr is , w ater an d v eg etation in ters per sion , and n um ber o f nativ e plant s p ecies.

H ab itat Su itability fo rI nv er teb rates

2 /7 6.8

4 /1 53 .6

I ncreas e ( +7 6 .8 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inexp os ed su bs trate, v eg etation clas s inter sp ers io n , larg ew oo dy d ebr is , m ax im u m nu m ber of vegetatio n s tr atap resent.

H ab itat Su itability fo rA mp hibians

2 /7 6.8

3 /1 15 .2

I ncreas e ( +3 8 .4 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e ins ur face su bs trate ty pes, water and v egetatio ninter sp ers io n , an d lar ge wo od y d eb ris .

H ab itat Su itability fo rA nadr am o us F ish

N /A N /A N o an ad r om ou s f is h can o r w ill b e ab le to access th es ite.

H ab itat Su itability fo rRes id en t F is h

N /A N /A N o resid en t f is h can o r w ill be ab le to access th e site.

H ab itat Su itability fo rBir ds

4 /1 53 .6

5 /1 92 .0

I ncreas e ( +3 8 .4 acr e p oin ts ) pr edicted with in cr eas e in n um ber o f sn ags , veg etation clas s in ter sp er s io n, sp ecialh ab itat featu res, in dex f or inv erteb r ate hab itats uitability, an d in d ex f o r am ph ibian habitat s uitab ility

H ab itat Su itability fo rMam mals

3 /1 15 .2

4 /1 53 .6

I ncreas e ( +3 8 .4 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inw ater an d veg etatio n inters pers ion an d fo res t co v er .

N ativ e P lant Rich nes s 1 /3 8.4

3 /1 15 .2

I ncreas e ( +7 6 .8 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inm ax im um nu mb er of s trata, n um ber o f n ativ e p lants pecies , and decr eas e in ar ea d o minated b y n on -n ativep lant s p ecies .

P oten tial fo r P rimar yP ro du ction an d Or gan icExp or t

6 /2 30 .4

7 /2 68 .8

I ncreas e ( +3 8 .4 acr e-p oin ts ) pr edicted du e to in creas e inarea co v er ed by w oo d y veg etatio n .

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Table 1 2 Compa ri s on Be twee n Funct i onal Pe rf or mance o f t he As se ss ment Uni t As s oc ia t ed Wit h CMA2 ( 64 Acr e s) Unde r Cur re nt Co ndit i ons a nd 2 5 Yea rs Af te r Compe nsa to ry Mi ti g at io n i s Ini ti at ed


Fun ct io n alI nd ices –Exist in g

C on ditio ns

Fun ct io n alI nd ices – 25 Y ea rs Po st M it ig at ion Exp la na t io n

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g S ed iments

4 /2 56

4 /2 56

N o ch an g e pr edicted desp ite incr ease in s eas on ally in un d ated ar ea d u eto decr eas e in co ver b y h er baceo us v egetatio n.

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g N utr ients

2 /1 28

2 /1 28

N o ch an g e pr edicted desp ite incr ease in s eas on ally in un d ated ar ea d u eto decr eas e in co ver b y h er baceo us v egetatio n an d n o ch ang e in so iltyp e.

P oten tial fo r Rem ov in g H eav yMetals and To xicO rg an ics

4 /2 56

3 /1 92

D ecreas e ( -6 4 acr e- p oints ) pr ed icted du e to th e d ecreas e in cov er b y h er baceo us v egetatio n des pite th e in creas e in seaso nally inu n datedarea.

P oten tial fo r Red ucin g P eak F lo ws

4 /2 56

4 /2 56

N o ch an g e pr edicted since increase in s ize o f seaso nally inu n datedarea will no t b e accom pan ied by a gr eat incr ease in o utlet co ns tr ictio n.

P oten tial fo r D ecreas ing D ow ns tr eam Er os io n

5 /3 20

7 /4 48

I ncreas e ( +1 2 8 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in p er cen t ar eacov er ed by f o rest an d sh r ub v eg etatio n.

P oten tial fo r Recharg ing G ro un dw ater

2 /1 28

3 /1 92

I ncreas e ( +6 4 acr e- p oints ) pr ed icted du e to in cr eas e in seas o nallyinu nd ated ar ea.


3 /1 92

6 /3 84

S ub stan tial increas e ( +1 9 2 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in area with can op y clo su re, m ax im u m nu m ber of strata, n um b er o f s nags , v eg etation clas s inter sp ers io n , larg e w oo d y debr is, n u mb er o f w ater r egimes , nu mb er of water d ep th catego r ies, water and v eg etation in ters per sion , and n u mb er of n ative p lan t sp ecies .

H ab itat Su itability fo rI nv er teb rates

3 /1 92

6 /3 84

I ncreas e ( +1 9 2 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in exp o seds ub strate, v egetatio n class inters per sion , lar ge wo od y d eb ris , water and v eg etatio n in ter sp er s io n, m aximu m n um ber o f v eg etation s tratap resent, and in un datio n d ep th an d per sisten ce.

H ab itat Su itability fo rA mp hibians

2 /1 28

4 /2 56

I ncreas e ( +1 2 8 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in w ater an dv eg etation in ters per sion an d lar ge w o od y deb ris.

H ab itat Su itability fo rA nadr am o us F ish

N /A N /A N o an ad r om ou s f is h can o r w ill b e ab le to access th e site.

H ab itat Su itability fo rRes id en t F is h

N /A N /A N o resid en t f is h can o r w ill be ab le to access th e site.

H ab itat Su itability fo rBir ds

4 /2 56

6 /3 84

I ncreas e ( +1 2 8 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in n um b er o fs nags , v eg etation clas s inter sp ers io n , sp ecial h abitat f eatu r es , in d ex f o rinv er teb rate habitat s uitab ility , an d ind ex fo r amp hibian hab itats uitability.

H ab itat Su itability fo rMam mals

3 /1 92

4 /2 56

I ncreas e ( +6 4 acr e- p oints ) pr ed icted du e to in cr eas e in fo res ted co v er and con n ectio n to h igh q u ality f or es ted h ab itat.

N ativ e P lant Rich nes s 1 /6 4

5 /3 20

I ncreas e ( +2 5 6 acre- po in ts) p red icted d ue to incr ease in m ax imu mn um ber o f str ata an d n um b er o f n ativ e p lant sp ecies , an d d ecr ease in area do m in ated by n o n- nativ e plant s p ecies.

P oten tial fo r P rimar yP ro du ction an dO rg an ic Ex po r t

6 /3 84

7 /4 48

I ncreas e ( +6 4 acr e- p oints ) pr ed icted du e to in cr eas e in seas o nallyinu nd ated ar ea an d area cov er ed by w o od y veg etation .

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The a bi l it ie s f or t h e CMA1 an d CMA2 a ss es sme nt u n it s to re mo v e se di men t f ro m su r fa ce wa te r i np ut s a re r at ed mo de ra t e, whe r ea s t he ir a b il it i es t o r emov e n ut ri e nt s i s ra te d mod e ra te ly lo w. Acc or d in g t o th e r es ul t so f th e f un ct i on al a s se ss men t, s e di me n t an d n ut ri e nt s eq u es tr a ti on i s l imi te d by th e l ac k of pe rma ne nt wa te r,l ow p er mea bi l it y of th e s oi ls , a nd l o w le ve l o f o ut le t c on st r ic ti on in e a ch CMA. Se d imen t a nd n u tr ie nt c ap tu re is a i de d by th e h ig h co v er o f h er ba c eo us ve ge ta t io n a nd p re s en ce of s ea s on al l y in un d at ed ar ea s.

Acc or di n g to th e re s ul ts of t he as se s smen t, th e p er fo rma nc e o f th es e f un c ti on s wil l n ot c ha n ge 2 5 y ea rs af te r c ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n i s in it i at ed . Pe rf o rman c e is n o t pr e di ct ed to c h an ge i n CMA1 s in ce th e p ro po se d t op og ra p hi c a nd h yd r ol og i c ma ni p ul at i on s th e re wi ll n ot gr ea t ly c on s tr ic t o ut fl o w. Des pi te th at in un da t io nf re qu en c y, d u ra ti on , a nd ma gn it u de wi ll i nc r ea se co ns id e ra bl y i n CMA2, t h e mo de l d oe s n ot p r ed ic t a ny i nc re as e p er f or ma nc e o f s ed imen t a nd nu tr ie n t re mov al f u nc ti o ns d ue to t h e ex pe c te d d ec re as e i nh er ba ce o us c o ve r fr o m sh a di ng b y f or e st a nd sc ru b -s hr ub ve ge t at io n. Sin c e al l t he r u no ff f r om CMA1 i sf ro m we l l- ve g et at ed ar ea s t ha t wil l r emai n r el at i ve ly u n di st u rb ed , t he o p po rt un i ty f o r CMA1 to e n ac t it s p ot en ti a l to re mo ve se di men ts a n d/ or nu tr ie n ts wi ll b e l ow. Si nc e mos t s ed imen t s in th e ru n of f f ro m th e p la nt s i te wi ll b e r emov e d by t h e pr o po se d d et en t io n po n d an d o il /wa te r s ep ar at o r, t h e op po r tu ni t y fo rCMA2 to en ac t i ts p o te nt i al t o r emov e s ed ime nt s a nd /o r n ut ri e nt s wi l l be lo w to mo de r at e.

The p ot e nt ia l f or r e mo vi n g he av y met a ls i s r at ed mo de ra t e fo r b ot h wet la n d ar ea s a cc o rd in g t o th e a ss es sme nt r e su lt s. Sin c e pr ec i pi ta t io n pr o vi de s t he v a st ma jo ri ty of t h e wa te r f or th es e wet la n ds , fe wt ox in s e nt er th es e wet la n ds . Th us , t ox in r e mo va l i s a f un ct i on t he we tl a nd s cu r re nt l y ha ve li tt l e op po r tu ni t yt o pe rf o rm. Th e pe r fo rma nc e of th is fu nc ti o n is pr ed ic t ed t o s li gh t ly d e cr ea se be lo w i ts c u rr en t l ev el 25 y ea rs a f te r c ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n i s in it i at ed . Th e d ec re a se s ar e p re d ic te d f or b o th CMAs d ue to t he e xp ec te d d ec r ea se i n c ov e r by h e rb ac e ou s ve g et at i on . CMA1 a n d th e p or ti o n of t h e as s es smen t u ni t a ss oc ia t ed wi th CMA2 t o b e un af f ec te d b y ru n of f p ip ed f r om t h e pl an t s it e wil l c on ti n ue t o h av e l it tl eo pp or tu n it y t o pe rf o rm t h is f un c ti on in t he fu tu r e. In co nt r as t, t h e op p or tu ni t y fo r t he p o rt io n o f CMA2 th a twil l re c ei ve st or mwa te r r un of f t o pe r fo rm t h is f u nc ti on wi ll in cr ea s e to so me d e gr ee .

The a bi l it ie s o f th e wet l an ds t o r ed u ce p ea k f lo ws an d d ec re a se d own st re a m er os i on a r e ra te d mod e ra te a cc or di n g to th e re s ul ts of t he as se s smen t. The pe rf or man ce of t he s e fu n ct io ns wi th i n th e CMAs a re l imi te db y th e mod er a te a mo u nt o f s ea so n al ly in un da t ed a r ea s, l o w amo un t of wo od y v eg et a ti on , a nd l o w le v el o fo ut le t c on st r ic ti on . Ho wev er , t he h i gh r at i o of we tl an d a re a t o co n tr ib u ti ng b a si n a re a en h an ce s t he p er fo rma nc e o f th es e f un c ti on s. The op po rt u ni ty fo r th e se f u nc ti on s t o b e pe rf o rmed is mod e ra te si nc et he re i s a mo de ra te amou n t of r u no ff fr om t h e we t la nd s. It s ho ul d b e no t ed t ha t t he op po rt u ni ti e s fo r t he CMAs to re du c e pe ak fl ows a nd d e cr ea s e do wn s tr ea m e ro si o n ar e c ur re n tl y l ow t o mod er a te t he s e si t es .

Des pi te th e p ro po se d h yd r ol og ic mo di f ic at io n s, t h e mo de l d oe s n ot p r ed ic t t ha t t he p o te nt ia l t o r ed uc e p ea kf lo ws i n t he CMAs wi ll c h an ge . Al th o ug h th e p ro p os ed t o po gr a ph ic a n d hy d ro lo gi c mod i fi ca ti o ns wi ll i nc re as e h yd r ol og ic st or a ge a nd re du c e pe ak ru no f f ra te s t o s ome de g re e, th e fl o od in g d ep th , o ut l et c on st ri c ti on , a nd r a ti o o f in un d at ed ar ea t o s ub - ca tc hme nt a r ea wil l n ot in cr ea s e su b st an ti a ll y f or e it h er CMA. Al th ou g h th e i nu nd a te d ar e a wi t hi n th e a ss e ss me nt un it as so ci a te d wit h CMA2 wi l l ne ar l y do u bl e in s iz e, t h e in u nd at ed ar ea to s ub - ca tc h me nt a r ea r a ti o do e s no t i nc re a se d r amat ic a ll y b ec au se th e p la nt s i te ( 3 3a cr es ) wil l b ec ome p ar t o f CMA2 ’ s ca t ch me nt ar ea . As a re su l t, t he mo de l d oe s n ot p r ed ic t a ny i n cr ea se in t he a bi l it y o f ei th e r CMA t o re d uc e p ea k fl o w. Howev er , d ir e ct in g s to rmwat er t o CMA2 wil l s ub st a nt ia ll y d ec re as e p ea k r un of f r at e s de li v er ed fr om t h e pl a nt s it e t o Ter re ll Cr ee k . I ns t ea d o f be in g d ir e ct ed t h ro ug h a l ar ge d i tc h a lo ng t h e ea s t ed ge of Bl ai ne Ro ad t h at l ea d s di r ec tl y t o th e c re ek , r un o ff p ip e d to CMA2 wi ll b e

49

s to re d o n si t e an d i n th e l ar ge ar ea do wn gr a di en t b ef or e r ea c hi ng Te rr el l Cre ek ne ar it s cr o ss in g wit hJ ac ks on Ro ad . Th e o pp or t un it y f or CMA1 t o r ed uc e p ea k f lo ws wi ll c o nt in u e to b e l ow to mod e ra te , b ut wil l be mo de r at e to hi gh in CMA2 d ue to t he in fl o w of d e te nt i on p on d r un o ff .

The a bi l it y t o de cr e as e d owns tr e am e r os io n i s pr e di ct ed to i mpr ov e t o so me de gr e e in bo th CMAs .Alt ho ug h t he pe ak r u no ff re du ct i on a n d do wn s tr ea m e ro si o n co n tr ol f u nc ti o ns a re cl os e ly r el a te d, on ly t h ee ro si on - co nt r ol f un c ti on is p re d ic te d b y th e mod e l to i mpr ov e d ue t o t he su bs ta n ti al in cr ea s e in fo re st an ds cr ub -s h ru b v eg et at i on . Th e wo o dy v e ge ta ti o n wi l l pr od u ce i mpr ov e h yd ro l og ic s t or ag e a nd i n cr ea s eh yd ra ul i c ro u gh ne ss , t he r eb y re d uc in g r un of f a nd as so ci a te d e ro si on fr om th e CMAs. Des pi te th ee st ab li s hmen t o f wo o dy v e ge ta ti o n, s u rf ac e wat er in pu ts to t h e CMAs (e sp e ci al ly in CMA2 , po s tmit ig at i on ) wil l co n ti nu e t o ov e rwhe l m so il st or a ge c ap a ci ty , t he re b y pe r pe tu at i ng t h e re la t iv el y h ig hs ur fa ce wa te r r un of f f ro m t he s i te s. The o p po rt u ni ty f o r CMA1 to d e cr ea s e do wn s tr ea m e ro si o n wi l lc on ti nu e t o b e lo w t o mo d er at e, bu t wil l in c re as e t o a mod er a te t o h ig h l ev el i n CMA2 whe re ru no f f wi ll be d el iv er e d fr o m th e p la nt si te . Hy dr o lo gi c s to ra g e in CMA2 wi ll r ed u ce t h e er os i ve p o we r of th e p la nt s i te r un of f, wh ic h wou ld be mu ch h ig h er i f a ll o f i t was f un n el ed to t he la rg e d it ch ea st of Bla i ne Ro ad .

The p ot e nt ia l f or t h e as s es smen t u ni t s to r e ch ar g e gr ou n dwat e r is r a te d t o be mo de ra t el y lo w d ue to t he po or v er ti ca l d ra i na ge o f t he i r so il s . Be ca us e o f th e mor e wid es p re ad i n un da t io n in CMA1 , t hi s a re a i s ra te d t oh av e sl i gh tl y h ig he r p ot e nt ia l t o re c ha rg e g ro un d wa te r t ha n CMA2 as s es sme nt u ni t . In fi lt ra t io n r at es a r ev er y sl o w wi t hi n th e BP Che rr y Poi nt pr op er t y an d s ur ro u nd in g a re as be ca u se o f t he s o il s he r e ar e u nd er l ai nb y a th i ck s t ra ti gr a ph ic la ye r h ig h i n cl ay an d s il t (Be ll in g ha m gl a ci oma ri ne d r if t) . Te rr e ll Cr ee k re c ei ve s v ir tu al l y no ba se f l ow f r om g ro u nd wa t er s ou r ce s ( St at e o f Wa s hi ng to n Dep a rt me nt of Wa te r Re s ou rc e s1 96 0) .

Res ul ts of t h e as se s smen t p re di c t th a t th e p ot en t ia l fo r t he CMA1 t o r ec h ar ge g r ou nd wat er wi ll r e ma in a t t he c ur r en t l ev el , y et t h e po te n ti al fo r CMA2 to re ch ar g e gr o un dwat e r wi l l in cr e as e s li gh tl y . CMA1 ’s p ot en ti a l is no t ex p ec te d t o ch a ng e s in ce t h e in c re as e i n in u nd at io n d ue to t he pr op o se d to p og ra p hi c an d h yd ro lo g ic mo di fi ca t io ns wi ll n o t be ve ry l a rg e. In co n tr as t , th e e xt en t o f se a so na l ly i nu n da te d a re a i n th e a ss es sme nt u n it a ss o ci at e d wi th CMA2 is e xp e ct ed to n ea r ly d o ub le . Th is in cr ea s ed i n un da ti o n wi l l ca us e g re at er amou n ts o f g ro un d wat er to b e s to re d i n t he s oi l wit h in a nd do wn g ra di en t o f CMA. Gi ve n t he v er y l ow p er mea bi l it y an d i nf i lt ra ti o n ca p ac it y o f th e s oi ls in t h e ar ea , t he op po rt u ni ty to r ec h ar ge gr ou nd wat er s to re d i n st r at ig ra p hi c l ay er s b el ow th e so i l wi l l re ma i n lo w f or b o th CMAs .

The p ro p os ed re ha bi l it at i on wil l s ub s ta nt ia l ly i mpr ov e h ab it a t su it a bi li t y fu nc t io ns on s it e . Su pp re ss i on o f n on -n at i ve , i nv as iv e p la n ts a nd es ta b li sh me n t of na ti ve ve ge t at io n wil l e nh an ce wi ld l if e ha b it at as wel l a si nc re as e p ri mar y pr o du ct i on a nd or ga n ic e xp o rt . Es ta bl i sh in g n at iv e p la n t co mmu ni ti e s wi ll cr ea t e mo re h ab it at st ru c tu re a n d di v er si ty , whi c h wi ll li ke l y au gme nt b o th wil d li fe an d pl a nt d i ve rs it y . Gi ve n th e p ro xi mi t y of re la ti v el y i nt ac t h ab it a ts s uc h a s mat ur e f or es t s, s tr e ams, la ke s, an d c oa st al ha bi t at s, t h eo pp or tu n it y f or t he s e we t la nd s t o pe r fo rm t h e ha b it at s u it ab i li ty f u nc ti o ns wil l b e mod er at e t o h ig h.

The i nc r ea se d e xt en t o f i nu nd at i on t o o cc ur in CMA2 a nd th e n at iv e e me rg e nt v eg e ta ti o n an d woo dy de br is t o be e s ta bl i sh ed i n i nu n da te d p or ti o ns o f b ot h CMAs wi l l pr o vi de i n cr ea s ed o pp o rt un i ti es f o r aq u at ic i ns ec ts an d a mp hi bi a ns t o f in d c ov er , f oo d, an d b re ed in g s it e s. Th e a bs e nc e of su rf a ce wat e r in la te s u mmer wil l co n ti nu e t o pr e ve nt co lo ni z at io n b y or g an is ms su ch as b u ll fr og s , a n on -n at i ve a mph ib ia n s pe c ie s th a t

50

p re ys u p on a mph ib ia n l ar v ae ( Ri c ht er 19 99 ). Pac i fi c ch o ru s f ro gs a n d re d -l eg ge d f ro g s ar e p re se n t in n ea rb y a re as an d wi l l li k el y co l on iz e t he e n ha nc e d we tl a nd s i n on ly a fe w y ea rs fo ll o wi ng t h ei r i ns ta ll a ti on .

Oth er wi ld li f e li ke l y to be ne fi t f ro m t he p r op os e d co mp e ns at o ry mit i ga ti o n in cl u de s mamma ls an d b ir ds .Mamma ls th at re ly u p on wo od la nd an d woo dl an d /mea d ow e dg e h ab i ta t su c h as bl ac kt a il d e er , co y ot es ,Dou gl as sq ui r re ls , r ac co o ns , an d p or c up in es wi ll be ne fi t f ro m t he e s ta bl i sh me nt of f o re st a n d sc r ub -s hr u bc ommu ni t ie s. A wid e v ar i et y of bi rd s wil l l ik el y f in d n es ti n g an d/ o r fo r ag in g h ab it a t in t h e CMAs 25 y e ar sf ol lo wi n g in i ti al mi ti ga t io n ac t iv it y i nc lu d in g war bl er s , sp a rr ows, swal l ows, wo od pe c ke rs , h awks , a nd s hr ik es .

Upo n re a ch in g mat ur i ty , t he t re e s an d s hr ub s t o b e in st a ll ed wi ll p r ov id e h ab it a t fo r a v ar i et y o f wi ld l if ei nc lu di n g ma mma ls , b ir ds , a nd a mph ib i an s. The f o re st ed an d s cr ub -s h ru b a re as wi ll p r ov id e s he lt e r an dt he rmal in su l at io n f or ma ny s pe c ie s, wh ic h i s es p ec ia ll y i mp o rt an t d ur in g win te r . Th es e ha b it at s wil l p er mi t n es ti ng an d b re ed in g f or a va ri e ty o f s pe ci e s in c ap ab le of u t il iz in g t he op en me ad ows f or s u ch a c ti vi ti e s.The woo d ed a r ea s wi l l al s o se rv e a s a mig ra t io n a nd d is p er sa l c or ri d or c o nn ec ti n g th e f or es t ed a r ea s so u th o f Gr an d vi ew Ro ad wi th t h e ri pa r ia n f or es t s ur ro u nd in g Ter re l l Cr ee k t o t he n or t h. Mig ra ti o n an d d is pe r sa lh ab it at is e s pe ci al l y imp or ta nt to a r ea s li k e th i s po rt i on o f Wha tc o m Co u nt y wh e re f o re st ed ar ea s a re s ev er el y f ra g me nt ed by d e ve lo pme nt .

The f or e st ed an d sc r ub -s h ru b ar e as wi ll e nc o ur ag e t he e s ta bl i sh me nt an d g ro wt h o f na t iv e mi d -s to r y an du nd er st o ry v e ge ta ti o n an d s up pr e ss i n va si on by n o n- na ti v e, i n va si ve pl an t s. Th e f or e st ed a n d sc r ub -s hr u bc ommu ni t ie s t o be e s ta bl i sh ed o n s it e may e v en tu a ll y ex p an d i nt o ad j ac en t u ni mp r ov ed ar ea s, th er e by f ur th er en ha n ci ng h a bi ta t v al ue fo r t he a re a . Ho we ve r, th e mod el p r ed ic t s th at th e i nc re as e i n n at iv e, wo od y v eg et at i on wi ll s up p re ss impr ov e me nt of b ir d h ab i ta t su i ta bi l it y, c a us in g n o sc o re i n cr ea se in CMA1 a nd o nl y an in cr e as e of 2 pe r fo rman c e po i nt s in CMA2 .

