EIGHTH EDITION

Chemistry for the Health Sciences

GEORGE I. SACKHEIM Associate Professov Emeritus

University of Illinois, Chicago

DENNIS D. LEHMAN Professor of Chemist y

Havold Washington College, Chicago

~ r e n t i > @ U Upper Saddle River,-New Jersey 07458

I

Contents

Preface viii 3-1 0 Structure of the Atom 48

PART I INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3-1 1 Arrangement of the Electrons in the ,

Atom 49

1 Units of Measurement 1

1-1 The International System (SI) 2 1-2 Factor Label Method 5 1-3 Exponential Numbers 7 1-4 significant Figures 9 1-5 Metric-Metric Conversions 1 3

3-1 2 Energy Sublevels 50 3-1 3 The Periodic Table 52 3-1 4 Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids 57 3-1 5 Electron Microscopy 58

4 Chemical Bonding 61

1-6 English-Sl Conversion Factors 14 4-1 Molecules 62 1-7 Density 15 4-2 Stability of the Atom 62 1-8 Temperature Scales 16 4-3 Symbols and Formulas 62

4-4 Electron-Dot Structures 63

2 Energy and Matter 22

2-1 Energy 23 2-2 Specific Heat 25 2-3 Calorimetry 26 2-4 What is Matter? 28 2-5 States of Matter 28 2-6 Changes of State 31 2-7 Properties of Matter 32 2-8 Energy Involved in Changes of State 33 2-9 Composition of Matter 34

3 Structure of Matter 42

3-1 The Atom 43 3-2 Dalton's Atomic Theory 43 3-3 Inside the Atom 44 3-4 Fundamental Particles 44 3-5 Atomic Number 44 3-6 Atomic Mass 45 3-7 Mass Number 45 3-8 Number of Neutrons in the Nucleus 3-9 Isotopes 46

4-5 Formation of lons 63 4-6 Size of lons 65 4-7 lonic Bonds 6.6 4-8 Polyatomic lons 66 4-9 Naming lonic Compounds 67

4-1 0 Covalent Bonds 67 4-1 1 Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds 4-12 Resonance 72 4-1 3 Naming Covalent Compounds 73 4-1 4 Strengths of Bonds 73 4-1 5 Shapes of Molecules: The VSEPR

Theory 74

5 Chemical Formulas and Reactions 79

5-1 Molecular Mass 80 5-2 Empirical and Molecular Formulas 83 5-3 Chemical Equations 85 5-4 Reaction Rates 88

45 5-5 Equilibrium Reactions 90 5-6 Interpreting Chemical Equations 94

iv Contents

6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 98

6-1 Oxidation Numbers 99 6-2 Oxidation 101 6-3 Reduction 103 6-4 Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents

1 04 6-5 Importance of Oxidation-Reduction 109 6-6 Other Breath Tests 11 1

7 The Gaseous State 223

7-1 General Properties 11 4 7-2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory 114 7-3 Measurement of Pressure 11 5 7-4 The Gas Laws 11 5

8 Oxygen and Other Gases 128

8-1 Oxygen 129 8-2 Hydrogen Peroxide 137 8-3 Superoxides 137 8-4 Ozone 138 8-5 Nitrous Oxide 139 8-6 Nitric Oxide 139 8-7 Noxious Gases 140 8-8 Air Pollution 140 8-9 The Ozone Layer 142

9 Water 146

9-1 The lmportance of Water 147 9-2 Physical Properties of Water 147 9-3 Physical Constants Based on Water 148 9-4 Structure of the Water Molecule 148 9-5 Hydrogen Bonding 149 9-6 Evaporation 150 9-7 Boiling Point 151 9-8 Chemical Properties 151 9-9 Hydrolysis 154

9-1 0 Purification of Water 155 9-1 1 Hard and Soft Water 157 9-1 2 Fluoridation of Water 157 9-1 3 Water as a Moderator 158 9-1 4 Water Pollution 158

10 Liquid Mixtures 161

10-1 Solutions 162 10-2 Suspensions 1 76 10-3 Colloids 176 10-4 Emulsions 181

P

21 Ionization 185

1 1-1 Conductivity of Solutions 186 11 -2 Effect of Electrolytes on Boiling Points and

Freezing Points 186 1 1-3 Theory of lonization 187 1 1-4 Conductivity of Solutions of Electrolytes

188 1 1-5 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 188 1 1-6 Other Evidence of lonization 188 11-7 Importance of Ions in Body Chemistry .

189 1 1-8 Milliequivalents 190

12 Acids, Bases, and Salts 193

12-1 Acids 194 12-2 Bases 198 12-3 Acid-Base Titration 199 12-4 lonization of Water 200 12-5 pH 201. 12-6 Solubility of Salts 204 12-7 Reactions of Salts 205 12-8 Uses of Salts 207 12-9 Buffer Sdlutions 209

13 Radioactivity 212

3-1 Discovery of Radioactivity 21 3 3-2 Types of Radiation Produced by a

Radioactive Substance 21 3 3-3 Nuclear Reactions 21 5 3-4 Natural and Artificial Radioactivity 21 7

1 3-5 Units of Radiation 21 8 1 3-6 Detection and Measurement of Radiation

21 8 13-7 Radioisotopes 220 13-8 Positron kiss ion Tomography (PET)

221 1 3-9 Half-life 221

1 3-1 0 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy 223 13-1 1 Radioisotopes in Medicine 223 1 3-1 2 Radioimmunoassay 226 1 3-1 3 X-ray Therapy 226 1 3-1 4 Diagnostic Instrumentation 227 1 3-1 5 Biologic Effects of Radiation 229 1 3-1 6 Sources of Radiation 232 13-1 7 Irradiation of Food 233 13-1 8 Nuclear Energy 233 1 3-1 9 Disposal of Radioactive Waste 235

Contents v

PART 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

14 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 238

14-1 Importance of Organic Chemistry 239 14-2 Bonding 240 14-3 Structural Formulas 240 14-4 Isomers 243 14-5 Three-Dimensional Arrangement of the

Bonds in the Carbon Atom 243 14-6 Bonding Ability of Carbon 243 14-7 Carbon Compounds with Other Elements

244 14-8 Allotropic Forms of Carbon 244

15 Saturated Hydrocarbons: The A Ekanes and Their Halogen Derivatives 247

15-1 Alkanes 248 15-2 Cycloalkanes 257 15-3 Sources of Hydrocarbons 258 15-4 Properties of Hydrocarbons 259

16 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and Their Ha Eogen Derivatives: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 264

16-1 Alkenes 265 16-2 Alkynes 272 16-3 Aromatic Compounds: Benzene 274

19 Esters, Amines, and Amides 312

19-1 Esters 31 3 19-2 Aliphatic Amines 31 7 19-3 Amino Acids 321 19-4 Amides 323

1

PART 111 BIOCHEMISTRY

20 Carbohydrates 329

20-1 Classification 330 20-2 Origin 332 20-3 Stereoisomerism 333 20-4 Monosaccharides 339 20-5 Disaccharides 347 20-6 Sweetness and Sugar Substitutes 349 20-7 Polysaccharides 350

21 Lipids 356

21-1 General Properties 357 21 -2 Fatty Acids 357 21 -3 Classification of Lipids 359 21 -4 Fats and Oils 360 21-5 Soaps 365 21-6 Detergents 366 21-7 Waxes 367 21-8 Complex Lipids 367 21 -9 Derived Lipids 373

21 -1 0 Anabolic Steroids 376

22 Proteins 379

P. 22-1 Sources 380 22-2 Functions 380 1 7 Alcohols, Thiols, Phenols, and Ethers 22-3 Molecular Masses 381

281 22-4 Amino Acids 381

17-1 Alcohols 282 17-2 Thiols 288 17-3 Phenols 289 17-4 Ethers 291

22-5 Dipeptides 386 22-6 Structure 388 22-7 Percent Composition 390 22-8 classification 391 22-9 Properties 394

18 Aldehydes, Ketones, 23 Nucleic Acids 399 and Carboxylic Acids 296 23-1 Nucleic Acids 400

18-1 Aldehydes 297 18-2 Ketones 302 18-3 Hemiacetals and Hemiketals 305 18-4 Organic Acids 305

23-2 The Watson-Crick Model of DNA 402 23-3 The DNA Code 403 23-4 Replication of DNA 404 23-5 Transfer of Information 404

vi Contents I

e' 23-6 The Triplet Code 407 26-6 Embden-Meyerhof Pathway: 23-7 The Triple Helix 409 Glycolysis 461 23-8 The Human Genome Project 409 26-7 Another Oxidative Pathway: Hexose

23-9 Genetic Diseases 409 Monophosphate Shunt 464 26-8 The Aerobic Sequence: The Citric Acid 23-1 0 Classification of Genetic Diseases 41 3

23-1 1 Recombinant DNA (Gene Splicing) 414 Cycle 464 23-1 2 Genetic Markers 41 5 26-9 The Role of B Vitamins in the Citric Acid I

23-1 3 Oncogenes 415 Cycle 466 23-1 4 DNA Fingerprinting 41 6 26-1 0 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron

Transport System 467 26-1 1 Gluconeogenesis 470

24 Enzymes 419 26-1 2 Interconversion of Hexoses 471 26-1 3 Overall Scheme of Metabolism 472

24-1 Enzyme Reactions 421 26-1 4 Hormones Involved in Regulating Blood 24-2 Activators and Inhibitors 422 Sugar 472 24-3 Mode of Enzyme Activity 423 26-1 5 Glucose Tolerance Test 473 24-4 Apoenzymes and Coenzymes 424 24-5 Nomenclature 427 24-6 Classification 427 2 7 Metabolism of Fats 478 24-7 Enzymes of the Kidneys 429 24-8 Chemotherapy 430 24-9 Clinical Significance of Plasma Enzyme

Concentrations 432 24-10 lsozymes 432 24-1 1 Allosteric Regulation 434 24-12 Zymogens 435

25 Digestion 438

25-1 Salivary Digestion 439 25-2 Gastric Digestion 439 25-3 Intestinal Digestion 440 25-4 Digestion of Carbohydrates 442 25-5 Digestion of Fats 443 25-6 Digestion of Proteins 444 25-7 Absorption of Carbohydrates 444 25-8 Absorption of Fats 444 25-9 Absorption of Protein 445

25-1 0 Absorption of Iron 447 25-1 1 Absorption of Vitamins 448 25-1 2 Formation of Feces 448 25-1 3 Dietary Fiber 449 25-14 Defects of Carbohydrate Digestion and

Absorption 449

26 Metabolism of Carbohydrates 452

26-1 General Principles of Metabolism 453 26-2 Concentration of Sugar in the Blood

(Blood Sugar Level) 453 26-3 Source of Energy 456 26-4 Glycogenesis 457 26-5 Glycogenolysis 458

27-1 Plasma Lipid Levels 479 27-2 Absorption of Fat 479 27-3 Oxidation of Fat 479 27-4 Ketone (Acetone) Bodies 482 27-5 Metabolic Diseases Caused by Impaired

Oxidation of Fatty Acids 484 27-6 Storage of Fat 484 27-7 Lipogenesis 485 27-8 Synthesis of Phospholipids 486 27-9 Cholesterol 488

27-1 0 Lipid Storage Diseases 490

28 Metabolism of Proteins 492

28-1 Functions of Protein in the Body 493 28-2 Nitrogen Balance 493 28-3 Synthesis of Protein 494 28-4 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino

Acids 495. 28-5 The Body? Requirements of Protein 497 28-6 Catabolism of Amino Acids 498 28-7 Metabolic Disorders Associated with the

