eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli wminda mefe daviT

aRmaSeneblis saxelobis ganaTlebis centri

saxelmZRvanelo daibeWda saqrTvelos sapatriarqos ganaTlebis centris

Tavmjdomaris,

gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentis,

rusTavisa da marneulis mTavarepiskoposis ioanes (gamrekeli)

locva-kurTxeviT

eklesiis istoria

saskolo saxelmZRvanelo

saRvTo sjulSi

I nawili

Tbilisi

2010w.

winaTqma

winamdebare saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas ZiriTadad

vixelmZRvaneleT Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis

profesoris da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemlobis Tavmjdomaris

gvanca koplataZis wigniT `qristianuli eklesiis istoria~ (sapatriarqos

gamomcemloba, 2007w.), risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT avtors. aRniSnuli

naSromi aris sakmaod moculobiTi, romelic srulad akmayofilebs farTo

mkiTxvelis interess qristianuli eklesiis cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

imisTvis, rom sapatriarqosTan arsebuli skolebis moswavleebisaTvis eklesiis

istoria sakiTxavad advilad misawvdomi gagvexada, miznad davisaxeT

xsenebuli naSromi, gamomcemlis TanxmobiT, Segvemoklebina da

moswavleTa interesis gaTvaliswinebiT dagveyo ufro mokle nawilebad,

Tavebad, aseve Segvevso wmida mamaTa da mowameTa Sesaxeb

sakiTxavebiT da xatebiT, suraTebiT, rukebiT da gadagvenawilebina

ramdenime saswavlo welze. Cven vixelmZRvaneleT aseve sxvadasxva

istoriuli wignebiTa da gamocemebiT, romlebic miTiTebulia wignis bolos

`gamoyenebul literaturaSi.~

saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli wmida mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis

saxelobis ganaTlebis centri

saxelmZRvanelos Semdgeneli noe guguciZe

redaqtori nana bokuCava

mxatvari maka CxaiZe

programuli uzrunvelyofa giorgi xaratiSvilisa

gakveTili I

samyaro qristeSobis win.

pirveli eklesiis dafuZneba

qristes mosvlamde msoflios yvela xalxi, garda iudevelebisa, kerpebs

scemda Tayvans, maT Soris kulturulad yvelaze dawinaurebuli saberZneTic.

swored aq warmoiSva sxvadasxva filosofiur skola- moZRvrebaTa sistema.

zogierTi moZRvreba RmerTsa da sulis ukvdavebaze Tumca bundovan,

magram mcire warmodgenas mainc iZleoda. miuxedavad amisa, antikuri

xanis yvelaze didi moazrovnenic ki amaod daSvrnen, rac imaze metyvelebs,

rom adamians umaRlesi WeSmaritebis _ RvTis Secnoba, gamocxadebis

gareSe, mxolod sakuTari ZaliT ar SeuZlia.

moZRvrebaTa Soris iyo iudevelTa swavleba erT RmerTze, rogorc

samyaros Semoqmedze, rac maT swored gamocxadebiT miecaT. ufalma

sjulTan erTad ebraelebs aRTqma anu dapireba misca. adamianebi, romelTac

RvTis dapireba irwmunes da misi sjuli daicves, Zveli aRTqmis eklesias

Seadgenen. eseni iyvnen mamamTavrebi, winaswarmetyvelebi da marTalni,

romelnic macxovris mosvlamde cxovrobdnen da mxsnelis mosvlas

moelodnen.

rogorc Zveli aRTqmidan viciT, israeli xSirad ixreboda RvTis sjulisagan

da im kerpTayvanismcemelTa msgavsad iqceoda, romelTa garemocvaSic

cxovrobda. qristes Sobis wina saukuneSi iudevelebi mudmivad sxvisi

batonobis qveS imyofebodnen. isini jer berZnebma, mere egviptelebma da

sirielebma, xolo bolos romaelebma daipyres. iudevelebi mixvdnen, rom amis

mizezi RvTis daviwyeba iyo da moses sjulis samsaxuri daiwyes. marTalia,

isini sjulis zustad aRsrulebas cdilobdnen, magram siyvarulis gareSe, mxolod

garegnuli wesebis dacviT aRasrulebdnen, ris gamoc maTTvis sjulis azri da

suli dafaruli darCa. isini fiqrobdnen, rom mesia iqneboda didi mefe, romelic

romaelebis batonobisagan gaaTavisuflebda da msoflio batonobas

moupovebda. maT ar esmodaT, rom winaswarmetyvelebaSi mesiaze ara

politikur Tavisuflebasa da miwier samefozea laparaki, aramed sulier

Tavisuflebasa da zeciur sasufevelze. ra Tqma unda arsebobdnen

adamianebi, romelTa sulebic mzad iyo qristes madliT gabrwyinebuliyo,

magram aseTni metad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, TviTon iudevelebi,

mravalricxovan seqtad dayofilni, wminda werilis Sinaarss sxvadasxvagvarad

xsnidnen da erTmaneTs emterebodnen.

da ai dadga Jami, roca qveynad macxovari, ieso qriste movida, visac

sasoebiT elodebodnen Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelni. ufalma

dedamiwaze Tavisi eklesia moawyo da ganamtkica. igi mowafeebs Sehpirda,

rom madlsa da Semweobas ar moaklebda; Semdeg ufalma akurTxa isini da

zecad amaRlda.

eklesiis dafuZnebis, gavrcelebis da ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb pirvel

cnobebs wmida werili _ saqme mociqulTa da mociqulTa epistoleni

gvawvdian. eklesiis pirveli wlebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba agreTve

wminda gadmocemac, romelic utyuar cnobebs gvawvdis eklesiis mowyobis,

RvTismsaxurebis wesebis, swavlebisa da marTvis Sesaxeb. es gadmocemani

wmindanTa cxovrebebma da Txzulebebma Semogvinaxes.

ieso qristes amaRlebis Semdeg mociqulebi xSirad ikribebodnen sionis

mTaze. aq iyvnen petre da iakobi, ioane da andria, filipe da Toma, barTlome

da maTe, iakob alfesi, simon moSurne (ziloti) da iakobis Zma, iuda. aq iyo

yovladwmida RvTismSobeli da is dedebi, romelnic ufals emsaxurebodnen, sul

120 adamiani.

uwinaresad mociqulebma iuda iskariotelis nacvlad axali mociqulis

arCeva gadawyvites. petrem ori mowafe, iosebi, iostosad anu marTlad

wodebuli da mataTa SuaSi daayena. mociqulis pativi, RvTis gangebiT,

mataTas ergo.

dadga aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRe. paseqidan ormocdameaTe

dRes Zveli aRTqmis eklesia sinas mTaze sjulis miRebas dResaswaulobda.

madlierebis niSnad morwmuneebi ufals pirvel Znas swiravdnen da

sinagogebsa da saxlebs mwvane rtoebiT rTavdnen.

moses sjulis mimdevarni, romeli qveynis mcxovrebnic an erovnebis ar

unda yofiliyvnen, cdilobdnen am dResaswauls ierusalimSi Sexvedrodnen.

swored es sazeimo dRe amoirCia ufalma, raTa mowafeebze suliwmida

gadmosuliyo da maT axali sjulis gavrcelebisaTvis Zala miscemodaT.

roca dRis sam saaTze (iudevelebi saaTebs mzis amosvlidan iTvlidnen),

mowafeebi erTad loculobdnen, ucbad Zlieri qaris amovardnis xma gaisma da

mociqulebs suliwmida cecxlis enebis saxiT zed daadga. misi madliT aRvsili

mowafeni sxvadasxva enaze alaparakdnen da ierusalimSi Camosul

sxvadasxva eris Svilebs TavTavianT enaze mimarTes. zogierTebs, romelTac

ucxo enebze warmoTqmuli sityvebis mniSvneloba ar esmodaT, egonaT, rom

mociqulebi mTvralebi iyvnen da dascinodnen. sulTmofenobis xati

maSin wamodga petre da saxalxod pirvelad daamowma, rom ieso

nazareveli, romelic maT jvarze gaakres da mokles, aRdga, amaRlda da

marjveniT mamisa dajda. mociqulis sityvebma iseTi Zlieri STabeWdileba

moaxdina, rom msmenelebma Seicnes TavianTi Secodeba da ikiTxes, rogor

gamoesyidaT igi. petrem maT sinanulisa da ieso qristes saxeliT

naTlisRebisaken mouwoda. im dRes samiaTasma kacma irwmuna qriste da

moinaTla.

ase daiwyes mociqulebma uflis sityvis qadageba ierusalimSi.

qristes pirveli mimdevarni locvisTvis taZarSi ikribebodnen, xolo puris

gantexvis wess (ase ewodeboda evqaristias anu ziarebis saidumlos), romelic

saidumlo serobis dros Tavad ufalma daadgina, saxlebSi asrulebdnen.

morwmuneTa ricxvis gazrdas didad Seuwyo xeli saswaulebma,

romelTac RvTis saxeliT mowafeebi aRasrulebdnen. erTxel, locvaze mimaval

petres da ioanes, taZris karTan Sobidan davrdomili daxvdaT, romelmac maT

mowyaleba sTxova. petrem, darwmunebulma imaSi, rom ufali mousmenda,

uTxra: oqro-vercxli me ara maqvs, xolo raca maqvs, mogcem: ieso

nazarevelis saxeliT aRdeg da gaiare (saqm. 3,6). is wamodga da mociqulebs

taZarSi Sehyva. gaocebul xalxs petrem sityviT mimarTa da ganumarta, rom

es saswauli ara Tavisi ZaliT, aramed ieso qristes saxeliT aResrula, romelic

maT mokles da romlis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis momswrec Tavad iyo. misma

qadagebam ise Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom im dRes xuTi aTasi kaci

moinaTla. am dros mwignobarni*, farisevelni** da sadukevelni*** movidnen

da moismines ra, rom mociquli xalxs mkvdreTiT aRmdgar qristeze

uqadagebda, misi daWera da sapyrobileSi Cagdeba brZanes.

aqamde iudevelTa mTavarni mociqulebs ar sdevnidnen, magram ara

imitom, rom gulgrilni iyvnen iesos moZRvrebisadmi, romelic ase sastikad

sZuldaT, aramed imitom, rom darwmunebulni iyvnen mas xalxi ar

gahyveboda, radgan qristes pirveli mimdevrebi ubralo da uswavleli

adamianebi iyvnen.

am droisaTvis iudeaSi ramdenime seqta arsebobda, romelTa Soris

gansakuTrebiT farisevelni da sadukevelni gamoirCeodnen. orive seqtas

saerTo erTi hqonda _ iesos siZulvili.

diliT mociqulebi mTavrebsa da mRvdelmTavrebs warudgines, romelTac

maT hkiTxes, visi saxeliT Caidines saswauli. petrem suliwmidis STagonebiT

upasuxa: saxeliTa iesu qriste nazarevelisaiTa, romeli Tquen juars-acuT,

romeli igi RmerTman aRadgina mkudreTiT... (saqm. 4,10).

mRvdelmTavarni pasuxma aRaSfoTa, magram maT saswaulis arc

dafarva SeeZloT da arc uaryofa. radgan igi mTeli xalxis winaSe moxda,

amitom isRa darCenodaT, rom mociqulebisaTvis iesoze saubari muqariT

aekrZalaT. Tumca iZulebulni gaxdnen isini gaeSvaT, radgan SeeSindaT xalxis

mRelvarebisa, romelic davrdomilis saswaulebrivi gankurnebis gamo RmerTs

adidebda.

pirveli eklesiis wevrebi erTsulovnebiTa da siyvaruliT cxovrobdnen.