Aqu at ic in se c ts , amp hi bi a ns , an d o th e r an ima ls a t tr ac te d t o t he e nh a nc ed we tl an d s an d u pl an d s wi l l pr ov i de i nc re as e d fo r ag in g o pp or t un it ie s f or a va ri e ty o f b ir ds in cl u di ng p a ss er i ne s (p e rc hi n g bi rd s ), wa te rf owl ,r ap to rs , a nd gr ea t b lu e h er on s. Her o ns f or a ge f o r amph i bi an s a nd s mal l mamma ls in t h e sh al l ow p o nd s an d f al lo w f ie ld s n or th of Gr an dv ie w Roa d ( Ei ss i ng er pe rs . c omm. 20 01 ). Sig n if ic an t a re a s of o p en f i el d ha b it at wil l be ma in t ai ne d f or h e ro n fo r ag in g . The qu al i ty o f t he se fo ra gi n g ar e as wil l b e muc h imp ro ve d o ve r t he ir c ur re nt co nd i ti on . He ro n s wi ll pr of i t fr om th e i nc re as e i n i nu nd at e d ar e as wit h s ur f ac e wa t er l e ss t ha n 5 0c m (2 0 i nc he s ) de ep th at su pp or t a mp h ib ia ns (Sho r t an d Coo pe r 1 98 5) . Co n ve rt in g t he ex te ns i ve r e ed c an ar yg r as s o n CMA 1 a nd 2 to a n ot he r h er ba c eo us co ve r wil l b en ef it he ro n s al so wh il e s ea rc h in g f or s ma l lmamma ls . He r on s ha v e be e n ob se r ve d a vo id in g t he ta ll d e ns e c ov er t h at r e ed c an a ry gr a ss p re s en ts ( Ei ss in g er p e rs . co mm. 2 0 03 ).

No th re a te ne d o r en d an ge r ed s pe c ie s a re e xp e ct ed to b en e fi t d ir ec tl y f ro m t he p r op os e d co mp e ns at o ry mit ig at i on .

Sin ce t h e we t la nd s c ur re n tl y do no t p ro vi de fi sh ha bi ta t a nd wi ll n o t pr o vi de f i sh h a bi ta t a ft er mi ti ga t io na ct iv it y i s c ompl et e , th e f un ct i on al pe rf or man ce fo r Ha b it at Su it ab i li ty fo r An a dr omo us Fis h a nd Ha bi ta t Sui ta bi l it y f or Res i de nt Fi sh c a n no t b e ev a lu at e d. Th u s, t h e sc or e s fo r t he mi ti ga t io n we t la nd s a re s h owna s no t ‘ N/ A’ (n ot a p pl ic a bl e) .

51

The wet l an d c ommu ni t ie s t o be e s ta bl i sh ed o n s it e wil l c on ti n ue t o g en er a te r el a ti ve l y hi gh ra te s o f pr i ma ry p ro du ct i vi ty an d re l ea se or ga ni c mat t er t o d owns t re am a r ea s a t mo de r at e r at es v i a th e s ea so n al ly fl owin g c ha nn el s . A su bs ta n ti al in cr ea s e in pr imar y p ro d uc ti on an d o rg an ic ex po r t is p r ed ic t ed t o r es ul t f ro m t he p ro po se d r eh a bi li ta t io n. As a r es ul t , th e p ro po s ed mit i ga ti o n is p r ed ic t ed t o c au se mo re b i omas s t o be r et ai ne d o n s it e (l o ck ed up i n t re es an d sh r ub s) an d al s o pr o du ce a n i nc r ea se d r at e o f or ga n ic ma tt er r e le as e .

I n su mma ry , t he mod e l pr e di ct s t ha t t he p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n wil l ca u se g e ne ra ll y s li g ht i nc r ea se s i n th e p er fo rma nc e o f hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s a nd s ub s ta nt i al i nc r ea se s i n th e p er f or ma nc e o f wet la nd ha bi t at f un ct io n s. For CMA1 , th e i nd ex fo r o ne h yd r ol og i c fu nc t io n ( De cr ea s in g Downs tr e am Er os io n) wi ll i nc re as e , th e i nd ex fo r a no th er hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on ( Re mov in g Hea vy Me ta l s an d Tox ic Or ga ni c s) wi ll d ec re as e s li g ht ly , a nd t h e in di c es f o r th e r emai n in g fo u r hy d ro lo gi c f un c ti on s wil l n ot c ha n ge . Fo r CMA2,t he i nd i ce s f or t wo hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s (De cr ea s in g Do wns tr e am Ero s io n, an d Re c ha rg i ng Gro u nd wa t er )wil l in c re as e s li gh t ly wh er ea s t he r e ma in in g f ou r h yd ro l og ic fu nc ti o ns wi ll n ot ch an g e. Pe r fo rma nc e of al lh ab it at fu nc t io ns wi ll i n cr ea se in b o th CMAs , bu t i nc re a se s wil l be sl ig h tl y la r ge r i n CMA2 as se s smen t u ni t.The g re a te r p er fo rma nc e i nc re as e p re d ic te d f or t h e as se s smen t u ni t a ss oc i at ed wi th CMA2 i s a tt ri b ut ed t o t he d ra mat ic in cr ea s e in in un da t io n a nd t he re la t iv el y mod er a te d ec r ea se in h er b ac eo u s ve ge t at io n .

Gai ns a n d lo s se s in fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e f ro m t he p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n h av e be e n ca l cu la te d i n a cr e- p oi nt s, wh ic h i s th e p ro d uc t of we tl a nd f un c ti on a l pe rf o rman c e in de x a nd we tl an d a cr e ag e. The Was hi ng t on St at e Me t ho ds fo r As s es si n g We tl a nd Fu nc ti on s ( Ec o lo gy 1 9 99 ) s ug ge st s mea s ur in g f un ct i on al p er fo rma nc e i n te rms o f a cr e- po i nt s. Alt ho u gh t h e we tl a nd f u nc ti on a l pe r fo rman c e is in fl ue n ce d b ywet la nd si ze , t hi s mea su r emen t e ss en t ia ll y g iv es eq ua l i mp or t an ce t o wet l an d fu n ct io n al p er f or ma n ce a nd wet la nd si ze . Ac re - po in t s or f u nc ti o na l un i ts c a n be u s ed t o c ompa r e ga i n an d l os s i n ov er a ll we tl an df un ct io n al p e rf or ma n ce .

The c umu la ti v e lo ss of we tl an d f un ct i on al p e rf or man ce t h at wi ll o cc u r as a re su l t of th e pr o po se d c on st ru c ti on ha s be e n ca l cu la te d . Th e re su l ts o f t hi s c al cu l at io n a re s h own in Ta bl e 1 3. A t ot a l of t e nwet la nd ar ea s wil l b e el i mi na te d . Th e te mp o ra l l os s in fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e o f th e 4 .6 6- a cr e p or ti on of Wet la nd F th a t wi ll be r e st or ed su bs e qu en t t o co n st ru ct i on wa s di sc u ss ed in Sec t io n 4 .4 .4 .

52

Table 1 3 Wet la nd Func t io na l Per fo r ma nc e I ndic e s and Acr e- Poi nt s f or Ex is ti ng We tl a nd Are a s Tha t Wi ll be

Per ma ne ntl y Eli mi na t ed by t he Pr opos e d Co ns t ruct i on. 1

Wet la nd F( 8.75 a c )

2

Funct io n

Wet la ndA

( 1.69 a c )2

Wet la ndB

( 2.81 a c )2

Wet la ndC

( 0.88 a c )2

Wet la ndD

( 5.92 a c )2

A U- 1( 8.15 a c )

A U- 2( 0.6 ac )

Wet la nd G( 5.46 a c )

2 Wet la nd H( 0.23 a c )

2 Wet la nd I( 0.15 a c )

2 Wet la nd J( 4.39 a c )

2 Sum

( 30 .5 8 a c) Poten tia l fo r Rem ov ing Sed im en t

4 /6 .7 6

4 / 11 .2 4

4 /3 .5 2

5 /5 .4 5

5 /4 0.75

5/3.0

4 / 21 .8 4

4 /0 .9 2

5 / 0.75

5 /2 1.95 1 16 .1 8

Poten tia l fo r Rem ov ing N utrien ts

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

2 /1 .7 6

3 /1 7.76

3 / 24 .4 5

2/1.2

2 /1 0.92

3 / 0.69

5 / 0.75

3 /1 3.17 7 9.7

Poten tia l fo r Rem ov ing H ea vy Me ta ls an d To x ic O rg an ic s

4 /6 .7 6

4 / 11 .2 4

4 /3 .5 2

5 /5 .4 5

5 /4 0.75

4/2.4

5 / 27 .3

5 / 1.15

5 / 0.75

5 /2 1.95 1 21 .2 7

Poten tia l fo r Red uc ing Pea k Flo ws

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

2 /1 .7 6

4 / 23 .6 8

4/32.6

2/1.2

2 /1 0.92

3 / 0.69

5 / 0.75

3 /1 3.17 93 .7 7

Poten tia l fo r D ec re a sing D ow ns tr e am Er os io n

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

3 /2 .6 4

5 / 29 .6

5 /4 0.75

4/2.4

3 /1 6.38

3 / 0.69

8 / 1.2

3 /1 3.17 1 15 .8 3

Poten tia l fo r Rec ha r ging G ro un dw a te r

3 / 5.07

3 /8 .4 3

3 /2 .6 4

5 / 29 .6

5 /4 0.75

2/1.2

4 / 21 .8 4

5 / 1.15

1 / 0.15

5 /2 1.95 1 32 .7 8

G en er al Ha bitatSuita bility

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

2 /1 .7 6

2 /1 1.84

2 /1 6.3

2/1.2

1 / 5.46

1 / 0.23

3 /0 .4 5

2 / 8.78 55 .0 2

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rI nv er te b ra te s

1 / 1.69

1 /2 .8 1

0 /0

0 /0

2 /1 6.3

1/0.6

1 / 5.46

1 / 0.23

1 / 0.15

1 / 4.39 31 .6 3

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rA mp hibia ns

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

1 / 0.88

1 / 5.92

2 /1 6.3

2/1.2

1 / 5.46

1 / 0.23

1 / 0.15

1 / 4.39 43 .5 3

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rA na dr om o us Fish

N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rRes id en t Fis h

N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A N /A

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rWetla nd - A ss o ciated Bir ds

4 /6 .7 6

3 /8 .4 3

3 /2 .6 4

3 /1 7.76

3 /2 3.85

2/1.2

2 /1 0.92

2 / 0.46

2 /0 .3

3 /1 3.17 8 5.49

H ab itat Su ita bility fo rWetla nd - A ss o ciated Mam ma ls

2 / 3.38

2 /5 .6 2

2 /1 .7 6

2 /1 1.84

1 / 8.15

1/0.6

1 / 5.46

1 / 0.23

2 /0 .3

2 / 8.78 46 .1 2

N ativ e Pla nt Rich ne s s 1 / 1.69

0 /0

0 /0

0 /0

1 / 8.15

0 /0

0 /0

0 /0

3 / 0.45

0 /0 10 .2 9

Prima ry Pr od u ctio n a nd Exp or t

6 /1 0.14

6 /1 6.86

6 / 5.28

7 /4 1.44

6 / 48 .9

8/4.8

7 /3 8.22

7 / 1.61

9 / 1.35

7 /3 0.73 1 99 .3 3

1 Wetla nd E an d Wetla n d K w ill no t b e a ff ec te d b y the p ro p os ed pr ojec t.2 The se a c re ag e s in dic ate the imp a ct a r ea f or ea ch we tlan d . The te mp or a ry los s o f w etla nd fu nc tio na l p er fo r ma nc e b y th e 4 .6 6- a cr e p or tion of We tlan d F

tha t will be c om e th e Wes t Res to r atio n A re a is ta b ulated in Ta ble 4 a nd is d is cu s se d in Su bs e ctio n 4 .4 .4 .3 The s co r es f o r fu nc tio na l p er fo r ma nc e a re a v er ag e d fo r a ll w e tlan ds to b e a ff ec ted b y the p r op os e d pr oje ct; the s co r e fo r Wetla n d F is th e s um o f its

A U’ s sc o re s w eigh te d b y a cr ea ge .

Pre di ct e d ga i ns i n wet la n d fu nc t io na l p er fo r ma nc e f ro m t he p r op os ed mi ti g at io n wer e c ompa re d wit h p re di ct e d lo s se s in we tl a nd f un c ti on a l pe rf o rman c e fr om th e p ro po se d c on s tr uc ti o n (s e e Ta bl e 1 4) . Wi th th ee xc ep ti o n of De cr ea s in g Downs tr e am Er os io n, th e met ho d p re di c ts t ha t t he r e wi ll be a ne t lo s s in th ep er fo rma nc e o f hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s a s a re s ul t o f th e p ro po s ed c on s tr uc t io n an d mit i ga ti on . Wi t h th ee xc ep ti o n of Pr imar y Pro d uc ti on an d Exp or t, th e met ho d p re di c ts t ha t t he pr op os e d co n st ru ct i on a n dmit ig at i on wi ll l ea d t o a n et i n cr ea s e in p e rf or man ce o f h ab i ta t fu n ct io n s.

53

Table 1 4 Expec te d Gro s s and Net Ga ins And Los s es o f Acr e- Poi nt s

H yd ro lo g ic F u nction s H ab itat Fu nctio ns

F un ctio n G ains from M itig ation

L osses fro mC on stru ction

E xp ected N etG ain or Lo ss

(+ or -) F un ctio n G ains from M itig ation

L osses fro mC on stru ction

E xp ected N etG ain or Lo ss

(+ or -)P oten tial fo rR em ov in g S ed im en t

3 3.74 1 16 .1 8 -82 .4 4 G en eralH ab itatS uitability

2 78 .1 2 5 5.02 + 22 3.1

P oten tial fo rR em ov in g N utrien ts

9 .3 2 7 9.7 -70 .3 8 H ab itatS uitability forInv erteb rates

2 78 .1 2 3 1.63 + 24 6.49

P oten tial fo rR em ov in g H eavy M etalsand T ox icO rg an ics

-10 7.06 1 21 .5 7 -22 8.33 H ab itatS uitability forA mp hibians

1 66 .4 4 3.53 + 12 2.87

P oten tial fo rR ed ucin g P eak F lo ws

4 .6 6 9 3.77 -89 .1 1 H ab itatS uitability forA nadrom o usF ish

N /A N /A N /A

P oten tial fo rD ecreasing D ow nstream E ro sion

2 18 .7 8 1 15 .8 3 + 10 2.95 H ab itatS uitability forR esid en t F ish

N /A N /A N /A

P oten tial fo rR echarg ing G ro un dw ater

6 4.0 1 32 .7 8 -68 .7 8 H ab itatS uitability forW etland -A ssociated B irds

1 71 .0 6 8 5.49 + 86 .5 7

H ab itatS uitability forW etland -A ssociated M am mals

1 02 .4 4 6.12 + 56 .2 8

N ativ e P lantR ichn ess

3 46 .7 8 1 0.29 + 33 6.49

P rimary P ro du ction an dE xp ort

1 07 .0 6 1 99 .3 3 -92 .2 7

I t sh ou l d be no te d t ha t d es pi te wi de s pr ea d a cc ep t an ce o f t he fu nc ti o na l a ss es sme nt me th od u s ed f o r th is a ss es sme nt , t he a cc u ra cy of i ts re su l ts i s l imit e d. As in di c at ed i n t he me th od ’ s gu i de li ne s , th e i nd ic e s do no td en ot e a ct ua l f un ct i on al pe rf or man ce , b ut o n ly a n e st ima te o f p er fo r ma nc e b as ed on r e ad il y o bs er v ab le a sp ec ts of a gi ve n s it e a nd t he re la t io ns hi p b et wee n th e se a s pe ct s a nd t h e va ri o us f u nc ti on s . Ma ny o f t he r el at io n sh ip s b et we e n si t e as pe c ts a n d we tl a nd f u nc ti on s a re si mp ly hy po t he si ze d r el a ti on sh i ps b e ca us es pe ci fi c i nf o rmat io n r eg a rd in g t he r e la ti on s hi ps ma y be la ck i ng ( Ec o lo gy 19 99 ). The va li di t y of th es er el at io n sh ip s may b e e sp e ci al ly we ak fo r th e h yd r ol og ic fu nc t io ns .

Ana ly si s o f t he CMAs ’ hy d ro st ra t ig ra p hy a nd so il s c ombi n ed wi th v ar i ou s o bs er va t io ns of t he si te ’ sh yd ro lo g ic r e gi me h a ve p r ov id ed fu rt h er i ns i gh t i nt o th e f ac t or s af f ec ti n g hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s. The c on cl us i on s r eg ar di n g pe r fo rman c e of hy dr ol o gi c f un ct io n s th a t we re dr awn f ro m t he se an al ys e s an d o bs er va t io ns di ff er to s o me d eg r ee f r om t he re su l ts o f t he f u nc ti on a l as s es smen t u si n g Ec ol o gy ’s me th od s .I n pa rt i cu la r , it wa s sh o wn t ha t s lo p in g to p og ra p hy , po o r ve r ti ca l d ra in a ge , an d l on g -t er m s at ur a ti on a n d

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i nu nd at i on r e cu rr en t a cr o ss t he co ns t ru ct io n s it e a nd t h e CMAs co mb i ne t o s ev er e ly l i mi t th e p ot e nt ia l t or ed uc e p ea k f lo ws o r r ec h ar ge g r ou nd wat er i n t he s e ar ea s . Ot he r we t la nd fu nc ti o ns , s uc h as th e p ot en ti a l to r emov e s ed ime nt s, n u tr ie n ts , an d t ox i ns , ar e a ls o l imit e d to so me d e gr ee by t he co mb i na ti on of t o po gr ap h ic ,s oi l, a n d hy d ro lo gi c f ac t or s fo u nd a t t he se si te s . Thu s , re s ul ts o f t he fu nc ti o na l a ss es sme nt ma yo ve re st i ma te cu rr en t p er f or ma nc e l ev e ls o f mos t h yd ro lo g ic f u nc ti on s i n t he c on s tr uc t io n si t e an d t he CMAs.

Alt ho ug h t he re ha bi l it at i on p ro p os ed fo r th e CMAs i s ex p ec te d t o imp ro ve pe rf or man ce of t he s e an d o th er h yd ro lo g ic f u nc ti on s , th e f un ct i on al as se ss men t mod el d o es n o t pr ed i ct l a rg e in c re as e s in p e rf or man ce .The se p r ed ic t io ns u n de re s ti ma te th e a ct ua l i mp ro v emen t e xp ec t ed b ec a us e t he mod e l la c ks t he se ns i ti vi ty a de qu at e t o a cc ou nt fo r t he c ha n ge s i n si te co nd i ti on s t ha t wil l be ca us e d by t h e pr o po se d mit ig a ti on . Fo ri ns ta nc e , ad d in g th e c on t ri bu ti n g ba s in a re a c omp ri se d b y th e p la nt si te (3 3 ac r es ) t o th e a ss es s me nt u n it a ss oc ia t ed wi th CMA2 h as no e ff e ct o n t he s c or es fo r th e h yd r ol og ic fu nc t io ns .

I n ad di t io n, th e mo d el f a il s to in co r po ra te th e mit ig at i ng e f fe ct o f t he pr op os e d de t en ti on po nd s o n th e c ha ng es in p r oj ec t s it e’ s h yd ro l og ic re gi me . Be c au se t h e po n ds a re be in g d es ig n ed u s in g up d at ed t ec hn iq u es a n d wi ll in cl u de d ea d s to r ag e, t h ey wi ll mit i ga te pe rf or man ce lo ss es of a l l hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on se xc ep t Pot en t ia l to fo r Rec ha rg i ng Gr ou nd wa t er , a f un ct i on wh ic h is no t s ig ni fi c an t o n th e BP Ch e rr y Po i nt p ro pe rt y d ue to t he un de r ly in g a qu it a rd .

Thu s, t h e ac t ua l pe r fo rma nc e lo s se s o f hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on d u e to t h e pr o po se d c on st r uc ti on wi ll be l es s t ha n in d ic at e d by t h e fu n ct io na l a ss e ss me nt re su l ts whe r ea s t he e xp e ct ed ga in s wil l b e as g r ea t o r gr ea t er t ha n in d ic at e d by t h e fu n ct io na l a ss e ss me nt re su l ts . As a r e su lt , t he p r op os ed mi ti g at io n wil l a de qu at e ly o ff se t t he l o ss es o f h yd r ol og ic fu nc t io n pe r fo rma nc e to be c a us ed b y t he pr op os e d co n st ru ct i on ( i nc lu di n gd et en ti o n po n d co ns t ru ct i on ).

The p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n wil l gr e at ly impr ov e e co l og ic al in te g ri ty a n d fu n ct io na l it y o f th e wet la n ds wit h in t he CMAs . Ap pl yi ng Ec ol o gy ’s we tl an d r at in g s ys t em t o t he CMA we tl a nd s u nd er c o nd it i on s pr e di ct e d to o cc ur 2 5 y ea r s fo ll o wi ng in it ia l mit i ga ti on ac ti v it y re s ul ts in Cat e go ry II wet l an ds wi th v e ry h i gh s co r es ,i nd ic at i ng a hi gh ly va lu a bl e Ca t eg or y I I we t la nd . Th e e xi st i ng wet l an ds wi th in th e CMAs ar e r at e d as a Cat eg or y I I wet la nd s u si n g th e Was hi n gt on St at e Wet la nd s Rat i ng Sys t em ( Eco lo gy 19 93 ) . Des p it e t he ir d eg ra de d c on d it io n, th es e wet la n ds s a ti sf y t he c r it er ia fo r Cat eg or y I I s ta tu s s in ce th ey a r e fa i rl y la r ge a n dh yd ro lo g ic al l y co nn e ct ed vi a in t er mi t te nt s t re ams t o Te r re ll Cr ee k, a sa l mo n- be a ri ng st re am wi th an i nt a ct r ip ar ia n f or e st . Ho we ve r , th ey ba re l y ex ce e d th e t hr es h ol d b et we en Ca te g or y II I a nd Ca te go r y II we tl an d s.The c omp le te d wet la n d ra t in gs d a ta f o rms fo r t he CMAs u n de r c ur re nt an d p re di ct e d co n di ti on s a re p re se nt e d in Ap pe nd i x C.

5.4.7 Buffers

The u pl a nd a r ea s sc a tt er e d ac ro s s va r io us p o rt io n s of t h e CMAs sh ar e b or d er s wi t h th e wet la n d ar e as wit h in t he CMAs a nd ar e th u s co n si de re d wet l an d bu f fe rs . Mo st of t h es e up l an d mea do w a re as ar e on l y sl i gh tl yh ig he r i n el e va ti on th an th e we t la nd s a nd r e ta in sa tu ra t io n f or l on g p er i od s du r in g t he wet se as o n. Th e Upl an d For es t c ommu n it ie s t o be es ta b li sh ed wi th i n th es e a re a s wi ll impr o ve t he i r se r vi ce a s wet l an db uf fe rs , t he r eb y en h an ci n g pe rf o rman c e of b o th h y dr ol og i c an d h ab it a t we t la nd f u nc ti o ns .

55

The r ip a ri an fo re st as so c ia te d wit h Ter re ll Cr ee k wil l p ro vi d e a bu f fe r t o mo st of t h e no rt h er n b or de r o f th e CMAs. Onl y t he wes t er nmo st p or t io n o f CMA2 do es no t bo r de r t hi s ma t ur e mix ed d e ci du o us /c on i fe ro u sf or es t. Two pa tc he s o f mat ur e f or es t d is ti n ct f r om t he ri pa r ia n fo r es t a ss oc ia t ed wi th Ter r el l Cre ek a l so b or de r CMA2. The se fo re s ts a re ma in l y co mp o se d o f de ci d uo us br oa d- l ea ve d t re es , b ut ha ve s e ve ra l n at iv e c on if er o us t r ee s ap p ro ac h in g ca n op y l ev el .

I n ar ea s a lo n g Bl ai n e Ro a d an d Gra nd v ie w Ro a d, we tl an ds ex te n d to t h e ed g e of t h e ROW o r be y on d. Int he se a r ea s t he re i s n o o pp or tu n it y f or d es i gn at i ng u pl a nd b u ff er s. In o th er a r ea s o f th e CMAs, th e we t la nd c on ti nu e s be y on d th e b ou n da ry o f t he CMA, a n d th e se a re a s li k ewis e h av e n o op po r tu ni t y fo r wet la n db uf fe rs . Th e l at te r a re a s bo rd e r on ot he r BP pr o pe rt y wit h n o ac ti v e la n d us e, an d t he f un c ti on s o ft en p ro vi de d b y b uf fe rs ar e l es s imp or ta n t or a r e pr o vi de d b y th e wet la n d.