Urea Cycle 500 28-8 Metabolism of the Carbon Portion of

Amino Acids 502 28-9 Metabolism of Hemoglobin 502

28-1 0 Metabolism of Nucleoproteins 503 28-1 1 Overview of Protein Metabolism 505

29 Body Fluids: Urine 509

29-1 Excretion of Waste Material 51 0 29-2 Formation of Urine 510 29-3 General Properties of Urine 51 1

Contents vii

29-4 Normal Constituents 51 2 29-5 Abnormal Constituents 51 6 29-6 Diuretics 51 8 29-7 Reagent Tablets, Papers, and

Dipsticks 51 8

30 Body Fluids: Blood 521

30-1 Functions 522 30-2 Composition 522 30-3 Plasma Substitutes 523 30-4 General Properties of Blood 524 30-5 Blood Analysis 524 30-6 Blood Volume 524 30-7 Hemoglobin 526 30-8 Myoglobin 528 30-9 Plasma Lipids 528

30-1 0 Plasma Proteins 529 30-1 1 Blood Clotting 532 30-1 2 Respiration 533 30-1 3 ~ c i d - ~ a s e Balance 536 30-1 4 Fluid-Electrolyte Balance 539

32-4 Hormone of the Pineal Gland 578 32-5 Hormones of the Gastrointestinal System

579 32-6 Hormones of the Pancreas 579 32-7 Hormones of the Thyroid Gland 581 32-8 Hormones of the Parathyroid Glands

584 I

32-9 Hormones of the Adrenal lands 585 32-1 0 Hormones of the Pituitary Gland 588 32-1 1 Hormones of the Hypothalamus 591 32-1 2 The Female Sex Hormones 593 32-1 3 The Male Sex Hormones 594 32-1 4 Hormones of the Kidney 595 32-1 5 Hormones That Regulate Calcium

Metabolism 595 32-1 6 Neurotransmitters 595

Glossary 601

Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems 605

Answers to Practice Tests 621 30-1 5 Clinical Importance of Mineral Cations Credits for Photographs 623

and Anions 542 Functional Groups 625

31 vitamins 552 Normal Laboratory Values 627

31 -1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 553 Index 629 31 -2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 561

32 Hormones 575

32-1 Classification of Hormones 576 32-2 Abnormalities in Receptor Sites 578 32-3 Cardiac Hormones 578

Index

A Active fatty acid, 487 Alcohol, 395,439,511

Abortion, 373 Active site, 422,423,434 Alcohol dehydrogenases, 547 Absolute specificity, 420 Active transport, 170 Alcohol sponge bath, 31 Absorption Activity series of metals, 195 Alcoholism, 546

of carbohydrates, 444 Acupuncture, 593 Alcohols, 282 of fats, 444 Acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, 484 dehydration of, 288 of iron, 447 Addison's disease, 516,525,586,590 dihydric, 286 of proteins, 445 Adenine, 425,504 oxidation of, 288 of vitamins, 447 Adenohypophysis, 374,588 reactions of, 288

Absorption sites, table of, 448 Adenosine, 400 types of, 287 Acceptors, 563 diphosphate, 317,401,456,461,467,480, uses of, 274,284 Acetal(s), 305,347 498,515 writing structures of, 283 Acetaminophen, 311 monophosphate, 317,401,576

phosphates, 401 Aldehydes, 288,297

Acetanilide, 322 aromatic, 299 Acetazolamide, 547 trisphosphate, 37,317,323,401,428,453, comparison of names, 300 Acetic acid, 306,448,595 456,457,461,467,469,473,480,481, n-ng of, 298 Acetoacetic acid, 473,482 485,487,498,499,515,546,576 oxidation of, 301 Acetoacetyl CoA, 482,502 production, chart of, 466

Adenyl cyclase, 458 preparation of, 297 Acetoacetyl complex, 485

Adenylate cyclase, 576,593 reactions of, 301 Acetone, 111,304,473,482,483,512

ADH; see Antidiuretic hormone reduction of, 301 Acetone bodies, 305,482

Adhesion, 169 test for, 301 Acetyl CoA; see Acetyl coenzyme A uses of, 300 ' Acetyl coenzyme A, 310,316,465,466,480, Adhesives/ 353

481,482,485,502,562,570 Adipose tissue, 363,374,444,464,529 Aldolase, 461,494

Acetylase, 569 ADP; see Adenosine diphosphate Aldopentose, 330

Acetylation reactions, 425 Adrenal cortex, 375 Aldoses, 336 Acetylcholine, 423,569,596 hormones of, 585 family of, 337 Acetylcholinesterase, 569 hyperactivity, 586 Aldosterone, 430,578,585,586 Acetylsalicylic acid, 197,198,311 Adrenal glands, 224,373,473 Alimentary glycosuria, 341 Achlorhydria, 447 Adrenal medulla, 473 Aliphatic amines, 317 Achroodextrin, 352 Adrenaline, 587 Aliphatic ketones, naming of, 302 Acid phosphatase, 433 Adrenergic agents, 430 Alkaline earth elements, 54 Acid rain, 141 Adrenocortical hormones, 488 Alkaline phosphatase, 432,433,547 Acid-base balance, 510,523,536 Adrenocorticotropic hormone(s), 479,577, Alkaline reserve, 517, 536 Acid-base titration, 199 588,589 Alkaloidal reagents, 396,422 Acidosis, 473,483, 512, 517, 524, 525, 536, Adriamycin, 432 Alkaloids, 278,322

546,580 Adsorption, 177 Alkalosis, 512,524 Acids, 194 Aeration, 156 Alkanes, 248

properties of, 194 Aerobic exercise, 393 general formula of, 249 uses of, 197 Aerobic reaction, 333 naming of, 252

Acrolein, 364 Aerobic sequence, 463 properties of, table of, 260 Acrolein test, 364 Aerosols, 140 reactions of, 260 Acromegaly, 589 Agarnmaglobulinemia, 531 Alka-Seltzer, 196 ACTH, 479,577,586,588,589 Air pollution, 140 Alkenes, 265 Actin, 394 Alanine, 495 498 biological importance of, 273 Activated ergosterol, 556 Albinism, 412 drawing structural formula of, 268 Activation energy, 89,420 AIbumin(s), 224,391,394,396,529 general formula of, 266 Activator(s), 422,545 Alburninoids, 391 naming of, 267 Active acetate, 466 Albuminuria, 516 reactions of, 269

630 Index

Alkyl groups, 252 table of, 253

Alkynes, 272 general formula of, 272

Allantoin, 515,547 Allergic reactions, 502 Allergic response, 267,374 Allosteric enzyme, 461 Allosteric regulation, 434 Allotropic forms, 138,244 a helix, 388 Alpha particles, 213 a-amino acid, 498 a-keto acids, 467 a-ketoglutaric acid, 465,496 ALS; see Amyotropic lateral sclerosis Alveoli, 120 Alzheimer's disease, 196,415 Amides, 323

aromatic, 325 formation of, 323 properties of, 324

Amine, primary, 501 Amines

aliphatic, 317 aromatic, 322 heterocyclic, 323 naming of, 318 preparation of, 320 . properties of, 321 reactions of, 321 types of, 317

Amino acid decarboxylase, 501 Aminq acid oxidases, 498 Amino acid pool, 493 Amino acids, 155,316,321,381,424,

448,493,511,515,581,586 biosynthesis of nonessential, 495 catabolism of, 498 essential, 385 metabolism of, 502 nonpolar, 382 polar, 382 primary, 407

Amino sugars, 346 Arninolipids, 359 Aminopeptidase, 429,440,444 Aminotransferases, 496 Ammonia, 157,498,523,537 Ammonium hydroxide, 199 Ammonium ions, 516 Amobarbital, 469 AMP; see Adenosine monophosphate Amphetamines, 320,323 Amphipathic, 368 Amphoterism, 382 Amylase, 433 Amylodextrin, 352 Amyloid protein precursor, 569 Amylopectin, 351,352 Amylopsin, 428 Amylose, 351 Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, 413 Anabolic steroids, 376 Anabolism, 498 Anaerobic process, 461 Analgesic, 198,310,322 Andersen's disease, 459 Androgens, 522,576,594,595

Androsterone, 302 Anemia(s), 522,525,526,565 Anesthesia, 139,587 Anesthetic, 261 ANF; see Atrial natriuretic factor Angina, 287 Angiotensin I, 329 Angiotensin 11,429 Angiotensinases, 430 Angiotensinogen, 429 Angiotensins, 430 Anhydrous compound, 153 Aniline, 322 Anions, 541

importance of, 542 Anterior lobe, 588 Anthracene, 278 Antibacterial activity, 321,366 Antibiotics, 408,430,432,469 Antibody(ies), 226,381,415,523,531,578 Anticoagulant drugs, 532,533 Anticoagulant effect, 353,523 Antidepressants, 547 Antidermatitis factor, 565 Antidiuretic hormone, 590,592 Antidote, 286 Antifreeze, 286 Antigen, 226 Antigen-antibody complex, 226 Antihemophilic globulin, 412 Antihemorrhage vitamin, 561 Antihyperlipidemic drugs, 375 Antihypertensive drug, 565 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 373 Antileukemic drugs, 567

428, Antimetabolites, 431,432 Antineoplastic agents, 432 Antioxidant(s), 365,554,559 Antioxidase, 464 Antipellagra factor, 564 Antipyretic, 198,311,322 Antiseptic agents, 110,284,321 Antiseptic effects, 109 Antithyroid drugs, 583 Anuria, 511 Apathy, 565 Apoenzyrnes, h24 Arabinose, 339,392 Arachidonic acid, 273,357,358,373 Arginase, 420,500 Arginine, 139,420,495,498,500,502,591,

596,515 Arginine succinate synthetase, 500 Arginosuccinase, 500 Arg~osuccinase aciduria, 500 Arginosuccinate synthetase, 499 Arginosuccinic acid, 499 Arichidic acid, 357 Aromatic aldehydes, 299 '

Aromatic arnides, 325 Aromatic amines, 322 Aromatic compounds, 273 Arrhenius, Svante, l87 Arsenite ions, 464 Arterial blood, 121 Arterioles, 430 Arthritis, 433 Artificial kidney machine, 180 Asbestos, 140,416

&corbic acid, 198,447,570 Asparagine, 495 Aspartame, 350 Aspartate, 495 Aspartic acid, 496,499,500 Aspirin, 197,198,311,373,539 Asthma, 587 Atherosclerosis, 375,488 Atherosclerotic plaque, 392 Atom, 43

electron arrangements in, 49 size of, 44 stability of, 62 structure of, 48

Atomic mass, 45 Atomic number, 44 Atomic radius, 65 Atomic weight, 47 ATP; see Adenosine triphosphate Atrial natriuretic factor, 577 Atriopeptin, 578 Atriopeptinogen, 578 Atropine, 423 Autoclave, 119,147,151 Autoradiograph, 213 Avidin, 566 Avogadro's number, 81

B B vitamins, 426

role in Krebs cycle, 466 Bacteria, 448 Bacterial contamination, 176 Bacteriocide, l40 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions,

105 Barbiturates, 320,323,401,469 Barometer, 115 Basal metabolic rate, 135 Basal metabolism, 581 Basedow's disease, 583 Bases, 198

properties of, 198 uses of, 199

Basophils, 522 Becquerel, Henri, 213 Beeswax, 367 BEI; see Butanol-extractable iodine Bends, 122,137 Benedict's solution. 301,344,455,473,516 . . . Benedict's test, 517 Bent shape of molecule or ion, 74 Benzaldehyde, 300 Benzalkonium chloride, 321 Benzamide, 325 Benzene, 273,416

derivatives, 276 halogen, 275

properties, 274 resonance structures of, 274

Benzoic acid, 306,310 Benzoyl peroxide, 110 Benzpyrene, 139,416 Beriberi, 562 p cells, 580 Beta particles, 214 p-carotene, 272,553,554 P-galactosidase, 413