SedarebiT SeZlebulni TavianT qonebas yiddnen da mociqulebTan

mohqondaT, romelnic fuls gaWirvebulebs unawilebdnen, magram moqceulTa

Soris TvalTmaqcnic iyvnen. magaliTad, vinme ananiam da misma colma

safiram sxvebis mibaZviT qoneba gayides da fuli mociqulebs moutanes,

magram nawili TavisTvis Cumad gadades. petrem ananias usayvedura da

ganumarta, rom man ara adamianebis, aramed RvTis winaSe icrua. anania

mkvdari daeca. igive daemarTa mis colsac, romelmac momxdaris Sesaxeb

araferi icoda da qmris darigebis mixedviT petres aRebuli fulis nawili

daumala. amgvari magaliTebi xalxs afxizlebda.

sadukevelebma mociqulebi isev daiWires da sapyrobileSi Casves. diliT

sinedrioni (mTavari samsjavro) Seikriba, romelSic mRvdlebidan da

ierusalimis saxelovani adamianebidan amorCeuli samocdaaTi piri Sedioda.

maT tyveebis moyvana brZanes, magram gagzavnilebi ukan xelcarielni

dabrundnen da sinedrions moaxsenes, rom Tumca cixis karebs Cveulebriv

boqlomi edo da mcvelebic iqve idgnen, sapyrobile carieli daxvdaT, tyveebi ki

taZarSi iyvnen da xalxs aswavlidnen.

mRvdelmTavrebma mociqulebi taZridan moayvanines da Seaxsenes, rom

iesos Sesaxeb qadageba akrZaluli hqondaT, razec maT uSiSrad upasuxes,

rom RvTis morCileba ufro hmarTebdaT, vidre kacTa. ganrisxebulma

mRvdelmTavrebma mociqulTa mokvla brZanes, magram maT moulodnelad

gamouCnda damcveli, rjulis mcodne da ganswavluli maswavleblis, gamalielis

saxiT, romelic farisevelTa seqtis warmomadgeneli iyo. man jer mociqulebi

gaayvanina, xolo Semdeg sinedrionis wevrebs mimarTa da Seaxsena, rom

iudeaSi dro da dro Cndebodnen adamianebi, romelnic TavianT Tavs

ganadidebdnen da xalxis mizidvas cdilobdnen, magram TviTmarqviebi

yovelTvis mxilebulni rCebodnen da maTi saqmec warumateblad

mTavrdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, arc mociqulTa winaaRmdeg iyo

zomebis miReba saWiro, radgan Tu maTi saqme adamianebisagan iyo,

daemxoboda, xolo Tu RvTisagan, maSin RmerTs xels veravin SeuSlida da

saSiSi xdeboda RvTis mowinaaRmdegeebad ar qceuliyvnen. sinedrionis

wevrebma gamaliels daujeres, Tumca mociqulebi sastikad scemes, qristeze

saubari kidev erTxel aukrZales da gauSves.

-----------------------------------------------

*mwignobrebad iudevelebSi iwodebodnen, yvelaze wignieri da ganaTlebuli

adamianebi, romelnic ganumartavdnen xalxs sjuls da sajarod aswavlidnen da

moZRvravdnen maT, anu eseni iyvnen e.w. rabinebi (moZRvrebi) da sjulis

maswavlebelni; mwignobrebadve iwodebodnen sjulis mecnieri adamianebic,

romelTa daniSnulebasac Seadgenda sadavo sakiTxebis, saeWvo

SemTxvevebisa da saqmeebis gadawyveta, rac moiTxovda sjulis codnasac

da praqtikul gamocdilebasac; mwignobarTa udidesi nawili mxolod

gadmocemiT xelmZRvanelobda da maT ar esmodaT saRmrTo sjulis suli;

amitom isini damaxinjebulad ganmartavdnen sjuls da pirmoTned

asrulebdnen saRmrTo mcnebebs, sxvaTa mosaCveneblad da kacobrivi

didebis misaRebad.

** farisevlebi Seadgendnen erT-erT iudaur seqtas, romelic aRmocenda III-II

saukuneebSi qristes Sobamde. TviT sityva niSnavs „gansakuTrebuls“,

„gamoyofils“, „gamorCeuls“, da es saxelwodeba maT miiRes imis gamo, rom

cdilobdnen sxvebze metad gamorCeuliyvnen sjulis gulmodgine aRsrulebiT.

droTa ganmavlobaSi sjulis damatebebisa da axsna-ganmartebebis saxiT

farisevelebma Seadgines mravali gadmocema, umTavresad sjulis garegani,

sawesCveulebo mxaris Sesaxeb; am gadmocemebs saRmrTo mniSvneloba

mianiWes da moses sjuls gauTanabres isini. TandaTanobiT farisevlebma

gansakuTrebuli Temi Seadgines, anu gancalkevebul seqtad Camoyalibdnen

da TiTqos, rogorc aRmatebulni sxvebze, gaurbodnen ebraeli xalxis danarCen

nawilTan urTierTobas. xalxic maT miiCnevda rogorc gansakuTrebul, saRvTo

sjulis mkacrad aRmasrulebel adamianebs, romlebic, TiTqos, xalxSi rwmenisa

da keTilmsaxurebis SesanarCuneblad iRvwodnen, da amitom didad pativs

scemdnen maT. axal droSi farisevelTa seqtam, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT,

miiRo xasidebis saxelwodeba.

*** sadukevlebi ganekuTvnebodnen ebraelTa religiur seqtas, romelic

Camoyalibda makabelTa xanaSi (daaxl. 150w. qristeSobamde) da arsebobda

70 wlamde. mecnierTa varaudiT seqtis dasaxeleba warmodgeba solomon

mefis droindeli bibliuri sadokisgan (3mf. II, 35). sadukevlebs miaCndaT, rom

adamians gardacvalebis Semdgom araviTari jildo aRar elodeba (sulis

ukvdaveba, mkvdreTiT aRdgoma), amitomac man mxolod aqaur yofaze unda

ifiqros. aqedan gamomdinare isini sakmarisze metad zrunavdnen miwier

keTildReobaze, sxvebisgan gamoirCeodnen simdidriT da fufunebaSi

cxovrobdnen.

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. ras moelodnen iudevelni mesiisagan?

2. sad vpoulobT pirvel cnobebs eklesiis Sesaxeb?

3. ratom ar xedavdnen iudevelTa mTavarni saSiSroebas mociqulebSi

qristes moZRvrebis gavrcelebis gamo?

4. ra daamowma wminda petre mociqulma?

5. ra iyo mociqulTa pirveli saswauli da rogori iyo mRvdelmTavarTa

reaqcia amis gamo?

6. ratom daisajnen anania da misi coli da ra mohyva amas?

7. isaubreT mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Sesaxeb.

8. gadmoeciT gamalielis sityva.

9. isaubreT mwignobarTa, farisevelTa da sadukevelTa Sesaxeb.

warmoaCineT maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.

gakveTili II

eklesiis devnis dasawyisi

mociqulebi cdilobdnen Semowiruli fuli xelmokleTa Soris samarTlianad

da Tanabrad gaenawilebinaT. miuxedavad amisa, aRmoCnda, rom elini

ebraelebis qvrivebi (elin ebraelebs maT uwodebdnen, romelnic warmoSobiTa

da rwmeniT iudevelebi iyvnen, magram iudeis gareT cxovrobdnen da

berZnul enaze laparakobdnen.) SedarebiT naklebs iRebdnen.

amasTan dakavSirebiT mociqulebma mowafeTa kreba moiwvies da

gadawyvites, rom SemowirulobaTa darigeba specialurad am saqmisaTvis

arCeuli adamianebisaTvis miendoT, raTa TviTon mxolod saxarebis qadagebiT

yofiliyvnen dakavebulni. krebam Svidi morwmune SearCia: stefane, filipe,

proxore, nikanori, timoni, parmeni, nikolaosi da mociqulebs warudgina.

mociqulebma maT, locvis Semdeg, xeli daasxes. maT diakonebi ewodaT.

pirvel diakonebs, garda Semosavlis darigebisa da RvTis sityvis qadagebisa,

axladmoqceulTa monaTvlis uflebac miecaT. maTgan gansakuTrebiT stefane

gamoirCeoda, romlis mier Cadenilma saswaulebma TviT iudevel mRvdlebsac

ki wminda naTloba miaRebina. axali swavlebis Taobaze kamaTma

sinagogebSic SeaRwia. sinagogebi saswavleblebsac warmoadgenda da

yvelgan iyo, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovrobdnen, xolo ierusalimSi maTi ricxvi

xuTass aRwevda.