5.4.8 Land Use

Alt ho ug h t he BP Che r ry Po in t pr o pe rt y n or th of Gr an dv ie w Roa d i s zo n ed f o r ‘l ig h t imp ac t in d us tr i al ’d ev el op men t, BP i nt e nd s t o ma in t ai n t hi s ar e a in a na tu r al s t at e. As st a te d ea r li er , t he CMAs p r imar il y c on ta in ab an d on ed p a st ur e t ha t h as n o t be en cu lt i va te d i n ov e r 10 y e ar s. The se ar ea s a re c u rr en t ly u ti l iz ed b y th e Was hi n gt on Fi sh a n d Wi ld l if e Ser vi ce (WDFW) to p r od uc e g ra in fo r r in g- ne c ke d p he as an t s, wh ic ha re r el e as ed he re e a ch a u tu mn f o r th e r el at i ve ly fe w hu n te rs th at p u rs ue th em. Th es e a re as en du r e on ly o cc as io n al h u ma n tr a ff ic . WDFW in c o nj un ct i on wi th Duc k s Un l imit ed ha s a ls o co n st ru c te d two p on d s,b ot h of wh ic h p ro vi d e ha b it at f o r wa t er fo wl . Th e g ra in - pr od u ct io n a re as an d po n ds a r e lo ca t ed o v er s ev e ra lh un dr ed fe et fr om t h e pr o po se d CMAs a nd n o maj or co nf li c ts wi th h un t er s a re e xp e ct ed (Ree d p er s. co mm.2 00 2) .

A l ar ge ar ea ov er la p pi ng mo st o f CMA1 i s op e n to ca tt le gr az i ng u nd e r a 5 -y ea r c on tr a ct wit h a d a ir yf ar me r t ha t b eg an i n 2 00 1 . Typ i ca ll y , th e a pp ro x imat el y 6 0 c ows an d 2 5 c al ve s c on gr e ga te o n t he hi ll whe re t h ey h a ve b ee n f ed ha y th r ou gh th e wi n te r. Howev e r, t h e ca tt l e ar e f re e t o en t er t he we tl a nd t hr o ug ha g at e t ha t i s op en fo r mos t of th e g ro wi ng se as o n. Du r in g t hi s ti me, t h e ca tt l e gr a ze v ir t ua ll y a ll t h eh er ba ce o us s p ec ie s p re se n t wi th i n th e g ra zi n g ar e a, i nc l ud in g s lo ug h s ed g e. Ob s er va t io ns o f t he gr az ed ar ea i n Oc to b er 2 0 02 f ou n d th a t he rb a ce ou s p la nt sp ec i es d iv e rs it y h as i n cr ea s ed s ub s ta nt i al ly s i nc e b ef or e t he g ra zi ng be ga n . In a dd it i on , th e s ur f ac e la y er o f t he s o il a p pe ar s s li gh t ly d is t ur be d b y th e t ra mpl in g e ff ec t o ft he c at t le . Si nc e t he g r az in g c on tr a ct i s r ev oc a bl e, t h e ca t tl e wi l l be re ad il y r emo ve d be f or e c ompe ns a to ry mit ig at i on i s i ni ti a te d.

The mea d ow a r ea s we s t of CMA2 a n d ea s t of CMA1 a r e al so wi th i n th e BP Ch e rr y Po i nt p r op er ty an dt he re fo r e wi l l be r e ta in e d as u n de ve l op ed a r ea s. The r i pa ri a n fo re s t to th e no r th s e rv es a s t he bu ff er ar ea fo rTer re ll Cr ee k a nd t h us i s o ff -l i mi ts to d ev e lo pme nt .

Cur re nt an d e xp ec te d f ut u re l an d u se s i n th e a re a n ea r t he CMAs a re no t l ik el y t o de t er e nh a nc eme nt o f t he CMAs or de gr a de t he i r fu n ct io na l p er f or ma nc e o ve r t ime. Air qu al it y mod e li ng i n di ca t es t ha t e mi s si on sf ro m th e c og e ne ra ti o n fa c il it y wil l n ot s ig n if ic a nt ly a f fe ct cu rr en t a mb i en t ai r q ua l it y in th e a re a (Go ld er Ass oc ia t es 2 0 03 d) . Al th o ug h re s id en t ia l de v el op men t ma y i nc r ea se t o s ome d eg re e o ve r t he n e xt f e wd ec ad es , t he ar ea s a dj ac e nt t o t he CMAs wil l l ik e ly r et a in t h ei r ru r al c h ar ac te r . Th e ne ar e st p r op er ti e s to th eCMAs ou t si de BP o wn e rs hi p a re n o rt h o f Te rr e ll Cr ee k an d a re ap pr ox i ma te l y 0.25 mi le s a wa y. Alt h ou gh i t cu rr e nt ly co nv ey s l ig h t to mo de ra t e tr af f ic , Bla in e Roa d a nd t he po rt i on o f Gra nd v ie w Ro a d ea s t of t h e

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i nt er se c ti on wi th Bl ai ne Ro ad ( a ls o k no wn a s Sta t e Ro ut e 5 48 ) i s no t l ik e ly t o b e ex p an de d a t an y t ime ( Le ep er s. c o mm. 2 00 3) . Si nc e t he p o rt io n o f Gr a nd vi e w Ro ad we st of i ts in te r se ct io n wit h Bla in e Roa d c on ve y so nl y li g ht t r af fi c, th is ar ea wi ll n o t li ke l y be ex pa nd e d ei t he r.

5.5 CONSTRAINTS

Van da li s m by tr es pa s se rs ma y be th e o nl y co n st ra i nt t o mit ig a ti on s u cc es s t ha t i s ou t si de t h e own er ’s c on tr ol . Ho wev er , n o va n da li sm ha s o cc ur re d t o t he e xi s ti ng mi ti ga t io n s it e lo c at ed ju st we st o f CMA2 a nd n on e is ex pe c te d to oc cu r i n th e CMAs . The mi ti g at io n s it es ar e wi t hi n BP Ch er r y Po i nt p ro p er ty ne ar t h er ef in er y a nd cu rr en t ly u n de rg o r eg ul a r se cu r it y c he ck s b y th e e xi st i ng s e cu ri ty co nt r ac to r.

5.6 SITE PLAN


The h yd r ol og i c mo di f ic at i on s pr o po se d f or t h e CMAs in cl u de p l ug gi ng (f il l in g) p o rt io n s of s o me d i tc he s i nb ot h CMAs, d i re ct in g s to r mwat er ru no f f to CMA2 f r om t he de te n ti on p o nd t o b e co n st ru c te d at th e p la nt s it e, a n d ex c av at io n o f s wa le s t o en s ur e th a t ru n of f is di sp e rs ed a c ro ss a wi de ar ea of CMA2 . Th es emod if ic a ti on s wil l r es to r e hi st o ri c d ra in ag e p at t er ns , f ur th e r impr o ve wa te r qu a li ty of t he ru no f f fr om th ed et en ti o n po n d, a nd re du c e dr ai n ag e e ff ic ie n cy , t he re by in cr e as in g h yd ro l og ic s t or ag e .

The p or t io ns of d it c he s wit hi n t he CMAs t ha t wil l n ot b e f il l ed l ac k t he po te nt i al t o c on tr i bu te to h yd r ol og i cr es to ra t io n. Bec au s e th e se d it c he s c on ve y r el at i ve ly h i gh f l ows du r in g win te r s to rm ev en ts , f il l in g th e mwou ld l i ke ly ca us e e ro si o n (p os s ib ly gu ll yi n g) a n d ul ti mat el y n ot i mpr ov e h yd ro l og ic st or ag e o rp er fo rma nc e o f hy dr o lo gi c f un ct i on s o n th e s it e.

Fig ur e 8 A co n ta in s t he p l an d ra win g s ho wi ng mo di f ic at io n s pr o po se d f or CMA1 a nd Fi gu r e 8B c o nt ai n sc ro ss s e ct io n d ra wi n gs d e ta il in g d it c h pl ug g in g p ro po se d f or CMA1 . Fi gu r e 9A c o nt ai n s th e p la n d ra wi ng s ho wi ng mo di f ic at io n s pr o po se d f or CMA2 a nd Fi gu r e 9B c o nt ai n s th e c ro ss se ct io n d ra win gs d e ta il i ng d it ch p l ug gi n g pr op o se d f or CMA2 .

The l oc a ti on s o f th e mai n d it ch e s wi t hi n CMA1 an d CMA2 a s th e y cu rr e nt ly ex is t a re s h own in Fi gu r e 5Aa nd Fig u re 5 B. Nat i ve s o il wil l b e u se d to pl ug th e up p er ( s ou th er n ) po r ti on o f t he ma in d i tc h i n CMA1 , t he s ha ll ow di tc h t ha t e xt en d s ea st - we st in t he no rt h we st er n p ar t o f CMA1, t h e up pe r ( ea s te rn ) p or ti o n of t h ee as t- we s t di t ch i n CMA2, an d th e u pp e r (s ou t he rn ) p or ti o n of th e di t ch a l on g th e wes t b ou nd a ry o f CMA2.

To th e e xt en t p ra ct i ca bl e , so il fr om sp oi ls ca st ad ja ce n t to th e di t ch es wi ll b e u se d t o fi l l th e d it ch e s. Soi le xc av at e d up o n cr ea t in g t he i nl e t ch a nn el a n d so me br oa d s wa l es wil l a ls o b e us e d to fi ll d i tc he s . The ar ea s i mmed ia t el y s ur ro un d in g t he d it c he s t o be f i ll ed ma y be re co n to ur ed to f u rt he r s imul a te h is t or ic a lt op og ra p hy . Th e ar e as r e co nt ou r ed a s p ar t o f th e d it ch fi ll i ng a nd swal e c re at i on wi ll b e p la nt e d an d s ee de d wit h na t iv e p la nt s.

Dir ec ti n g st o rmwa te r r un o ff t o CMA2 wil l re q ui re pi pi ng ru no f f fr om th e p ro po se d d et e nt io n p on d f or t he p la nt s i te t o a c ha n ne l t ha t wi l l be co ns tr u ct ed in t he ea st e rn p or t io n o f CMA2 . Tr e at ed r u no ff fr om t h ed et en ti o n po n d wi ll be d i re ct ed we st al on g t he s o ut h ed g e of Gr an dv i ew Ro ad a nd th en no rt h t hr ou g h a

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c ul ve rt to b e i ns ta l le d u nd er Gr an dv i ew Roa d . Ru no ff wi ll t h en l ea d n or t h th ro u gh a n a pp ro x imat e ly 1 ,0 5 0- f oo t lo n g in l et c ha n ne l t o be e x ca va t ed n ea r t he ea st e d ge o f t he s i te .

The i nl e t ch a nn el wi ll b e c on st r uc te d t o ma t ch t h e ex is t in g v er y gr a du al sl op e ( 0.3%) wit h a t wo - fo ot b a se a nd h al f -f oo t d ep th be lo w t he e x is ti n g gr ou n d su r fa ce . Ad di t io na l d ep th wi th in th e c ha nn el wi ll be c re a te db y co ns t ru ct i ng b er ms to su rr ou n d th e c ha nn e l. Exc ep t f or t h e se ct i on s o f th e b er m t ha t wi l l se r ve a so ut le ts , t he be rm wi ll b e c on st r uc te d o f co mpa ct e d fi ll ex ca v at ed f r om o t he r po r ti on s o f CMA2. The c ha nn el bo tt o m an d b er ms ha ve b e en d e si gn ed to t o le ra te co lo n iz at io n b y u nmai nt a in ed ve ge ta t io n.

Six ‘ di s pe rs e r ou tl e ts ’ c on si st i ng o f 7 5- fo o t wi d e se ct i on s o f pe rme ab le ma te ri a l (c o ar se s a nd a n d gr av e l) wil l be in st a ll ed i n t he we st er n b er m. The di sp e rs er o u tl et s wil l b e co n st ru ct e d at st ra te g ic l o ca ti on s a lo n gt he wes t er n b er m of th e c ha nn el so t h at r un o ff wi ll b e s pr ea d a cr os s a wi de p or t io n o f CMA2 . Th e d is pe r se ro ut le ts wi ll al so d i ss ip a te f lo w e ne r gy , re l ea si n g wa te r a t r el at iv e ly l o w ra te s t o p re ve nt er os i on . Th es to rmwa t er wi ll s ee p t hr o ug h th e g ra v el a nd co nt i nu e we s twar d d own t he s l op e as sh ee t f lo w a nd s e mi -c on ce nt r at ed fl ow. Co ns t ru ct io n d ra win gs d e ta il i ng t he in le t c ha nn e l an d i ts d i sp er s er o ut l et s a re s ho wn in Fig ur e 9 C.

The i nl e t ch a nn el i s d es i gn ed t o p ro v id e di s pe rs e d st or mwa te r f lo ws to CMA2 whi l e li mit in g g ra di n ga ct iv it i es wi th in e x is ti n g ar ea s . Th e ch an n el i s p la ce d n ea r t he t o p of a br oa d wes t -f ac in g s lo p e wi th i nCMA2. The s h al lo wl y e xc a va te d c ha nn e l wi ll al lo w f lo w t o ex i t th e c ha nn e l th ro u gh t h e di sp e rs er ou tl et s d ur in g mos t wet s ea s on s t or m ev e nt s. To en s ur e e ve n di s tr ib u ti on o f f lo w a mo ng s t al l t he d i sp er s er o ut l et s,wat er l e ve ls in t he ch an n el wil l b e c on tr ol l ed b y a dj us t ab le we ir s o r si mil ar d e vi ce s . The cu lv e rt o ut l et ( in le t t o th e i nl et ch an n el ) wi l l al s o be d e si gn e d to a l lo w min or a d ju st men ts i n c on s tr ic ti o n. Wit h th e se a dj us ta b le f e at ur es , min o r ch an g es i n c ha nn e l fl o w ma y b e ma d e du ri n g th e f ir st 1 to 2 ye ar s a ft e ri ns ta ll a ti on to max i mi ze fl ow d i sp er s al . If n ec e ss ar y, fu rt h er a dj u st me n ts wit h t he s e fe at u re s may b e mad ea s si te co nd i ti on s c ha ng e .

Flo w fr o m th e n or th e rn p o rt io n o f th e i nl et ch an n el wil l l ea d wes t a nd n o rt hwes t t hr o ug h th r ee b r oa d swa le st o be e x ca va t ed wit h in t h e up la n d ar e a th at ex is t s ju st we st of whe r e th e i nl et ch an n el wil l b e c on st ru c te d.Alt ho ug h i t i s no t c le ar l y sh own i n Fig ur e 5 B, t h e ex is t in g e le va ti o n of th e ea s te rn po rt io n o f t hi s up l an da re a is sl ig h tl y ab o ve t h e lo ca t io n o f th e p ro po s ed o ut l et s i n th e n or th e rn p or t io n o f th e i nl et ch an ne l . Th us ,c re at in g t he s e swal e s is ne ce ss a ry t o e nc ou r ag e o ve rl an d f lo w t o co n ti nu e wes twa rd t o p re ve n t it fr omf lo wi ng so ut h wa rd a s a r e su lt o f t he ex is ti n g to p og ra ph i c ob s tr uc ti o ns . As a r e su lt , i t en s ur es th at r u no ff wil l be di sp e rs ed o v er a wi de a r ea . Ex ca va t io n o f th e s wa le s wil l l ower su rf ac e e le v at io ns no mo re t ha n 1 f oo t ac r os s p or ti on s o f t he u pl a nd t h at a re ap pr o xi ma te l y 50 fe et wi de . Th e sl o pe a n d as pe c t of th es e s wa le s wil l re mai n v er y si mil ar to e xi s ti ng co nd it i on s, bu t th e l owe re d el e va ti o ns wil l a ll o w su rf a ce wa te r to fl owt hr ou gh th em. Cr os s -s ec t io n dr a wi ng s d et ai l in g s wa le e x ca va t io ns a r e sh o wn i n Fig ur e 9 D.

The i nl e t ch a nn el wi ll n o t be e x te nd e d ac ro s s th e e nt ir e l en g th o f CMA2 ( ap pr ox i ma te l y 1,60 0 f ee t n or th - s ou th ) b ec au s e th e t op og r ap hy n o rt h o f th e e xi st i ng e as t -wes t d it ch do es no t pe r mi t o ve rl an d f lo w t o tr a ve lwes twar d . Se ve ra l s ea so n al ly i n un da t ed wet l an d a re as c u rr en t ly c on v ey f l ow i n e ph eme ra l mi n or c h an ne ls s ou th wa r d to th e di t ch . An y ru n of f i nt ro du c ed t o t he se we tl a nd s wo u ld b e c ap tu r ed b y t he se mi no r c ha nn e ls

a nd c ar r ie d t o th e n ewly fi ll ed di tc h . The channel st ops short of thi s dit ch to prevent dir ecti ng fl owst here that woul d er ode newl y pl aced mat er ial . Th us , e xt e nd in g t he i n le t ch a nn el to i ts pr op o se d

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t er mi nu s max i mi ze s f lo w d is pe rs a l ac r os s CMA2 wi t ho ut c r ea ti n g a po t en ti a l so ur c e of er os io n a nd s il ta ti o n.

5.6.2 Post-mitigation hydrologic pathways and rates

Fig ur es 10 A a nd 1 0B sh ow th e ex p ec te d p os t- mit ig a ti on h y dr ol o gi c pa t hway s a nd s u rf ac e f lo w r at es wi th in a nd d own gr ad i en t of ea ch CMA as a re s ul t of th e p ro po se d h yd r ol og ic mo di f ic at io n s. As wi th ex is t in gc on di ti o ns , p os t- mi t ig at i on f lo w wil l o cc ur in d i tc he s, in n a tu ra l c ha nn e ls , ov e r wi d e ar ea s a s s he et f l ow,a nd t hr o ug h s ub su rf a ce p a th wa ys .

Sto rmwa t er r u no ff f r om t h e two p ro po s ed d et e nt io n p on ds wi ll be d ir e ct ed to a re a s no r th o f Gra nd v ie wRoa d an d wes t o f Bl a in e Roa d. The ma jo ri ty of d i sc ha rg e s fr o m th e d et en t io n po n d fo r t he p l an t s it e wi l ld ra in t o CMA2 v ia t h e cu l ve rt t h at wi ll b e c on st r uc te d u nd er Gr an dv i ew Ro ad j us t wes t o f it s i nt e rs ec ti o nwit h Bl a in e Roa d. The p o nd wil l b e d es ig ne d s o t ha t on l y wh e n ou tf l ow r a te s ex c ee di n g th e r at e e xp ec te d t o oc cu r d ur i ng t he 6- mo n th , 24 - ho ur st or m wil l p on d ru n of f b e di re c te d t o th e e xi st i ng c ul v er t u nd er Gra nd vi e w Ro a d th at le ad s t o th e l ar g e di tc h a lo n g th e e as t s id e of Bl ai n e Ro ad . Ac c or di ng to p r el imin a ry c al cu la t io ns de ri ve d f ro m t he o r ig in a l de te n ti on po nd d e si gn wo rk ( Gol de r Ass oc i at es 20 02 ), ou tf l ow f ro mt hi s de t en ti o n po nd du ri n g th e 6 -mon t h, 2 4- h ou r s to rm e v en t wil l be ap pr o xi ma te l y 1.3 3 cf s. All di sc ha r ge sf ro m th e d et e nt io n p on d f or Lay - Do wn Ar ea s 1 , 2, an d 3 a nd t h e co nt r ac to r ’s p ar k in g l ot wil l d ra i n to a d it ch t h at c u rr en tl y l ea d s to a cu lv e rt u nd e r Gr a nd vi ew Ro ad to a s e ri es of p on d s an d wet la n ds c o nn ec te d b ywel l- ve g et at e d ch an n el s a nd s wa l es .

Est imat e s of fl ow r a te s wer e ma d e fo r t he 6 - mo nt h , 24 -h o ur s t or m ev e nt b y s ummi n g ex p ec te d d is ch a rg er at es f o r th e se s to r ms f r om t he de te n ti on p o nd s ( as d et e rmin e d by t h e po n d de si g n ca l cu la ti o ns ) a nd f lo wr at es f o r ex i st in g c on di t io ns e s ti ma t ed u si n g th e SCS me th od . Th e i nc re a se i n f lo w r at e in di tc h es a nd c ha nn el s d own gr ad ie n t fr o m th e i np ut po in ts is p r ed ic te d t o b e sl ig h tl y l es s th a n th e i nc re a se i n f lo w r at e a tt he i np u t po i nt s du e t o f lo w at t en ua t io n by so il an d de p re ss i on al s t or ag e . Alt h ou gh fl ow wi ll b e p ro gr es s iv el y r ed uc e d as it t ra v el s d owng ra d ie nt , t he se re du c ti on s wil l n ot b e e qu al l y pr og r es si v e du e t ov ar ia ti o ns i n t op og r ap hy an d ve g et at i ve r ou g hn es s .

Fil li ng th e u pp er p o rt io n o f th e mai n d it ch an d t he e nt i re ty of t he mi no r d it ch in CMA1 wil l r ed u ce d ra i na ge r at es f r om t h is s it e . Ho we ve r, th e e xt en t o f se a so na ll y i nu n da te d a re a i s on ly ex pe c te d to in cr e as e ne a r th e u pp er p o rt io n o f th e mai n d it ch si nc e t he mi no r d it ch s u pp or t s re la t iv el y l ow f l ow r a te s.

The p ro p os ed hy dr ol o gi c mod if ic a ti on s wil l s li gh t ly i nc r ea se co ns tr i ct io n s to s u rf ac e wat er fl ow bo th CMAs. Fil li n g la rg e p or t io ns o f e xi s ti ng d i tc he s wil l r ed uc e t he r a te o f s ur fa c e wa t er d ra i na ge , t he re b yi nc re as i ng t h e ex te n t of se as on a l in u nd at io n . Th e fr eq u en cy , d ur at i on , a nd mag n it ud e o f in u nd at i on wil l i nc re as e s ub s ta nt ia l ly i n l ow-l y in g a re as i mme di a te ly u p gr ad i en t fr o m th e p or ti o ns o f t he d i tc he s t ha t wil l b ef il le d. In CMA1, t h is a r ea i s c on st r ic te d t o th e a re a n ea r t he mai n d it c h so ut h o f t he e xi s ti ng as pe n s ta nd ( Fi gu re 10 A) . In CMA2 , t he i nc r ea se in s ea s on al l y in un d at ed ar ea wi ll b e g re at e st i mme di at e ly d owng ra d ie nt of t he in le t c ha nn e l, e a st o f t he f o re st ed pa tc h , an d s ou th of t he fo re s te d pa t ch ( Fig ur e 1 0B).

Run of f r el ea s ed f ro m t he pr op os e d in l et c ha n ne l wil l fl o w we s twar d a cr os s a wid e p or t io n of CMA2 an dd owng ra d ie nt ar ea s. Fro m t he d i sp er s er o ut l et s, su rf ac e wat e r wi ll fl ow we st a n d no r th we st as s h ee t fl o wa nd s emi -c on c en tr at e d fl o w. Fl o w fr o m th e s ou th e rn p or t io n o f th e i nl et ch an ne l wil l l ea d wes twa rd a cr o ss CMA2 an d o ff - si te t o t he so ut h o f th e l ar ge fo re s te d pa t ch l o ca te d j us t wes t of th e mai n bo d y of CMA2 .

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Sur fa ce an d g ro un d wat er fl ow t h at wo ul d ha v e be e n di re c te d n or th b y t he ex is ti n g di t ch a lo n g th e wes te dg e of CMA2 wi ll i n st ea d g o fu r th er we st d u e to th e pr o po se d d it ch pl ug g in g. Thi s wat er wi ll t h en l ea d n or th a n d th e n we st ac ro s s a br o ad me ad ow a r ea u n ti l it en te r s th e r el at i ve ly f l at we tl an d a re a j us t ea s t of th el ar ge WDFW p o nd .

Flo w fr o m th e n or th e rn d i sp er se r o ut l et s wi l l le a d to t h e se a so na ll y i nu n da te d a re a l oc at ed ju st ea st o f t he l ar ge f o re st e d pa tc h . Th e ad di t io na l s ur fa c e wa t er i nt r od uc e d to t h e se a so na ll y i nu n da te d a re a wil l ca u se i t t o ha ve in cr e as ed d u ra ti o n, mag n it ud e , an d f re qu e nc y of in un d at io n. Thi s a re a wil l d ra in t o t he po rt io n o ft he wes t -f lo win g di t ch t h at r un s t hr o ug h th e n or t he rn p a rt o f t he l a rg e f or es t p at ch . Fl ow in t h e we st - f lo wi ng di tc h f ol lo ws a s omewha t c omp le x pa t h, b u t mo st fl ow ev en tu a ll y j oi ns Te rr el l Cre ek ne ar Ja ck so n Roa d.

As me nt i on ed ea rl ie r , a s ub st an t ia l a mo un t o f wa t er f ro m t he we st -f l owin g d it ch cu rr e nt ly l e ad s n or th t o b ec ome d is pe r se d ac r os s a wid e p or ti o n of t h e CMA2 pa nh a nd le . It i s e xp e ct ed t h at a su bs ta n ti al amou nt of wat er i n tr od u ce d by th e i nl et c h an ne l wil l f ol lo w t he se ex is t in g pa t hway s a nd i n cr ea s e mo is t ur e l ev el sa cr os s a wid e p or ti o n of th e CMA2 pa n ha nd le . As a re su l t, t h e ex te n t of se as on a ll y i nu nd at e d ar e a in t h ep an ha nd l e wi l l in cr e as e i n ar ea s whe r e sh al l ow i n un da ti o n cu r re nt ly oc cu r s.