P-glucosidase, 373 P-hydroxybutyric acid, 473,482 P-oxidation theory, 480 P-pleated sheet, 388 BHA; see Butylated hydroxyanisole BHT; see Butylated hydroxytoluene Bicarbonate buffers, 536 Bichloride of mercury, 177,395,511 Bilaver. 368 ~ile:440,441,443,488,502,517,556

acids, 278 duct, 441,503 pigments, 440,441,510 salts, 375,440,479,489

Bilirubin, 441,502,517 diglucuronide, 502,503 reductase, 502

Bilirubin-albumin complex, 502 Biliverdin, 441,502,515,518 Biodegradable, 367 Biodegradation, 453 Biologic activity, 389 Biosynthesis, 453 Biotin, 481,485,566 Bishydroxycournarin, 532 Black tongue, 564 Black and white photography, 109 Blood, 517,521

analysis, 524 clotting, 140,311,371,421,479,523, composition of, 522 density of, 524 extenders, 353 functions of, 522 general properties of, 524 pH, 483 plasma, 391,500,523 platelet(s), 311,374

aggregation, 373,374,545 pressure, 140,430 serum, 523 substances

clinical significance, 525 effects of meals, 526

sugar level(s), 453,473 hormones affecting, 472 table of, 455

thinner, 31 1 transfusions, 511 volume, 524

extenders, 524 viscosity of, 524

BMR; see Basal metabolic rate Body fluids, urine, 509 Body's natural defenses, 373 Boiling, 155 Boiling point, 31,151

effect of solute on, 169 Bonding ability of carbon, 243 Bonding in organic compounds, 240 Bonds, strength of, 73 Bone(s), 37,545

density, 225 diseases, 181,516,558 tumors, 525

Bone marrow function of, 225 scans, 224

Boric acid, 197

Boron neutron capture theory, 223 Bowman's capsule, 510 Boyle's law, 115 Brain

damage, 228 dysfunction, 470 hemorrhage, 561 scans, 224,225 tumors, 345

Branching enzyme, 458 Breath alcohol analyzer, 111 Breath tests, 111 Breathing, 134 Bronchial asthma, 373,401 Bronchodilator, 539 Brownian movement, 178 Buffer(s), 535,536

solutions, 209 systems, 546

Bupivacaine, 323 Butan01 extractable iodine, 581 Butylated hydroxyanisole, 291 Butylated hydroxytoluene, 291 Butyric acid, 357,365, 448

C cells, 582 Cadaverine, 320,448,501 Caffeine, 322,401,470,511 Calciferol, 375

Calcium, 37, 373,444, 525, 532,544, 558, 577,582,584,589,596

hydroxide, l99 hypochlorite, 110 metabolism, 595 oxalate, 286 phosphate, 558

Calculi, 513 Calmodulin, 545 Caloric value of some foods, 25 Calorie, 24, 148 Calorimeter, 25

lung, 141 radiation treatment, 227

Cancerous cells, 415 Caproic acid, 357 Caprylic acid, 357 Carbaminohemoglobin, 535 Carbamoyl phosphate, 498

synthetase, 498,500 Carbocaine, 323 Carbohydrases, 420,427 Carbohydrate(s), 523,568

absorption of, 444 digestion, 442

defects of, 449 metabolism, 428

Carbon, 37 compounds with other elements, 244

Carbon dioxide, 121,131,523,525,533 transportation of, 534

Index 631

Carbon monoxide, 140,141,284,469,52 597

Carbon tetrachloride, 131 Carbonic anhydrase, 420,422,534,547 Carbonyl group 302 Carboxyhemoglobin, 527 Carboxylation, 566 Carboxylic acid, 313 l

Carboxypeptidase, 429,440,444 Carcinogens, 279,416 Carcinoma, 582 Cardiac hormones, 578 Cardiocytes, 578 Cardiovascular disease, 141,449 Carnauba wax, 367 Carotenes, 556 Carotenosis, 556 Casein, 391,396,427 Casts, 154 Catabolism, 498 Catalase, 137,138,428 Cataracts, 231,345 Catecholamines, 596 Cathartic, 175,310 Cations, 541

importance of, 542 CCK; see Cholecystokinin CDP-choline, 487 Celiac disease, 366 Cell membranes, 368,392,486 Cellobiose. 347 cell-surface receptors, 576 Cellular respiration, 546 Cellulose, 352,448,449 Celsius temperature, 16 Central nervous system, 301,401,473,591 Cephalin, 370,479,523,369 Ceramidase, 413 Cerarnide, 412 Cerebral disease, 543 Cerebrocuprein, 547 Cerebron, 372 Cerebrosides, 372 Cerebrospinal fluid, 500,569 Ceruloplasmin, 391,412,432,433,523,547,

531 Ceryl alcohol, 367 cGMP, 287,555,577,596,597, Chain reactions, 233 Changes of state, 31 Changing to exponential numbers, 8 Charles' law, 117 Cheilitis, 563 Chelating, 310

agent, 565 Chemical bonding, 61 Chemical changes, 30 Chemical equations, 85

balancing of, 86 Chemical formulas, 79 Chemical messenger, 423 Chemical reactions, 79 Chemiosmotic theory, 469 Chemotherapeutic agents, 345,432 Chemotherapy, 415,430 Chest respirator, 116 Chick antidermatitis factor, 566 Chiral, 333,334,370,373

drugs, 339

632 Index

Chloracetophenone, 302 Choride ions, 515,546 Chloride shift, 535 Chlorides, 525 Chlorine, 37,110,140 Chlorofluorocarbons, 142,143 Chlorophyll, 323,332,526 Chorophyll a, 527 Cholecalciferol, 556 Cholecystokirun, 440,577,579 Cholera, 576 Cholesterol, 278, 287, 359, 368, 374, 392,

440,442,488,510,525,529,565,576 ester hydrolase, 440 lowering of blood level, 488 metabolism of, 441 synthesis of, 488 value of some foods, 375

Cholestyramine, 489 Cholic acid, 440 Choline, 369,487,567,568,596

acetyltransferase, 596 Choline-P, 487 Cholinesterase, 422 Choluric jaundice, 517 Chorionic gonadotropin, 515 Chromium, 37,547 Chromium-51,226 Chromoproteins, 391 Chromosomes, 391,415,503

disorders, 413 Chronic alcoholism, 484,516 Chronic myelogeneous leukemia, 413 Chylomicrons, 382,529 Chyme, 579 Chymotrypsin, 429,444 Chymotripsinogen, 440,444 Cinnamic aldehyde, 300 Cirrhosis, 286,412,484,503,539 Cis-trans isomers, 270,359,429 Cis retinal, 429,555 Cis-aconitic acid, 465 Cis-configuration, 358 Cis-fatty acid, 358 Citrate, 463 Citric acid, 308,465

cycle, 25,457,467 chart of, 465

Citrulline, 498,499 Citrullinemia, 500 Clini-test tablets, 301,344 Clot, 532 Clotting of blood, 371 Clubfoot, 410 CoA; see Coenzyme A Cobalamin, 426,567 Cobalt, 37,548,567

salts, 522 Cobalt-57,225 Cobalt-60,225 Cocaine, 322 Cocarboxylase, 562 Coenzyme, 464,562,563,564,566,567 Coenzyme A, 323,425,465,466,467,487,

565 Coenzyme B,,, 568 Coenzyme Q, 291,367,426,469,560 Coenzyme Q-10,426 Coenzymes, 4?4,428,565,301

Cohesion, 169 Collagen, 392,394,409 Colloid(s), 176,516,581

adsorption of, 177 electrical charge of, 177 osmotlc pressure, 530 size of, 176

Colloidal dispersion, 351 Combined gas laws, 120 Combustion, 130,260 Common polyatomic ions, table of, 67 Common salts and their uses, 208 Competitive inhibitors, 422,434 Complex lipids, 359 Composition of matter, 34 Compounds, 36 Concentrated solutions, 164 Condensation, 31 Conductivity

of electrolytes, 188 of solutions, l86

Congenital heart disease, 374 Congestive heart failure, 539 Conjugated protein, 526 Conservation of matter and energy, law

of, 23 Control rods, 234 Copper, 37,412,467,523,546 Copper (I) oxide, 301 Copper-64,225 Cori cycIe, 464 Cori's limit dextrinosis, 459 Coronary heart disease, 393 Corpus luteum, 374 Corticosterone, 585 Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 592 Cortisol, 585 Cortisone, 585,586 Cotton, 352 Covalent bonds, 67 CPK; see Creatine phosphokinase Creatine, 461,502,515,518,525,541

kinase, 432 phosphate, 461,515 phosphokinase, 433

Creatinine, 514,523,525 Creatmuria, 515 Cresols, 290 Cretinism, 547,582 Cretins, 589 CRH; see Corticotropin-releasing hormone Cristae, 428 CT scanner, 227 CTP; see Cytosine triphosphate Curie, 218 Cushing's syndrome, 543 Cyanides, 469 Cyanocobalamin, 567 Cyclamate, 350 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 317,

374,423,458,576 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate, 555,

577,596,597 Cycloalkanes, 257 Cycloalkenes, 267 Cyclopropane, 257 Cysteine, 289,495,581 Cystic fibrosis, 410,413,415,425 Cytellin, 488

b, 469 c, 469,526,527 oxidase, 422,467,547

Cytoplasm, 453 Cytosine, 401

D D and L enantiomers, 335 Dacron, 286 Dakin's solution, l10 Dalton's atomic theory, 43 Dalton's law, 120 Deacylase, 482 Deafness, 410 Deaminases, 427 Deamination, 498 Debranching enzyme, 459 Decalcification, 584 Decapeptide, 430,591 Decarboxylation, 448, 467, 482, 501, 562,

565,570 Decoding the code, 407 Decompression, 122 Defective gene, 409 Dehydrating agent, 364 Dehydration, 171, 175, 288, 291, 483, 486,

512,576 Dehydroascorbic acid, 570 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 585 Dehydrogenases, 427,428,464,467,481 Demyelinating process, 372 Denaturation

factors that cause, 395 irreversible, 395 reversible, 395

Denatured enzyme, 423 Denaturing protein, alcohol's ability to,

284 Dense connective tissue, 541 Density, 15 Dental caries, 157 Dental surgery, 134 Deoxyribonuclease, 429,504 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 317,339,400 Deoxyribose, 339,400,504 Depolarized membrane, in neurotrans-

mission of impulses, 596 Depression, 566,596 Derived lipids, 360,373 Derived units, 2 Dermatitis, 563,565 Detergent action, 321 Detergents, 157,169,366 Deuteron, 215 Dextran, 353 Dextrin(s), 351,352,353,428 Dextrose, 341 DHT; see Dihydrotestosterone Diabetes, 345,346,482,586

insipidus, 512,590 mellitus, 140,341,449,473,483,485,512,

515,517,525,537 Diabetic acidosis, 546 Diabetic patient, 482 Diagnostic instrumentation, 227 Dialysate, l81 Dialysis, 179,396,415