erT-erT sinagogaSi, suliwmidis madliT, stefanem iseTi ZaliT daicva

qristes moZRvreba, rom mokamaTeebma seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva

ver SeZles da misi daRupva ciliswamebiT gadawyvites. mtrebma ipoves

crumowmeebi, romlebic adasturebdnen, rom TiTqos igi RmerTsa da moseze

mkrexelurad laparakobda. stefane Seipyres da sinedrions warudgines.

diakonma daiwyo saubari, kerZod, gaixsena: aRTqma, romelic RmerTma

abraams misca, ebraelTa egviptidan gamosvla, mosesTvis sinas mTaze

micemuli sjuli da israelianTa daumorCilebloba, rom ebraelni xSirad

iviwyebdnen ufals da mis winaswarmetyvelebs xocavdnen. sityvis dasasruls

sinedrionis wevrebs man ase mimarTa: ... romel winaswarmetyvelTagans ar

devnidnen Tqveni mamebi? maT daxoces winaswarmauwyebelni marTlis

mosvlisa, visi gamcemni da mkvlelebi axla Tqven gaxdiT (saqm. 7,51-52).

am sityvebze ebraelebi micvivdnen stefanes, romelic suliwmidiT

ganmtkicebuli mSvidad idga da zecas Sehyurebda: aha, vxedav gaxsnil cas

da kacis Zes, RvTis marjvniv mdgoms (saqm. 7,56) _ Tqva man.

msmenelebma, romelTac risxvisagan goneba daubneldaT, stefanes samoseli

gaxades da qvebi dauSines. wminda pirvelmowamem muxli moidrika da

ufals Tavisi mkvlelebi Seavedra. misi ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo: ufalo, iesu

qriste, nu Seuracx amaT codvasa amas (saqm. 7,60).

pirvelma mkvlelobam RvTismoZuleebis siZulvils gasaqani misca, ris

Sedegadac eklesiis devna gaZlierda. qristes mimdevrebma, garda

mociqulebisa, ierusalimi datoves da sxvadasxva mxareSi RvTis moZRvrebis

qadageba daiwyes. diakonTagan erT-erTi, filipe, samariaSi Cavida. aqve

unda aRiniSnos, rom samarielebsa da iudevelebs Soris didi xnis mtroba iyo

Camovardnili. roca asureTis mefem israelis samefo daamarcxa, samariaSi

babilonidan da sxva adgilebidan mravali warmarTi Camoasaxla, romelnic

adgilobriv ebraelebs Seerivnen da maT rjulSi mravali warmarTuli wesi da

adaTi Seitanes. aRrevis Sedegad samarielebi wmindad mxolod moses

xuTwigneuls Tvlidnen, xolo wminda werilis danarCen wignebs saerTod ar

cnobdnen. roca babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebulma ebraelebma ierusalimSi

dangreuli taZris aRdgena daiwyes, samarielebma maT winaaRmdegoba

gauwies, xolo Semdeg TavisTvis calke taZari aiSenes garizinis mTaze.

SemdegSi es taZari iudeas mmarTvelma da mRvdelmTavarma ioane

girkanma daangria. sarwmunoebrivma mizezebma mtroba Seurigebeli

gaxades. iudeveli samariels warmarTze uaresad Tvlida, samarielTan erTad

sufrasTan jdoma da puris Wamac ki akrZaluli iyo. filipes qadagebiTa da

Cadenili saswaulebiT mravali samarieli moinaTla. maT Soris iyo simon

mogvic, romelic magiis ZaliT samarielebs aocebda. filipes Cadenilma

saswaulebma mas naTloba miaRebina, magram rogorc SemdegSi

aRmoCnda, mxolod garegnulad. roca ierusalimSi gaiges, rom samarielebma

qriste irwmunes, iq wminda mociqulebi petre da ioane gaagzavnes.

mociqulebma iloces, rom axladmoqceulebze suliwmida gadmosuliyo da maT

xeli daasxes. roca simon mogvma ixila, rogor gadmovida suliwmida

mociqulTa locvis Sedegad, maTgan suliwmidis madlis yidva moindoma, razec

petrem da ioanem upasuxes: eg Seni vercxli SenTanve iyos warsawymedad,

vinaidan ganizraxe fuliT geyida RvTis niWi (saqm. 8,20). simonma Tavisi

ganzraxva TiTqos moinania da mociqulebs sTxova elocaT misTvis, magram

gulwrfeli arc es monanieba iyo, rac misma Semdgomma cxovrebam

gviCvena. radgan man suliwmidis madlis yidva fuliT moindoma, mRvdlis

xarisxis fulze yidva-gayidvas eklesiis istoriaSi, misi saxelis mixedviT, simonia

ewoda.

amasobaSi ierusalimSi qristes morwmuneTa devna ufro da ufro

Zlierdeboda. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda savle, romelmac stefanes CaqolvaSi

miiRo monawileoba. is saxlebSi uvardeboda adamianebs da sapyrobileSi

yrida. man, devnis JiniT Sepyrobilma, mRvdelmTavars sTxova, werilebi

miewera damaskos sinagogebisaTvis, raTa iqac hqonoda iesos mimdevarTa

Sepyrobis ufleba. savle marTlac daadga damaskosaken mimaval gzas,

magram masSi saswaulebrivi gardatexa moxda. man zecidan

gardamomavali naTeli ixila, romlis brwyinvalebas ver gauZlo da miwaze

daeca. am dros uflis xmac moesma: saul, saul, rad mdevni me (saqm. 9,4).

RvTaebrivi naTlisagan dabrmavebuli savle mxleblebma xeliT Seiyvanes

taZarSi, sadac igi mTeli sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv

loculobda. uflis brZanebiT masTan iqauri morwmune anania mivida, Tvalebze

xeli Seaxo da qristes saxeliT mxedveloba daubruna. savle moinaTla. amis

Semdeg igi sinagogebSi Sedioda da gabedulad qadagebda, rom ieso qriste

Ze RvTisa iyo. gacofebulma ebraelebma misi mokvla gadawyvites, magram

mowafeebma savle RamiT fanjridan CamouSves da qalaqidan gaapares.

ramdenime xani man arabeTSi dahyo, xolo sami wlis Semdeg ierusalimSi

dabrunda da qristes mowafeebTan SeerTeba moindoma, magram maT

axsovdaT, rogor devnida igi morwmuneebs. bolos mowafeTagan erT-erTma,

barnabam, romelic didi xania icnobda savles, _ fiqroben, rom isini gamalielis

mowafeni erTdroulad iyvnen, _ yvelas uambo misi saswaulebrivi moqcevis

Sesaxeb. ierusalimeli iudevelebi ver urigdebodnen imas, rom is, vinc qristes

morwmuneTa siZulviliT lamis yvelas aRemateboda, dRes TviTon iyo

jvarcmulis mimdevari da amitomac gansakuTrebiT SeiZules. maSin savles,

romelsac pavle ewoda, TviT ufalma ubrZana ierusalims gaSoreboda da RvTis

sityva warmarTTa Soris eqadaga.

kiTxvebi da davaleba:

1. ra ewodeba im Svid sasuliero pirs, romelic mociqulTa pirvelma

krebam airCia da ra iyo maTi movaleoba?

2. ratom Seipyres wminda stefane da `saqme mociqulTa-~Si (T.VII)

moZebneT misi sityva sinedrionze?

3. vin iyvnen samarielebi da ra iyo maTi da iudevelTa mtrobis mizezi?

4. ris safuZvelze ewoda mRvdlis xarisxis fulze yidva-gayidvas eklesiis

istoriaSi simonia?

5. vin iyo savle da ra SeemTxva mas?

gakveTili III

wminda petre mociqulis moRvaweobis dasawyisi

pavles moqcevis Semdeg eklesiis devna ramdenime xniT Sewyda da

simSvidem daisadgura, rasac romis imperiaSi, kerZod, palestinaSi atexilma

mRelvarebamac Seuwyo xeli. pilatem ierusalimSi keisris gamosaxulebiani

droSebi Seitana, rac ebraelebma wminda qalaqisa da saerTod maTi erovnuli

grZnobebis Seuracxyofad miiCnies. amas isic daemata, rom romaelma

mmarTvelma gabeda da solomonis taZris ganZs Seexo, iqedan aRebuli fuliT

man qalaqSi wyalgayvanilobis sistema Seqmna. aRSfoTebulma iudevelebma

amboxeba moawyves da pilate imperatorTan daasmines, ris Sedegadac igi

galiaSi gadaasaxles, sadac sicocxle siRatakeSi daasrula. zogierTi mkvlevaris

varaudiT man Tavi moikla.

simSvide didxans ar gagrZelebula, male ebraelebs aRSfoTebis axali

mizezi miecaT. romis imperatorma kaligulam, rogorc es warmarTul taZrebSi

iyo miRebuli, ierusalimis taZarSi misi qandakebis dadgma moiTxova.

ebraelebma imperatorTan cnobili swavluli filoni gaagzavnes TxovniT, rom nu

Seuracxyofda maT sarwmunoebas da umTavres siwmindes _ solomonis

taZars. filonis mWevrmetyvelebam da guluxvad gaRebulma ZRvenmac,

kaligulas (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebina.

am xnis manZilze qristes eklesia ricxobrivad gaizarda da ganmtkicda.

marTalia, mociqulebma iesos moZRvreba galileasa da samariaSi iqadages,

magram qristes aRdgomidan 12 wlis manZilze isini ZiriTadad mainc

ierusalimSi imyofebodnen. maT ierusalimis eklesiis mwyemsad da

episkoposad uflis Zma, iosebis Svili iakobi airCies. macxovris Tormet

mowafeTagan erT-erTma, maTem, qristes amaRlebidan rva wlis Semdeg,

iesos miwier cxovrebaze pirveli saxareba dawera ebraulad. male maTes

saxareba berZnulad iTargmna da im elin-ebraelTa Soris gavrcelda, romelnic

mcire aziaSi cxovrobdnen.

aqamde mociqulebi mkacrad inaxavdnen moses sjulis dadgenilebas,

romliTac iudevelebs ucxo xalxebTan axlo urTierTobis damyareba akrZaluli

hqondaT. am akrZalvis mizani iyo daecva ebraelebi warmarTebis

zegavlenisagan, romelsac isini advilad emorCilebodnen da sjuls iviwyebdnen.