The d ra i na ge pa th wa y s we s t of CMA2 a r e co mp l ex a n d ex te n d fo r o ve r 0 .5 mi le t hr o ug h p on ds , c on ne c ti ng c ha nn el s , an d wet la n ds b e fo re c r os si n g by c u lv er t u nd er Ja ck s on Roa d t o Ter re ll Cr ee k . Thu s , ru n of fd el iv er e d to th es e a re as wi ll mo re c l os el y f ol lo w h is to r ic d r ai na ge pa tt e rn s ra t he r t ha n be i ng d i tc he d o rt ig ht li n ed d i re ct ly to t h e cr ee k . In a dd it i on , t he p ot e nt ia l t o imp ro ve wa te r q ua li t y of t h is r u no ff wi ll b e max imiz e d. The r un o ff wi ll a ls o p ro v id e ad d it io n al s ur f ac e wat er t o t he po nd s, mo st of whi c h ha v e th ei r l ev el s c on tr o ll ed b y a rt i fi ci al st ru c tu re s s uc h a s cu lv e rt s a nd wei r s.

I t mu st be n o te d th a t at le as t 1 .2 a c re s of ex is t in g up l an d s ca tt er e d ac r os s th e mai n b od y o f CMA2 ar ee xp ec te d t o b ec ome wet la n d. Th e se a r ea s ar e mai n ly o n s li gh t ly e le v at ed gr ou nd ne ar ar ea s t ha t wil l li k el y

b e su bj e ct ed to i nc r ea se d soi l sat ur at i on and inundat ion. At l e as t 0 .2 5 ac r es o f t hi s wet la n d co nv e rs io n a re a co n si st s o f th e t hr e e swal e s th a t wi ll be e x ca va te d f ro m t he e x is ti n g up la n d in th e ea s te rn po rt io n o f t he s it e. Alt ho u gh t he li ke l ih oo d o f co n ve rs io n i s h ig h, i t i s n ot h ig h e no u gh t o a ll ow BP t o g ai n e xt ra mit ig at i on c r ed it f o r cr e at in g wet la n ds .

5.6.3 Soil

The n at i ve s o il s wi t hi n t he CMAs wil l s er ve as a n a de qu a te g r owin g med iu m f or t h e pl a nt s to be i n st al le d .Mos t of th is so il t y pi ca l ly c on s is ts of a s i lt l o am o r l oa m s ur fa ce la ye r t ha t i s 10 to 1 4 i nc he s d ee p. Su bs o il l ay er s a re t y pi ca ll y s il t l oa m o r sa n dy l oa m t ha t a re 8 to 1 6 i nc he s t hi c k. Se e t he Rev is ed Co ge n er at io n Pro je ct Co mp e ns at or y Mit i ga ti on Ar ea s Wet la n d De l in ea ti o n Re p or t ( URS 20 0 3a ) f or mor e i nf o rmat io n a bo ut o n -s it e s oi ls .

Soi l di s tu rb e d by t i ll in g o r fi l li ng ma y be co ve r ed wit h mul c h or e r os io n -c on tr o l ma t ti ng t o p re v en t so i le ro si on . Th e se a re a s wi l l th en be r e pl an te d wit h n at iv e v eg e ta ti on as s o on a s p ra ct i ca bl e. The cr ea te d s wa le s a nd f i ll ed d i tc he s i n bo t h CMAs wi ll be d e si gn ed to e n co ur ag e c ol o ni za ti o n by ve ge ta t io n a nd wil l b e se ed e d wi t h th e n at iv e s ee d mix .

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5.6.4 Habitat Features

A n umbe r o f h ab it at fe at u re s wi l l be di st ri b ut ed ac ro ss th e CMAs. Th e ha bi t at f e at ur es pl an n ed f or th e s it ewil l pr o vi de st ru ct u re t o e nc ou r ag e h ab it at ut il i za ti on by n a ti ve wi ld li f e sp ec i es .

At le as t 3 30 do wn ed lo gs (3 p er ac re ) wil l b e pl a ce d ac r os s t he CMAs . So me o f t he s e lo gs wi ll be d er i ve df ro m th e t re e s th at wi ll be r emo ve d f or c on s tr uc t io n of th e Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t . A fe w ot h er s wil l be ta ke n f ro m th e d own ed l og s r ec e nt ly c r ea te d b y co n st ru c ti on o f a n a cc es s r oa d o n th e BP Ch e rr y Po i nt p r op er ty s ou th o f Gra n dv ie w Roa d. I n ad d it io n , ap pr o xi ma t el y 55 no n- n at iv e c ed ar (Cup re ss a ce ae fa mi ly ) t re e s wi ll b e cu t f ro m a win db r ea k t ha t pr o te ct s a n ab a nd on e d or ch a rd p l ot l oc a te d j us t no r th o f CMA2. The win db re a k tr e es a re ap pr o xi ma te l y 30 fe et t a ll wi th 8 -i n ch d b h. Th e p ro p os ed t r ee c u tt in g wil l r ed uc e t he t re e de n si ty to 9 -f e et o n -c en te r , wh i ch wil l a ll o w th e r emai n in g tr e es t o a cc el e ra te th ei r l at er a l an d v er ti c al g ro wt h. The l og s wil l a ct a s h ab i ta t fe a tu re s b y pr o vi di n g fo ra g in g o pp or tu n it ie s , co ve r , an d p er ch i ng o r h au l- ou t s it e s fo r s ma ll ma mmal s , bi r ds , an d a mp h ib ia ns ( St ev en s a nd Va nb ia n ch i 1 99 3) .

A n umbe r o f a rt if ic i al s n ag s (d e ad -s t an di ng tr ee s ) an d wil dl i fe b ru s h sh e lt er s wil l b e er ec t ed o n s it e. Ina dd it io n , wo o dy b ra n ch es wi ll p l ac ed in s ea s on al l y in un d at ed ar ea s. The ma te ri a ls , s pe ci fi c at io n s, a nd b en ef it s f or th es e h ab it a t fe at u re s wil l be as d e sc ri be d i n Sec ti on 4.6.4 .

Sev er al smal l ( <0 .5 ac re s ) se as o na ll y i nu nd a te d sh al lo w p on d s wil l b e e st ab li s he d o n CMA 1 a nd 2 to p ro mo te na ti v e amph i bi an pr od uc t io n. Sea so n al ly in un da t ed p o nd s dr y u p d ur in g t he d r y se as o n ma k in g it i mp os si b le f o r no n- n at iv e b ul lf r og s t o su cc e ss fu l ly b re e d be c au se o f t he i r two y ea r t ad po le cy cl e .

Hab it at fe at u re s ar e d es i gn ed t o b en e fi t th e l oc a l br ee d in g g re at b l ue h e ro n po p ul at i on . Wo od y d eb ri s,e ra di ca t io n o f in va s iv e v eg et at i on , a nd e st a bl is h me nt o f s ma l l se as o na l p on ds a l l pr o vi de i n cr ea s ed o pp or tu n it y f or h er o n fo r ag in g. Det a il s of th es e b en ef i ts a r e av ai l ab le in t he ap pe n di x F – BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog en er a ti on Fa ci li t y We t la nd Mi ti ga t io n an d t he Bi rc h Bay Gr ea t Bl u e He r on Col o ny .

5.6.5 Vegetation Establishment

The d is t ri bu t io n of pl an t c ommu n it ie s t o be es ta b li sh ed in CMA1 i s s ho wn in Fig u re 1 1 A an d t he d is tr ib u ti on of p la n t co mmu ni ti e s to be e st a bl is h ed i n CMA2 i s sh own i n Fig ur e 1 1B. Th e pl a nt c ommu ni t ie s p la nn ed fo r t he CMAs a re th e sa me as th os e p la nn e d fo r t he Re st or at i on Ar ea s. Pla nt sp ec ie s c ompo si t io n, sp ac in g , co n di ti on , a nd si ze f o r th e se c ommun it i es a re sh own i n Ta b le s 5 t o 8 a nd d i sc us se d i nSec ti on 4.6.5 . The re qu i re me nt s f or th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as r e ga rd in g p la n t st oc k , in s ta ll at i on , s ee dl in g p ro te ct i on , a nd mai n te na n ce wil l a ls o a pp ly to t h e CMAs .

As wi th th e Res to ra t io n Are as , p la nt i ng wil l b e a cc ompl i sh ed in a mu lt i- p ha se a p pr oa c h. Pl a nt in g wil l b ee sp ec ia l ly l i mi te d a cr os s p or ti o ns o f CMA2 t o be af fe ct e d by th e pr o po se d h yd ro l og ic mo di fi c at io n s in t h ef ir st 1 to 2 ye ar s f ol lo win g th e i mp l emen ta t io n o f th e h yd ro l og ic mo di fi c at io ns . Th i s wi ll pr ev e nt s ub je ct i ng l a rg e nu mbe rs of i ns t al le d p la nt s t o a h yd ro l og ic re gi me in ap p ro pr ia t e fo r t he ir es ta b li sh me n t an d a ll ow g r ea te r f le xi b il it y i n tr e at in g r ee d c an ar y gr as s. Clo s e ob se r va ti o ns o f t he n e w hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime o ve r t he f ir s t fe w y ea rs wi ll he lp g u id e p la ce me n t, s p ec ie s c ompo s it io n, an d c on di ti o n of th e pl a nt s t ha t wi l l be i ns ta ll e d du r in g th i s ti me.

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The s ee d mix de pi ct e d in Ta bl e 8 wil l b e ap p li ed to t he in te r st it ia l a re a s be twe en i n st al le d p la n ts whe r ev er t il li ng oc cu r s in t h e CMAs. As di sc u ss ed e a rl ie r , ti ll i ng wi ll o cc u r pr i or t o t he i n it ia l p la nt i ng p ha s e in al l of t he 4 4.2 6 ac r es map p ed a s h av in g >2 0% r ee d c an a ry gr as s c ov e r. Ho wev er , t he mi x wi l l on ly be a p pl ie d t ot he i nt e rs ti t ia l sp a ce b e twee n mul ch ri ng s, wh ic h s ho ul d c omp ri se a p pr ox i ma te ly 85 % o f th e t il le d a re as .Thu s, t h e ac t ua l ar e a up o n wh ic h t hi s s ee d mix wi ll b e a pp li e d is 3 7 .3 a c re s. As wi t h th e Res to r at io n Are as ,t he t ot a l se e di ng r a te wi ll b e 4 0 po u nd s pe r a cr e , wh ic h i s a r el at i ve ly hi gh s e ed in g r at e f or mi ti ga ti o n ar e as .

5.6.6 Irrigation

The met h od s o f ir ri g at io n p ro po s ed f o r th e Res to r at io n Are as wi ll a l so b e a pp li e d to th e CMAs. All p or ti on s o f t he CMAs whe r e tr ee s a nd sh ru bs ar e i ns ta ll e d wi l l re ce i ve i r ri ga ti o n.

Giv en t y pi ca l s umme r p re c ip it at i on a mou nt s, pr ov i di ng 0 .5 in c h of wa te r p er wee k t o t he CMAs ( 11 0 .1 a cr es ), th e Res to ra t io n Are as ( 9 .3 a c re s) , a nd t h e vi su a l bu f fe r to be f o re st ed (1 .8 ac re s) wi ll re qu ir e a pp ro xi mat el y 1 24 ,0 0 0 ga l lo ns o f wat e r pe r d ay . Th is v o lu me is r ou g hl y e qu iv al e nt t o 0 .3 8 a cr e- f oo t pe r d ay o r 0 .1 9 c ub ic f o ot p e r se co n d (c f s) . If s ummer p re c ip it a ti on i s 3 0% be lo w n or ma l , th en me et i ng t he i rr ig at i on g o al wil l r eq u ir e ap p ro xi mat el y 3 23 ,4 0 0 ga ll o ns o f wat er pe r d ay . Th is v o lu me i s r ou g hl ye qu iv al e nt t o 0 .9 9 a cr e- f oo t pe r d ay or 0 .5 cf s.

Nor ma l r ai nf a ll i s c on si d er ed a mo nt h ly o r y ea rl y a mo un t t ha t i s ab o ve t h e lo we r 3 0% an d be l ow t h e up pe r 3 0% ( z- v al ue s b et we e n –0 .52 4 an d 0 .5 2 4 ac co r di ng to t he st an d ar d no r ma l d is tr ib u ti on ) o f th e a mo u nt ss ho wn i n NRCS’s WETS t ab l e (NRCS 1 99 9 ) fo r t he Be ll in gh a m In t er na ti o na l Air po rt . Al t ho ug h t hi swea th er st at i on i s n o lo n ge r op e ra ti n g, p re c ip it a ti on d a ta f r om t hi s s ta t io n lo c at ed wi th in 12 mi le s of th eCMAs sp a ns o v er 2 0 y ea rs an d is th er e fo re a re li a bl e so u rc e f or c omp ar is o n wi th cu rr e nt a nd fu tu r ep re ci pi t at io n d at a.

6.0 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS & AS-BUILT REPORT

I ns ta ll men t o f to po g ra ph i c an d h yd ro l og ic mo di fi c at io ns , h ab i ta t fe a tu re s , pl an t s, s e ed s, mu lc h, so il a me nd me n ts , e ro si on co nt r ol mat t in g, an d ot h er f e at ur es wi th i n th e mit ig a ti on a r ea s wil l be ac hi e ve d by l oc al c o nt ra c to rs wi th p r ov en e x pe ri e nc e. Wor k r eq ui ri n g he a vy mac h in er y , su ch as t h e pr op o se dt op og ra p hi c a nd h yd r ol og i c mo di f ic at i on s, wi ll l i ke ly b e a wa r de d to Do na g hy Con s tr uc t io n, a lo ca l f ir mt ha t wa s p ro v id ed c o ns tr u ct io n s er vi c es t o BP Ch e rr y Po i nt f o r ma ny ye ar s . Oth e r wo r k th at is mo re l ab o r- i nt en si v e, s u ch a s i ns ta l li ng n a ti ve pl an ts , wil l b e re war de d t o a l oc al bi dd er th at de mo ns t ra te s c ompe t en ce a nd r el e va nt ex pe ri e nc e.

Upo n co mpl et i on o f t he mi ti ga ti o n ar e as c on s tr uc t io n, a n a s- b ui lt r e po rt wi ll b e g en e ra te d d oc ume nt in g t he f in al g r ad in g , hy dr o lo gi c p at hwa ys , a nd p la n ti ng sc he me s . Th e re po r t wi l l in cl u de t h e el eme nt sr ec omme n de d i n Gui de li n es f o r De ve l op in g Fre sh wat er We tl an d s Mi t ig at io n Pla n s an d Pro po s al s (Hru by a nd Bro wer 1 9 94 ). The a s -b ui lt re po r t wi ll pr ov i de a t i me z e ro b as e li ne co mp ar i ng t h e ac tu a l ch a ng es i n s it e hy d ro lo g y, i de n ti fy i ng t he su cc e ss o f i nv as i ve v eg e ta ti o n er ad i ca ti o n, a nd th e f in al wo od y a nd h er ba ce o us p l an ti ng s l ay o ut . Th e re p or t wi l l al s o in cl u de p h ot og ra p hs o f t he we tl an d s ta ke n f ro mp er ma ne n t re f er en ce po in t s. Th e b as e li ne i n fo rma ti on wi ll b e u se d f or c a lc ul at i ng t h e su cc e ss o f t he p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d s in su bs eq u en t mon it or i ng r e po rt s a nd a s si st i n i de n ti fy in g r eq u ir ed p l an ti n gr ep la ce men ts , i f ne e de d.

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The p ri mar y s ou rc e f or p l an t ma t er ia l s an d f er ti l iz er wi ll b e Fou rt h Cor n er Nur s er ie s , wh ic h i s l oc at ed in Bel li ng h am. Th e pl a nt s t ha t th e y pr o vi de a r e pr i ma ri ly de ri v ed f ro m s to c k ta ke n f ro m l owla n d ar e as i nWha tc om Co un t y.

As wi th th e e xi st in g c omp en sa to r y mi t ig at io n s it e , th e p ri ma r y co nt r ac to r t ha t wil l s up pl y mai nt e na nc e f or t he mit i ga ti o n ar ea s wil l l ik el y b e Ber ry Ac re s. Ber ry Ac re s i s a p ro fe s si on al la nd s ca pi ng co mp a ny t ha t h as b ee n pr o vi di n g la nd s ca pe ma in te n an ce se rv ic e s to BP Che r ry Po in t fo r s ev e ra l ye a rs . URS wi l l re g ul ar ly c ommu ni c at e wit h th e c on t ra ct or s who wi ll c a rr y o ut mai n te na n ce t as k s. The mai n te na n ce c re w wil l b er es po ns i bl e f or o pe r at in g t he i r ri ga t io n sy s te m, co nt ro l li ng ex ot ic pl an t p op ul a ti on s , pr ov i di ng pl an tp ro te ct i on ( r ep la ci n g se e dl in g p ro te c ti on t u be s) , a nd r e gu la r ly r ep o rt in g t o URS e co l og is ts wh o wil l ma k er ec omme n da ti o ns f or ad ju s ti ng t h e ma i nt en an c e re g ime as ne ce s sa ry .

7.0 SITE PROTECTION

A r es tr i ct iv e c ov en a nt o n t he d e ed wi ll b e a pp li e d to t h e Re s to ra ti o n Ar e as a nd CMAs to e ns u re t h at t he y r emai n i n th e ir r es p ec ti v e na tu r al s t at es i n p er p et ui ty . No de ve lo p me nt of t he CMA p or ti on s o f t he BPChe rr y Poi nt pr op er t y wi l l be a l lo we d f or a n y pu r po se b y a ny en ti ty wh at s oe ve r. The re st ri c ti ve co ve na n to n de ed s p er t ai ni ng to t h e re st o ra ti o n ar ea s s ha l l re st r ic t a ll a ct i vi ti e s ex ce p t th o se a ss o ci at e d wi th mai nt en a nc e o f ut il i ti es an d th e ir c o rr id or s . An y cl ea r in g, gr ad in g , or fi ll in g wil l b e pr o hi bi t ed e xc e pt t o a ch ie ve ch an g es r eq u ir ed to mee t mit i ga ti on re qu i re me nt s o r f ur th er impr o ve p er f or ma n ce o f wet la n df un ct io n s. No de po s it io n o f ma t er ia l s or f i ll s a s a re s ul t o f an y c le ar i ng , gr a di ng , o r de v el op men t of an yp ro pe rt y wil l b e al l owed . Th e r es tr i ct iv e c ov en a nt wil l r un wi th t h e la n d an d i nu re to t he be ne f it o f a nd b e b in di ng up on BP, th e ir s u cc es so r s, a n d as si g ns .

To te mp o ra ri l y pr ot e ct t h e re st o re d a re as f r om h u ma n tr e sp as s , br ig h tl y c ol or ed ro pe fe nc es wi ll be s tr u ng o n wo od e n st a ke s ar o un d t he p er i me te r o f ea c h Re s to ra ti o n Ar e a an d e ac h CMA. Th e fe n ce s wi l l be i nt en de d t o d is co ur a ge p e op le f r om d i st ur bi n g th e i ns ta l le d p la nt s t hr ou g h ph ys i ca l h ar m an d i nc i de nt al i nt ro du c ti on of n on - na ti v e, i nv a si ve gr as s s ee d. The f e nc es wi ll r e ma in in p la c e fo r 5 y ea r s or un ti l i t is j ud ge d t ha t t he i ns t al le d p la nt s wit h in t he mi ti g at io n a re as no l on g er r e qu ir e s uc h p ro te ct i on . Smal l s ig ns e xp la in i ng t h e in te n t of th e fe n ce s a nd t he mi ti g at io n p ro je c t wi ll be e r ec te d a t st r at eg ic lo ca t io ns a l on g t he b or de rs of e a ch mit i ga ti o n ar ea .

The p eo p le wh o wi ll ac ce s s th e Res to r at io n Are as wi ll b e r es t ri ct ed to BP e mp lo y ee s a nd o ff i ci al vi si to r s to t he BP Che rr y Poi nt fa ci l it ie s. The ch ai n- l in k/ b ar be d- wir e f en ce s t o be er ec te d a ro u nd t he Co ge n er at io n Pro je ct ar ea wi ll e n co mp a ss e ac h Res t or at io n Are a , th er e by p r ev en ti n g tr e sp as se r s fr o m ac ce s si ng th es ea re as . Ex ce p t fo r mai nt e na nc e c re w p eo pl e a nd URS sc ie n ti st s , ac ce s s to th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as wi ll b er es tr ic t ed t o t he wa lk in g p at h t o be co ns tr u ct ed in t he We st Re st or a ti on Ar ea . Co lo r ed r op e f en c e wi ll be i ns ta ll e d al o ng b ot h s id e s of t h e pa t h to e n co ur a ge p eo p le t o s ta y o n th e wal ki n g pa t h an d n ot d i st ur b t he Res to ra t io n Are as .

Pub li c a cc es s t o th e p or t io ns o f t he BP Che r ry Po in t pr o pe rt y n or th of Gr an dv ie w Roa d , wh ic h e nc o mp as se s t he CMAs , wi l l co nt i nu e t o be o p en t o t he p u bl ic . Th e maj or i ty o f t he p e op le t h at a c ce ss t h es e a re as a r e th e h un te rs th at pu rs ue ri ng - ne ck p h ea sa n ts r el e as ed he re d u ri ng ea rl y a ut umn . BP wil l c on ti nu e t o a ll owp he as an t h un t in g an d o th e r ac ti v it ie s i n th e se a r ea s as lo ng as t he y c au s e no h a rm t o t he CMAs .

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Cat tl e, or a n y ot he r d ome st ic a n imal s , wi ll no l o ng er b e a ll o we d to gr az e i n an y o f t he mit i ga ti o n ar ea s . Th eg ra zi ng co nt r ac t fo r t he ar ea o v er la p pi ng wi th CMA1 wou l d be re vo ke d o r mod if ie d t o p re ve nt ca tt l e fr omg ra zi ng wi th i n 10 0 f ee t o f th is ar ea .

Reg ul ar se cu r it y ch e ck s b y th e e xi st i ng s ec u ri ty co nt ra c to r wil l di s co ur a ge v an d al is m i n th e CMAs ,a lt ho ug h i t i s no t e xp ec t ed t o b e a p ro bl em.

8.0 MONITORING PLAN

The p ur p os e o f mo ni t or in g a nd ma in te n an ce i s t o e ns ur e t ha t mit ig at i on p l an g oa l s ar e met . Co ns t ru ct io n o ft he p owe r pl a nt a nd th e l ay -d own a re a s wi ll be mo ni to re d t o e ns ur e t ha t wet la nd impa c ts a re av oi d ed a nd min imiz e d ac c or di ng to p l an . Th e Re s to ra ti o n Ar e as a nd CMAs wi ll b e mon i to re d o ve r a 1 0- ye a r pe r io d to e ns ur e t ha t t he se a r ea s f un ct io n a s d es ig ne d .

Mon it or i ng o f t he p r op os e d re st o ra ti o n an d c ompe n sa to ry mi ti g at io n wil l b e gu id e d by th e co n di ti o ns c on ta in e d in th is p l an i n cl ud in g p re - es ta bl i sh ed pe rf or man ce st an da r ds . A 10 -y e ar mo ni to ri n g pl a n wi ll be i mp le me n te d t o as se s s th e d eg re e t o whi ch o b je ct i ve s an d p er f or ma nc e s ta n da rd s ( Se ct i on 3 .3 ) a re be in gmet . Mo ni to r in g wi l l be co nd uc t ed b y a URS bi ol o gi st i mme di a te ly f o ll owi ng t he in it i al p la n ti ng , a nd 1 , 2 ,3 , 5, 7 , a nd 10 y ea r s af t er wa rd .

Mai nt en a nc e wil l be gu id e d by ma in te n an ce a c ti on s r eq ui r ed b y t hi s p la n ( Se ct io n 9 ) a nd a ny re co mme nd ed c on ti ng e nc ie s mad e f ol lo win g imp le me n ta ti on of t h e pl an . Th e maj or i ty o f mai nt e na nc e a ct iv i ty wi ll b ed ir ec te d t owa rd s re mov in g n on -n a ti ve pl an ts th at re sp ro u t af t er i ni t ia l s up pr es s io n. Howev e r, o t he rmai nt en a nc e a ct io ns te nd i ng t o t he p r op os ed hy dr o lo gi c mod if i ca ti on s a nd th e in s ta ll e d pl an t s ma y a ls o b en ec es sa r y. Con ti ng e nc y mea su re s wil l b e re c omme n de d an d s ub s eq ue nt l y imp le me nt e d if si te c o nd it i on sf ai l to at ta i n ex pe c ta ti o ns . Ex pe ct a ti on s o f si t e pe rf o rman c e ar e e lu ci d at ed b y t he pe rf or man ce st an da r ds ,whi ch a r e di s cu ss ed in Se ct io n 3 .3 o f t hi s r ep or t .