Index 633

Dialyzing membranes, 180 Diamox, 547 Diaphragm, 116 Diarrhea, 448,523,525,537,543,544,547 Diastereomers, 338 Dicarboxylic acids, table of, 307 Dicumarol, 532,561 Dideoxycitidine, 422 Dietary fiber, 449 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 224 Differential count, 523 Diffusion, 14,120,170 Digestion, 438

of carbohydrates, 442 of fats, 443 gastric, 439 intestinal, 440 of protein, 444 salivary, 439 summary table, 445

Diglycerides, 486 1,2-diglyceride, 487

Dihydric alcohols, 286 Dihydrotestosterone, 594 Dihydrothymine, 505 Dihydroxyacetone, 304,336

phosphate, 461,480 Dilute solutions, l64 Dilution, 168 Dimethyl sulfide, 111 Dipalmitoyl choline, 370 Dipeptidase, 440,444 Dipeptides, 386,388 13-diphosphoglycerate, 461 Dipole, 149 Disaccharides, 305,347

fermentation of, 348 reducing properties, 348 structure of, 347

Disacchariduria, 449 Disease-causing agents, 158 Disilfide bridges, 396 Disinfectant, 197,290 D-isomers, 447 Disposal of radioactive waste, 235 Distillation, l55

of wood, 284 Disufide bonds, 289 Diuretic(s), 322,401,511 Diuretic effect, 511 Diverticulosis, 449 DNA, 231,317,339,400,414,503,504,589

code, 403 fingerprinting, 416 methylated, 495 replication of, 404

DNAcceptor, 415 DNase, 410 Doparnine, 502,587,596 Down's syndrome, 413,415 DTPA; see Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic

acid Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 517 Dulcitol, 345 Duodenum, 579 Dusting powder, 365 Dwarfism, 589 Dystrophin, 412

Esckerickia coli, 415 Eczema, 358 Edema, 530,587 Effector, 434 Efflorescence, 153 Eicosanoids, 358,373 Einstein, Albert, 24 Einstein's equation, 233 Elastase, 444 Electrical charge, 177 Electrocardiogram, 562 Electrolysis, 151 Electrolytes, 187

balance of, 510,541 concentrations of, in body f l ~ d s , 542 conductivity of, 188 effect on blood pressure, 185 effect on freezing point of solution,

186 --- Electron

arrangements in an atom, 49 microscopy, 58 transport, 426 transport system, 467

chart, 467 Electron-dot structures, 63 Electronegativity, 71

and some elements, 71 Electrophoresis, 178,531 Elements, 35

in the human body, 36 symbols for, 35

Eliadic acid, 358 Elastic collisions, 114 ~ m b d e n - ~ e ~ e r h o f pathway, 460

chart, 462 Emotional glycosuria, 341 Emphysema, 141,415 Empirical formula, 83 Emulsification, 366,443,479

of fat, 441 Emulsifying agents, 379 Emulsions, 181 Enantiomers, 334,338 Endemic goiter, 593 Endorphins, 592 Endothelial cells, 287 Endothermic reaction, 333 Energy, 23

involved in changes of state, 33 kinetic, 23 measurement of, 24 from oxidation of fatty acids, 481 potential, 23 sources of. 456 sublevels, 50 transformation of, 23 in various activities, 26

Enflurane, 293 English-English conversions, 5 English-S1 conversions, 14 Enkephalins, 592 Enolase, 461 Enterokinase, 444 Enzymes of kidneys, 429 Enzyme(s), 37,420,493,523

activity, mode of, 423 classification of, 427

Enzyme(s)--cont'd concentrations

effect of, 421 significance of, 432

deficiency, 409 of diagnostic value, table of, 433 hydrolytic, 428 nomenclature, 427 pH requirements, 421 reactions, 421 temperature requirement, 421

Enzyme-substrate complex, 423 Eosinophils, 522 Ephedrine, 323 Epileptiform fits, 565 Epimerase, 342 Epirners. 342 ~ i i n e ~ h i n e , 323,473,479,502,587,596 Epiphyses, 588 Epsom salts. 154 ~quilibri- constant, 91 Equilibrium reactions, 90 Ergocalciferol, 556,558 Ergosterol, 375,376,556 Ergs, 218 Erythrocytes, 502,522 Erythrodextrin, 352 Erythrogenin, 595 Erythropoeitin, 522,595 Erythrose, 339 Erythrulose, 331 Essential amino acids, 494

table of, 385 Esterases, 420,429 Esters, 313,429

medical uses, table of 316 naming of, 314 phosphate, 317

Estradiol, 375,593 Estriol, 593 Estrogen, 590 Estrogenic hormones, 593 Estrogens, 576,585,593 Estrone, 302,593 Estrus, 593 Ethanol, 284 Ethanolamine, 370,487 Ethene, 273 Ether(s), 291

as an anesthetic, 293 formation of, 288

Ethyl alcohol, 284,345 Ethyl chloride, 261 Ethylene glycol, 286 Ethylmethyl ether, 293 Evaporation, 31,147,150 Excoriated buttocks, 448 Exophthalmos, 583,589 Exothermic reaction, 333 Exponential numbers, 7 Excretion of water, 510 Extenders, blood volume, 524 Extracellular fluids, 541 Extrinsic system, 532 Eye tumors, 226

Factor label method, 3 Factors affecting solubility, 163 FAD+, 465,466,467

634 Index

FADH,, 465,480,481 False albuminuria, 516 Farber's disease, 413 Fat(s), 287,359,429,479,487

absorption of, 444,479 chemical reactions of, 363 digestion of, 224,443 emulsified, 441 hydrogenation of, 364 metabolism of, 478 and oils, structure of, 360 oxidation of, 479 physical properties of, 363 saponification of, 364 storage of, 484 uses of in body, 363

Fat-soluble vitamins, 553 Fatty acids, 155, 357, 429, 440, 443, 448,

463,464,473,479,484,485,529,566, 589

oxidation of, 480 salts of, 364 saturated, 357 unsaturated, 357

Fatty aldehydes, 360 Fatty liver, 569 Feces, 441

formation of, 448 . Fehling's solution, 301,344 Female sex hormones, 593 Fermentation, 286

of disaccharides, 348 Ferritin, 394 Fetal hemoglobin, 526 Fetus, 470 Fever(s), 497,511,515 Fiber, 449 Fibrillation, 587 Fibrin, 394,532,533 Fibrinogen, 523,531,532 Fibrinolysis, 533 Fibrinolytic system, 533 Film badges, 219,231 Filtration of water, 156 Fire prevention and control, 130 Fischer projectioi~, 334 Five-carbon sugars, 464 Flavin, 562

adenine dinucleotide, 466 mononucleotide, 563

Flavoprotein, 391,427 Fluid mosaic membrane, 369 Fluid-electrolyte balance, 539 Fluoridation, 157 Fluorine, 37 Fluvastatin, 488 FMN; see Flavin mononucleotide Folic acid, 426,495,566,569 Follicle stimulating hormone, 577,588,590,

591,592,593,599 Follicle stimulating honnone-releasing hor-

mone, 591 Follicle stimulating hormone-release inhib-

iting factor (hormone), 592 Follicular hormones, 593 Food allergies, 447 Forbes' disease, 459 Formaldehyde, 300 Formalin, 300,

Formation of ions, 63 Formic acid, 300,308 Formula mass, 80 Formulas, 62 Fractional distillation, 258 Freezing point, 31

effect of solute on, 169 Freon-12,261 Fructose, 342,449,453 Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, 461 Fructose-6-P, 461 Fructosemia, 343 Fructosuria, 474 Fruit sugar, 343 FSH; see Follicle stimulating hormone FSH-RH; see Follicle stimulating hormone-

releasing hormone FSHRIF; see Follicle stimulating hormone-

release inhibiting factor FSHRIH; see Follicle stimulating hormone-

release inhibiting factor Fullerene, 244 Fumaric acid, 420,429,465 Functional groups, 282

table of, Fundamental particles, 44 Fundamental units, 2 Fungal infections, 310

C Gadolinium-153,225 Galactokinase, 342 Galactonic acid, 344 Galactose, 111,331,342,345,372,392,411,

428,449,453,471,517 Galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase,

342 Galactosemia, 342,411,413,471 Galactosuria, 342,474 Galacturonic acid, 345 Gallbladder, 165,440,442,488

disease, 410 Gallstones, 165,374,442,488,504 Gamma globulin, 394 Gamma knife, 215 Gamma rays, 214,416 Gamma-aminobutyric acid, 502,596 Gangliosides, 372 Gas laws, 115 Gaseous state, l13 Gases, properties of, 114 Gastric digestion, 439 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, 579 Gastric juice, 197,429,439 Gastric lipase, 429 Gastric suction, 538,544 Gastric ulcers, 439 Gastrin, 439,579,592 Gastritis, 439 Gastrointestinal bleeding, 311 Gastrointestinal tract, 139 Gaucher's disease, 372,412,490 Gay-Lussac's law, 118 GDP; see Guanosine diphosphate Geiger counter, 218 Gel electrophoresis, 416 Gelatin, 495 Gels, 179

Gemfibrizol, 489 Gene, defective, 409 Gene splicing, 414 General anesthetic, 257 Genetic changes, 231 Genetic code, tabIe of, 408 Genetic defect, 517,526 Genetic deficiency, 464,497 Genetic diseases, 409,500

classification of, 413 common, 410 treatment of, 413

Genetic disorders, 474 Genetic markers, 415 Germicidal soaps, 365 Germicide, 197,300 GH; see Growth hormone GH-RH; see Growth hormone-releasing

hormone GHRIH; see Growth hormone-release in-

hibiting factor GIF; see Growth inhibiting factor Gigantism, 589 GIP; see Gastric inhibitory polypeptide Glauber's salt, 154 Global warming, 143 Globin, 441,502,526 Globulin(s), 391,394,522,523,531,547 ~lomerular filtration, 578 Glomerulonephritis, 525 Glomerulus, 510 Glossitis, 563 Glucagon, 473,479,577,580,592 Glucocerebrosidase, 412 Glucocerebrosides, 412 Glucocorticoids, 558,576,585,586 Glucogenic, 502 Glucokinase, 457,461,472 Gluconeogenesis, 457, 470, 473, 581, 586,

587 chart of, 470

Gluconic acid, 344 Glucophage, 580 Glucosamine, 353 Glucosans, 351 Glucose, 339, 341,411,412,428,430,449,

453,457,471,472,479,480,482,485, 510,516,525,547,579,581,586

Glucose tolerance test, 473 Glucose-1-phosphate, 346,457,458,581 Glucose-6-phosphatase, 459 Glucose-6-phosphate, 430,458,461,581 Glucosidic linkage, 347 Glucuronic acid, 344,353 Glutamate, 413,495 Glutamic acid, 430,496,502,591,596 Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, 432,496 Glutamic pyruvic transaminase, 432 Glutaminase, 430 Glutamine, 430,495,500 Glutaraldehyde, 300 Glutathione, 464

peroxidate, 559 Glyburide, 580 Glyceraldehyde, 301,331,333,339 Glyderaldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase, 461 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 461 Glycerine, 287