TviTon mociqulebic jer kidev im Sexedulebisani iyvnen, rom qristes eklesiaSi

mxolod isini unda Sesuliyvnen, romelnic jer moses sjuls miiRebdnen.

magram ufalma saswaulebrivi CvenebiT Seagona petres, rom RvTisgan

micemuli aRTqma yvelaze vrceldeboda, vinc ki rwmeniT abraamis Svilad

wodebis Rirsi Seiqneboda.

petrem iesos moZRvrebis qadagebiT mravali qalaqi moiara da

macxovris saxeliT saswaulebic moaxdina. qalaq lidiaSi man gankurna kaci,

romelic rva weli iyo sarecelze mijaWvuli, xolo ioniis zRvispira qalaqSi

mkvdreTiT aRadgina qali, saxelad tabiTa. roca igi ioniaSi simonTan

cxovrobda xangrZlivi locvis Semdeg Zlieri SimSili igrZno da dainaxa, rom

zecidan CamoeSva WurWeli kuTxeebSi gakvanZuli sufris saxiT, romelic

uwmindurad miCneuli sxvadasxva cxoveliT, qvewarmavliTa da frinveliT iyo

savse. amave dros mas moesma sityvebi: `adeqi, petre, dakali da Wame!~

petrem uariT upasuxa, radgan mas uwminduri ram arasodes eWama.

pasuxad miiRo: `rac ufalma wmindad aRiara, imas uwmindurad nu CaTvli~.

es movlena samgzis ganmeorda. amasobaSi petre ikiTxa kesariaSi mcxovreb

romael asisTavis korniliosis warmogzavnilebma. es korniliosi

warmarTebisagan imiT gamoirCeoda, rom erT RmerTs scemda Tayvans da

gulmowyalebiTa da qvelmoqmedebiT iyo cnobili. mas angelozma amcno,

rom sulis macxovnebel gzas petre aswavlida. rodesac misulebma mociquls

misi Cvenebis Sesaxeb uambes, igi mixvda, rasac niSnavda mis mier nanaxi

saswauli, ieso qristes moZRvreba warmarTebisTvisac unda eqadaga, radgan

isinic iseTive Svilebi iyvnen uflisa, rogorc iudevelebi. korniliosis saxlSi misi

naTesavebi da megobrebi Sekrebiliyvnen, romelTac mociqulma ase

mimarTa: `Tqven iciT, rom iudevelebs ucxo tomis SvilebTan urTierToba

ekrZalebaT, magram RmerTma ganmicxada, rom uwmindurad aRaravin

CavTvalo...~

Semdeg man daiwyo qadageba ieso qristeze, romelmac sikvdili igema,

raTa adamis modgma tyveobisagan exsna. am dros msmenelebze suliwmida

gadmovida, maT myisve enebis codna SeiZines da sixaruliT aRvsilni RmerTs

adidebdnen. iq myofi ebraelebi, romelTac es suraTi ixiles, gaocebulni

darCnen imiT, rom suliwmida warmarTebzec gadmovida. petrem yvelani

monaTla da axladmoqceulTa dasamoZRvrad ramdenime dRe kesariaSi

darCa.

barnaba da pavle mociqulebma iesos moZRvrebis saqadageblad

antioqiaSi mTeli weli dayves. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad qristianebi

antioqielebs ewodaT da am saxelisaTvis Sesaferisi RirsebiT cxovrobdnen.

rodesac iudeaSi SimSiloba Camovarda, antioqielma qristianebma iudeaSi

mcxovrebi morwmuneebis dasaxmareblad Tanxa Seagroves da pavlesa da

barnabas xeliT ierusalimel xucesebs gaugzavnes. sayuradReboa, rom

qristiani xucesebi anu mRvdlebi pirvelad am SemTxvevisas ixseniebian.

iudevelebi risxvas ver faravdnen, roca xedavdnen, ra swrafad vrceldeboda

iesos moZRvreba. amitom iudeas mefem, herode agripam, im herodes

SviliSvilma, romelmac beTlemeli Cvilebi amowyvita, xalxis gulis mosagebad

erT-erTi mociqulTaganis, ioane RvTismetyvelis Zmis, iakob zebedes Zis

Sepyroba brZana; cru mowmec male moiZebna da iakobs sikvdiliT dasja

miusajes. mociqulma ganaCeni auRelveblad moismina da kvlav mSvidad

daamowma, rom jvarcmuli RmerTis mimdevari iyo. misma simSvidem da

simamacem TviT crumowmec ki ise aRafrTovana, rom qristes sjulze moiqca.

rodesac iakobi dasasjelad waiyvanes, igi mas muxlebSi Cauvarda da patieba

sTxova, wmida mociqulmac Seundo. maSin crumowmem sajarod aRiara ieso

qriste da iakobTan erTad sikvdiliT daisaja, ise rom wmida naTlobis miReba

ver moaswro. magram eklesiam qristes saxelisaTvis wameba naTlisRebis

tolfasad CaTvala da wamebas sisxliT naTloba uwoda.

herodem iudevelTa saameblad petrec daiWira, magram paseqis

moaxlovebis gamo dasja gadado. dasjis wina Rames petres borkilebgayrils

eZina or mcvels Soris, oric karTan darajobda. SuaRamisas sapyrobile uecrad

ucxo naTelma gaanaTa, uflis angelozma petre gaaRviZa da gayola ubrZana.

mociquls xelebidan da fexebidan borkilebi dacvivda, rkinis karic TavisiT

gaiRo da petre sapyrobiledan ise gavida, rom mcvelebs araferi gaugiaT.

mociqulma ierusalimi datova da sxva adgilebSi daiwyo qadageba.

sapyrobilidan saswaulebrivi ganTavisuflebisa da ierusalimidan wasvlis

Semdeg petres Rvawlze ukve ara `saqme mociqulTa~, aramed saeklesio da

istoriuli gadmocemani mogviTxroben.


1. gadmoeciT pilates cxovrebis dasasruli.

2. ra moindoma imperatorma kaligulam?

3. vin gaxda ierusalimis pirveli episkoposi da rodis da vis mier daiwera

pirveli saxareba da romel enaze?

4. ratom ekrZalebodaT iudevelebs warmarTebTan erToba?

5. vis ewodaT pirveli qristianebi?

6. isaubreT asisTav korneliusis Sesaxeb. ipoveT ambavi saxarebaSi mis

Sesaxeb.

7. isaubreT petre mociqulis gamocxadebis, aseve misi sapyrobiledan

ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

gakveTili IV

wminda pavles mociqulebrivi Rvawli da devna

mociqul pavles, lustraSi qadagebisas, erTi axalgazrda kaci, saxelad

timoTe daemowafa, romelic SemdegSi misi erTguli Tanamgzavri da megobari

gaxda. pavles, Silasa da timoTes garda, makedoniaSi luka maxarebelic Tan

gahyva, avtori erT-erTi saxarebisa da mociqulTa saqmisa, romelic

warmoSobiT antioqieli berZeni iyo.

mociquli da misi mowafeni saxarebis saqadageblad uwinaresad

ebraelTa sinagogebSi Sediodnen, romelic saberZneTis yvela qalaqSi idga,

radgan berZnebi sakuTari sjulis dacvasa da swavlebis gadmocemas aravis

uSlidnen.

makedoniis qalaq filipiaSi pavlem da misma Tanamgzavrebma

ZoweuliT movaWre qali ludia moaqcies, romelic male mTeli Tavisi ojaxiT

moinaTla. filipiaSi mociqulebi mis saxlSi cxovrobdnen. miuxedavad

berZnebis religiuri Semwynareblobisa, WeSmariti RmerTis mqadageblebma

devna am qalaqSi mainc ganicades, romlis mizezic erTi msaxuri qali gaxda.

boroti suliT Sepyrobili msaxuri mkiTxaobda da am gziT Tavis batons didZal

Semosavals aZlevda, roca qalma mociqulebi dainaxa, ukan daedevna

yviriliT: es adamianebi uzenaesi RmerTis monebi arian da Cven xsnis gzas

gvauwyebeno. uflis saxeliT pavlem misgan gandevna boroti suli da qalma

mkiTxaobac Sewyvita. aman didad gaanawyena misi batoni, romelsac

Semosavlis wyaro moaklda da gansakuTrebiT SeiZula mociqulebi, romelTac

romis qveSevrdomebisaTvis Seuferebeli moZRvrebis gavrcelebaSi dasdo

brali. qalaqis xelisufalTa brZanebiT, pavle da Sila daundoblad scemes da

sapyrobileSi Seagdes, magram SuaRamisas iseTi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda,

rom tyveebs borkilebi dascvivdaT, xolo cixis karebi TavisiT gaiRo. mZinare

mcvels gamoeRviZa, gaRebuli karebis danaxvaze Tavzari daeca, ifiqra,

tyveebi gaiqcneno da SeSinebulma Tavis mokvla moindoma, magram isev

pavlem daamSvida da auxsna, rac moxda. am saswaulis mxilvelma mcvelma

qriste irwmuna da mTeli ojaxiT moinaTla.

radgan pavle mociquli dabadebidanve romis moqalaqe iyo da icoda,

rom romis moqalaqeTa sapyrobileSi gausamarTleblad Casma kanoniT

ikrZaleboda, amitom pavlem ufrosebis misvla moiTxova, ufrosebi marTlac

mividnen, mociqulebs bodiSi mouxades da gauSves.

pavle aTenSi Cavida, sadac am droisaTvis yvelaze didi pativiT zenonis,

epikuresa da platonis filosofiuri sistemebi sargeblobda. marTalia, zenonis

mimdevrebi, romelTac stoikosebi ewodebodaT, aswavlidnen, rom umaRlesi

sibrZnea _ sulis simtkice da sjerodaT, rom adamians amis miRweva zeciuri

Semweobis gareSe SeuZlia. RmerTs, sulis ukvdavebasa da momaval

cxovrebas stoikosebis msgavsad, epikurec uaryofda da aswavlida, rom

cxovrebis mizani miwieri bednierebaa, romelsac saTnoebiT unda mivaRwioT.