8.1 CONSTRUCTION MONITORING

A URS s c ie nt i st wil l mon i to r co n st ru c ti on o p er at i on s re g ul ar l y du ri n g th e t ime o f co n st ru ct i on . Th es ci en ti s t wi l l mo ni t or o p er at io n s to en su re th at impa ct s o nl y o cc ur in a r ea s wh e re t h ey h av e b ee n d es ig n at ed t o oc cu r . Ve ge ta ti o n cl e ar in g a nd f i ll p la c emen t wil l b e mo n it or ed re gu l ar ly .

Con ti ng e nc ie s wil l b e ma d e if t h e ex t en t of impa c ts i s g re at e r th an ex pe c te d. All u n ex pe ct e d imp ac ts wi ll b e co mp e ns at e d by e n ha nc e me nt s o f eq u al o r g re at e r va lu e t o t he c omp en sa t or y mi t ig at i on . Mo ni to r in gr es ul ts wi ll be c omp il ed in a c o ns tr u ct io n mon it o ri ng r e po rt . Th e r ep or t wil l b e se n t to t h e Co r ps , Ec o lo gy ,a nd EFSEC. Any d is c re pa n ci es b e twee n e xp ec t ed a n d ac tu a l imp ac ts wi ll b e men ti o ne d i n th e r ep or t . Ina dd it io n , co n ti ng en c ie s u se d to co mp e ns at e f or t h es e un e xp ec t ed i mp a ct s wil l al s o be me nt io n ed .

8.2 RESTORATION AND COMPENSATORY MITIGATION MONITORING

Mon it or i ng p r oc ed ur e s fo r t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea s a nd t he CMAs wi ll b e s imi la r. Mon it o ri ng wi ll d e te rmin e whe th er si te co nd it i on s a re mee t in g p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d s an d a re l i ke ly to c on t in ue me et in g p er f or ma nc e

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s ta nd ar d s th r ou gh ou t t he mo ni to r in g p er io d. Si nc e r emov a l of th e te mpo ra r y la y- d own a re as a n d th e s ub se qu e nt r e st or at i on wi ll b eg i n ap p ro xi ma t el y 2 y ea rs af te r p ro je c t co n st ru ct i on i s i ni ti a te d, th emon it or i ng p e ri od f o r th e Res to r at io n Are as wi ll be gi n a pp ro x imat el y 2 y e ar s af t er t h e mo ni t or in g p er io d f or t he CMAs be gi ns .

8.2.1 Wetland Hydrology

Mon it or i ng wi ll a ss e ss t h e hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime o f t he Res t or at i on Are a s an d t he CMAs . Th is mo ni to r in ge ff or t wil l d et er mi n e wh e th er a we tl a nd h yd r ol og i c re gi me is oc cu rr i ng i n t he we tl an d s re st o re d i n th eRes to ra t io n Are as a n d wi l l ge ne r al ly ch ar ac t er iz e t he h y dr ol o gi c re g ime o f bo th up la n ds a nd we tl a nd s in b ot h th e Res t or at io n Are a s an d t he CMAs .

At le as t f ou r s ha ll o w mo n it or in g wel l s wi ll be i n st al le d i n Res to ra t io n Are as a n d si x i n CMA 1 . Be twee n 1 5 an d 2 0 sh a ll ow mo ni to r in g we l ls wi ll b e d is tr i bu te d a cr os s CMA 2 . Th e maj or i ty o f t he we ll s wil l be p la ce d i n lo c at io ns re pr e se nt in g t yp i ca l hy d ro lo g ic r eg i me s i n bo th th e SS an d SI we t la nd a r ea s d owng ra di en t o f t he l ev e l sp r ea de r. The re ma in i ng we ll s wi l l be in st al l ed i n l oc at i on s r ep re se n ti ng ty pi ca l h yd ro lo g ic r e gi me s i n th e u pl an d a re a s. We l ls wi ll c on s is t o f a sc r ee ne d ( pe rf o ra te d ) pi pe in st a ll ed t o t he d ep th o f t he fi ne -g r ai ne d s ub st r at e t ha t fo r ms a n a qu it a rd a n d se al e d at th e so i l su r fa ce wi th b e nt on it e a nd / or g ro ut .

Bot h su r fa ce wa te r g au ge s a nd s h al lo w mon it o ri ng we ll s wil l b e mo ni t or ed wi th in th e c ompe ns a to ry mit ig at i on s i te . Mo ni to r in g ac t iv it i es wil l f ol l ow t he pr og r am o ut l in ed in t he Co ge n er at io n Pro j ec tHyd ro lo g ic Mo ni to ri n g Wo r k Pl an (App e nd ix G) . For e ac h wel l a nd g a ug e, st at is t ic al co mp ar i so ns wi ll b e mad e be t we en th e da t a co l le ct ed be fo r e an d a ft er hy dr ol o gi c mod if ic a ti on s a ss oc i at ed wi th t h e mi t ig at io n a re i mp l emen t ed . Sp ec ia l a tt en t io n wil l be pa id to t he le ve l o f th e f re e wat er su rf a ce b ot h a bo v e an d b el owg ro un d a nd i t s fl uc t ua ti o n ov er ti me . In te r -a nn u al c omp ar is o ns wil l b e a dj us te d b y d if fe re n ce s i np re ci pi t at io n t ha t o cc ur be twee n t he ye ar s b ei ng co mp ar e d. As me nt i on ed in Sec t io n 3 .3 .1 , t ho se ga ug es t ha t de mon st r at e in c re as e s in s a tu ra t io n or in un d at io n p er si s te nc e i nd ep e nd en t o f in c re as es in p r ec ip it a ti on l ev el s wil l b e de te r mi ne d t o be wi th i n ar ea s t ha t h av e b ec ome 'hy dr o lo gi c al ly r e st or e d'.

Dep th t o s oi l s at ur a ti on an d fr e e wa t er s ur f ac e wit hi n t he we ll s wi l l be me as ur e d du r in g th e e ar l y pa rt of t h eg ro wi ng se as o n, whi c h is th e ti me wh e n so il sa tu r at io n wil l mos t li k el y b e pr es e nt wi th in we tl an d s in wes te rn Wh at c om Cou n ty .

Obs er va t io ns of s ta n di ng su rf ac e wat e r an d g ro un d wa te r l ev el s wil l b e ma d e in b o th t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s a nd t he CMAs . In a d di ti o n to we ll mo ni to ri n g, g r ou nd wa t er o b se rv at i on s wil l be ma de by e xc a va ti n gt empo ra r y un l in ed b o re ho l es wit h a s o il c or e r to de pt hs no t mor e th a n 18 in ch es . Th e h ol es cr ea t ed b y a s oi l c or er a r e ty p ic al ly le ss th an 3 in ch e s in d i amet e r an d t hu s h av e ve r y li t tl e imp ac t t o th e s it e. Bor eh o le s wil lb e ex ca v at ed ac ro ss va ri o us p or t io ns of t he mi ti g at io n a re as th at l a ck s t an di ng wa te r d ur in g t he ti me o f i nv es ti g at io n . Dep t h to so il s a tu ra t io n an d f re e wat er su rf a ce wil l b e mea su re d wit h in e ac h b or e ho le . Th es e o bs er va t io ns wi ll b e mad e d ur in g t he ea rl y a nd mi dd le p o rt io n s of t h e gr o wi ng s e as on .


Hyd ro lo g ic mo di fi ca t io ns in cl ud i ng t h e di ve r si on of d it c h fl o w th ro u gh t h e We st Re st o ra ti on Ar ea , t he d iv er si o n of de te nt i on p o nd r un o ff f r om t he pl an t s it e t o CMA2, a nd th e v ar io us di tc h p lu gs to b e i ns ta l le d

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a cr os s b ot h CMAs wi l l be mo ni to r ed f o r pr op e r op e ra ti on . Th e se mod i fi ca t io ns wi ll b e i ns pe c te d a t le as t o nc e ev e ry wi nt er o r s pr i ng whi l e su r fa ce wa te r i s fl owi ng t h ro ug h t he i n le t ch a nn el an d on c e du r in g th e v eg et at i on mo ni to ri n g ev e nt o f e ac h mon it or i ng y e ar . In sp ec t or s wi l l de t er mi ne th e s tr uc tu r al i n te gr it y a nd s ta bi li t y of ch an ne l s, p i pe s, e n er gy di ss ip a te rs , a nd o t he r s tr uc tu r es u s ed f or th e p ro po se d mod i fi ca ti o ns .

Sur fa ce wa te r f lo w a nd e v id en ce of s u rf ac e wat er fl ow wi ll b e o bs er v ed t o d et er min e whe th er th e a ct ua la lt er ed hy dr o lo gi c r eg ime a pp ro x imat e s th e d es ig n . Any un ex p ec te d a nd h a rmfu l e ro si o n or f l oo di n g wi ll b e re co r de d a nd a pp r op ri a te c on t in ge n ci es t o r ed u ce a nd re pa i r da ma g e wi l l be r e co mme nd ed . Mo ni t or in go f th e mod if i ed h yd r ol og i c re gi me wi l l be e s pe ci a ll y ca r ef ul an d fr e qu en t d ur in g t he fi rs t t wo y e ar s af t er i ns ta ll a ti on . Re su l ts o f t hi s mon it o ri ng , c ombi n ed wit h r ai n fa ll d a ta a n al ys is , wil l h el p g ui de th e lo c at io n a nd s pe c ie s c ompo si t io n o f an y n ew p l an ts t o b e p la ce d i n ar e as whe r e th e h yd ro l og ic re gi me ha s b ee na lt er ed .

8.2.3 Vegetation

URS wil l l oc a te p lo t s al o ng t ra n se ct s t ha t s pa n t he wid t h of ea ch Re st or a ti on Ar ea a n d ea ch CMA. Tra ns e ct l oc at io n s wi l l be d i sp er s ed a cr o ss t h e si te s u si n g a st r at if i ed r an d om a p pr oa ch to p r ev en t b ia se d p lo tp la ce me n t. Bot h tr a ns ec t a nd p l ot l o ca ti on s wil l b e re c or de d b y a GPS u n it wit h s ub - me te r a cc ur a cy . Th eGPS u ni t wil l a ls o b e us e d to d e te rmi ne t he pl an n ed p la n t co mmu ni ty (Upl a nd , SS we tl a nd , or SI we tl an d) a nd t he pr e- mit ig at i on c o ve r by re ed ca na ry g ra ss (<20 %, 20 -9 5 %, o r >95 %) fo r ea c h pl o t.

Eac h tr a ns ec t wil l b e or i en te d l on gi t ud in al l y (n o rt h- so u th ) a nd r an d omly si tu at e d wi t hi n 10 0 -met e r wi de ( 32 8- fo o t wi d e) b an d s. Eac h ba n d wi l l be s p ac ed 10 met e rs a p ar t to pr ev e nt t ra n se ct s f ro m b ei ng to oc lo se ly sp ac e d. Tr a ns ec t s wi ll be b r ok en i n to 1 0 0- me te r l on g ( 32 8- f oo t- l on g) s e gmen t s, whi c h wi l l al so be s pa ce d 1 0 me t er s ap a rt f r om e ac h o th e r. Sa mpl e p lo t ce n te rs wi ll b e r an d omly s e le ct e d al on g e ac h s eg me n td ur in g e ac h s ampl in g e ve n t (Fig u re 1 2 ).

Plo ts wi ll c o ns is t o f an in ne r c ir cl e wit h a 2 -m (6 .5 6- f oo t) ra di us en co mpa ss ed by a n o ut er ci rc l e wi th an 8 - m ( 26 .2 4 -f oo t ) ra di u s. Cov er o f h er b ac eo us ve ge t at io n wil l b e ga ug e d wi t hi n th e i nn e r ci rc l e wh e re as c o ve ro f in st a ll ed wo od y v eg et a ti on wi ll b e a ss es s ed wi th in t h e ou t er c ir c le .

Veg et at i ve s u rv iv al an d c ov er wi ll b e v is ua l ly e s ti ma te d b y e xp er ie n ce d URS e co l og is t s. Wo o dy v e ge ta ti o ns uc ce ss wi ll be g au g ed b y p er ce n t su r vi va l d ur in g t he f i rs t f iv e ye a rs a n d by p e rc en t c ov er du ri n g th er emai ni n g fi v e ye ar s o f mit ig at i on mo ni to ri n g. Her ba ce o us v e ge ta ti o n wi l l be me as ur e d by p e rc en t c ov er t hr ou gh o ut t h e en ti r e mo n it or in g p er i od . Co ve r o f vo lu n te er pl an ts (v eg e ta ti on no t p la nt ed or s e ed ed d u ri ng a ny p la n ti ng ev en ts ) wil l b e me a su re d f or b o th h e rb ac eo u s an d woo dy sp ec i es f ou n d wi t hi n th e p lo t s.Cov er o f t re e s an d s hr ub s , he rb a ce ou s p la nt s , an d e ac h p la nt sp ec ie s wil l b e re c or de d f or e a ch p l ot . Pl an tc ov er wi ll b e a ss es s ed u s in g a g eo me t ri c co v er c l as si fi c at io n s ys te m wit h t he f o ll owi ng c at e go ri e s: 0 -2 %, 2- 4 %, 4 -8 %, 8- 1 6%, 16 - 32 %, 32 -6 4%, >64 %. Thi s s ys t em f ac i li ta t es p re c is e a ss es sme nt o f p la nt co ve r i n th e l ower r a ng es , whi ch is e s pe ci al l y imp or ta nt fo r mon it or i ng t h e sp re a d of re ce nt l y es t ab li sh e d ve g et at io n .

As re co mme nd e d by Kr eb s ( 19 99 ), at l e as t 1% of t h e to ta l a re a t o be mo ni t or ed wi ll b e s ampl e d di r ec tl y.Sin ce e a ch p l ot wil l c ov e r ap pr o xi ma t el y 2,1 62 f t 2 (0 .0 5 a cr e) , a t le a st 1 0 p lo ts wi ll be u se d t o s ampl e t he Res to ra t io n Are as a n d at le as t 6 0 pl o ts wil l b e u se d to sa mp l e th e CMAs.

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Sin ce i n va si o n by n o n- na t iv e, i n va si v e pl an t s wi l l li ke l y be ag gr es s iv e, mo ni to r in g t he c ov e r of no n- na t iv e,i nv as iv e s pe c ie s wi l l be pe rs is t en t a nd i nt e ns iv e . In a dd it i on t o mon it o ri ng b y p lo t met ho d a s d es cr ib e da bo ve , URS e c ol og is t s wi l l ob se r ve a n d re co r d th e d is tr i bu ti o n an d a bu nd a nc e of no n- n at iv e, in va s iv e pl a nt se ac h sp r in g a nd s ummer i n e ve ry ye ar of t he 10 -y e ar mon i to ri n g pe ri o d. Era di ca t io n o f no n- n at iv e s pe ci e swil l be ma in t ai ne d i n al l mit ig a ti on ar ea s, in cl u di ng u p la nd s a nd b u ff er ar ea s.

Tho se p o rt io n s of t h e CMAs th at cu rr e nt ly h a ve g r ea te r t ha n 2 0% c ov e r by re ed c a na ry g ra ss wi ll h a ve a p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d o f <20 %. Por ti o ns o f t he CMAs t ha t c ur r en tl y h av e l es s th a n 20 % c ov er by r e ed c an ar yg r as s wil l ha v e a p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d o f <10 %. Sin ce th e Re s to ra t io n Ar e as wi ll h av e l es s t ha n2 0% c ov e r by re ed c a na ry g ra ss i mme di a te ly p r io r t o in it i at in g r es to r at io n a ct iv i ty , o nl y th e p er f or ma nc e s ta nd ar d o f <10 % wi l l be ap pl ie d t o t he se a r ea s. As re c omme n de d by Kr eb s ( 19 99 ) , at le as t 1 % of th e to t al a re a to be mo ni to re d wil l b e sa mpl ed di re ct l y.

Are as wi th l e ve ls o f n on - na ti ve , i nv a si ve p l an ts th at a p pe ar to b e a pp ro a ch in g o r ex c ee di ng pe rf o rman ce t hr es ho l ds wi ll b e mar ke d i n th e f ie l d so t h at t h e ma in t en an c e cr ew ca n mor e ac c ur at e ly t ar g et t h ei rt re at me n t pr a ct ic es . Th e se u na c ce pt a bl e pa t ch es wi ll a l so b e map pe d b y URS e co l og is t s wi th a GPS u ni twit h su b -met e r ac cu r ac y. Res ul t s of th is mo ni to r in g wi l l gu i de r ec o mmen d at io ns gi ve n b y URS t o mai nt ai n c ov er b y n on - na ti ve , i nv a si ve p l an ts be lo w t hr es h ol ds s e t by th e pe r fo rma nc e st a nd ar d s.

Alt ho ug h p re d at io n o f in s ta ll ed pl an t s ha s n ot b e en a p r ob le m a t th e e xi s ti ng mi ti ga t io n si t e, URS ec ol o gi st s wil l do c umen t a ny e v id en c e of p r ed at i on t ha t may oc cu r wit hi n t he mi ti ga t io n ar e as . URS wi l l ob s er ve t h ec on di ti o n of se ed li n g pr o te ct io n t ub e s an d a ny o t he r pr o te ct i on s pr o vi de d t o in s ta ll e d pl an t s. The e ff ec ti v en es s o f th e se p r ot ec ti o ns wi ll a ls o b e mon it or e d. URS wil l e ns u re t ha t s ee d li ng p r ot ec t io n tu b es o r a ny o th e r pr o te ct io n s pr o vi de d t o in s ta ll ed pl an t s wi ll be i n wor ki n g co n di ti on .

8.2.4 Photographs

Sev er al ph ot o gr ap hs ta ke n f ro m p er ma n en t ph o to -p o in ts wi ll b e u se d t o ai d t he mo ni to r in g ef f or t.Pan or ami c ph o to gr ap h s sh o wi ng a ma xi mum a mo u nt o f e ac h Res to r at io n Are a a nd e ac h CMA wi ll b e i nc lu de d . Ea ch p er man en t p ho to - po in t wil l h av e i ts r es p ec ti v e Un iv e rs al Tr an s- Mer id i an ( UTM) po i nt a sr ec or de d b y GPS a nd a de t ai le d n ar ra t iv e de s cr ip t io n re f er en c in g it s l oc a ti on r e la ti v e to e x is ti n g la nd mar ks .Pho to s f ro m t he p er man en t p ho to - po in t s wi ll be t a ke n du r in g e ac h ve g et at i on mon i to ri n g ev en t i n Yea rs 0 ,1 , 2, 3 , 5 , 7 , an d 1 0 of th e mo n it or i ng p er i od . Fo r Ye a r 0, ph ot og r ap hs wi ll b e t ak e n pr io r t o a nd d ur i ng i ni ti al mi ti g at io n a ct iv i ty . Ot he r p ho to gr a ph s may b e t ak en du ri ng sp ri n g to b e tt er do cu me n t ea c h si te ’ sf lo w re g ime d ur in g t he we t se as o n. The p ho t os a n d th ei r r es p ec ti ve na rr a ti ve d e sc ri p ti on s wil l b e pr ov i de di n ea ch mo ni t or in g r ep or t .

9.0 MAINTENANCE AND CONTINGENCY PLAN

As me nt i on ed ea rl ie r , th e p ri ma r y su b -c on tr a ct or th at wi ll s u pp ly ma in te n an ce c r ews wil l li k el y b e Be rr y Acr es , a c re w o f la n ds ca p e pr of e ss io n al s wi t h ex p er ie nc e i n n at iv e p la nt in st al l me nt an d ex o ti c p la nt c on tr ol . Su b -c on tr a ct or s wil l r ep or t r eg ul a rl y t o URS e co lo g is ts wh o wi l l ma ke re co mme nd at i on s f or a dj us ti n g th e mai nt e na nc e r eg ime a s n ec es sa r y.

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Res to ra t io n o f th e Res to r at io n Are as an d re h ab il i ta ti on of t h e CMAs wi ll be a cc o mp li s he d un d er a n a da pt iv e man a ge me nt st ra t eg y. Thi s s tr at eg y wil l e nt ai l r es p on di ng to mo ni to ri n g re s ul ts t o a pp r op ri at e ly a nd e ff i ci en t ly mai n ta in or i mp r ov e s it e co n di ti o ns .

I f mo ni t or in g r es ul t s de mon st ra t e th a t si te co nd i ti on s f ai l t o me et pe rf o rman ce st an d ar ds , c on ti n ge nc ie s wil l b e impl e me nt e d. Fo r i ns t an ce , i f on e o f th e n on - na ti ve , i nv a si ve s p ec ie s a tt ai n s co v er v al u es t h at e xc e ed t he ir a c ce pt a bl e th r es ho l ds , th e n a mor e ag g re ss i ve a pp r oa ch to wee d c on t ro l wi l l be ta ke n. Suc h a na pp ro ac h may in cl ud e mor e f re qu e nt a p pl ic at i on s o f he rb i ci de , mor e f re qu e nt h an d -r emo va l, a n d/ or mo re f re qu en t mowi ng . Th es e a ct io ns ma y b e co mp l emen t ed wit h a dd i ti on al pl an t in gs a n d/ or se ed in g s in p ro bl em ar ea s .

I f a pe r fo rma nc e st a nd ar d i s no t met fo r an y g iv e n ye ar , URS wi ll a n al yz e o f th e c au s e of f a il ur e , pr op o se c or re ct i ve a c ti on s, an d p re se nt a ti me fr ame f or impl eme nt in g t he se ac ti o ns . A le tt e r re po r t wi l l be s e nt t o t he Cor p s an d Eco lo g y fo r t he ir ap pr o va l be f or e i mp le me n ti ng th e co r re ct i ve a ct i on s.

Eve n if al l p er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d s ar e met , c or re c ti ve a c ti on s may s t il l b e impl e me nt e d if mo ni to r in g re v ea ls p ro bl ems t ha t c ou ld le ad to p oo r p er f or ma nc e o r f ut ur e p ro bl e ms . Fo r in s ta nc e, if a br ea ch in t h e in le t c ha nn el is c a us in g e ro si v e fl ows t o b e di re c te d t hr ou gh a pa r t of CMA2 , t he n th e b re a ch wil l b e r ep ai re d t or es to re sh ee t f lo w a nd t h e er od e d ar e a me nd e d wi t h se ed mi x, mu lc h, an d/ o r ne w p la nt i ng s, a s n ec e ss ar y.Des cr ip t io ns of s uc h p ro b le ms a n d co r re ct iv e a ct i on s ta k en t o s ol ve th em wi ll b e i nc l ud ed i n t he mo ni to r in gr ep or ts .

Exa mp le s o f p ro bl ems e xp e ct ed d u ri ng th e ma i nt en a nc e pe r io d a nd t he co rr e ct iv e a ct io n s th at wi ll li ke ly be t ak en t o s ol v e th em ar e a s fo ll o ws :

1. Wet la nd hy dr o lo gy . I f we tl a nd h y dr ol og y ( fr e e wa te r t o wit hi n 1 2 in c he s of so il su rf ac e o ve r 2 2- c on ti gu o us d a ys ) is no t e st ab li s he d i n at l e as t 4 .8 6 ac r es o f t he Re st or a ti on Ar ea s a nd mai n ta in e d in t he e xi s ti ng we tl an d s wi t hi n th e CMAs , th en f ur th er to po g ra ph ic or h y dr ol og i c mo d if ic at i on s wil lb e ma de to e n su re t h at t h es e ob j ec ti v es a re me t. Top og r ap hi c mod if i ca ti o ns may in cl u de r e- g ra di n gp or ti on s o f t he s it e t o e ff ec ti v el y r ai se t h e gr o un dwat e r in th es e a re as . Hy dr o lo gi c mod if i ca ti o ns may i nc l ud e a dj us ti n g th e a dj us t ab le we ir s t o be in st al l ed s o t ha t mor e s ur fa ce fl ow co ul d e nt er an a re a th a t is no t me e ti ng th e mi n imum re qu ir e me nt s o f we t la nd hy dr ol o gy .