Index 635

Glycerol, 155, 286, 359,363,429,443, 448, 479,487

oxidation of, 480 Glycerophosphate, 480

dehydrogenase, 480 1,2-glycerophosphatidic acid, 487 Glycerose, 339 Glyceryl

distearate, 360 monostearate, 360 tripalmitate, 363 tristearate, 360

Glycine, 446,495,502,515,596 Glycogen, 352,455,457,487,480,483,579,

581 storage disease, 459,518,581 synthetase, 458,459

Glycogenesis, 352,455,457,472 reactions of. 458

~ l ~ c o ~ e n o l ~ s ~ s , 352,455,457,458,472,587 Glycol, 286 Gfycolipids, 342,372,359,412,490,517 Glycolysis, 346,457,460,480

chart of, 462-463 Glycoprotein(s), 339, 342, 391, 392, 439,

522,523,531,555,581,589,590 Glycosidic linkages, 458 Glycosphingolipids, 359 Glycosuria, 341,455,516,587 Goiter, 413

endemic, 583 exophthalmic, 583 simple, 583

Gold-198,225 Gonadotropic hormone, 590 GOT; see Glutamic oxaloacetic transami-

nase Gout, 165,504,513,525 Graham's law, 121 Gram, 2 Grape sugar, 341 Grave's disease, 583 Greenhouse effect, 142 Group specificity, 421 Groups, 54 Growth hormone, 415,578,588,592

release inhibiting factor, 592 releasing factor, 589 releasing hormone, 592

GTP; see Guanosine triphosphate Guanine, 400

triphosphate, 467 Guanyl cyclase, 597 Guanylate cyclase, 287 Gums, 449

H Hair protein, l09 Half life, 221,493

periods of, table, 223 Halogenation, 260,269 Halogens, 55 Halothane, 139,261,293 Hand lotions, 287 Hard and soft water, 157 Hashirnoto's disease, 583 Haworth projection, 340 Hay fever, 587

HCN; see Hereditary chronic nephritis HDL; see High density lipoproteins Heart

failure, 525 muscle, 225,339

Heat, 158 of fusion, 33 of vaporization, 34,147

Heller's ring test, 396 Hematuria, 517 Heme, 441,467,502,526,527

oxygenase, 597 Hemiacetal, 305,340,347 Hemiketals, 305,347 Hemocyanin, 391 Hemodialysis, 180 Hemoglobin, 37,91,132,141,323,346,381,

389,391,394,441,473,493,511,517, 525,526,533,534,546,567,568,597

buffers, 537 fetal, 526 metabolism of, 502 synthesis, chart of, 503

Hemolysis, 175,503,517,527,561 Hemolytic anemia, 464,515,559 Hemolytic jaundice, 525 Hemophilia, 412,413,532 Hemorrhaging, 429,528,570 Hemostasis, 532 Henry's law, 122 Heparin, 344,353,532 Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase

deficiency, 484 Hepatobiliary imaging, 224 Hereditary characteristics, 381 Heterocyclic amines in brain, 323 Heterocyclic base, 400 Heterogeneous RNA, 405 Hexosans, 331,351 Hexose monophosphate shunt, 339, 457,

464,562 Hexoseaminidase A, 373,412 Hexoses, 331,341

fermentation of, 345 interconversion of, 471 oxidation of, 344 reactions of, 343 reducing properties of, 343 reduction of, 345

Hexylresorcinol, 291 HGF; see Hyperglycemic-glucogenolytic

factor High density lipoproteins, 393 High energy bonds, 456 High energy phosphate bonds, 481,495 Hippuric acid, 515 Histadine, 448,495,501,502,591 Histamine, 320,448,501,502 Histones, 391 W, 422 Hodgkin's disease, 432,526 Homocysteine, 495 Homogentisic acid, 512 Hormone(s), 432,472,493.523.575

of adrenal gland, 585 cortex, 375 effect of deficiency, 586 medulla, 587

calcium regulating, 595

Hormone(s)-cont'd cardiac, 578 classification of, 576 estrogenic, 593 follicle stimulating, 590 follicular, 593 gastrointestinal, 579 1

of interior lobe, 590 of kidneys, 595 luteinizing, 590 parathyroid, 584 pineal, 578 pituitary, 588

anterior lobe, 588 diagram of, 588

receptor sites, 392 thyroid, 581 thyrotropic, 589

hRNA; see Heterogeneous ribonucleic acid Human Genome Project, 409 Human insulin, 415 Huntington's chorea, 413 Hyaline membrane disease, 169 Hydralizine, 565 Hydrates, formation of, 153 Hydrocarbons, 248

properties of, 259 sources of, 258 unsaturated, 265

Hydrochloric acid, 197,579,439 Hydrocyanic acid, 528 Hydrogen, 37

bonding, 149,286,289,395 cyanide, 134 peroxide, 110,137,428 sulfide, 140,469,528

Hydrogenation, 269,364 Hydrolases, 392,427,428 Hydrolysis, 154, 205, 332, 349, 352, 357,

363,365,392,424,427,428,443,479, 504

Hydrolytic enzyme's, 428 Hydrophilic

end of molecule in complex lipids, 368 in soaps, 366

hormones, 576 lipoprotein, 528 system, 179

Hydrophobic end of molecule

in complex lipids, 368 in soaps, 366 system, 179

Hydroquinone, 291 Hydrostatic pressure, 529 Hydroxylase, 430 Hydroxylysine, 495 Hyperlipidemic drugs, 488 Hyperacidity, 439 Hyperadrenocorticism, 586 Hyperalimentation, 494 Hyperammonemia, 498,499,500 Hyperbaric chamber, 122

cancer radiation, 227 treatment, 135

Hyperbilirubinemia, 517,561,563 Hypercalcemia, 373,545 Hypercholesterolemia, 376

U.

636 Index

Hyperglycemia, 453,473,580,581,587 Hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor, 580 Hyperinsulinism, 525 Hyperkalemia, 544 Hyperlipidemia, 459,484 Hypernatremia, 543 Hyperparathyroidism, 225, 515, 516, 525,

545,584 Hypertension, 141,373,433,439,587,596 ~ype\rthermia, 134 Hyperthyroidism, 224, 515, 516, 518,525,

562,583,589 Hypertonic solutions, 175 Hypertriacylglycerolemia, 479 Hyperventilation, 537,539 Hypervitaminosis A, 556 Hypervitaminosis D, 525,558 Hypnotic, 301 Hypoacidity, 197,439 Hypocalcemia, 545,558 Hypochloremia, 546 Hypochlorous acid, 197 Hypoglycernia, 343,453,459,470,580,581,

586 Hypoglycemic effects, 580 Hypoglycin, 484 Hypokalemia, 429,543,587 Hypolipidemic drugs, 488. Hvuonatremia. 543

Hypophosphatemia, 558 Hypophysectomy, 589 Hypothalamus, 589

hormones of, 591 Hypothermia, 134 Hypothyroidism, 525,582,583,586 Hypotonic solutions, 174,517 Hypoventilation, 538 Hypoxanthine, 504 Hypoxia, 134

I ICSH, 588 Ideal gas law, 124 Idiopathic pentosuria, 474 IDL, 392 Immune response, 138 Immunoglobulins, 392,523 Impacted wisdom teeth, 410 Impaired oxidation of fatty acids, 484 Impotence, 376 Inadequate protein, 494 Incomplete proteins, 495 Incubator, 117 Indium-111,226 Indole, 448,502 Induced-fit model, 424 Infection, 523 Infectious diseases, 531 Infectious hepatitis, 158,432,433,496,503,

531 Influenza, 531 Inhalation anesthetics, 293 Inhibitors, 422

competitive, 422 irreversible, 422 noncompetetive, 422 specific, 422

Inositol, 371,487,569 Insecticides, 469 Inside an atom, 44 Instrumentation, diagnostic, 227 Insulin, 37,368,373,394,415,455,457,458,

472,479,485,547,578,579,581,589, 592

structure if, 387 Interferon, 392,415 Intermediate density lipoproteins, 392 Intermediate lobe, 588 International system, 2 International units, 554 Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, 588 Interstitial fluid, 529,541 Intestinal bacteria, 501 Intestinal digestion, 440 Intestinal juice, 440 Intracellular fluids, 541 Intravascular fluid, 541 Intrinsic facor, 439,447,527,568,579 Intrinsic system, 532 Iodine, 37,352,581,582

number, 362 Iodine-123,224 Iodine-131,224 Ion pairs, 218 Ionic radius, 65 Ionization, 185

other evidences of, 188 theory of, 187 of,water, 200

Ions formation of, 63 importance in body, 189 size of, 65

Iron, 37,447,467,502,523,546 absorption of, 447 deficiency anemia, 547

Iron-59,225 Irradiation, 375

of food. 233 Irreversible inhibitors, 422 Islets of Langerhans, 472,579,581 Isocitric acid, 465 Isoelectric point, 382

table of, 386 Isoenzymes, 432 Isoflurane, 293 Isoleucine, 446,495 Isomerases, 429 Isomerism, cis-trans, 271 Isomers, 243 Isoniazid, 565 Isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 565 Isoprene, 273 Isopropyl alcohol, 286 Isotonic solutions, 173

saline, 523 Isotopes, 46 Isozyrnes, 432 IUPAC, 252

J Jamaican vomiting disease, 484 Jaundice, 441

obstructive, 503,525 Jejunum, 441,442 Joule, 24

Kelvin, 2,117 temperature, 16

Keratin, 372,391,394 Keratinization, 555 Ketal(s), 305,347 Ketogenic, 502 Ketohexose, 330 Ketone bodies, 305,360,473,482,483,502,

517,580 Ketonemia, 483 Ketones, 302

aromatic, 302 naming of, 302 preparation of, 302 reactions of, 305 uses of, 304

Ketonuria, 483,517 Ketose, 336 Ketosis, 459,473,483,512,537 Kidney(s), 180

disease, 410,525 function, 225 hormones, 595 stones, 504,513

Kilocalorie, 24 Kilogram, 2 Kilojoule, 24 Kilopascals, 115 Kinetic energy, 23 Kinetic molecular theory, 114 Knoop's theory of fatty acid oxidation, 480 Krabbe's disease, 413 Krebs cycle, 425, 428, 429, 453, 457, 466,

chart, 454 Krypton-79,225 Kwashiorkor, 494,530

Lacrimator, 302 Lactacidosis, 464 Lactaid, 435 Lactase, 428,435,440,449 Lactate, 460,461 Lactation, 517,554 Lacteals, 445,479 Lactic acid, 310,349,448,460,463 Lactic acid cycle, 464 Lactic dehydrogenase, 432,433,461

clinical si,Mficance of, 433 Lactogenic hormone, 588,589 Lactose, 310,347,349,428,435,517

intolerance, 435 Laked, 175 Lanosterol, 367 Large intestine, 448 Lauric acid, 357 Lauryl alcohol, 367 Lauryl hydrogen sulfate, 367 Law of conservation of mass, 23 Law of definite proportions, 36,43 L-configuration, 381 LDH; see Lactic dehydrogenase LDL; see Low density lipoproteins Le Chiitelier's principle, 92 Lead compounds, 422

--

Index 637

Lecithin, 369,479,487,569 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 518 Leucine, 495,591 Leukemia, 225,231,433,513,525,526 Leukocytes, 410,522 Leukotriene, 267,374 Levulose, 343 LH; see Luteinizing hormone LHRH; see Luteinizing hormone-releasing

hormone Lidocaine, 323 Ligases, 429 Lime water, 199 Linear shape, 74 Lingual lipase, 439,443 Linkage specific, 420 Linoleic acid, 357,358 Linolenic acid, 357,358 Linseed oil, 358 Lipases, 427 Lipid(s), 356,489,523,568

classification of, 359 complex, 359 derived, 360,373 general properties of, 357 metabolism, 479 in plasma, 528

table of, 529 precursor, 360 simple, 359 storage diseases, 490

Lipid levels, plasma, 479 Lipid soluble vitamins, 360 Lipogenesis, 429,485 Lipoic acid, 426,464,467,570 Lipolysis, 479 Lipophilic, 576 Lipoprotein-a, 393 Lipoproteins, 363,391,392,479,523,559

table of, 393 Liquid mixtures, 161 Liquid oxygen, 137 , Lister's antiseptic, 290 Liter, 2 Lithium, 547 Liver, 412,440,457,482

damage, 433,483,513,525 Local anesthetic, 321 Lock and key model, 424 Lou Gehrig's disease, 413 Lovastatin, 375,488 Low density lipoproteins, 359,392

catabolism, 489 LOX; see Liquid oxygen LTH; see Luteotropin Lubricant, 287 Lugol's solution, 110 Lunar caustic, 395 Lung cancer, 141 Lung tumors, 228 Luteinizing hormone, 577,588,590

releasing hormone, 591 Luteotropin, 588,589 Lyases, 429 Lye, 199 Lymph, 541

vessels, 445 Lymphatics, 479,530 Lymphocytes, 522

Lysine, 446,448,495,501,502 Lysol, 110 ~ysolecithin, 370 Lysophospholipids, 440 Lysosomes, 459,554 Lyxose, 339