platoni, romlis filosofiuri sistemac zenonisa da epikures moZRvrebebze

Seudareblad maRla dgas, uzenaes Semoqmed Zalasac aRiarebda, sulis

ukvdavebasac da mis swrafvasac srulyofisaken, rac zogierT mkvlevars

avaraudebinebs, rom igi egvipteSi cxovrebis dros Zveli aRTqmis wignebsac

gaecno.

filipiidan pavle aTenSi Cavida, raTa eqadaga, rom WeSmariteba,

sicocxle da naTeli qristea. igi SeaSfoTa kerpebis simravlem, romelic

warmarTuli kulturis centrSi lamis yovel fexis nabijze xvdeboda.

man erT moedanze samsxverplo naxa, romelzec ewera: `ucnob

RmerTs~. mociquli xan sinagogaSi qadagebda, xanac moedanze. aTenelebi

siamovnebiT usmendnen, radgan filosofiur azrovnebaSi gawvrTnilebs axali

moZRvrebis mosmena did siamovnebas aniWebdaT. ramdenjerme masTan

kamaTSi filosofosebi Caebnen, romlebmac igi areopagSi waiyvanes, raTa

Tavisi swavleba aTenis yvelaze pativsacemi moqalaqeebis winaSe

gadmoeca. areopags, romelic umaRles samsjavros warmoadgenda, sxva

funqciebTan erTad, RmerTTa pativsacemi ritualebis SesrulebisaTvis Tval-

yuris devnebac evaleboda. amgvari ritualebisa da adaTebis darRvevis yoveli

konkretuli SemTxveva areopags gadaecemoda da iq ganisjeboda. aqedan

gamomdinare, cxadia, rom pavles, romelic axal religias qadagebda, areopagi

aucileblad mousmenda.

mociqulma Tavisi sityva im samsxverplos gaxsenebiT daiwyo, romelsac

amSvenebda warwera: `ucnob RmerTs~; man areopagSi Sekrebilebs

ganucxada, rom im RmerTis saqadageblad movida, romelsac, marTalia,

aTenelebi ar icnobdnen, magram Tayvans mainc scemdnen. ZiriTadad man

macxovris meored mosvlaze, saSinel samsjavrosa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze

iqadaga. swavlebam mkvdarTa aRdgomaze zogierTebs Rimili mohgvara,

magram iseTebic aRmoCndnen, romelTac mociqulis sityvebis WeSmariteba

irwmunes. eseni iyvnen areopagis erT-erTi wevri dionise, SemdegSi aTenis

pirveli episkoposi da qali, romelsac damari erqva.

pavle mociqulis qadageba aTenSi warmatebuli ar yofila, radgan am

filosofiuri tradiciebis mqone qalaqis mcxovrebni TavianTi adamianuri sibrZniT

metismetad amayobdnen, rac maT RvTaebrivi moZRvrebis miRebaSi xels

uSlida.

aTenidan pavle korinToSi gadavida, sadac RvTismosav ebrael col-

qmarTan, akvilasa da priskilasTan cxovrobda. mociquli maspinZlebTan erTad

fizikurad muSaobda da karvebs akeTebda, SabaTobiT ki sinagogaSi

qadagebda, sadac gansakuTrebiT bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda.

pavlem korinToSi weliwadnaxevari gaatara. aqac ebraelebma pavle

mociquli imave braldebiT, rom igi maTi sjulis sawinaaRmdegos qadagebda,

iqaur prokonsul galionTanac daabezRes.

korinTodan mociquli maspinZlebTan _ akvilasa da priskilasTan erTad

efesoSi wavida.

efesodan mociquli pavle ierusalimSi gaemgzavra da im qristianebs,

romelTac materialurad gansakuTrebiT uWirdaT, morwmuneTa Soris Segrovili

daxmareba Cautana.


1. ra moxda mkiTxav qalTan dakavSirebiT?

2. ras qadagebdnen stoikosebi da epikures mimdevrebi?

3. ra iyo platonis moZRvrebis arsi?

4. ras niSnavs areopagi da raze iqadaga iq wmindapavle

mociqulma?

5. rogor cxovrobda wmindapavle mociquli korinToSi?

gakveTili V

pavle mociquli efesoSi

54 Tu 55 wels, mociqulebrivi mizniT, pavlem mesamed imogzaura da

Tan mowafeni _ luka, tite da timoTe waiyvana. am droisaTvis qristianul

moZRvrebas, romelic uswrafesad vrceldeboda, mravali mqadagebeli

gamouCnda. erTi maTgani aleqsandrieli swavluli apolo iyo, romelic efesosa

da korinToSic qadagebda da mxolod ioane naTlismcemlis naTloba icoda da

xalxs iseve naTlavda. efesoSi igi akvilasa da priskilas dauaxlovda, romelTa

SemweobiTac qristianul moZRvrebas safuZvlianad gaecno. roca

saqadageblad saberZneTSi gadavida, col-qmarma iqaur qristianebTan werili

gaatana, raTa maT apolo ndobiT mieRoT.

efesoSi pavle mociquls apolosagan monaTluli mravali adamiani

Sexvda, romelTac suliwmidis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. pavlem maT

yovladwmida samebis saxeliT naTeli sca da xelni daasxa, romlis drosac

suliwmida maTzec gadmovida da bevrma maTganma ukve TviTon daiwyo

qadageba sxvadasxva enaze.

Cveulebisamebr mociqulma efesoSic uwinaresad sinagogaSi iqadaga,

magram iudevelebi, iseve rogorc sxva qalaqebSi, mis mimarT aqac mtrulad

ganewyvnen. amitom pavle saqadageblad tviranis saswavlebelSi gadavida,

sadac mis mosasmenad upiratesad warmarTi elinebi modiodnen. ase

grZeldeboda ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, romlis drosac mociqulma mravali

saswauli aRasrula.

amasobaSi mociqulma Seityo, rom galatelebi cru moZRvrebma

Seacdines da WeSmaritebad miiRes swavleba, romlis mixedviTac sulis

cxovnebisaTvis moses sjulis dacva iyo aucilebeli. pavlem galatelebs werili

miswera, romelSic ganmarta, rom gadarCena rjulis garegnuli dacviT

SeuZlebelia da rom adamianis sulis xsna mxolod imgvar rwmenas SeuZlia,

romelic siyvaruliT moqmedebs. magram qristem Tavisi sikvdiliTa da

mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT kacobrioba codvis tyveobisagan gamoixsna. mociquli

galatelebs arwmunebs, rom upirvelesad qristes moZRvrebis sulis dacvaa

saWiro, ris Sedegadac miiReba mSvenieri nayofni sulisa: siyvaruli, sixaruli,

mSvidoba, sulgrZeleba, sitkboeba, saxiereba, sarwmunoeba, marxva,

moTminebaA(gal. 6,22-23).

mociquls korinTos eklesiis mdgomareobac awuxebda, radgan iq

morwmuneTa erTobas bzari gauCnda da qristianebi moZRvarTa mixedviT

daiyvnen. erTni ambobdnen, rom pavlesi iyvnen, meoreni _ apolosi, sxvani

kidev _ kefasi an qristesi.

mociqulma efesodan werili korinTelebsac miswera, romelSic maT

auxsna, rom rogorc qristes dayofa ar SeiZleba, aseve ar SeiZleba misi

morwmuneebis dayofac. gana TqvenTvis jvars pavle ecva, an gana naTeli

pavles saxeliT miiReTo, _ ekiTxeba igi korinTelebs da aqve ganmartavs, rom

arc suliwmidisagan boZebuli niWiTa da codniT siamaye SeiZleba, radgan

RvTis wyalobam ara Tavmomwoneoba, aramed RvTis samsaxuris survili

unda gaaRviZos da gaaZlieros. sainteresoa, rom cru moZRvrebaTagan,

romelnic am droisaTvis ukve arsebobdnen, erT-erTi korinToSic gavrcelebula,

kerZod uaryofa mkvdarTa aRdgomisa. amitomac mociquli am epistoleSi

mkvdarTa aRdgomaze swavlebasac gadmogvcems. aqvea ganmartebuli

ziarebisa da qorwinebis saidumlonic.

pavle mociquli efesos datovebas ukve apirebda, rom qalaqi mRelvarebam

moicva. rogorc cnobilia, msoflios erT-erT RirSesaniSnaobad iTvleboda dianas

(artemidas) taZari, romelsac am qalaqis mcxovrebni gansakuTrebiT

scemdnen Tayvans. bevri efeseli xelovani swored imiT cxovrobda, rom

vercxlisagan taZris maketebs amzadebda, romelTac artemidas

saxelganTqmuli taZris sanaxavad mosuli ucxoelebi xalisiT yidulobdnen.

mas Semdeg, rac pavle mociquli efesoSi damkvidrda da misi qadagebis

wyalobiT mravali warmarTi qristianobaze moiqca, taZarma Tavisi

mniSvneloba dakarga, ris gamoc Zveleburi gasavali aRarc mis maketebs

hqonda. esec gaxda erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom wminda mociquli

gansakuTrebiT xelosnebma SeiZules. erTma maTganma dimitriosma,

Tanamosaqmeni Sekriba da ganumarta, rom pavles qadagebani ara mxolod

maT xelobas uqmnida safrTxes, aramed TviT kultis Tayvaniscemasac,

radganac maT Sedegad rogorc efesoSi, ise saerTod aziaSi, mamapapur rjuls

bevri tovebda da qristiani xdeboda, rac warmarTuli RmerTebis

TayvanismcemelTa ricxvis TandaTanobiT Semcirebasa da maTi taZrebis

dacarielebas moaswavebda.

xalxi rom axali religiis mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg aemxedrebinaT,

dimitriosis megobrebi quCebs moedvnen SeZaxilebiT: `didia artemida

efeseli~. maT marTlac moaxerxes efeselTa aRelveba, romelTac pavle

mociqulis Tanamoazreni, gaiosi da aristarqosi, Seipyres, magram

sabednierod qalaqis mmarTvelobam mRelvarebis Cawynareba SeZlo da

Sepyrobili qristianebic gaaTavisufla. pavle mociqulma iqauri eklesiis

mmarTveloba timoTes Caabara, romelsac xucesTa xeldasxmis uflebac misca

da TviTon efeso datova. timoTesadmi miweril epistoleebSi mociquli

dawvrilebiT gadmoscems moZRvris movaleobas.