2. Flo w di s pe rs a l. If fl o w is no t ev e nl y d is tr ib u te d b et we en al l d is pe rs e r ou t le ts wi th in th e in l et c ha nn el to CMA2 , th e n th e a dj us t ab le we ir s wit hi n t he c h an ne l wil l b e ad j us te d t o ma x imiz e f lo wd is tr ib u ti on . If f l ow i s e ve nl y d is t ri bu te d b et wee n di s pe rs e r ou tl e ts , b ut i s n ot a d eq ua te l y di s pe rs ed a cr os s t he ma in p or t io n o f CMA2 , t he n URS wi ll r e co mmen d g ra d in g ap p ro pr i at e to ma xi miz ef lo w di s pe rs a l. An y g ra d in g th a t oc c ur s af t er t h e in it i al p l an ti ng wi ll be a cc o mp li s he d du r in g t he d ry s ea s on a n d wi th a sma ll g ra d er o r s ho ve l s to av oi d d amag i ng n at i ve p l an ts . To p r ev en t e ro si o n,g ra di ng wo ul d o cc ur du ri n g th e d ry s e as on a n d th e n at iv e s ee d mix wo ul d b e ap pl i ed t o a re as th at h av e be e n di s tu rb ed .

3. I nv as io n by non-nat i ve , i nv as iv e pla nts . Wee d c on tr o l ma in t en an c e wi ll oc cu r f re qu e nt ly an da gg re ss i ve ly to c omb at i n va si on s b ef o re c ov e r by no n- na t iv e, in va si v e pl a nt s ap p ro ac h o r ex c ee dp er fo rma nc e t hr es ho l ds . As d is c us se d e ar li e r, d i st ri bu t io n a nd a bu n da nc e o f we e ds wi ll b e

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mon it or e d ev e ry y ea r o f t he 1 0- y ea r mon it or i ng p e ri od b y URS. Th os e po r ti on s o f th e CMAs t ha tc ur re nt l y ha v e gr ea t er t h an 2 0% co ve r b y re e d ca n ar yg ra s s wi l l ha ve a pe r fo rman c e st a nd ar d o f<20 %. Por ti o ns o f t he CMAs t ha t c ur r en tl y h av e l es s th a n 20 % c ov er by r e ed c an a ry gr a ss wil l h av e a p er fo r ma nc e s ta nd a rd o f <10 %. Sin ce th e Res to ra t io n Are as wi ll h a ve l es s t ha n 2 0% c o ve rb y re ed ca na r yg ra ss imme d ia te ly pr io r t o in i ti at i ng r es t or at i on a ct i vi ty , o nl y t he p e rf or ma n ce s ta nd ar d o f <10 % wi l l be ap pl ie d t o t he se a r ea s. Mon it o ri ng re su lt s wil l g ui de re co mme nd at i on sg iv en b y URS to mai n ta in co ve r b y no n -n at iv e , in v as iv e p la nt s b el ow th e a bo ve t h re sh o ld s.Alt ho ug h r emo va l of no n- n at iv e, in va s iv e pl a nt s i s ex pe c te d t o oc cu r t hr o ug ho ut th e 1 0- ye ar p er io d, th e i nt en si t y of th e ma i nt en a nc e ef f or t s ho ul d d ec re a se o ve r t ime . Fol l owin g a ny mon it or i ng y e ar whe n s ta n da rd s a re n o t be in g met , a dd it i on al co nt ro l a nd re pl ac e me nt me as ur e swil l be ad de d t o ma i nt en a nc e ac t iv it i es . Mo re i n fo rmat i on a b ou t th e wee d c on tr o l pr o gr am i s i nSec ti on 4.4.3 .

4. Mor ta li t y of inst al l ed v e ge ta ti o n. The mu lt i- p ha se a p pr oa c h to p l an ti n g de sc r ib ed in Sec t io n4 .6 .5 a l so f o ll ows a n ad a pt iv e man ag e me nt s t ra te g y. URS e co l og is ts wi ll cl os el y o bs e rv e th e v ar io us li mi t at io ns to p l an t gr o wt h t ha t ma y b e p re se nt or ma y de ve l op d u ri ng t h e fi r st f ew ye ar s a ft er t h e in i ti al p l an ti n g. Th e se o b se rv at i on s wil l ef f ec ti v el y gu i de p l ac emen t , sp e ci es c o mp os i ti on ,a nd c on d it io n o f th e p la n ts t ha t wil l b e in s ta ll e d du ri n g th i s ti me . Sp e ci al a t te nt i on wil l b e p ai d to s it e co n di ti o ns i n t ho se po rt io n s of th e mi t ig at i on a re a s af f ec te d b y th e p ro po s ed t o po gr ap h ic a n dh yd ro lo g ic mo di fi ca t io ns . If , d ur in g t he mo ni to r in g pe r io d, th e wo o dy s p ec ie s s ur vi v al o r a re al c ov er p e rc en t ag e or th e h er ba ce o us c o mmun it y p er c en t co v er f a ll s be l ow t h e es ta b li sh e dp er fo rma nc e s ta nd ar d , ad d it io na l p la n ti ng s wil l b e us ed to b r in g su r vi va l a nd / or p e rc en t c ov er up t o st at e d go a ls .

I f pr ed a ti on on i ns t al le d p la nt s b y wil dl if e b ec o me s a s ub st a nt ia l s ou rc e o f pl a nt mo rt al it y , th e nc or re ct i ve a c ti on wi ll b e t ak en . If pr ed at i on i s g en er a ll y r es tr ic t ed t o t ho se se ed l in gs t h at h a ve l os t t he ir p r ot ec t io n tu b es , URS wil l r ec o mmen d t ha t t he se p l an ts be r ep l ac ed wi th p r ot ec t io n tu b es f it te d s o th a t th ey ar e l es s li k el y t o fa ll of f. Tub es th at ha ve n o t fa l le n of f t he i r re sp e ct iv e p la nt s b ut a pp ea r u ns ta b le wil l b e s ta bi li z ed . BP wil l b ud g et f un d s as re qu ir e d to pa y fo r p la n ni ng ,i mp le me n ti ng , a nd mo ni to r in g an y c on t in ge nc y p ro c ed ur es th at ma y be re qu i re d to ac hi e ve t he mit ig at i on g o al s. The b u dg et wi ll e q ua l ap p ro xi mat el y 2 0% o f t he t o ta l c os t of th e p ro po se d mit ig at i on , whi ch i s e st i ma te d t o be $1 .6 6 mil li o n. Th u s, t h e to ta l v al u e of t h e ma i nt en an c e an d c on ti ng e nc y b ud ge t wil l b e $3 32 ,00 0. The p a re nt co mp an y g ua r an te e, as d e sc ri be d i n s ec ti on 11 ,wil l be in t h e to ta l a mo u nt t ha t i t i s es ti mat ed th at t h e re s to ra ti o n an d c ompe n sa to r y mi ti g at io n wil lc os t an d t hu s wil l b e su f fi ci en t t o e ns ur e t ha t f un ds n e ce ss a ry f or ma in t en an ce an d t o re pa i rp ro bl ems wil l b e av a il ab l e.

5. Repor ti ng. Res ul ts of t h e mo ni t or in g wil l b e co mpi le d i n mo n it or in g r ep o rt s th a t wi l l be d e li ve r ed t o th e Cor ps , EFSEC, a nd Ec ol og y b y Oct ob er of Ye ar s 1, 2, 3 , 5 , 7, an d 1 0 fo r e ac h mon it or i ng p er io d. Rep o rt s wi l l st a te mon i to ri n g me th o ds , s ho w mo n it or i ng r es u lt s i nc lu di n g ph o to gr ap h s,c ompa re th es e r es ul t s wi t h pe rf o rman c e st an d ar ds , a nd d i sc us s t he s i te c o nd it io n s ob s er ve d. The c ur re nt ye ar ’ s re su l ts wi ll b e c ompa r ed wit h t he pe rf or man ce st an da r ds a n d re su l ts f r om p re v io us y ea rs . If mo ni to ri n g re s ul ts a r e be l ow p er f or ma n ce s ta n da rd s , ma in t en an c e an d c on ti n ge nc yr ec omme n da ti o ns n ec e ss ar y t o imp ro ve su cc es s wil l b e ma d e.

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Reg ul ar ma in t en an ce ac ti v it y an d a ny co nt in g en cy ac ti on s mad e d ur in g t he ye ar wi ll a l so b e r ep or t ed . Th ee ff ec ti v en es s o f th e se a c ti on s wil l b e ga ug e d du r in g si t e mo n it or in g . An e va lu a ti on of t he ef fe c ti ve ne s s of t he se a c ti on s wil l b e in c lu de d i n th e r ep or t s.

Rec or d d ra wi n gs s ho win g t op og ra p hy , h yd ro lo g ic mo di fi ca t io ns , a nd p l an t c ommu ni t ie s o f th e Res to r at io nAre as a n d th e CMAs wil l b e dr af t ed a f te r th e i ni t ia l mi t ig at i on a ct i vi ty in cl ud i ng t h e in it i al p l an ti ng is c ompl et e . Th es e dr a wi ng s wil l b e su b mi tt ed to t h e Co rp s , EFSEC, an d Eco l og y wi t hi n 6 0 da ys of c ompl et i ng t h e in it i al p l an ti ng of e a ch mit i ga ti o n ar ea .

10.0 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

10.1 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

The s ta r ti ng ti me f o r co n st ru ct i ng t h e Co ge n er at i on Pro j ec t a nd i ns t al li n g it s a ss oc i at ed mi ti ga t io n is d ep en de n t up o n wh en th e n ec es sa r y pe r mi ts a r e is s ue d. Alt ho u gh t he ch ro n ol og ic a l or d er a nd se as o na lt imin g o f mi t ig at io n a ct i on s wi l l oc c ur a s d is cu s se d be l ow, e xa ct d a te s f or t he s e ac t io ns c a n no t y et b e d et er mi n ed g i ve n th e u nc e rt ai nt y r eg a rd in g t he t i mi ng o f p er mit i ss u an ce . For i l lu st r at iv e p ur po s es , th e d at es p r ov id e d be lo w a ss u me t ha t p ro j ec t co n st ru c ti on wi ll b e gi n in ea rl y 2 00 5.

I n th e CMAs, ac ti vi t ie s o f th e wee d c on tr ol pr og r am t ha t d o n ot e nt a il me ch an iz e d cl e ar in g o f we t la nd s a nd t he re fo r e do no t re q ui re th e ab o ve -me nt io ne d p er mit s ma y b eg i n a fe w mon t hs p ri o r to th e co n st ru c ti on s t ar td at e. Suc h a ct iv it i es , i nc lu di n g mo win g an d h er b ic id e a pp li c at io n, wi ll be gi n i n sp r in g 20 0 5. Til li ng wo ul d b e an ti c ip at e d to o c cu r i n sp ri n g an d e ar ly au tu mn 20 05 . No n -n at iv e , in v as iv e p la nt re mo va l wou l dc on ti nu e t hr o ug h th e g ro win g se a so n o f 20 05 . Re mov al wo ul d c on ti nu e a s mai nt en a nc e f or s ho r t- te r mc on tr ol th ro u gh ou t t he mo ni to ri n g pe r io d.

The p ro p os ed to po gr a ph ic an d hy d ro lo g ic mod i fi ca t io ns wi ll b e i mp le men te d a nd h a bi ta t f ea tu r es wo ul d be i ns ta ll e d in su mmer 20 05 . Th e i ni ti a l ph as e o f p la nt in g i n t he CMAs wou l d be i mpl eme nt ed i n a ut u mn 2 00 5. Spe ci e s kn own t o b e le ss to le r an t of wi nt e r co nd i ti on s a s se e dl in g s (i .e . wes t er n re d c ed a r) a nd so me o f th e h er ba c eo us p l an ts wo ul d b e in s ta ll ed in s p ri ng 2 0 06 . Th e na t iv e s ee d wi l l be ap pl ie d i mme di at el y a ft er t h es e p la nt s a re i n st al le d . Th e re ma i ni ng pl an ts wo ul d b e in s ta ll e d ov er th e n ex t 2 t o 3 y ea rs .Alt ho ug h t he in le t c ha nn e l wo ul d h av e b ee n f ul ly in st al l ed f o r a ye a r, r u no ff wo ul d n ot b e d iv er t ed t oCMA2 un t il f a ll 2 00 6 , wh i ch wou l d al l ow t he in it i al p ha s e pl a nt s to ha ve es ta bl i sh ed to s ome d eg r ee .

The p ro p os ed re st or a ti on wo ul d b eg in af te r t he e n d of t h e co n st ru ct i on p e ri od , whi ch is e xp e ct ed to l as t 1 .5 t o 2 ye a rs . If t he co ns t ru ct io n p er i od b eg a n in sp ri ng 20 05 , t he i n it ia l r es to r at io n a ct iv i ty wo ul d oc c ur a f te rt he t emp or ar y l ay -d o wn a r ea s we r e re mov ed i n 2 00 7 . Ini t ia l a ct iv it y i nc l ud in g t op so i l impo r t, h y dr ol og i ca nd t op o gr ap h ic mod i fi ca t io ns , a nd h a bi ta t f ea tu r e in st a ll me n t wo ul d o cc u r du ri n g su mme r 20 0 8. Wee dr emov al wo ul d a ls o o cc ur at t hi s t ime a s ne c es sa r y.

The i ni t ia l s ee di ng of t h e Re st o ra ti o n Ar ea s wou l d oc cu r i n l at e su mme r 2 00 5, a fe w wee ks p r io r t oi mp le me n ti ng th e in i ti al pl an ti n g ph a se . Sp ec ie s k no wn to b e l es s t ol er a nt o f win te r c on di t io ns as s ee d li ng s a nd s ome o f t he h er b ac eo u s pl an t s wo u ld b e i ns ta l le d in sp ri n g 20 08 . Th e s ec on d p ha s e of s e ed in g wou ld

70

o cc ur i mme di a te ly a f te r t he se p l an ts ar e in s ta ll e d. Th e r ema in in g p la nt s wou ld be i n st al le d o ve r t he n e xt 2 t o 3 ye a rs .

10.2 MONITORING SCHEDULE

As di sc u ss ed ea rl ie r , so me fo rm of mo ni to ri n g wi l l oc cu r d ur i ng e ve r y ye a r of t h e 10 - ye ar mo ni to r in gp er io d. For mal mon i to ri n g of we tl an d h yd ro l og y a nd v eg e ta ti o n wi ll oc cu r i n Ye a rs 1 , 2 , 3, 5, 7 , a nd 1 0 .

Obs er va t io ns of wet l an d h yd ro lo g y wi l l be ma de t h ro ug ho u t th e mon it o ri ng pe ri od . Fo r ma l mo n it or i ng wil l i nc lu de me as u re me nt s o f f re e wa t er s u rf ac e e le va t io ns i n t he mo ni to r in g wel ls t o b e i ns ta ll e d in th emit ig at i on a r ea s. The se me as ur e me nt s wil l b e ta k en o n a wee k ly b as i s fo r a t le a st f o ur wee k s fr o m th es ec on d o r th i rd wee k o f Mar ch o n o r a ft er Ma rc h 1 2 to t h e se c on d or th ir d wee k o f Ap r il d ur i ng Ye ar s 1, 2,3 , 5, 7 , a nd 10 . Ex tr ap o la ti on s b et wee n we e kl y mea su re men ts wi ll d e te rmi ne whe t he r s oi l sa t ur at i on i n t he wet la nd ar ea s mee ts th e wet la nd hy dr o lo gy c r it er i on .

Obs er va t io ns of v eg e ta ti o n, n at i ve , n on -n at i ve , i nv as iv e , an d v ol un t ee r, wi ll b e mad e t hr ou g ho ut th emon it or i ng p e ri od . Fo rma l mo ni t or in g wil l i nc lu d e es ti mat es of c ov e r us i ng c ir c ul ar pl ot s. The s e es ti mat es wil l be ma de du ri ng th e e ar ly p a rt o f s umme r t o e ns ur e t ha t f lo we ri n g pl a nt s wi l l be re ad il y i de n ti fi ab l e an d d at a co l le ct e d wi ll no t b e sk ewe d by se as on a l va r ia ti on . Mo r e sp ec i fi ca l ly , ve g et at i on mon i to ri n g wi ll oc cu r b et we en Ju ne 21 a nd Ju ly 15 o f Yea rs 1, 2 , 3 , 5, 7, a nd 10 .

10.3 REPORTING SCHEDULE

As st at e d in Se ct io n 1 0, mo ni to r in g r es ul ts wi ll be r ep o rt ed to t he Co rp s , EFSEC, an d Eco lo g y by Oc to be r o f Ye ar s 1 , 2 , 3, 5 , 7 , a nd 1 0 f or e a ch mon i to ri n g pe ri o d.

11.0 PARENT COMPANY GUARANTEE

BP Corporation North America Inc wil l pr o vi de a gu ar a nt ee to t he Ar my Co rp s o f En g in ee r’ s t o e ns ur et ha t fu n ds a r e av ai l ab le to c on s tr uc t o r co mpl et e t he c o ns tr u ct io n o f, a n d fo r mon it o ri ng a n d ma i nt en an c e of t he c omp en sa t or y we t la nd mi ti ga t io n a ss oc ia t ed wi th t he BP Ch er ry Po in t Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t . Th ePar en t Compa n y Gu ar a nt ee wi ll b e u se d i ns te a d of a pe rf o rman c e bo nd to e n su re BP’s a c co un ta b il it y f or t he p ro p os ed mi ti ga t io n. BP wi l l pr o vi de t h e Pa r en t Co mpa ny Gu ar an t ee t o t he Co rp s p ri or t o p ro j ec tc on st ru c ti on . Th e a mo un t o f th e g ua r an te e wil l e qu al t h e es t imat ed do ll a r amou n t th a t th e r es to r at io n a nd c ompe ns a to ry mi ti ga t io n wil l co s t. The p re l imin a ry c os t e st i ma te o f t he pr op os e d mi t ig at io n , an d t he re f or et he p ro p os ed amou nt of t h e gu ar a nt ee , i s $1 .66 mi ll io n.

71

12.0 REFERENCES

Apf el ba u m, S.I. 19 9 3. An up da t e on th e ec o lo gy an d ma n ag eme nt o f r ee d c an ar yg r as s. App li e dEco lo gi c al Se rv ic es , Bro d he ad , WI.

Apf el ba u m, S.I. a nd C.E. Sa ms . 1 98 7. Eco lo g y an d c on tr o l of re ed c a na ry g ra ss ( Pha la ri s a ru n di na ce a L.).Nat ur al Ar ea s J ou rn a l 7: 69 -7 4.

Con ne ct i cu t Wil dl if e Div i si on . 1 99 9. Bru sh pi le s f or wi ld li f e. Co n ne ct i cu t De p ar tme nt o f Env ir o nmen ta l Pro te ct i on . Bu re au of Na tu ra l Res ou r ce s – Wil dl i fe Div i si on .h tt p: // d ep .s t at e.ct .us /b u rn at r/ wil dl i fe /f ac t sh ts / br sh pl s .h tm

Cor ps ( US Ar my Co rp s o f Eng in ee r s) , Env ir on men ta l Lab or a to ry . 1 98 7. Cor p s of En gi ne e rs wet l an ds d el in ea t io n man ua l. US Army Co r ps o f Eng in e er s, Te ch ni c al Re po rt Y-8 7-1 , Wa t er wa ys Ex pe r imen tSta ti on , Vic k sb ur g, Mi ss i ss ip pi .

Cowar di n , L.M., V. Car te r , F.C. Go le t , an d E.T. LaRoe . 19 79 . Cl as s if ic a ti on o f wet l an ds a n d de e pwat er h ab it at s o f t he Uni t ed St at es . US Fi sh a nd Wi ld l if e Se r vi ce , Off ic e o f Bio lo gi c al Se rv ic es ,Pub li ca t io n FWS/OBS- 79 /3 1 , Wa sh i ng to n , DC.

Eco lo gy (Was h in gt on St at e Dep ar t me nt of Eco l og y) . 20 02 . Wa s hi ng to n Sta t e We tl a nd Mi ti ga ti o nEva lu at i on St ud y – Pha se 2: Eva l ua ti n g Su cc e ss . Pu bl ic a ti on #0 2- 06 - 00 9. Oly mp i a, Wa sh in gt o n.

_ __ __ . 2 00 1 . Dra f t Pr o gr amma t ic En vi ro nme nt al Impa ct St at e me nt – Wa sh i ng to n Sta te ’ s Dr af t Rul e o nWet la nd Mi ti g at io n Ban ki n g. Pub l ic at i on # 01 - 06 -0 2 2. Ol y mp ia , Was hi n gt on .

_ __ __ . 2 00 0. Was hi n gt on st at e wet la n d mi ti g at io n s tu dy – Ph a se 1 : Compl i an ce . Wa sh i ng to n Sta te Dep ar tme nt o f Eco lo g y. Pu bl ic at i on # 0 0- 06 -1 6 . Ol ympi a, Wa sh i ng to n.h tt p: // www.e c y.wa .g o v/ pu b s/ 00 06 0 16 .p d f

_ __ __ . 1 99 9. Met ho d s fo r a ss es s in g wet la nd fu nc t io ns . Wa sh i ng to n Sta te De pa rt men t o f Ec ol o gy .Pub li ca t io n # 99 -1 16 . Ol y mp ia , Was hi n gt on .

_ __ __ . 1 99 8. How Ec ol og y r eg ul a te s wet la nd s . Pu b No. 9 7 -1 12 . Ol ymp ia , Was hi ng t on .

_ __ __ . 1 99 3. Was hi n gt on st at e wet la n ds r at i ng s y st em – We st e rn Was h in gt o n, 2 n d ed it io n . Wa sh in gt o nSta te De pa rt men t of Ec ol o gy . Pu b li ca t io n #9 3 -7 4. Oly mp i a, Wa sh in gt o n.

Eis si ng e r, An n. 2 00 3 . Pe r so na l c ommu n ic at io n . Na hk ee ta No rt h we st Wi ld li f e Re so u rc e Ser vi ce s . Bl ai ne ,Was hi ng t on .

_ __ __ . 2 00 1. Pe rs on a l co mmu ni ca t io n. Nah ke e ta No rt hwes t Wil d li fe Re so ur c e Se rv i ce s. Bla in e ,Was hi ng t on .

ENSR Co n su lt i ng a nd En gi n ee ri ng . 19 9 2. We t la nd De li ne a ti on Re po rt . ENSR Co ns u lt in g a nd Eng in ee r in g.

72

Gol de r Ass oc i at es ( Gol de r Ass oc i at es In c. a n d Sc h ot t an d Ass o ci at es ) . 20 0 3a . We tl an d Del in e at io n Rep or t BP Ch er r y Po i nt Cog e ne ra t io n Pr o je ct [Rev is e d] . Bl ai ne , Was h in gt on . Go l de r As s oc ia t es I nc .Por tl an d , Or e go n.

_ __ __ . 20 03 b . Tec h ni ca l Rep or t o n Wet la nd Fu nc t io ns a n d Va l ue s As s es sme nt BP Che rr y Poi nt Cog en er a ti on Pr oj ec t [ Re v is ed ]. Bla i ne , Wa s hi ng t on . Go ld er As so ci a te s I nc . Po r tl an d , Or eg o n.

_ __ __ . 20 03 c . Sit i ng a n d We tl a nd 4 0 4( b) 1 Alt er n at iv es An al y si s BP Ch er r y Po in t Cog e ne ra ti o n Pr o je ct [ Re vi se d ]. Gol de r Ass oc i at es I n c. Po rt la nd , Ore g on .

_ __ __ . 20 03 d . BP Che rr y Poi nt Co ge n er at io n Pro j ec t – App li c at io n f or Si te Cer t if ic a ti on . Go ld e rAss oc ia t es I n c. Po r tl an d , Or eg o n.

_ __ __ . 2 00 2. Che rr y Poi n t Co ge n er at i on Pro j ec t Sur fa ce Wa te r Man ag e me nt Sy st em De si g n Ba si s . Go ld er Ass oc ia t es I n c. Red mon d, Wa sh in g to n.

Gol di n, Al an . 19 92 . So i l su rv e y of Wh at co m Cou n ty a re a , Wa s hi ng to n . US Dep ar t me nt of Agr i cu lt u re ,Soi l Co n se rv a ti on Se rv ic e , Wa sh i ng to n , DC.

Hit ch co c k, C. L. an d A. Cro nq ui s t. 1 9 73 . Fl or a o f th e Pac if i c No rt h we st . Un iv e rs it y o f Lo n do n Pre ss .Sea tt le , Was h in gt on an d Lon do n, En gl a nd .

Hof fman & Ke a rn s. 1 9 97 . Wi sc on s in Ma nu al o f Con t ro l. Rec ommen da ti o ns f o r Ec ol o gi ca l ly I nv a si ve Pla nt s.

Hor ne r, R., S. S. Co ok e, K. Ric h te r, A. Azo u s, L. Rei ne l t, B. Tay lo r , K. Lu dwa, an d M. Va le n ti ne . 1 99 6.Wet la nd s a nd Ur ba ni z at io n I mp li c at io n s fo r t he f u tu re . Pug et So un d Wet la n ds a nd St or mwa te rMan ag eme nt Re se ar ch Pr og r am.