M Maalox, 196 Macrominerals, 542 Macromolecules, 400 Magnesium, 37,526

citrate, 310 hydroxide, 199 ion(s), 422,498,516,545

Magnetic resonance imaging, 228 Malabsorption syndrome, 111 Malabsorption of nutrients, table of, 449 Malaria, 464 Malathion, 422 Male sex hormones, 594 Malic acid, 429,465 Malignancies, 220 Malignant transformation, 416 Malnutrition, 343 Malonyl CoA, 429,485 Malt sugar, 349 Maltase, 347,427,429,440,443 Maltose, 347,349,427,428 Mammary glands, 589 Mammography, 228 Manganese, 37,485,547 Mannitol, 345 Mannose, 392 MAO; see Monoamine oxidase Marcaine, 323 Mass, 2

number, 45 Matter, 28

chemical properties of, 32 composition of, 34 physical properties of, 32 properties of, 32

McArdle's syndrome, 459 Measles, 531 Measurement of energy, 24 Medical radiation, 232 Megaloblastic anemia, 433,567,568 Melanin, 412,502 Melanocyte sbulat ing hormone-releas-

ing hormone, 592 Melanocyte stimulating hormone, 479,

577,590 Melatonin, 502,578 Melting point, 31

and boiling points of elements, 56 of various substances, 73

I\IIembranes, 368 Menadione, 560 Menke's syndrome, 547 Menopause, 593 Mental retardation, 97,371,412,413,517 Menthol, 287 Mepivacaine, 323 mEq/L, 190 Mercaptan, 289 Mercaptoethanolamine, 425 Mercaptopurine, 432 Mercerized cotton, 352

Mercuric chloride, 395 Mercuric ions, 464 Mercury compounds, 422 Mercury poisoning, 525 Mercury-197,225 Messenger RNA, 404 MET, 135

values, table of, 135 Metabolic acidosis, 537 1

Metabolic bone diseases, 181 Metabolic diseases, 484 Metabolism, 453,498

chart of, 454 overall scheme, 472 overall view of, 505 stages of, 455

Metalloids, 57 Metalloproteins, 391 Metals, 35,57 Metastases, 225 Meter, 2 Metformin HC1,580 Methane, 143 Methanol, 284 Methionine, 495,515,567,580 Methotrexate, 567 Methoxyflurane, 139 Methyl alcohol, 284 Methyl cycle, 495 Methyl salicylate, 310 Methyl xanthines, 479 Methylated DNA, 495 Methylene blue, 512 Methylindole, 502 Metric-metric conversions, 13 Micelles, 366 Microcide, 300 Microminerals, 546 Micronase, 580 Microorganisms, 158,523 Milk of magnesia, 199 Milk sugar, 349 '

Milliequivalents, 190 per liter, 541

Milliosmols, 171 Mineralocorticoids, 576,585,586 Mirror images, 333,420 Mitchell, Peter. 469

Mixtures, 38 Moderator, 158,234 Molar gas volumes, 122 Molar solutions, 167 Mole, 81 Molecular formula, 83 Molecular mass, 80 Molecules, 62

shapes of, 74 Molybdenum, 37,547 Monoamine oxidase, 596

neurotransmitters, 596 Monatomic, 62 Monoclonal antibodies, 226 Monocytes, 522 Monogenic disorders, 413 Monosaccharides, 330,339,448 Monounsaturated fatty acids, 358 Morphine, 323,439,592,593

638 Index

Mothballs, 278 Motilin, 579 MR angiography, 228 MRI; see Magnetic resonance imaging mRNA; see Messenger ribonucleic acid MSH; see Melanocyte stimulating hor-

mone MSHRH; see Melanocyte stimulating hor-

mone-releasing hormone Mucin, 391,392,439 Mucoprotein, 531 Multifunctional disorders, 413 Multiple myeloma, 56 Multiple sclerosis, 372 Mumps, 531 Muriatic acid, 197 Muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase,

484 Muscle contraction, 463 Muscle metabolism, 339 Muscular dystrophy, 412,433,518,560 Mutagenic substances, 139 Mutations, 231,409 Myasthenia gravis, 518 Myelin sheath, 567 Myocardial infarction, 224, 432, 433, 488,

496 Myoglobin, 526,528 ,

Myosin, 394 Myricyl alcohol, 367 Myristic acid, 357 Myxedema, 525,583

N N-acetylglutamic acid, 498 NAD', 302,425,461,465,467,563,564 NADH, 425,461,465,467,480,481,554 NADH dehdrogenase, 425 NADP+, 563,564 NADPH, 464,486 Naming covalent compounds, 73 Naming ionic compounds, 67 Naphthalene, 278 Narcotic, 261 Nature of reacting substance, 88 Nebulizer, 176 Negative nitrogen balance, 494 Nephritis, 394,515,516,525,530 Nephrosis, 516 Nerves, 381 Neuraminic acid, 392 Neurohormones, 591 Neurotransmitter, 140,493,502,587,595 Neutralization, 154 Neutrons, 215

number of, 45 Neutropenia, 415 Neutrophils, 522 Niacin, 325,467,563,565

effect of deficiency, 564 Niacinamide, 325,564 Niacinamide adenine dinucleotide, 467 Nicotinamide, 425,426,563 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 301,

425,461,564 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-

phate, 564 Nicotine, 323 Nicotinic acid,563

Niemann-Pick disease, 371,412,490 Night blindness, 555 Nitric acid, 197 Nitric oxide, 139,287,502,596 Nitric oxide synthase, 420,596 Nitrite ions, 516 Nitrogen, 37

balance, 493,494 cycle, 380 oxides, 141

Nitroglycerin, 287 Nitrous oxide, 134,139,293 NO, 596 NO synthase, 420 Noncompetitive inhibitor, 422,434 Nonelectrolytes, 186 Nonessential amino acids, 494 Nonmetals, 35,57 Nonpolar amino acids, table of, 383 Nonpolar compounds, 148 Nonpolar covalent bonds, 71 Nonpolar end, 366 Nonprotein nitrogen, 525 Noradrenaline, 587 Norepinephrine, 323,479,502,587,596 Normal fasting blood sugar, 453,579 Normal laboratory values, blood, 624 Novocaine, 321,323 Noxious gases, 140 Nuceloproteins, 391 Nuclear energy, 233 Nuclear fission, 233 Nuclear fusion, 234 Nuclear reactions, 215 Nuclear reactors, 234 Nucleases, 392,429 Nucleic acids, 37, 320 323, 339, 400, 429,

464,493,503,567 Nucleohistone, 391 Nucleoprotein(s), 37,392,440,515

metabolism of, 503 Nucleosidases, 504 Nucleosides, 400,504 Nucleotidases, 504 Nucleotides, 400,403,440,464,504 Nutrition in a serving of bread, 26 Nutritionally essential fatty acids, 358 Nyctalopia, 555

8 Obesity, 484 Obstructive jaundice, 503,525 Octahedral shape, 74 Octane scale, 258 Octapeptide, 430 Octet rule, 62 Oil, 359

cis and trans isomers, 359 Oleic acid, 357,358,361 Oleomargarine, 364 Oligosaccharides, 523 Oliguria, 511,525 Oncogenes, 415 Oncogenic viruses, table of, 416 Operator site, 408 o-phenylphenol, 110 Opiate receptors, 592 Opiates, 592,593 opsin, 555

ep.* Optical activity, 334 Optimum pH, 421,439,444 Optimum temperature, 421 Organic acids, 305

medically important, 308 naming of, 306 properties of, 308 reactions of, 308

Organic chemistry, 238 importance of, 239

Organic-inorganic comparisons, 239 Ornithine, 448,498,499,500,501 Ornthine transcarbamoyl transferase, 499 Orthostatic albuminuria, 516 Osmolarity, 168,171 Osmosis, 170,435,586 Osmotic activity, 543 Osmotic pressure, 171,207,423,523,524,

529 Osteolysis, 373 Osteomalacia, 558 Osteoporosis, 516,558,593

and bone density, 15 Ovulation, 590,594 Oxalic acid, 286,310 Oxaloacetate, 482,495,499 Oxaloacetic acid, 465,466,496 Oxidation, 101,365

numbers, 99 calculation of, 100 table of, 99

of primary alcohols, 288 Oxidation-reduction reactions, 98,425

balancing, 105 importance of, 109

Oxidative deamination, 498 Oxidative enzymes, 37,546 Oxidative phosphorylation, 426 428, 453,

467,526,559,561 chart of, 468

Oxides of nitrogen, 142 Oxides of sulfur, 141 0xidizb-g agents, 104,396 Oxidoreductases, 428,596 Oxygen, 37,120,129,533

commercial uses, 136 preparation of, 132 properties of, 129 transportation of, 534 uses of, 132

Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle, 332 Oxygen-demanding wastes, 158 Oxyhemoglobin, 132,534 Oxynervon, 372 Oxytocin, 577,590,591,592 Ozone, 110,138

layer, 142 preparation of, 138 properties and uses, 139

P PABA, 569

,Pagetfs disease, 410 Palrnitic acid, 357,363,481 p-aminobenzoic acid, 566 Pancreas, 111,472

hormones, 579 size of, 225

Pancreatic amylase, 428,440,443

Index 639

Pancreatic disease, 432,433,561 Pancreatic enzyme, 579 Pancreatic function, 224 Pancreatic juice, 421,440 Pancreatic lipase, 440,443 Pancreatic polypeptide, 579 Pancreatitis, 546 Pantothenic acid, 425,426,467,565,569

effect of deficiency, 566 Para-aminobenzoic acid, 569 Paraldehyde, 301 Parasympathetic nervous system, 596 Parathion, 422 Parathyroid adenoma, 584 Parathyroid function, 515 Parathyroid gland, 545 Parathyroid hormone, 558, 577, 582, 584,

595 Parkinsonism, 547 Parkinson's disease, 565 Pars intermedia, 590 Partial pressure, 120,132 Parts per billion, 166 Parts per million, 140,166 Pascal, 115 PCR; see Plasma clearance rate Pectins, 449 Pellagra, 564 Penicillin G, 430 PeniciUinamine, 565 Penicillinase, 423,431 Penicillinic acid, 431 Pentapeptides, 592 Pentosans, 331,351,449 Pentose(s), 331,339,351,400,517,562 Pentose phosphate shunt, 339 Pentose shunt, 464 Pepsin, 394,424,427,429,435,444,579 Pepsinogen, 435,439,444 Peptic ulcers, 373 Peptidases, 429 Peptide bonds, 386,396 Peptide linkage, 386 Peptides, 494 Peptones, 388 Percentage composition, 81 Percentage solutions, 165 Perfluorocarbons, 524 Pericardial studies, 224 Periodic table, 52 Periods, 55 Pernicious anemia, 225,439,518,525,526,