romaelebisadmi miwerili epistole mociqulma Tebel qals gaatana,

romelic romSi midioda. aq pirvelad ixsenieba eklesiis msaxuri qalebi, ro-

melTac diakonisebi ewodebodaT. Tavdapirvelad maTi movaleobani pirvel di-

akonTa ZiriTadi movaleobebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeboda. diakonisebs

upiratesad patiosnebiT cnobili qvrivebis wridan irCevdnen. glaxakTa da

avadmyofTa movla-patronobis garda, isini qalebs mosanaTlad amzadebdnen.

timoTesa da titesadmi mimarTul epistoleebSi wminda mociquli dawvrilebiT

CamoTvlis da ganmartavs diakonisebis ufleba-movaleobebs.

pavle mociquli saberZneTidan ierusalimisken gaemarTa. jer mcire

aziaSi gadavida. troadaSi mociqulma saswauli moaxdina, ufalma misi locviT

sicocxle daubruna Wabuks, romelic im saxlis zemo sarTulidan gadavarda da

mokvda, sadac morwmuneni mociqulis mosasmenad iyvnen Sekrebilni.

troadidan pavle qalaq miletSi mivida. aq man ukanaskneli darigebebis

misacemad xucesebi ixmo, radgan icoda, rom amqveyniur cxovrebaSi maT

veRar ixilavda da daariga isini.

gzad pavle mociquli da misi mowafeni sxvadasxva kunZulsa da qalaqSi

qristes moZRvrebas qadagebdnen. kesariaSi igi diakon filipesTan gaCerda.

aq masTan erTi winaswarmetyveli mivida, misi sartyeli aiRo, xelebi da fexebi

Seikra da uTxra, rom, rogorc suliwmida ambobda, ierusalimSi iudevelebi am

sartylis patrons ase Sekravdnen da warmarTebs gadascemdnen.

morwmuneni cremlebiT Seevedrnen pavles, ierusalimSi wasvla

gadaefiqrebina, magram man ganacxada: aramcTu Sesakvrelad, saimisodac

mzada var, rom ierusalimSi Tavi Sevwiro ufal iesos saxels (saqm. 21,13).

ierusalimSi mociquli moxuci mnasonis saxlSi gaCerda da episkopos

iakobs ewvia, sadac xucesebsac Sexvda, romelTac ar daumales, rom

ierusalimSi igi gansakuTrebiT sZuldaT. am siZulvilis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo,

rom ierusalimeli qristiani iudevelebi ver urigdebodnen imas, rom warmarTebi

maTi Tanasworni xdebodnen da iudevelTa sjulis miRebis gareSe, mxolod

qristianuli sjulis dacviT cxondebodnen. pavlesadmi siZulvili ise didi iyo, rom

mociquls xalxi aumxedres, romelsac eubnebodnen: ai, kaci, romelic Cvens

taZrebs bilwavs, radgan masSi elinebi Sehyavs. mociquls Tavis gamarTlebis

saSualeba ar misces, igi taZarSi Seipyres da mokvla daupires, magram

xmaurze aTasisTavi movida, romelmac msxverpli SeSlil brbos gamostaca.

man xmaursa da RriancelSi veraferi gaarkvia, amitom pavles Sekvra da

cixeSi wayvana brZana. brbo mas ukan daedevna yviriliT: dasaje igi.

cixis SesasvlelTan mociqulma ramdenime sityvis Tqmis nebarTva

iTxova. man gaixsena, rom axalgazrdobaSi moses sjuls TviTonac

gulmodgined aRasrulebda da qristianebs, vidre uflisagan warmogzavnili

saswauli WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad sulier Tvals auxelda, daundoblad

sdevnida. gaixsena, rogor gamoecxada ierusalimis taZarSi locvisas ufali da

ubrZana, rom, radgan iudevelebi mis damowmebas ar miiRebdnen,

warmarTebisaTvis eqadaga. warmarTebis xsenebam droebiT damSvidebuli

brbo xelaxla aaRelva. aTasisTavma, radgan iudeveli ar iyo, sityvis arsi ver

gaigo. man brZana, pavle cixeSi SeeyvanaT da daekiTxaT, riT gamoiwvia

xalxis aseTi siZulvili. maSin mociqulma TviTon ikiTxa, hqondaT Tu ara ufleba

romaeli moqalaqis cemisa da isic sasamarTlos gareSe. aTasisTavi SeSinda da

gamosavali imaSi naxa, rom meore dRisaTvis iudevel mRvdelmTavarTa

Sekreba brZana, raTa pavle sinedrions ganesaja.

rogorc ki mociqulma sinedrionze ramdenime sityva warmoTqva,

mRvdelmTavarma ananiam brZana misTvis saxeSi ertyaT. pavlem, dainaxa

ra, rom sinedrionSi farisevlebic iyvnen, ganacxada, rom TviTonac fariseveli

iyo, Svili farisevelisa da mkvdarTa aRdgomis qadagebisaTvis

asamarTlebdnen. am gancxadebam kreba aaRelva, radgan sinedrionis

wevrebi sadukevelebic iyvnen, romelTac arc mkvdarTa aRdgomisa sjerodaT

da arc momavali cxovrebisa. krebis monawileTa Soris iseTi Cxubi atyda, rom

aTasisTavs SeeSinda pavle cocxlad ar daeglijaT da misi cixeSi gadayvana

brZana. cixeSi mociquls ufali gamoecxada, romelmac uTxra: mxned iyav,

vinaidan rogorc mimowme ierusalimSi, romSic aseve unda mimowmo (saqm.

23,11).

amasobaSi ormocze metma iudevelma daifica, rom arc Wamdnen da arc

svamdnen, vidre pavles ar moklavdnen da am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb

sadukevel mRvdelmTavrebsac acnobes. maT Caifiqres, rom, viTomdac misi

saqmis gansasjelad, mociquli kvlav sinedrionze gamoeZaxaT da gzaSi

moeklaT, magram am gegmis Sesaxeb pavles erT-erTma naTesavma Seityo

da aTasisTavs acnoba. aTasisTavma mociquli imave Rames, mravalricxovani

mcvelis TanxlebiT, kesariaSi, olqis romael mmarTvelTan, feliqsTan

wargzavna da weriliT Seatyobina, rom radgan am adamians, romelsac

iudevelebi raRac sakamaTo SexedulebebSi sdebdnen brals, TviTon arc

sikvdilisa da arc datusaRebis Rirsad ar Tvlida, amitom ganaCeni misTvis mas

gamoetana.


1. sul ramdenjer imogzaura wminda pavlem mociqulma?

2. ras niSnavda rjuliT da rwmeniT cxovreba?

3. ra saswauli moaxdina mociqulma troadaSi?

4. vis ewodebodaT diakonisebi?

5. isaubreT `artemida efeselis~ Sesaxeb.

6. pavle mociquli sinedrionze.

gakveTili VI

pavle mociquli romSi

imis SiSiT, rom SeiZleboda provinciis mmarTvel feliqss pavles

udanaSauloba erwmuna da misTvis msubuqi sasjeli gamoetana, kesariaSi

bralmdeblebic Cavidnen, romelTa Soris mRvdelmTavari ananiac iyo.

bralmdebelTa sabuTebma feliqsi mociqulis danaSaulSi marTlac ver

daarwmunes. feliqsma, romelmac ver gaarkvia, raSi sdebdnen ebraelebi

brals pavles, TviTon moindoma misi mosmena da swavlebaSi garkveva.

mociquli iseTi damarwmunebeli ZaliT alaparakda samarTlianobasa da

momaval samsjavroze, rom feliqsi, romelic biwier cxovrebas eweoda,

SeSfoTda, pavle gauSva da uTxra, rom danarCenis Sesaxeb sxva dros

mousmenda. magram radganac angarebismoyvare iyo, misi guli

WeSmaritebis gagebisaTvis daxuruli gamodga. mTeli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi

feliqsi pavlesagan gamosasyid fuls elodeboda, magram amaod. bolos igi

festosma Secvala, romelmac imisTvis, rom iudevelebis guli moego, pavles

datusaReba brZana.

mtrebma festoss mociqulis ierusalimSi dabruneba mosTxoves, sadac

TiTqosda unda ganesajaT, sinamdvileSi ki gzaSi misi mokvla surdaT. TviTon

pavle mociqulma romaeli moqalaqis uflebebi gamoiyena da moiTxova, rom

igi keisars gaesamarTlebina. festoss uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda, magram

verc is moifiqra, ra braldebiT gaegzavna pavle keisrisaTvis. amasobaSi

kesariaSi mefe agripa, herode agripas Svili Camovida. festosma mas pavles

Sesaxeb uambo, romelsac RvTis Tayvaniscemis sakiTxebSi edavebodnen,

radganac viRac mokluli iesos Sesaxeb amtkicebda, rom igi cocxali iyo.