Hru by , T. an d C. Br o we r. 19 94 . Gu id e li ne s f or d e ve lo pi n g fr e sh wa te r wet l an ds mi ti ga t io n pl a ns a n dp ro po sa l s. Was hi ng t on St at e De p ar tme nt o f Eco lo g y. Ol y mp ia , Was hi n gt on .

Hru by , T. an d A. Mc Mil la n . 1 99 3 . Wa sh in gt o n St a te Wet l an ds Ra ti ng Sy st e m – We s te rn Wa sh in g to n, 2n d

Edi ti on . Ec o lo gy , Pub li c at io n No. 9 3 -7 4. Was hi n gt on Ol ympi a , Wa sh i ng to n .

Kin g Co u nt y. 2 00 2. Sen s it iv e a re as : Res to r at io n & Enh a nc eme nt i n Kin g Cou nt y. Kin g Cou nt y Dep ar tme nt o f Dev el o pmen t a nd En vi ro n me nt al Se rv i ce s – Lan d Use Ser v ic es Di vi si o n. Ren to n,Was hi ng t on .

_ __ __ . 19 98 . Se ns i ti ve ar ea mi ti ga t io n gu i de li n es . Ki ng Co un ty De pa rt men t of De ve l op me nt an dEnv ir on men ta l Ser vi c es – La nd Us e Se r vi ce s Div is i on . Re nt on , Was hi n gt on .

Kre bs . C.J . 19 99 . Ec ol o gi ca l Met ho d ol og y. Ben j amin -Cu mmin s . Men l o Pa r k, CA.

Lewis , J r., Wil li am M. B. Bed fo r d, F. Bos se l ma n, M. Bri n so n, P. Gar r et t, C. Hun t , C. Jo hn st o n, D. Kan e, A.M. Ma cRa nd er , J . Mc Cul le y , W. J . Mit s ch , W. Pa tr i ck , Jr ., R. Po st , D. Si e ge l, R. W. Ska gg s, M.

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Str an d, an d J . B. Ze dl er . 1 99 5. Wet l an ds c h ar ac t er is ti c s an d b ou nd a ri es . Na ti o na l Aca de my Pr es s .Was hi ng t on , D.C.

Lyo ns , Kel ly . 20 02 . El e me nt s t ewar d sh ip a b st ra c t fo r Pha la ri s a ru n di na ce a L Re ed ca na r yg ra ss . Th e Nat ur e Con se r va nc y Wil dl a nd I nv a si ve Sp ec ie s Tea m. Uni v er si t y of Ca li fo r ni a, Da vi s, CA.

Mon ro e, Ke n. 20 01 . Wi ld l if e br u sh s h el te rs – th e mis si n g pi e ce i n t he h a bi ta t p uz zl e . Nat i on al Wi ld li f eFed er at i on . h tt p: // www.n wf.or g/ h ab it a ts /b ac k ya rd / ne ws /h a bi ta t s/ br us h sh el t er s.cf m.

Nat ur al Re so u rc es Co ns er v at io n Ser vi c e (Soi l Con s er va ti o n Se r vi ce ). 19 92 . Soi l s ur ve y o f Wh a tc omCou nt y a re a, Wa sh in g to n. Uni te d Sta t es Dep a rt me n t of Ag ri cu l tu re . Ol ymp ia , Wa s hi ng t on

NRCS (Na tu ra l Res ou r ce s Con se rv a ti on Se rv ic e ). 1 9 99 . WETS d a ta ba se fo r WETS St a ti on : Bla in e ,WA0 72 9. Uni t ed Sta t es De pa rt me n t of Ag ri cu l tu re .h tt p: // www.wc c.nr cs .us da .go v/ wc c bi n/ g et we ts t .c gi ? st at e=Was hi n gt on

Peg as us Ea rt h Sen si n g Co r po ra ti o n. 1 9 92 . We tl an d Del in e at io n Bro wn an d Kic ke rv i ll e Roa d. Pe ga su s Ear th Se ns in g Cor po r at io n . Nor t h Va n co uv er , Can a da .

Poj ar , J im a n d Ma cKi nn on , And y. 19 94 . Pla nt s o f t he Pac i fi c Nor th we s t Co a st – Wa sh in g to n, Or eg on ,Bri ti sh Co lu mbi a, & Al as k a. Lo n e Pi n e Pu bl i sh in g . Van c ou ve r , Br it i sh Co lu mb ia .

Ree d, To m. 2 00 2. Per so n al c ommun ic a ti on . WDFW. Wh at c om Co un ty f i el d o ff ic e.

Ric ht er , K. 1 99 9. Wet la n d re st o ra ti o n, e nh a nc eme nt , an d c re a ti on s u gg es t io ns f o r amp hi bi an s . Ki ng Cou nt y Dep ar t me nt o f Nat u ra l Re s ou rc e s – Wa t er a n d La nd Re so u rc es Di vi si o n.www.s pl a sh .me tr ok c.g ov /wl r/ ma a/ Amp hi b ia n Ha bi ta t Cri t er ia Su mmar y .d oc

Sho rt , H.L. a nd R.J . Coo p er . 19 8 5. Hab it at su it a bi li ty in de x mod el s : Gr e at b lu e h er o n. US Fi sh an dWil dl if e Ser v ic e. Bi ol og i ca l Re p or t 8 2( 10 .9 9 ).

Soi l Co n se rv a ti on Se rv ic e ( SCS) , 1 97 3 . A me th od fo r es t imat i ng v ol u me a n d ra te of r u no ff i n s ma l lwat er sh e ds . Te ch ni c al Pa pe r No . SCS- TR-1 68 8 . Wa te r Re s ou rc e s Pu bl i ca ti o ns . Li tt le t on ,Col or ad o .

Sta te o f Was h in gt on De pa r tmen t o f Wa t er Res o ur ce s . 1 96 0 . Wa te r Re s ou rc e s of t h e No o ks ac k Riv er Bas in a n d Ce r ta in Ad ja ce n t St re a ms . St at e o f Wa s hi ng to n Dep a rt me nt of Wa te r Re s ou rc e s.Oly mp ia , Was h in gt on .

Ste ve ns , M.L. a nd R. Van b ia nc hi . 19 9 3. Re s to ri n g we tl a nd s i n Wa sh i ng to n . Ec ol og y, Pu bl i ca ti on No . 9 3- 1 7. Ol y mp ia , Was hi n gt on .

URS Cor p or at i on . 2 0 04 . Gr ea t Blu e Her on Ha bi ta t Man ag e me nt Pl an – BP Ch er ry Po in t. URSCor po ra t io n. Se at tl e , Wa s hi ng to n .

_ __ __ . 2 00 3a . Re vi s ed Co ge ne ra t io n Pro je ct Co mp e ns at or y Mit i ga ti on Ar ea s Wet la n d De l in ea ti o n Re p or t– BP Ch e rr y Poi nt . URS Cor po ra t io n. Se at tl e , Wa s hi ng to n .

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_ __ __ . 2 00 2. Mon it o ri ng re po rt fo r wet la nd co mp e ns at or y mit i ga ti on , 4 .5 8 a cr es - ARCO Ch er r y Po i nt Ref in er y . URS Co rp o ra ti o n. Sea t tl e, Wa sh in g to n.

_ __ __ . 2 00 1. Wet la n d mi t ig at io n p ot e nt ia l s ur ve y r ep or t – Ch er ry Po in t Ref in er y . URS Co rp o ra ti o n.Sea tt le , Was h in gt on .

US Fi sh an d Wil dl if e Ser v ic e. 1 99 6. Nat io n al l i st o f p la nt sp ec ie s t ha t o cc ur in we tl an ds : 1 99 6 Nor th wes t( Re gi on 9) Su mmar y. US Fis h an d Wil d li fe Se rv ic e , Wa sh i ng to n , DC.

WDFW (Wa sh in g to n De p ar tme nt o f Fis h a nd Wil d li fe ) . 2 00 0 . Pr io ri ty Ha bi t at a nd Sp ec i es Man a ge me n tRec omme n da ti o ns f or Wa sh i ng to n Pri or i ty Spe c ie s. Gre at Bl ue He ro ns . Wa s hi ng to n Dep a rt me nt o f Fi sh an d Wil dl if e . Ol ympi a, WA.

Wen ge r, Ba rr y . 2 00 2 . Pe rs on al co mmu ni ca ti o n. Was hi ng t on St at e De p ar tme nt o f Eco lo g y.

Wha tc om Co un t y. Wh a tc om Co un ty Co d, Ti tl e 1 6, Ch ap te r 1 6.16 : Cri ti c al Ar ea s. Bel li n gh am, WA 4 1 p p.

F IG URES

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Appendix C Figure 1 Not Available On-line

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Appendix D - Agency Consultation Not Available On-line

F-i

APPENDIX F

BP CHERRY POINT COGENERATION FACILITY WETLAND MITIGATION ANDTHE BIRCH BAY GREAT BLUE HERON COLONY

F-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. F-1

2.0 BIRCH BAY GREAT BLUE HERON COLONY ............................................. F-22.1 COLONY HISTORY.............................................................................. F-22.2 MONITORING AND STUDY OF THE BIRCH BAY HERONS........... F-42.3 BREEDING AREA ................................................................................ F-42.4 STAGING AREAS................................................................................. F-52.5 FORAGING AREAS.............................................................................. F-5

3.0 WETLAND MITIGATION PLAN.................................................................... F-63.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED

COGENERATION PROJECT AND WETLAND MITIGATIONPLAN ..................................................................................................... F-6

3.2 MITIGATION AREA EXISTING CONDITIONS ................................. F-73.3 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL HERON USE OF MITIGATION

AREAS................................................................................................... F-83.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO HERONS & MEASURES TO AVOID

AND MITIGATE IMPACTS.................................................................. F-93.4.1 Disruption due to initial creation of mitigation areas. ................... F-93.4.2 Disruption during on-going maintenance activities. .................... F-113,4,3 Reduction of open field foraging area and improvement in

habitat quality. ........................................................................... F-113.4.4 Impacts to prey species from hydrologic modifications. ............. F-133.4.5 Creation of connected forested areas. ......................................... F-13

3.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES ................................................................... F-14

4.0 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT........................................................................ F-15

5.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................ F-15

TABLES

Table 1: Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA1Table 2: Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA2Table 3: Proposed Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA1Table 4: Proposed Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA2Table 5: Comparison of Existing and Expected Heron Habitat in Acres

FIGURES

Figure F-1: View of Foraging and Staging AreasFigure F-2: Expanded OverviewFigure F-3: Heron Monitoring Observation Stations

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Appendix F Table of Contents Links Not Active

F-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

BP has proposed to construct and operate a Cogeneration Project adjacent to its Cherry Pointrefinery. The Cogeneration Project site is located approximately 1.3 miles from the Birch BayGreat Blue Heron Colony, and the associated wetland mitigation areas are located within 0.6 to1.4 miles of the colony, with more than 90 percent of the mitigation area more than a mile fromit. The colony itself is located on land owned by BP, which has been permanently protected by aconservation easement.

Whatcom County has designated the Great Blue Heron as a species of local importance, and hasexpressed concern about the potential effect of the wetland mitigation plan on heron. In responseto the County's concerns, BP agreed to try to modify its wetland mitigation plan to reduce oravoid potential impacts to herons and make the mitigation area more "heron-friendly." However,both BP and Whatcom County acknowledged that BP had been working with federal, state andlocal agencies for more than a year in developing the wetland mitigation plan, and the basicframework and goals of the plan had been established and would not change. Prior to preparingthe Final Wetland Mitigation Plan for the BP Cherry Point Cogeneration Project, BP staff andconsultants met with Whatcom County staff and consultants to discuss possible modifications ofthe wetland mitigation plan. The wetland mitigation plan has been revised in light of thosediscussions, and those revisions have been incorporated and reflected in the body of the FinalWetland Mitigation Plan and in this appendix.

At the request of Whatcom County, BP has also prepared this appendix to address heron issuesspecifically. This appendix provides some background information regarding the Birch Bayheron colony, describes the potential impacts of the mitigation plan on herons, and describes themeasures that have been included in the wetland mitigation plan to avoid or mitigate potentialadverse impacts on the herons. At Whatcom County's request, this appendix and referencedportions of the Final Mitigation Plan provide the information identified in Whatcom CountyCode section 16.16.730(B)(1)-(3). As a result of the changes summarized in this appendix, theFinal Wetland Mitigation Plan avoids or minimizes potential adverse effects on herons, and theFinal Wetland Mitigation now includes several features that will increase the usefulness of thewetland mitigation areas for heron foraging.

BP also has another proposed project for which the permit process is nearly complete called theBrown Road Materials Storage Area. For that project, BP has developed a Habitat ManagementPlan to address the Great Blue Heron. In connection with the Brown Road project, BP has alsocommitted to develop an overarching management plan for their lands north of Grandview Road.The overarching plan is being developed in conjunction with Western Washington University.The Brown Road Project Habitat Management Plan has articulated management goals andobjectives for that project’s wetland mitigation area, which is close to the Birch Bay heroncolony. The overarching management plan has a broader scope, but will also address goals andobjectives for herons. This appendix is intended to fit within the developing goals in the othermanagement plans.

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2.0 BIRCH BAY GREAT BLUE HERON COLONY

The Birch Bay great blue heron colony is located north of Terrell Creek and west of JacksonRoad (T39N, R1W S1NE/SE) in the Cherry Point area of Blaine, Washington. The colony'slocation is shown on Figure F-1 of this appendix.

The Birch Bay colony is the third largest heron colony in the region and currently includes morethan 300 breeding pairs (Eissinger, 2004). In addition to breeding, the herons from the colonyutilize habitats in the vicinity of the refinery for foraging and staging.

Herons do not occupy the colony year-round. Instead, they have a relatively predictable annualcycle of (a) staging, (b) mate selection, courtship and nest building, (c) egg laying andincubation, (d) hatching and rearing, and (e) fledging and dispersal. This cycle spansapproximately six months. Herons return to congregate in fields near the colony beginning inFebruary or March for staging. They reenter the colony and begin nesting by about April 1st.Hatching begins in May. Fledging occurs in July and August. Herons then disperse inSeptember and do not begin congregating near the colony again until the following February orMarch.

2.1 COLONY HISTORY

The following historical summary is based on the Birch Bay Great Blue Heron ColonyConservation and Stewardship Plan (Eissinger 1996) and subsequent information provided inBP’s Birch Bay Great Blue Heron Annual Reports (Eissinger 1997-2003).

Prior to the mid 1980’s little historical information is documented for the Birch Bay heronry. Itis likely that there has been a thriving heron breeding population historically, given the uplandforests, fields, marshes and extensive eelgrass throughout the Birch Bay area. No other heroncolonies are known within the immediate area. The nearest known active heronry is a relativelynew one located on the south side of Lummi Bay.

The first official record of the Birch Bay great blue heron colony is from 1983 WashingtonDepartment of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) records. At that time, the colony location wasdescribed as south of Terrell Creek and north of Grandview Road approximately one quartermile and west of Jackson Road. At that time 75 nests were recorded by a state biologist. Anysubsequent visits to the heronry by the State for five years were unrecorded, and during that timethe herons relocated. A study of aerial photos from 1986 reveal that the area to the south ofTerrell Creek, approximately 20 acres, had been recently logged. It is evident the heronry hadbeen located in the logged stand or immediately adjacent to it. Displacement of the heronry wasnot reported; however it is assumed.

In 1988, the heronry was reported to the north of Terrell Creek (Norman 1988) indicating thatthe colony had moved to its present location between 1983 and 1988. The colony was describedas containing approximately 200 nests situated in cottonwood, alder, and conifers. Thefollowing year 1989, a survey of the Birch Bay heronry documented 230 nests in 158 trees(Norman 1989). It was also estimated that the heronry was relatively undisturbed due to itslocation. A bald eagle nest located within a mile to the west was identified as a potential

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disturbance due to predation. It was recommended that the property be purchased by the StateParks to provide long-term preservation of the heronry. In addition, the excellent quality ofTerrell Creek’s riparian habitat was noted and it too was recommended for acquisition andprotection.

In 1992 the Birch Bay heronry was visited by a WDFW biologist and the current heronmonitoring biologist, Ann Eissinger. The colony was reported to contain an estimated 150 nestsand located in cottonwood, alder, birch, Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, and grand fir. The site hadbeen purchased by ARCO Inc. and had been maintained in its natural state. However, a roadeasement to an adjoining property within 100 feet of the colony was in review by the State andCounty.

In 1993 approximately 199+ nests were reported for the colony (Norman 1993). Herons at thattime were described as more easily disturbed by human presence near the colony than at othersites. Partial clearing in the vicinity occurred in December 1993. Further impacts to the heronsby development were abated by the acquisition of a private inholding near the colony by ARCOProducts Company.

Between 1994 and 1995 little information is available for the colony. A survey of the colony in1994 documented 212 nests (addendum to Norman 1993). No data is recorded for 1995.

In 1996 ARCO Products Company granted a conservation easement on 77 acres containing theheron colony and adjacent forest land. At that time ARCO contracted a wildlife biologist todevelop the Birch Bay Great Blue Heron Colony Conservation and Stewardship Plan (Eissinger1996). As a result of this plan, active stewardship and ongoing scientific monitoring andmapping of the heronry ensued.

From 1997, systematic monitoring of the colony was instituted. Systematic monitoring includesweekly or biweekly site visits from March through August, a summer productivity survey, and afall nest count. During the weekly monitoring visits, the colony is observed for breedingchronology, predation, and general status. An annual productivity survey provides a measure ofbreeding success. The autumn nest count occurs following leaf drop and establishes the totalnumber of active nests or breeding pairs for the year. For 1997, 335 nests were counted. In thefall of 1997, private property adjacent to the south of the colony was logged. The winter of1997/1998 saw a loss of some nest trees via blow downs.

In 1998, a second major, unexplained disturbance occurred in the colony. Young fledgedprematurely and numerous nests were blown out of trees. The fall nest count showed noteworthyincrease (91) in the number of active nests from 335 to 426 nests. Once again the winter of1998/1999 damaged trees in the colony. The heavy snowfall and strong winds of the La Ninaweather pattern blew down more nests and trees.

The third and most recent disturbance transpired in 1999. At the peak of breeding season, withchicks and eggs in the nests, the adults suddenly abandoned the colony. The cause of thisabandonment was investigated; however, no explanation was unearthed. As a result, only 5 ofthe 317 active nests were known to fledge young. Also in 1999, ARCO granted a conservation

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easement on an additional 103 acres of field and forest near the heron colony, creating a 180-acrehabitat preserve.

The herons returned to the colony in 2000 and resumed their normal nesting pattern. However,with the disturbances of the three previous years, the number of active nests once againdecreased 40 percent from 1998. From 2000 to 2002 the total autumn counts averaged 260,which indicated stability. During the autumn of 2002, a bald eagle pair began building a nest tothe southwest of the colony approximately 100 feet from the southern boundary of the colony.The nest had some activity in 2003, but appeared not to produce young to fledging age and mayhave failed earlier. Bald eagle predation in the heron colony fluctuates from year to year and insome years may be the source of disturbance and reduction of productivity.

Currently, the Birch Bay heron colony is active and continues to be stable, with solid growth in2003 and 2004.

2.2 MONITORING AND STUDY OF THE BIRCH BAY HERONS

The Birch Bay heron colony is unique among heron colonies in the Pacific Northwest in theextent to which it has been monitored and studied. Since 1997, Ann Eissinger of NakheetaNorthwest Wildlife Services has been extensively monitoring the Birch Bay heron colony. FromMarch to August each year, Eissigner makes weekly visits to the colony and foraging areas.Eissinger performs annual census counts and gathers observational information from volunteers.Based on the information gathered to date, Eissinger has prepared Figures F-1 and F-2 reflectingher observational data on heron staging and foraging activities.

Although Eissinger has gathered substantial information about the staging and foraging patternsof the Birch Bay heron colony, her efforts have focused primarily on the colony itself. URSbiologists have spent considerable time in areas designated for wetland mitigation for theCogeneration Project. In doing so, they have made incidental observations concerning heronuse. However, no systematic study of heron use in the wetland mitigation areas has beenperformed.

In order to better understand and define heron use of all of the BP-owned lands surrounding therefinery, a year-long heron monitoring study is currently underway by Eissinger. The heronhabitat study is surveying BP owned open spaces using a systematic fixed-point sample method.The study area includes eleven sample points, plus walk-in and drive-by areas for furthercoverage. The study area concentrates survey efforts within suitable habitat north of GrandviewRoad with additional areas to the west along Jackson Road and southeast of the refinery, north ofAldergrove Road (Figure F-3). The study began in March 2004 and will be completed in March2005. Heron occurrence, behavior, and site conditions will be documented during systematicweekly observations.

2.3 BREEDING AREA

Great blue herons congregate each spring at breeding areas for annual nesting. Herons arecolonial breeders and the nests are concentrated and relatively isolated. Herons nest in trees,usually in near-shore forests in close proximity to productive food sources. The Birch Bay heron

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colony is situated in the forest north of Terrell Creek, northwest of the Cherry Point refinery.The forested area is isolated and is generally inaccessible. The colony location gives the heronsdirect access to productive foraging areas including marine, fresh water, and upland fallowfields. There are also areas of roosting nearby along Terrell Creek. No other heron colony isknown within the Birch Bay area.

The heronry is situated in a 50-70 year old forest composed of both coniferous and deciduoustrees. Most or all of this area is forested wetland and contains saturated soil and shallowinundation for long durations during the wet season and extending into the growing season. Thetrees in which the Birch Bay herons are nesting are primarily western paper birch (Betulapapyrifera) 64% and red alder (Alnus rubra) 29%, with conifer species such as grand fir (Abiesgrandis) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) utilized to a lesser extent, 7%. Most heroncolonies nest in mixed species forests, however each colony has a different species preferencefor nesting.

Heron nesting colonies are very sensitive to disturbance and, as a result, most sites are isolatedand difficult to detect. The primary disturbance to colonies is typically human related, eitherthrough direct access or habitat alteration. As a result, management plans for heron coloniesinclude peripheral buffers to separate the colony from potential human intrusion, noise or otherdisturbance. The Birch Bay heron colony is well protected by a forested buffer. The nestingcolony itself occupies approximately two acres. It is surrounded by a 180-acre block of forestedland that is owned by BP and protected by a conservation easement.

2.4 STAGING AREAS

The Birch Bay heron colony stages in the fallow fields along Terrell Creek northwest of theCherry Point Refinery. Staging is an important part of a heron’s lifecycle. It is defined as agathering of adult herons in fields, other open space, or sometimes trees, prior to entering thecolony area for nesting. Staging is considered a vital part of the breeding cycle and socialstructure of the colony. Herons generally concentrate in specific areas for staging that are usedeach year.

Since 1997 the staging for the Birch Bay colony has occurred in the fallow fields directly east ofthe colony. The area most frequently used is immediately east of Jackson Road. Some heronsstage in scattered groups to the south of the colony and further east of the main staging area. Thestaging areas used by the herons are identified on Figure F-1 by yellow crosses depicting thecommon area of concentration and by a broken green line illustrating the areas of use byindividuals and smaller or loose aggregations.

2.5 FORAGING AREAS

Herons forage in a variety of habitats. Foraging areas include marine shorelines, the intertidalzone, wetlands, streams, riparian areas, and upland fallow fields. Prey sought by herons includefish (marine and freshwater), crustaceans (marine and freshwater), amphibians (freshwater andupland), and small mammals (upland). The primary prey species of great blue herons identifiedby regional researchers include: marine: crescent gunnel (Pholis laeta), saddleback gunnel(Pholis oranta), marine sculpins (various species), shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregate), and

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smelt (Hypomesus spp., Thaleichtys spp.); freshwater: sculpins, frogs (Hyla spp., Rana spp.), andcrayfish; and upland: Townsend’s vole (Microtus townsendii). The most concentrated foragingduring the nesting season occurs in the intertidal areas near the colony.

The primary feeding locations for the Birch Bay colony are Birch Bay, Drayton Harbor,Semiahmoo Bay and Lummi Bay (Figure F-2). Herons travel from their colonies to the foragingareas along common flight paths or flyways. The distance between the colony and these areasare: Colony to Birch Bay – 1.88 miles; Colony to Lummi Bay – 8.13 miles; Colony to DraytonHarbor/Semiahmoo Bay – 5.5 miles. Drayton Harbor and Semiahmoo Bay have the largestconcentrations of foraging herons and are considered the foraging areas where the Birch BayColony concentrates its foraging activities. These foraging areas are extremely important,particularly to breeding herons and young due to high seasonal prey availability and easy accessby large concentrations of herons at one time. The most important of these foraging areas are theintertidal eelgrass meadows, which harbor high densities of prey.