531,586 Perosis, 569 Peroxyacyl nitrates, 142 Perspiration, 170,510,511 PET; see Positron emission tomography PGA; see Pteroylglutarnic acid pH, 201,396,473

of blood, 483 Phenanthrene, 278 Phenol(s), 110,289

derivatives, 290 Phenothiazines, 545 Phenylalanine, 411,421,446,495,496,497,

591 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 496 Phenylketonuria, 410,411,496,517

, Phenylpyruvic acid, 497,517

Phenytoin, 545 Phosgene, l34 Phosphatase, 429,581 Phosphate, 515,525 Phosphate bonds, 456 Phosphate buffers, 536,537 Phosphate esters, 317,346 Phosphate ions, 546 Phosphatidylcholine, 369,479,487,523,569 Phosphatidylethanolamine, 370,487 Phosphatidylinositides, 577 Phosphatidylinositol, 371,487 Phosphatidylserine, 371,487 Phosphoenolpyruvate, 461 Phosphofructokinase, 434,461 Phosphoglucomutase, 457,461,581 2-phosphoglycerate, 461 3-phosphoglycerate, 461 Phosphoglycerides, 359,369,440 Phosphoglycerokinase, 461 Phosphoglyceromutase, 461 Phospholipase A, 440 Phospholipid(s), 37,317,359,368,440,479,

487,515,523,529 synthesis of, 486

Phosphoproteins, 391 Phosphoric acid, 370,400,425 Phosphoric acid esters, 429 Phosphorus, 37,558,584 Phosphorus-32,226 Phosphorylase, 317,459,473,581 Phosphorylase a, 459,461 Phosphorylase b, 459 Phosphorylation, 457,472,577 Phosphosphingosides, 371 Phosphotriose isomerase, 461 Photon, 555 Photosynthesis, 332 Phototherapy, 563 Physical changes, 30 Phytanic acid, 484 Piericidin, 469 Pineal gland, 578 Pituitary

intermediate lobe hormones, 590 posterior lobe hormones, 590

PKU; see Phenylketonuria Placenta, 224,594,689 Plant nutrients, 159 Plasma clearance rate, 415 Plasma enzyme levels, 432 Plasma lipid levels, 479 Plasma lipids, 528 Plasma pH, 537 Plasma proteins, 529 Plasma volume, 226 Plasma, blood, 523

substitutes, 523 and urine comparison, 511

Plasmid, 414,415 Plasmin, 533 Plasminogen, 393 Plasmogen, 371,394 Plasmolysis, 175 Plaster of paris, 154 Platelets, 523,532 Plummer's disease, 583 Pneumonia, 132,525 Poisons, 422,469

Polar amino acids, table of, 384 Polar bonds, 71 Polar compounds, 148 Polar covalent bonds, 71 Polar end, 366 Polar molecules, 148 Polar and nonpolar liquids, 164 Polar substances, 368 Polarized light, 334

1

Poliomyelitis, 158,518,531 Polyamines, 502 Polyatomic ions, 66 Polyatomic molecules, 62 Polycyclic aromatic compounds, 279 Polycythemia, 525 Polyhydroxyaldehydes, 330 Polyhydroxyketones, 330 Polymerase chain reaction, 416 Polymers, 270,381 Polyneuritis, 562 Polypeptide(s), 387,388,429,444,494,579, ,

582,590,591,596 Polypropylene, 270 Polysaccharides, 305,331,350,455

compared with mono- and disaccha- rides, 350

Polystyrene, 270 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 358 Polyuria, 483,511,512,523,544 Polyvinyl chloride, 261,270 Pompe's disease, 459 Porphyrin ring, 502 Positive nitrogen balance, 494,589 Positron, 215 Positron emission tomography, 221 Posterior lobe, 588 Potassium, 37,525,543,581 Potassium chlorate, 110 Potassium oxalate, 532 Potassium permanganate, 110 Potassium soaps, 365 Potential energy; 23 Powers of ten, 7 Pravastatin, 375,488 Precursor lipids, 360 Pregnancy, 373, 473, 515, 516, 517, 525,

554,562,567 Pregnanediol, 594 Premarin, 593 Premature infants, 169 Pressure cooker, 147 Pressure, measurement of, 115 PRH; see Prolactin releasing hormone PRM; see Prolactin releasing hormone-

inhibiting factor Primary alcohols, 287 Primary amines, 317,501 Primary amino acids, 407 Primary structure of proteins, 388 Procaine, 323 Procaine hydrochloride, 321 Proelastase, 440,444 Progestational hornones, 594 Progesterone, 302,590,594 Progestins, 576 Prolactin, 588,589 Prolactin releasing hormone, 592 Prolactin releasing hormone-inhibiting

factor, 592

640 Index

Proline, 446,495,581,591 Proof, 285 Properties of matter, 32 Propionyl CoA, 480 Propylene, 270 Prostacyclin, 374 Prostaglandin inhibitors, 430 Prostaglandins, 311, 358, 360, 373, 430,

479,532,545,577,595 Prostate cancer, 433 Prostate gland, 416 Prostatic acid phosphatase, 415 Protamin, 580 Protamin zinc insulin, 580 Proteases, 427,429 Protein, 37,516

body's requirements of, 497 coagulation of, 284 secondary structure, 423 tertiary structure, 423

Protein buffers, 536 Protein kinase, 577 Protein synthesis, 494

regulation of, 407 Protein turnover rate, 493 Proteinases, 429 Proteins, 322,330,380 .

absorption of, 445 arnphoteric nature of, 382 classification of, 330,391

as to function, 394 as to shape, 394

colloidal nature of, 394s, composition of, 381,391 conjugated, table of, 391 denaturation of, 394 digestion of, 444 function of, 380,493 incomplete, 495 metabolism of, 492 molecular masses of, 381 origin of, 332 percent composition, 390 primary structure of, 388 properties of, 394 quaternary structure of, 389 secondary structure of, 388 simple, properties f, 391 solubility of, 391 sources of, 380 structure of, 388 table of molecular masses, 381 three-dimensional structure, 388

Protein-sugar interactions, 346 Proteinuria, 516 Proteoses, 388 Prothrombin, 435,523,532,561 Proton(s), 215,469 Provitamin A, 553 Prozac, 596 Pruritis, 564 Psychedelic drugs, 320 Psychoses, 545,547 Pteridine nucleus, 566 Pteroic acid, 567 Pteroylglutamic acid, 567 Pteroylheptaglutamic acid, 567 Ptomaines, 448,501 Ptyalin, 427,442

Pulmonary function, 135 . -, c , Purine(s), 400,425,502,504,.h3 Purine metabolism, 37 Putrescine, 320,448,501 PVC; see Polyvinyl chloride Pyloric mucosa, 579 Pyramidal shape, 74 Pyridoxal phosphate, 496,501,565 Pyridoxamine, 565 Pyridoxine, 426,565

effect of deficiency, 565 Pyrimidines, 400,504,505 Pyrophosphate bonds, 429 Pyrrole rings, 526 Pyruvate, 460,495 Pyruvic acid, 310,460,463,465,498,562 Pyruvic kinase, 461

Q Quaternary ammonium salts, 321 Quaternary compound, 369 Quaternary structure, 389 Questran, 489 Quinine, 291

R Rad; see Radiation absorbed dosage Radiant energy, 416 Radiation, 213,396,526

biologic effects of, 229 detection of, 218 effects, table of, 231 measurement of, 218 from medical treatments, 232 other types of, 215 protection, 229 sources of, 232 standards, 232 types of, 213 units of, 218

Radiation absorbed dosage, 218 Radiation equivalent, man, 218 Radiation sickness, 231

symptoms, table of, 232 Radioactive carbon, 111 Radioactive iodine, 135,583,584 Radioactive isotope, 217 Radioactive material, 158 Radioactive waste, disposal of, 235 Radioactivity, 213

artificial, 217 natural, 217

Radioimmunoassay, 226 Radioisotopes, 220

in medicine, 223 other, 225

Radium, 218 Rancidity, 365 Rayon, 352 RBE; see Relative biological effectiveness RDS, 169 Reaction rate(s), 88

effect of catalyst, 90 effect of concentration, 90 effect of surface area, 90 temperature effects, 89

Reaction specificity, 420 Reagent tablets, papers, dipsticks, 518

4 Receptor site, 368

abnormalities of, 578 Recombinant DNA, 410,414 Red blood cell(s), 441, 461, 463, 502, 522,

595 mass, 226 production, 527 survival time, 226

Reducing agents, 104,396,447 Reducing properties, 343 Reduction, 103 Refsum's disease, 484 Relative biologic effectiveness, 218 Relative mass, 45 Relaxin, 594 Release inhibiting factors, 592 Releasing factors, 591 Releasing hormones, 591 Rem; see Radiation equivalent, man Renal albuminuria, 516 Renal arteries, 510 Renal damage, 286 Renal erythropoetic factor, 522 Renal function, 224 Renal proteinuria, 516 Renal scans, 224 Renal threshold, 455,473 Renin, 429,433,578,595 Rennin, 427,444 Replication of DNA, 404 Repressor, 408 Resonance, 72

structures, 274 Resorcinol, 291 Respiration, 533 Respiratory acidosis, 538 Respiratory alkalosis, 539 Respiratory chain, 454,480 Respiratory distress syndrome, 169,370 Respiratory system, 291 Restriction enzyme(s), 414,415 Restriction fragment length polymor-

phism, 416 Restriction fragments, 416 ReticuIoendothelial cells, 441,502 Retina, 554 Retina1 isomerase, 429 Retinene reductase, 547,554 Retinoic acid, 555 Retinol, 287,553,555 Retinol equivalents, 554 Retrolental fibroplasia, 135 Reverse chloride shift, 535 Reverse osmosis, 173 Rezulin, 580 RFLP; see Restriction fragment length

polymorphism Rheumatic fever, 311 Rhodopsin, 555 Rhodopsin-vitamin A cycle, 271 Ribitol, 562 Riboflavin, 426,466,562,564 Ribonuclease, 429,440,504 Ribonucleic acid, 317,339,400,440 Ribose, 339,400,425,504 Ribosome, 405 Ribulose, 33 Rickets, 525,558 RNA, 317,339,400,503,504,589

Index 641

RNA polymerase, 577 RNA production, 577 Rod cells, 555 Roentgen, 218 Rolaids, 196 Rotenone, 469 Rounding off, 10 Rubbing alcohol, 286

S Saccharic acid, 345 Saccharin, 350 Salicylic acid, 310 Saliva, 391,439 Salivary amylase, 428,439,442,443 Salivary digestion, 439 Salt bridges, 389 Salting out, 396 Salts, 204

reactions of, 295 with acids and bases, 207 with metals, 207 with other salts, 207

solubility of, 204 uses of, 207

Saponification, 364,365 Saturated fatty acids, 357 Saturated hydrocarbons, 248 Saturated solutions, 164 Scaly dermatitis, 566 Scan, 219 Scanners, 219 Scintillation scanners, 219 Scuba diving, 122 Scurvy, 570 Second, 2 Secondary alcohols, 288 Secondary arnines, 317 Secondary structure of proteins, 388 Secretin, 440,579 Sedimentation, 156 Selenium, 37,559 Selenium-75,225 Semipermeable membrane, 170,173 Serine, 371,487,495 Serotonin, 323,502,596 Serotonin uptake inhibitors, 596 Serum albumin, 391,394,502,523 Serum globulin, 391 Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,