agripam festoss ganucxada, rom mociquli arc sikvdils da arc Sepyrobas

ar imsaxurebda da misi gaTavisuflebac ki SeiZleboda, keisrisgan gamarTleba

TviTonve rom ar moeTxova. romisken mgzavroba xangrZlivi da momqancveli

aRmoCnda, magram sabednierod, asisTavma, romelsac mociquli Caabares,

dainaxa, rom rCeul adamianTan hqonda saqme, amitom mas gulTbilad

eqceoda. roca xomaldi romelime qalaqis an kunZulis navsadgurSi

Cerdeboda, igi mociquls uflebas aZlevda napirze gadmosuliyo da

morwmuneebs Sexvedroda. xomaldze sul 276 adamiani iyo, maT Soris

pavles mowafenic: makedonieli aristarqe da wminda mociquli luka,

romelmac es mogzauroba aRgviwera. kunZul melitonis (axlandeli maltis)

mcxovreblebma qariSxals gadarCenili mogzaurebi gulTbilad miiRes da

sanapiroze cecxli daanTes. roca pavle koconze fiCxs debda, fiCxidan iqedne

gamoZvra da xelze daekida. es suraTi rom dainaxes, kunZulelebma Tqves:

rogorc Cans, es adamiani didi borotmoqmedia, radgan miuxedavad imisa,

rom xomaldis daRupvas gadaurCa, mainc kvdebao, magram mociqulma

iqedne mSvidad moisrola cecxlSi, TviTon ki uvnebeli darCa. am saswauliT

gaocebulma adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma igi romeliRac RmerTad miiRes,

xolo roca mociqulma kunZulis mmarTvelis mama gankurna da sxva sas-

waulebic moaxdina, mis mimarT Rrma pativiscemiT ganimsWvalnen. sami

Tvis Semdeg mogzaurebi gemze avidnen da gza romisken gaagrZeles. romis

qristianebi mociqulis Sesaxvedrad gamovidnen. asisTavma pavle

mxedarTmTavars gadasca, romelmac mas erT meomarTan erTad misTvis

gankuTvnil saxlSi miuCina bina. es moxda 61 wels. q.romis xedi

sami dRis Semdeg pavlem imperiis dedaqalaqSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi

moixmo; maT TviTonac hqondaT survili gaegoT qristes swavleba, romlis

Sesaxebac yvelgan kamaTobdnen. mociquli mouTxrobda Tanamemamuleebs

sulis macxovnebeli moZRvrebis arsze, magram Zalian cotam Tu irwmuna

macxovris. ebraelebs uZneldebodaT dajereba imis, rom ieso, romelic maT

jvarze gaakres, WeSmaritad is mesia iyo, visac amdeni xnis manZilze

elodnen da viszec ase did imeds amyarebdnen. iudevelebis sijiute rom

dainaxa, mociqulma warmarTebs mimarTa. ori weli icxovra pavlem am

qalaqSi da yvelas, vinc ki amis survils gamoxatavda, RvTis sasufevels

uqadagebda. ase mTavrdeba maxarebeli lukas mier gadmocemuli ambavi

`mociqulTa saqmeSi~.

sakuTari religiisadmi gulgrilad ganwyobili romaelebi dapyrobili xalxebis

religiebis mimarTac gulgril damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen. romSi

berZnuli da romauli miTologiis personaJ RmerTTa gverdiT mTeli rigi egvipturi

da siriuli warmoSobis RmerTTa qandakebebic idgnen. es iyo gamoxatuleba

romaelTa politikisa, romlis mixedviTac isini dapyrobili qveynebis RmerTebis

TavianTi RmerTebis ricxvSi CaricxviT maTi gulis mogebas da maTze sakuTari

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas cdilobdnen. mxolod iudevelebi iyvnen

gancalkevebiT; daufaravad gamoxatavdnen zizRs warmarTebisadmi, Tavis

sarwmunoebas fxizlad darajobdnen, raTa sxvebisagan gadmoRebuli wesebiT

ar Seryvniliyo. isini moses sjuls mkacrad icavdnen, oRond ara Sinagani

moTxovnilebis gamo, ramdenadac politikuri mosazrebiT; dampyrobeli

romaelebis siZulvils iudevelebi sjulis kanonebiT amarTlebdnen, romelic maT

warmarTebTan urTierTobas ukrZalavda. elodebodnen ra mesias _

macxovars, romelic RvTis rCeul xalxs ara mxolod romis imperiis samarcxvino

tyveobidan daixsnida, aramed mTel msofliozec gaabatonebda, isini

ganuwyvetliv Relvasa da SfoTSi iyvnen, ris gamoc romidanac gandevnes,

magram imperator klavdiusis gardacvalebis Semdeg imperiis dedaqalaqSi

cxovrebis ufleba isev moipoves. marTalia, romaelebi maT, rogorc mSfoTvare

moqalaqeebs, eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, magram sjulis gamo sruliadac ar

sdevnidnen.

mociqulma efeselebs, kolaselebsa da filipelebs romidan epistoleebi

gaugzavna, romlebSic evedreboda ise ecxovraT, rogorc es eklesiis wevrebs

Seefereboda, im eklesiisa, romelic qristes sxeuls warmoadgens. pavlem

romidan epistole ebraelebsac miswera, romelSic maT Zveli aRTqmis sjulis

Sinaarsi qristesTan mimarTebaSic ganumarta. amave periodSi Seiqmna

aseve epistole filimonisadmi, rasac Tavisi mizezi hqonda: filimons,

RvTismosav kacs, romelic kolaseSi cxovrobda, gaeqca mona onisime,

romelsac raRac danaSaulSi edeboda brali. romSi Cavida da aq mociqulis

qadagebebis mosmenam sinanuli gauRviZa. onisime moinaTla da pavles

emsaxureboda. mociqulsac Seuyvarda igi da gadawyvita TavisTan

daetovebina, oRond ara batonis nebarTvis gareSe. amitom onisime kolaseSi

gauSva da Tan werilic gaatana, romelSic filimons evedreboda, Seendo

monisaTvis da rogorc qristesmieri Zma ise mieRo. filimonic ase moiqca. man

gaaTavisufla onisime, romelic SemdegSi episkoposi gaxda da qristes

saxelisaTvis mravali tanjvac daiTmina.

imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gaimarTla pavlem Tavi imperator neronis

winaSe, araviTari cnoba ar mogvepoveba. ganTavisuflebis Semdeg

mociqulma romi datova da kvlav saxarebis saqadageblad gaemarTa; igi

mivida kunZul kretaze, sadac episkoposad Tavis mowafes, tites, daasxa xeli.

fiqroben, agreTve, rom man moiara britaneTi, espaneTi da dunais

sanapiroebi, sadac slavuri tomebi cxovrobdnen. am xanebSi daiwera misi

werili titesadmi da pirveli epistole timoTes mimarT.

amasobaSi iudevelebma ierusalimSi qristes morwmuneTa devna

gaaZlieres, gansakuTrebiT mociqulebi sZuldaT, magram isini ierusalimSi

mxolod mcire xniT Cadiodnen, isic dResaswaulebze, an kidev erTmaneTis

sanaxavad da morwmuneTa mosanaxuleblad. wminda qalaqSi mudmivad

mxolod uflis Zma, iakobi, cxovrobda, romelmac Tavisi patiosnebiT, mkacri,

TavSekavebuli cxovrebiTa da sjulis kanonebis mtkice dacviT mTeli xalxis

siyvaruli da pativiscema daimsaxura, miT umetes, rom xSirad xedavdnen,

rogor avedrebda muxlmoyrili taZarSi RmerTs Tavis xalxs. iakobs marTalsa da

xalxis mfarvels uwodebdnen. iakobs ekuTvnis epistole iudeadan wasuli

qristianebisadmi, romelic 59 wels daiwera da romelSic wminda mociquli

morwmuneebs sTxovs qristes rwmena saqmiT daadasturon, radgan rwmena

cocxali saqmis gareSe mkvdaria. amasTan, zeSTagonebiT man pirvelma

Seqmna RvTismsaxurebis wesi anu liturgia, romelic mis mosaxsenebel dRes

ierusalimSi axlac sruldeba.

imisaTvis, rom qristianobis gavrceleba aRekveTaT, mRvdelmTavrebma,

farisevlebma da mwignobrebma iakob mociqulis gadabireba, xolo Tu ar

daTanxmdeboda, mokvla gadawyvites.

roca paseqis dResaswauli dadga, mwignobrebi da farisevlebi

mociqulTan mividnen da sTxoves, saxuravze asuliyo, raTa misi danaxva da

mosmena yvelas SeZleboda da iqidan daemoZRvra xalxi imis Sesaxeb, iyo

Tu ara ieso WeSmariti mesia. iakobi saxuravze marTlac aiyvanes, magram

roca hkiTxes, ras ityoda iesoze, yvelas gasagonad ganacxada, rom jvarcmuli

ufali, romelic mesame dRes aRdga, axla caTa Sina, marjveniT RvTisa ijda da

kvalad movidoda cocxalTa da mkvdarTa gansasjelad. maSin

morwmuneebma, romlebic Sekrebil xalxSi iyvnen gafantulni, TavianTi

sixaruli xmamaRali SeZaxilebiT gamoxates: `dideba RmerTs~, `osana

daviTis Zes~. amiT gaRizianebulma farisevlebma da mwignobrebma, rom

mociquls TviTon Seuwyves xeli erTxel kidev daemowmebina sajarod

jvarcmuli RmerTis Sesaxeb, yviriliT maRla airbines, iakobs xeli kres da taZris

saxuravidan gadmoagdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom iakobi sasikvdilod

daimtvra, man ukanaskneli Zala moikriba, muxlebze wamodga, xelebi

aRapyro da ufals sTxova, Seendo maTTvis, radgan ar icodnen, ras

sCadiodnen. am dros farisevelTagan waqezebulma xalxma mas qvebi

dauSina. es moxda 63 Tu 64 wels.

ierusalimis qristianebma iakobis nacvlad episkoposad simeoni, kleopas

Svili, uflis naTesavi airCies.


1. daarwmunes Tu ara kesarieli mmarTveli feliqsi pavle mociqulis

danaSaulSi?

2. ris safuZvelze moiTxova pavle mociqulma romSi gasamarTleba?

3. vin icavda romSi moses rjuls?

4. ratom gaugzavna mociqulma filimons epistole?