Additional feeding areas are utilized by individuals or small aggregations of herons. These areasare utilized year-round, particularly during unfavorable tides, and do not necessarily supportlarge concentrations during the breeding season. These additional feeding areas associated withthe Birch Bay colony include Lake Terrell, the Terrell Creek Corridor, and the fallow fieldsadjacent to the heron colony. These areas provide foraging habitat for the herons during hightide when intertidal foraging is limited to the shoreline and during the winter when low tides aregenerally nocturnal. The Cherry Point shorelines also are used by individuals and smallaggregations when conditions are favorable. Lake Terrell and fallow fields north of the refineryhave limited use by the herons during the fall and early winter when the activities of upland birdand waterfowl hunting season causes the herons to avoid these areas due to disturbance fromdogs and hunters. Although these additional foraging areas are not utilized by largeconcentrations of herons, they are important, particularly fallow fields, for winter survival andaccess to food during unfavorable tide cycles. Individuals may range widely to use these habitatsover a large part of the county and adjoining areas, particularly outside the nesting season.

3.0 WETLAND MITIGATION PLAN

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED COGENERATIONPROJECT AND WETLAND MITIGATION PLAN

BP’s proposed Cherry Point Cogeneration Project will be located at the corner of GrandviewRoad and Blaine Road (T39N R1E S8NW), adjacent to the BP Refinery in the Cherry PointHeavy Industrial Area of Whatcom County, Washington. Wetland mitigation for theCogeneration Project will occur in the open fields directly north of the construction site, north ofGrandview Road, on both the east and west sides of Blaine Road. Figure 1 of the mitigation planillustrates the locations of the construction and wetland mitigation areas, the heron colony, andlocal landscape features.

The wetland mitigation plan includes two compensatory mitigation areas (CMAs), whichtogether occupy approximately 110 acres. CMA 1 will be located across Grandview Road fromthe cogeneration facility, east of Blaine Road, and south of Terrell Creek, and is approximately

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50 acres in size. CMA 2 will be located on about 60 acres across Grandview Road from thecogeneration laydown area, west of Blaine Road, and south of Terrell Creek. Both CMA 1 andCMA 2 are currently primarily open fields with a mosaic of wetland and upland conditions (seeFigures 5A and 5B of the Cogeneration Project Wetland Mitigation Plan to which this appendixis attached). Modifications to CMA 1 and CMA 2 are planned to compensate for permanentwetland impacts associated with the Cogeneration Project, primarily by changing hydrology andenhancing existing wetlands and plant communities. Invasive weedy species will be removedand replaced by native species. Habitat diversity and structure will be restored by planting avariety of native meadow grasses, shrubs and trees. Historical hydrologic pathways andfunctions will be restored by plugging existing ditches, spreading treated stormwater acrossCMA 2 and creating several small seasonal ponds. As part of the mitigation, the farming leaseon the CMAs would be terminated.

3.2 MITIGATION AREA EXISTING CONDITIONS

CMA 1 and CMA 2 are currently primarily open fields with a mixture of wetland and uplandhabitats. Approximately 80 acres of the combined 110 acres of the CMAs has been determinedto be jurisdictional wetlands. Approximately one-third of the wetlands (or 24 acres) areseasonally inundated. Figures 6A and 6B in the Final Mitigation Plan show the wetlands (bothseasonally saturated and seasonally inundated) and upland areas. Several ditches remaining fromformer active farming continue to function in draining the sites, although they have not beenmaintained for years and typically are overgrown by weeds, shrubs, and trees. While some ofthe wetlands are inundated with shallow water during the wet season, there are no permanentopen water features in the CMAs. Topography of the CMAs is shown in Figures 5A and 5B ofthe Mitigation Plan, and the ditch flow paths are shown in Figures 6A and 6B

The CMAs consist primarily of open-field habitat. Forested vegetation can be easilydistinguished from open field habitat in the aerial photographs used as the background of Figures6A and 6B.

Both CMA1 and CMA2 have been leased to a cattle farmer for several years. Under the lease,CMA 1 has been utilized as pasture for grazing cattle and a large part of CMA 2 has beenmowed for hay annually.

Current vegetation cover in the CMAs as distributed between uplands, seasonally inundatedwetlands, and seasonally saturated wetlands is given in Table 1 and Table 2 below.

Table 1 Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA 1

Cover Type UplandSeasonallyInundated

SeasonallySaturated Total

Forest/Shrub 1.5 .5 0 2.0Dominated by ReedCanarygrass

2.5 9 14 25.5

Dominated by OtherHerbaceous Species

8 2.5 12 22.5

Total 12 12 26 50

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CMA 1 is now grazed by cattle under the farm lease covering the parcel. Therefore the habitatof CMA 1 is not conducive to production of voles that might attract herons to the parcel. Ifgrazing were not occurring, then about 8 acres of upland would potentially be attractive to volesand herons. About 14.5 acres of wetland that is not dominated by reed canarygrass would bepotentially available, but would be less productive of voles. Also, no seasonal ponds or openwater suitable for amphibian reproduction exist within CMA 1.

Table 2 Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA 2



Forest/Shrub 3 .5 .5 4.0Dominated by ReedCanarygrass

2.5 9 11 22.5


12.5 2.5 18.5 33.5

Total 18 12 30 60

Under the current farm lease, about 35 acres of CMA 2 is typically mowed for hay. The area isnot necessarily identical every year. The mowed area occupies most of the east and northsections of CMA 2 and is spread across uplands, seasonally saturated wetlands, and seasonallyinundated wetlands. With most of the vegetative cover removed, these areas become lessattractive for voles and therefore for herons. If the mowing did not occur, the 12 acres of uplandfield not dominated by reed canarygrass would be the most attractive to herons for feeding.About 21 acres of wetland not dominated by reed canarygrass would potentially be available, butwould be less attractive to voles. Also, no open water suitable for amphibian reproduction existsin CMA 2.

3.3 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL HERON USE OF MITIGATIONAREAS

As explained in section 2.2 above, no systematic study of heron usage in the CMAs has beenconducted. Based on the best information that is available, however, heron use of the CMAs isbelieved to be minimal. Neither breeding nor staging occurs in the CMAs. Eissinger hasobserved occasional foraging by individuals or small groups of herons in the western panhandleof CMA2, but has not observed foraging in CMA1. URS wetland biologists have been on theground in the CMAs many times in all seasons since the fall of 2001 and in other parts of BP’sland north of Grandview Road repeatedly since 1999. During those visits, herons havefrequently been seen to the west of the CMAs, close to the heronry, along the permanent ponds,and in fields closer to Jackson Road. Herons have been infrequently seen in the western part ofCMA 2 in the northwestern “panhandle”, but no herons have been seen in CMA 1 or the eastern90 percent of CMA 2.

Nonetheless, some consider any open field area within 4 miles of the heron colony to bepotential heron habitat (Stenberg 2003). Herons could forage for prey in open fields near thecolony as a supplement to prey found in the marine tidal areas or as a substitute when the tidesand other conditions make the marine tidal areas unavailable, or at times when it is important forherons or their young to remain close to the colony. (Stenberg 2003). In addition, individual

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herons may feed in open field habitats at any time, but are seen in such situations particularlyduring the winter when days are short and tides are unfavorable for intertidal foraging.

Potential prey species that may be available for herons in the CMAs include voles and nativeamphibians. Herons are known to use open fields with fallow grass cover to hunt for voles.Ideal conditions for herons to find voles is habitat with dense grass cover that is not tall enoughto completely obscure the voles from the herons’ view. Voles make runways in the grass wherethey travel over the surface of the ground. Where the grass is too sparse to provide cover (suchas in mowed or heavily grazed areas) use by voles is limited. The predominant species of vole inthe Cherry Point area is one that tends to choose drier substrate rather than wetland areas.

The vegetation cover of the CMAs, while recognized as primarily open-field habitat, includesextensive patches of cover that is less than ideal for heron foraging. Of the 110 acres in theCMAs, about 6 acres is occupied by scattered trees and dense shrubs like hardhack andblackberries, which makes those areas inaccessible to herons for foraging. In addition, about 45to 50 acres is dominated by dense reed canarygrass that, if not mowed, is tall and dense enoughto obscure the voles from sight by the herons and reduce the effectiveness of their hunting.Therefore, under current land use patterns by the lessee, only about 20 acres of the CMAs mightqualify as attractive foraging habitat for herons. If the lease activities were not occurring, about55 acres would be suitable in terms of ground cover, but only about 20 of those acres would beupland. The rest would be wetland that would not be ideal for voles during the winter whenvoles are most important to herons.

Likewise, the CMAs currently provide less than ideal habitat for preying on native amphibians.None of the wetlands on the CMAs currently provide breeding habitat for amphibians. Inaddition, the CMAs do not provide the forested or shrub habitat required for the terrestrial stagesof the amphibians’ life cycle. The distance from such breeding habitat across less than idealhabitat conditions for adult amphibians suggests that the expected level of amphibian occurrenceon the CMAs is too low to make the CMAs attractive for herons to forage on amphibians. Thiscorresponds with on-the-ground observations by wetland biologists. Amphibians have beenencountered much less here than in other parts of BP’s property north of Grandview Road wherenative amphibian habitat is more prevalent.

3.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO HERONS & MEASURES TO AVOIDAND MITIGATE IMPACTS

Herons are not expected to be adversely affected by the creation and maintenance of the wetlandmitigation areas associated with the Cogeneration Project. Nonetheless, several potentialimpacts to herons and their potential habitat were considered and measures were developed toavoid or minimize those potential impacts. Features have also been added to improve the habitatfor heron foraging. The potential impacts and the measures to offset them, as well as the addedbeneficial features, are addressed below.

3.4.1 Disruption due to initial creation of mitigation areas

A major component of the Wetland Mitigation Plan is the eradication of invasive plant speciessuch as reed canary grass and blackberry bushes. The current distribution of reed canary grass in

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the CMAs is shown on Figures 7A and 7B of the Wetland Mitigation Plan. The initial removalof reed canary grass, blackberry bushes and other invasive species will involve tilling and theapplication of herbicides in these areas. The tilling and herbicide application activities will occurover a period of approximately two months. On any given patch, these activities will occurintermittently, a few days total spread over the treatment period. Tilling will be accomplishedusing motorized equipment such as tractors. The tilling is performed in order to disrupt vigorousspring growth, break up the rhizomes, and encourage sprouting of dormant seeds and rhizomepieces so that they can be killed by herbicide treatment. It is important to break up the rhizomesin order to get the herbicide into all parts. The herbicide application occurs after vigorousregrowth is underway and therefore follows the tilling a few weeks later. These actions mustoccur during the spring and early summer when growth is most vigorous in order to be effectiveand to prevent a new crop of seeds from setting. Herbicides will be applied using motorizedequipment for the initial treatment. Follow-up treatment for persistent patches and new sproutswill be done by hand, even after other plantings have been installed.

The initial creation of the mitigation areas will also involve some limited excavation and earthmovement to fill existing ditches and restore historic hydrology. This excavation and earthmovement will be accomplished using motorized equipment such as bulldozers. The earthworkis expected to take two months or less and will be conducted during the dry months of latesummer and early fall (therefore will not occur outside of the WDFW heron managementguidelines of July 31 to Feburary 15).

After invasive species are eradicated, native species will be planted in the mitigation areasaccording to the planting plan provided in Figures 11A and 11B. Initial planting of herbaceousspecies is expected to occur in early fall (perhaps a 2-week duration) and woody species in latefall and early winter (about a 2-month duration), with a few species likely to be installed in earlyspring. Initial planting will be done in phases and the phases are likely to extend over a period of3 years (see Section 10 of the Cogeneration Project Wetland Mitigation Plan). Initial planting willinvolve small motorized equipment and hand labor. The intent will be to complete plantingbetween July 31 and February 15. However, if conditions or circumstances require plantingoutside that window, then Whatcom County Planning and Development Services will be notifiedand appropriate monitoring and protective measures will be agreed upon before plantingproceeds.

CMA 1 and CMA 2 are located a sufficient distance from the heron colony and staging areas sothat the activities associated with creating the mitigation areas are not expected to disturb heronnesting and staging. However, it is possible that the activities associated with the initial creationof the mitigation areas could discourage foraging in CMA 1 and CMA 2.

The scheduling of most of the initial work to create the wetland mitigation areas shouldminimize disturbance of herons. The earthwork can best be done during the dry season, whichcoincides with the end of the fledging and the dispersal of the herons from the colony andtherefore should be considered advantageous timing. Most of the planting will occur in fall andwinter when the herons are widely dispersed and not concentrated at the colony. However, theactivities required to eradicate invasive species, reed canarygrass in particular, must occur duringthe spring and early summer to be effective. Construction timing is discussed in more detail inSection 10.0 of the Mitigation Plan.

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3.4.2 Disruption during on-going maintenance activities

In years following the initial creation of the wetland mitigation areas, on-going maintenance willbe required in the wetland mitigation areas. The Final Mitigation Plan contains specificperformance standards and requires monitoring and contingency measures to be taken if thosestandards are not met (see Section 9.0 of the Mitigation Plan). During the first several years,additional invasive species (reed canarygrass and blackberry) eradication efforts will benecessary, and additional native species will be planted to replace plants that do not survive.These activities will include hand work or small motorized equipment. These activities willoccur for only a few days at a time over the spring, summer, and fall of the 10-year monitoringperiod. The timing of the activities is based on the effects of weather patterns of the year and themost effective time for the particular activity. For example, the timing of some weed controlactivities may vary by weeks from year to year depending on the late winter and spring weatherpattern. However, if conditions or circumstances require maintenance activities to occur morethan 5 days in 30 days between February 15 and July 31, then Whatcom County Planning andDevelopment Services will be notified and appropriate monitoring and protective measures willbe agreed upon before maintenance activity proceeds.

Due to the distance from the heron colony, these activities are not expected to affect heronnesting or staging. These activities could temporarily discourage heron foraging in themitigation areas. However, these maintenance activities are essential to the overall success ofthe wetland mitigation plan. The federal wetlands permit will impose strict performancestandards for reed canary grass removal, and on-going maintenance must be performed at thetime when it will be effective in order for those federal requirements to be met.

3.4.3 Reduction of open field foraging area and improvement in habitatquality

CMA 1 and CMA 2 currently provide 110 acres of potential heron foraging habitat. However, asdiscussed above in section 3.2 of this appendix, only about 20 acres currently provide habitat thatis likely to be attractive for heron foraging. Even without the activities of the farmer whocurrently leases the land, only about 20 acres would be attractive to the herons during a large partof the year because of the dense stands of reed canarygrass and the amount of wetland.

The mitigation plan activities include converting a substantial part of the CMAs from open fieldhabitat to tree or shrub habitat, thus reducing the amount of open-field habitat available forherons to use in foraging. As a result of concerns expressed by Whatcom County, changes havebeen made to wetland mitigation plan. The planting plan now maintains at least 23 acres in openfield habitat for the herons. As agreed upon with the County's staff and consultant, emphasis hasbeen placed on locating the open field habitat in CMA2, which is closer to the heron colony andmore likely to be used in the future by herons for foraging. In addition, several features havebeen designed to improve the quality of that habitat for heron foraging.

According to the planting plan (Figures 11A and 11B), the mitigation areas would be planted tocontain a variety of habitat types. The mitigation areas would consist of approximately 23 acresof open field, 7 acres of shrub, 79 acres of forest and 1 acre of seasonal ponds. Although theplanned planting would reduce the total amount of open field within the CMAs, the habitat most

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suitable for heron foraging would be not be decreased, and the usefulness of the remaininghabitat for heron foraging will be improved significantly.

The effects of the changes in CMA 1 and CMA 2 that would occur as a result of the wetlandmitigation actions have been evaluated with respect to current and potential heron use of theCMAs. The wetland mitigation plan has been modified to specifically address the effects onpotential heron habitat and use. Tables 3 and 4 summarize the expected habitat conditions forherons in each of the CMAs.

Table 3 Proposed Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA 1

Cover Type Upland SeasonallyInundated

SeasonallySaturated

Total

Forest/Shrub 11 11.5 21 43.5Dominated by ReedCanarygrass1

0 0 0 0


1 1 4 6

Seasonal Pond 0 .5 0 .5Total 12 13 25 50

1. Cumulative Reed Canarygrass cover could be as high as 10% to 20% during the early years of the mitigation, butby the end of the monitoring period there will be no more than 10%. No area as large as an acre will be dominatedby Reed Canarygrass.

Table 4 Proposed Vegetation Cover in Acres in CMA 2



Forest/Shrub 10 22 11 43Dominated by ReedCanarygrass1

0 0 0 0


7 2.5 7 16.5

Seasonal Pond 0 .5 0 .5Total 17 25 18 60

1. Cumulative Reed Canarygrass cover could be as high as 10% to 20% during the early years of the mitigation, butby the end of the monitoring period there will be no more than 10%. No area as large as an acre will be dominatedby Reed Canarygrass.

Open areas have been designed to be large enough to accommodate easy entry and exit by birdsas large as the great blue heron. The longest dimension of the patches ranges from more than400 feet long to more than 1100 feet long, and the patches range from 3 acres to over 6 acres inarea. Three of the open areas have been located in such a way that they will connect withadjacent open field areas located outside the CMAs to further enhance the likely use by herons.Two of those areas link with similarly designed open areas on the Brown Road Mitigation Area,as illustrated by aligning Figure 10A in the Brown Road Material Storage Area Final MitigationPlan with Figure 11B of the Cogeneration Wetland Mitigation Plan. The third area is along theeast edge of CMA 1 and links to open field habitat to the east.

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The quality of the open field habitat that remains will be improved in several ways by themitigation plan. Large and small woody debris will be distributed in meadow areas to promotesmall mammal concentrations, which herons may utilize as prey (see section 5.6.4 of theCogeneration Wetland Mitigation Plan). Twelve small seasonally inundated ponds and emergentwetlands will be strategically located to increase breeding of native amphibians, which heronsalso may use as prey (see Figures 11A and 11B of the Cogeneration Wetland Mitigation Plan).Reed canarygrass and blackberry-occupied open fields will be replaced with meadow grass fieldsthat are more accessible and which herons are expected to favor for foraging. Shrubs will beadded in small clumps to provide windbreaks, which herons have been observed to prefer whenforaging in fields near the colony (Eissinger 2004).

3.4.4 Impacts to prey species from hydrologic modifications

A major component of the wetland mitigation plan is the restoration of historic hydrology in themitigation areas. Changes in the hydrology could adversely affect available prey species if itmade areas too wet to support small mammals such as voles, or if it created habitat for bull frogsthat could reduce the number of native amphibian prey species. The mitigation plan has beendesigned to avoid these potential problems.

Small portions of the mitigation areas that are currently upland are likely to become seasonallyinundated wetlands (perhaps as much as 3 acres total). These areas would not support smallmammals such as voles when inundated, but would be repopulated during the dry months. Inorder to compensate for this temporal effect, the mitigation plan will enhance other openmeadow habitat by replacing reed canary grass and blackberries with meadow grasses in whichsmall mammals thrive year round. In addition, woody debris placed in the meadows willimprove utilization by voles.

Measures will be taken to prevent any portions of the wetland mitigation areas from becomingbullfrog habitat. The bullfrog lifecycle requires year-round open water habitat. The mitigationareas will not contain any year-round open water. Twelve seasonally inundated ponds will becreated, cumulatively occupying approximately about one acre (see Cogeneration WetlandMitigation Plan Figures 11A NS 11b). These ponds will encourage native amphibian growth,making more prey species available, but will not provide bullfrog habitat because they will notcontain water year-round. The seasonal ponds have been strategically located to favor access tomost of them by herons. Even ponds not accessible to herons will produce amphibians that maybe available in other parts of the vicinity. The planting of forest and shrub habitat is alsoimportant, because the adult phases of native amphibians require such habitat accessible from thebreeding ponds. The seasonal ponds will be monitored and contingency actions will be taken, ifnecessary, to ensure that they remain seasonal in nature (see Section .8 of the CogenerationWetland Mitigation Plan).

3.4.5 Creation of connected forested areas

The wetland mitigation plan includes the creation of approximately 79 acres of forested wetlandand upland habitat. These forested areas are shown on Figures 11A and 11B. The forestplantings will connect existing forest areas along Terrell Creek with seasonal ponds within theCMAs. This connectivity is considered desirable because herons from the Birch Bay colony

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have been observed preferentially flying along tree lines to reach foraging areas. In addition, theconnections with other habitat patches will benefit other wildlife species.

3.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Overall, the proposed mitigation will maintain an area equivalent to or greater than the currentlyeffective potential foraging area for herons in the CMAs. A comparison of existing and expectedhabitats from several ways of looking at it is provided in Table 5. The quality of the open fieldhabitat will be improved in several ways to produce more potential heron prey and be moreaccessible for heron use. Therefore, the end result is expected to be a net improvement forherons over existing conditions.

Table 5 Comparison of Existing and Expected Heron Habitat in Acres

Habitat Type Existing Area

ExistingEffective

Foraging Area Planned AreaExpected Effective

Foraging AreaOverall Habitat:Open field 104 20.5 22.5 22.5Tree-shrub 6 0 86.5 0Seasonal pond 0 0 1 1

Subtotal 110 20.5 110 23.5Wetland Habitats:Seasonally inundatedherbaceous wetland

24 0 3.5 3.5

Seasonally saturatedherbaceous wetland

56 0 11 11

Seasonally inundatedforested/shrub wetland

1 0 33.5 0

Seasonally saturatedforested/shrub wetland

0 0 32 0

Seasonal pond 0 0 1 0.5Subtotal 81 0 81 15

Degraded Habitat:Open field grazed by cattle 50 0 0 0Open field mowed 35 0 0 0

Subtotal 85 0 0 0

In the long term, the forest planted in the CMAs has the potential to become attractive as a sitefor the heron nesting colony. This may be important, as natural succession and weather eventscan combine to make the current nesting colony site cease to function. However, naturalsuccession also has the potential to fill in meadow areas with trees, thus reducing the open fieldforaging area available to the herons. No active elimination of trees is planned to ensure thatareas planted with herbaceous vegetation remain open fields in perpetuity. However, trees thattry to establish in areas planted as herbaceous habitat in the initial plantings will be treated asweeds and removed during the ten-year monitoring and maintenance phase (see Section 8 of theCogeneration Wetland Mitigation Plan).

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4.0 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

The Final Wetland Mitigation Plan has been developed based upon the best informationavailable at this time. Additional information regarding heron habitat utilization and hydrologyis expected to be available prior to the implementation of the wetland mitigation plan. Themitigation plan will be adapted as appropriate when that additional information becomesavailable.

In particular, the year-long heron monitoring study discussed above will be completed in March2005, prior to the implementation of the wetland mitigation plan. This study should provideadditional more detailed information regarding heron utilization of the wetland mitigation areas.The mitigation plan will be adjusted as appropriate to minimize temporary and permanentimpacts to herons and to increase the benefits to the local heron population. Such adjustmentsmay include altering the planned planting schemes, planned hydrologic patterns, and proposedhabitat features. For example, if the heron monitoring results showed that herons are spendingsignificant time foraging in wetlands with amphibians, then more seasonal ponds could be added.

In addition, the monitoring of the mitigation areas in the first 10 years after establishment willgenerate information that will point out any differences in what is achieved compared with whatwas planned. Analysis of the causes of the differences may result in the need for contingencymeasures to be implemented. The effects of the contingency measures on herons will beconsidered as part of the analysis and implementation of the measures. For example, if plantingsin a certain area are not successful as planned, the location of area to be replanted could beshifted, but the potential effects on the amount of effective heron habitat would be considered indetermining the adaptation. The overall goal of maintaining the planned level of effective heronhabitat will be one of the guiding principles in meeting the performance standards of the wetlandmitigation plan as adaptive management is applied to the mitigation area.

5.0 REFERENCES

Eissinger, Ann. 1996. Birch Bay Great Blue Heron Colony: Conservation & Stewardship Plan.Bellingham, WA. 16 pp.

______. 1997-2003. BP Birch Bay Great Blue Heron Annual Monitoring Reports. Bellingham,WA.

______. 2003. Prefiled Rebuttal Testimony for the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council:Exhibit 21R.0-4 (AME-T). BP West Coast Products, LLC. Bellingham, WA. 23 pp.

______. 2004. Interim Progress Report, BP Cherry Point 2004-2005 Great Blue Heron HabitatStudy. April 23, 2004.

Norman, D. 1993. Status of the Birch Bay Heron Colony. Toxicology Task Force. Seattle,WA.

Stenberg, Kate. 2003. Prefiled Testimony before the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council

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Appendix F Figures - F-1, F-2, and F-3 Not Available On-line

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Click here for Volume II Responses to Comments Volume II Volume 2: Responses to Comments Volume II Responses to Comments

www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/BPCherryPoint/Vol2TOC.pdf

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