486.496 Serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase,

433,496 Sex hormones, 278,375,392,488

female, 593 male, 594

SGOT; see Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase

SGPT; see Serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase

SH groups, 464 Shapes of molecules, 74 SI; see International units Sialic acid, 392 Sickle cell anemia, 410,433 Siderophilin, 391 Sigruficant figures, 9 Silver nitrate, 395

Simple lipids, 359 Simple sugars, 330 Simvastatin, 488 Single-photon emission computed tomog-

raphy, 228 Sitosterol, 488 Size of ions, 65 Skatole, 448,502 Skin cancer, 226 Smog, 140 Soap, 157,169,310,364,365

cleansing action of, 366 Sodium, 37,525 Sodium citrate, 532 Sodium glycocholate, 440 Sodium hydroxide, 199 Sodium hypochlorite, 110 Sodium iodide, 584 Sodium ions, 515,542 Sodium lauryl sulfate, 366 Sodium nitroprusside, 517 Sodium salicylate, 310,311 Sodium soaps, 365 Sodium stearate, 364 Sodium taurocholate, 440 Sodium thiosulfate, 110 Soft water, 365 Sols, 179 Solubilities, chart of, 163 Solute, 162 Solutions, l62

conductivity of, 186 general properties of, 162 importance of, 164 special properties of, 169 strength of, 164

Solvent, 162 other than water, 162

Somatomedins, 589 Somatostatin, 415,592 Somatotropin, 588 Sorbitol, 345 Specific heat, 25 Specific heat values, 25 Specific inhibitors, 422 Specificity

absolute, 420 group, 421 reaction, 420 stereo, 420

SPECT; see Single-photon emission com- puted tomography

Spermaceti, 367 Spermatazoa, 590 Spermatogenesis, 594 Sphingolipids, 371 Sphingomyelin, 412,479,569 Sphingomyelinase, 371 Sphingosine, 359,371 Sphygmomanometer, 116 Spirits of ammonia, 199 Spleen, 412

function, 225 Sponge bath, 31,150,284 Spontaneous combustion, 130 Square planar shape of molecule or ion, 74 SQUID; see Superconducting quantum in-

terference devices

Stability of atoms, 62 Standard temperature and pressure, 115 Starch, 349,351,352 Starvation, 483,515,543 State, changes of, 31 States of matter, 28 Steapsin, 429 Stearic acid, 310,357 I

l

Stercobilin, 441,503 Stercobilinogen, 441,503 Stereoisomerism, 333 Stereospecificity, 420 Sterility, 231,555 Sterilization, 119,396 Steroid nucleus, 585 Steroid production, 373 Steroids, 360,374,464,488,523

anabolic, 376 Sterols, 374 Stomach cancer, 439 Stool, 503 STP; see Standard temperature and pressure Strength of bonds, 73 Streptokinase, 533 Streptomycin, 408 Strong electrolytes, 188 Structural formulas, 240

of alkenes, 268 condensed, 250 drawing of, 255

Styrene, 270 Sublimation, 32 Substrate, 420,431 Succinate dehydrogenase, 466 Succinic acid, 420,465 Succinic dehydrogenase, 420 Succinyl CoA, 465,480 Sucrase, 428,440,449 Sucrose, 343,347,349,428 Sugar substitutes, 349 Sugars, sweetness of, 349 Sulfates, 516 Sulfhydryl group, 422 Sulfhydryls, 289 Sulfolipids, 359 Sulfur, 37 Sulfur dioxide, 140 Sunshine vitamin, 556 Superconducting quantum interference

devices, 228 Superimposable, 333 Superoxide dismutase, 138,547 Superoxides, 137 Supersaturated solutions, 165 Surface active agent, 169,370 Surface tension, 169,441 Surfactant, 169,366 Suspensions, 176 Sweetness of sugars, 349 Symbols, 62

for elements, 35 Sympathetic nervous system, 596 Synthetic organic materials, 159

T T-3,581 T-4,581 Tachycardia, 562

642 Index

Tannic acid, 396 Target cell, 576 Tartaric acid, 310 Tauri's disease, 459 Tay Sachs disease, 373,412,490 Technetium sulfur colloid, 224 Technetium-99m, 224 Teeth, 37,545 Teflon, 261 Temperature scales, 16 Temperatures, 2 Tertiary alcohols, 288 Tertiary mines, 317 Testicular atrophy, 376 Testosterone, 302,375,376,590,594 Tetany, 584 Tetracycline, 408,430 Tetraethyl lead, 259 Tetrahedral shape, 74 Tetrahydrofolate, 495 Tetrahydrofolic acd, 567 Tetroses, 331,339 Thallium-200,225 Theophylline, 401,479 THF; see Tetrahydrofolate Thiamine, 401,426,464,467,562,564,570 Thiamine hydrochloride, 321 Thiamine pyrophosphate, 562 Thioesters, 316 Tltiols, 288 Thoracic duct, 445,479 Three-dimensional ,arrangement of the

bonds in the carbon atom, 243 Threonine, 495 Thrombin, 420,435 Thrombocytes, 523 Thromboxanes, 374,532 Thrombus, 533 Thymine, 401,505 Thyroglobin, 581 Thyroid carcinoma, 582 Thyroid conditions, 224 Thyroid gland, 416 Thyroid hormones, 37,576,581 Thyroid stimulating hormone, 392, 479,

583,588,589,591 Thyrotropic hormones, 588,589 Thyrotropin, 392 Thyrotropin releasing hormone, 589,591 Thyroxine, 413,581 Tincture of green soap, 365 Tissue plasmin activator, 533 TNT; see Trinitrotoluene Tobacco smoke, 141 Tocopherol, 287,559 Tollen's reagent, 301,344 Toluene, 276 Torr, 115 Torricelli, l15 Toxic adenoma, 583 Toxins, 394 T A ; see Tissue plasmin activator TPP; see Thiamine pyi-ophosphate Trans isomer, 420 Transaminase, 497 Transaminases, 496 Transamination, 495 Transcellular fluds, 541 Trans-configu?ation, 373

Transfer of electrons, 428 Transfer of information, 404 Transfer RNA, 404 Transferases, 428 Transferrin, 523,531,547 Transfusions, 175 Transketolase, 562 Transpeptidases, 423 Trans-retinal, 429,555 Trans-structure, 553 TRF; see Thyrotropin releasing factor TSH; see Thyroid stimulating hormone Triacylglycerols, 479 Tricarboxylic acids, 307 Triglyceride(s), 361,375,392,443,479,484,

486,487,529 Trigonal bipyramidal shape, 74 Trigonal shape, 74 Triiodothyronine, 581 Trinitrotoluene, 277 Trioses, 331,339 Tripalmitin, 363 Tripeptide(s), 387,388,591 Triplet code, 407 Triplet helix, 409 tRNA, 404 Troglitazone, 580 Trypsin, 421,424, 427, 429,432, 433, 435,

444 Trypsinogen, 435,440,444 Tryptophan, 421,448,495,502,565,580 Tryptophan oxygenase, 493 TSH; see Thyroid stimulating hormone Tuberculosis, 525 Tumor cells, 223 Tumor markers, 415 Twns, 196 Tyndall effect, 178 Typhoid fever, 158 Tyramine, 501 Tyrosine, 411,421,495,496,497,501,502 Tyrosine transaminase, 493 -

U Ubiquinone, 291 UDPG; see Uridine diphosphate glucose UDPG-pyrophosphorylase, 457 Ulcers, 439 Ultrasonic nebulizer, 176 Ultraviolet radiation, 142,396 Unsaturated fatty acids, 357 Unsaturated fats and oils, 364 Unsaturated hydrocarbons, 265 Unsaturated solutions, 165 Uracil, 401,457 Urea, 427,493,494,500,505,511,513,523

formation of, 498 Urea cycle, 498

chart of, 498 metabolic disorders, 500

Urea nitrogen, 525 Urease, 427 Uric acid, 165,401,504,513,515,518,523,

525,547 Uridine diphosphate glucose, 457 Uridine triphosphhate, 457 Uridyl transferase, 411

Urine, 396,503,504,509,586,594 abnormal constituents of, 516 color of, 512 density of, 15,512 formation of, 510 general properties of, 511 normal constituents of, 513 odor of, 512 and plasma, comparisons of, 510 pH of, 512

Urobilin, 441,503,512,515 Urobilinogen, 441,503,512,515,518 UTP, 457

v Vaccines, 415 Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory,

74 Valine, 446,495 Vanillin, 300 Vapor pressures, table of, 151 Vasoconstriction, 532 Vasoconstrictive intestinal polypeptide,

579 Vasoconstrictor, 430 Vasodilator, l40 Vasopressin, 430,512,577,590,591,592 Venom, 370,394 Venous bIood, 121 Very low density lipoproteins, 392,529 Villi, 445,479,493 Virucide, 140 Viruses, 416,503 Viscose, 352 Viscosity (ies), 169,524

table of, 169 Visual cycle, 555 Vitamin A, 273,287,447,553,560

absorption, 556 effect of deficiency, 555 effect of excess, 556 properties, 54 storage, 556

Vitamin A aldehyde, 553 Vitamin B,, 321,401,464,467,561

daily requirement, 562 effect of deficiency, 562

Vitamin B,, 323,562 daily requirement, 563 properties of, 563

Vitamin B,, 565 Vitamin B,, 563 Vitamin B6, 496 Vitamin B,,, 37,323,426,439,447,481,547,

567 malabsorption, 225 effect of deficiency, 567

Vitamin C, 198,365,447,570 daily requirement, 570 effect of deficiency, 570

Vitamin D, 278,375,447,488,556,595 daily requirement, 558 effect of deficiency, 558 effect of excess, 558 physiologic action, 558 properties of, 558 structure of, 556

Vitamin E, 37,139,287,365,447,559 daily requirement, 559 effect of deficiency, 560 properties of, 559 structure of, 559

Vitamin K, 447,448,532,560 daily requirement, 560 properties of, 560 structure of, 560

Vitamins, 424,552 absorption of, 447 fat soluble, 553 lipid soluble, 360 water soluble, 561

VLDL; see Very low density lipoproteins Vomiting, 538,543,544 Von Gierke's disease, 459 VSEPR theory, 74

W Warts, 197 Wasting illness, 494 Water, 146

boiling point of, 147 density of, 147 distillation of, 155 distribution of, in body, 541 electrolysis of, 151

Water--cont'd fluoridation of, 157 importance of, 147 ionization of, 200 physical constants based on, 148 physical properties of, 147 properties, table of, 153 purification of, 155 reaction with active metals, 152 reaction with metal oxides, 152 reaction with nonmetal oxides, 152 stability of, 151

Water as a moderator, 158 Water balance, 523,539 Water molecule, structure, 148 Water of crystallization, 153 Water of hydration, 153 Water pollution, 158 Water retention, 430 Water softening, home methods of, 157 Water sponge bath, 31 Water-soluble vitamins, 561 Watson-Crick model of DNA, 402 Wax(es), 359,367

table of, 367 Weak electrolytes, 188 Weight, 2 Wernicke's encephalopathy, 562 White blood cells, 522

Index 643

Wilson's disease, 225,412,432,433,531 Writing formulas from oxidation num-

bers, 101

X Xanthhe, 504 Xerophthalmia, 555 o

Xeroradiography, 228 l

X-ray scanners, 227 X-ray therapy, 226 X rays, 215,416 Xylocaine, 323 Xylose, 111,331,339,392

Y Yeast, 345

z Zalcitabin, 422 Zein, 495 Zephiran chloride, 321 Zinc, 37,444,547,565,579

deficiency, 556 Zinc undecylenate, 365 Zoloft, 596 Zwitterion, 382 Zymogen, 439,444