5. vin iyo ierusalimis episkoposi da rogor aResrula igi?

gakveTili VII

qristianTa pirveli devna da TavTa

mociqulTa aRsasruli

petre da pavle romis imperiis arsebobis pirvel xanebSi romaeli xalxi,

romelmac es imperia Seqmna, simamaciT, znis ubraloebiTa da samSoblos

mxurvale siyvaruliT gamoirCeoda. Zveli romaelisaTvis, romelic piradze

maRla saerTo saqmes ayenebda, mamuli, misi dideba da pativi, sakuTar

sicocxleze ufro Zvirad fasobda; magram qristianobis warmoSobis wlebSi

sazogadoebrivi yofis ukve sxva, sruliad sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT.

gauTavebel dapyrobiT omebSi mopovebulma gamarjvebebma erSi

ampartavnoba aRazeva, xolo damarcxebuli qveynebis gaZarcvis gziT

motanilma simdidrem, romaelTa zneobrivi idealebi gaaqro. uazro fufunebaSi

nebivrobam winaprebis simamace da amtanoba warsulis kuTvnilebad aqcia.

zrunavdnen ra ara saxelmwifos, aramed sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebaze,

romis xelisufalni xalxis keTilganwyobilebis mopovebas uzneo sanaxaobebisa

da ufasod darigebuli puriT cdilobdnen, raTa zneobrivad dacemulsa da

garyvnil qveSevrdomebze SeuzRudavi mmarTveloba hqonodaT.

berZenTa msgavsad, romaelebic saSineli crumorwmuneobiT iyvnen

Sepyrobilni. tradiciad iqca imperatorisaTvis RmerTebis Sesaferisi pativis

migeba da Tayvaniscema. imperatorebi _ tiberiusi (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus

Germanicus) da kaligula RmerTebis ricxvSi Caricxes, maT pativsacemad

sakurTxevlebi aages, da rogorc kerpebs, msxverpls swiravdnen. mdidari

romaelebis cxovreba srul uqnarobaSi, gauTavebel nadimebsa da

garyvnilebaSi gadioda. xelovnebis didebuli qmnilebani ukve aRar xiblavdaT,

mxolod adamianTa tanjvis gamomxatveli, sastiki da daundobeli sanaxaobebi

izidavdaT. Tavdapirvelad amgvar `gasarTob TamaSobebs~ samxedro

tyveebi da sikvdilmisjilebi, xolo Semdeg mravali qristianis sicocxle Seewira.

da ai, warmarTobis Rrma wyvdiadsa da garyvnil sazogadoebaSi ucbad

gaisma sityvebi moyvasis siyvarulze, Seuracxyofis mitevebaze,

gulmowyalebaze, Tavmdablobasa da morCilebaze, maxloblisaTvis

Tavganwirvasa da mtrebisaTvis locvaze. rogori sixaruli unda gamoewvia

daCagrulTa da ganwirulTa gulebSi imis Setyobas, rom isini sruliadac ar

iyvnen daviwyebulni da migdebulni, radgan maTze TviT yovlisSemZle da

yovladsaxieri zecieri mama zrunavda.

sanam romis imperia qristianobas, rogorc iudaizmis erT patara seqtas

ise uyurebda, igi amasobaSi swrafad vrceldeboda da mis mimdevarTa ricxvic

matulobda. im dros, roca mdidruli da garegnulad brwyinvale warmarTuli romi

daRupvis piras idga, miwisqveSa katakombebSi, pirveli qristianebi ucxo

Tvalisagan mofarebulad loculobdnen da axali cxovreba ibadeboda.

magram ratom gamodga aseTi sastiki devna, romelic romma

qristianebs gaumarTa, maSin, roca romaelebi sxva xalxTa religiebs gulgrilad

da erTgvari SemwynareblobiTac ki uyurebdnen? _ amis mizezi ramdenimea.

erT-erTi maTgania is, rom qristianTa saTnoebani warmarTuli

sazogadoebisaTvis mudmiv, usityvo, mdumare sayvedurs warmoadgenda.

arc sakuTari da arc sxvisi religiebi, romelTac ki isini icnobdnen, maTi

cxovrebis wess ar arRvevda, maSin, roca qristianoba, zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT,

cxovrebis wesis Zirfesvian gardaqmnas moiTxovda. mxolod imitom, rom

zneoba cxoveluri instiqtebisa da miswrafebebis alagmvas moiTxovs, mis

mqadageblebs romaelebi kacobriobis siZulvils abralebdnen. Semdeg: is, rom

axali religiis mimdevrebi TavianT RmerTs msxverpls ar swiravdnen,

warmarTebs urwmunoebad miaCndaT da amdenad maT uRmerToebs

uwodebdnen. amasTan, radgan qristianebi cocxali adamianebis _

imperatorebis gakerpebasa da maT pativsacemad dadgenili wesebis

Sesrulebaze uars ambobdnen, xelisufleba maT daumorCilebel moqalaqeebad

Tvlida; da bolos, yovelive amas emateboda specialurad SeTxzuli da

ostaturad gavrcelebuli ciliswamebani imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos qristianebi

TavianT Sekrebebze sazarel danaSauls sCadiodnen _ Cvilebs klavdnen da

maT xorcs Wamdnen. warmarTi swavlulebi dascinodnen qristianebs,

romelnic jvarcmuls scemdnen Tayvans da mkvdarTa aRdgomas

elodebodnen. amgvar ciliswamebebs, dacinvasa da devnas qristianebi

momavali cxovrebis rwmeniT mSvidad iTmendnen da mtrebisaTvis

loculobdnen.

64 wels romSi xanZari gaCnda, romelmac qalaqis didi nawili

gaanadgura. arsebobs varaudi, TiTqos dedaqalaqs cecxli TviTon

imperatorma neronma (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, 37-68) waukida,

raTa SemdegSi gadamwvaris nacvlad axali, ufro didebuli qalaqi aeSenebina

da amboben, rom neroni xanZars maRali koSkidan uyurebda, am sanaxaobiT

tkbeboda da Tan leqsebs mReroda. arsebobs meore Sexedulebac, rom

xanZari specialurad qristianebis mtrebma gaaCines, raTa igi maTTvis

daebralebinaT da am gziT xelisuflebisaTvis qristes mimdevarTa daundobeli

devnis mizezi miecaT.

neronma xanZris gaCenaSi marTlac qristianebi daadanaSaula, ris

gamoc imperiis yvela olqSi maTi sastiki devna daiwyo, romelic imperatoris

sikvdilamde, mTeli oTxi wlis manZilze, gagrZelda. es devna qristianuli

eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli devnis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. wamebis xerxebi TviT

warmarTuli romisTvisac ki uCveulo iyo. istorikosi tacitusi wers, rom

qristianebi `daisajnen ara imdenad xanZrisaTvis, ramdenadac kacobriobis

siZulvilisaTvis. isini saSineli wamebiT mokvdnen, wamebas lanZRva da

dacinvac emateboda. zogierTi jvarze gaakres, sxvebi mxecebis tyavebSi

amokeres da dasaglejad ZaRlebs miugdes; nawilsac sxeuli gaufises da

lamparTa nacvlad anaTebdnen Ramis sibneles. am saSineli sanaxaobis adgili

neronis baRebi iyo...~

qristianTa am sastiki da daundobeli devnis dros mociqulebi petre da

pavle romSi Cavidnen da saxarebas uSiSrad qadagebdnen. WeSmariti sityvis

Zalam TviT imperatoris sasaxleSic SeaRwia, _ pavle mociqulma neronis erT-

erTi sayvareli coli qristianobaze moaqcia. rogorc gadmogvcemen, am dros

romSi cnobili TvalTmaqci simon mogvic imyofeboda, romelic petre

mociqulma jer kidev samariaSi qadagebisas amxila. mas qristianebi,

ramdenadac maTSi sakuTari Tvisebebis sapirispiros xedavda, Wiris dResaviT

sZulda. satanuri ampartavnebiT Sepyrobili simoni Tavs samyaros Semqmnel

RvTaebriv Zalad acxadebda; cru saswaulebiT man mravali romaeli acduna

da, rac mTavaria, imperator neronzec didi zegavlena moipova. cxadia, am

zegavlenam garkveuli roli iTamaSa imaSi, rom imperatori qristianebis

mimarT gaafTrebuli siZulviliT ganimsWvala. Zveli mwerlebi bevrs

mogviTxroben petre mociqulTan mis paeqrobaze. simoni amtkicebda, rom

RmerTi, romelic samyaros sibnelidan dasaxsnelad zecidan Camovida, Tavad

iyo. Tavis yovlisSemZleobaSi romaelebis dasarwmuneblad man ganacxada,

rom yvelas Tvalwin zecaSi amaRldeboda. daniSnul dRes am `saswaulis~

sanaxavad uamravi xalxi Seikriba _ mociqulebic iq iyvnen. isini mxurvaled

loculobdnen da ufals warmarTebis cdomilebisagan daxsnasa da mtruli da

uwminduri Zalis damxobas evedrebodnen, romelic simons exmareboda.

mogvi raRac donemde marTlac amaRlda, magram Semdeg Camovarda da

fexi moitexa. qedmaRalma simonma sajarod Sercxvena iukadrisa da Tavi

moikla. simon mogvis sikvdiliT gaRizianebulma neronma mociqulebis

Sepyroba brZana, raTa isini sikvdiliT daesaja. mogviTxroben, rom, roca

qristianebis TxovniTa da SegonebiT petre mociquli qalaqidan gadioda, man

romisken momavali ufali dainaxa da gaocebulma hkiTxa: `ufalo, saiT

midixar?~ macxovarma upasuxa, rom romSi midioda, raTa jvarze xelmeored

gakruliyo. am gamocxadebam petre miaxvedra, rom igi qalaqSi unda

dabrunebuliyo, raTa mowameobrivi sikvdiliT qriste ganedidebina. marTlac

ukan dabrunebuli mociquli Seipyres da pavle mociqulTan erTad sapyrobileSi

Casves, sadac maT aTi Tve dahyves. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mociqulebma

sapyrobilis mcvelebi moaqcies da mravali saswauli aRasrules. petre mociquls

jer coli dausajes; man meuRles, romelic dasasjelad mihyavdaT, gza Semdegi

sityvebiT dauloca: `gaxsovdes ufali, colo!~ TviTon mociquli jvarze gaakres,

oRond misive TxovniT _ Tavdayira, radgan, rogorc TviTonve ganmarta, Tavs

jvarze imgvarad gakvris Rirsad, rogorc ufali gaekra, ar Tvlida; pavle mociquls

ki Tavi mohkveTes, radgan misi, rogorc romaeli moqalaqis jvarze gakvra ar

SeiZleboda. eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarTagan nawils miaCnia, rom isini erT

dRes aResrulnen, xolo nawili Tvlis, rom pavle mociquli petres dasjidan zustad

erTi wlis Semdeg aResrula. maTi wmida nawilebi romSi ganisveneben.

marTalia, ierusalimis krebis Semdeg, petre mociqulis Sesaxeb `saqme

mociqulTaSi~ araferia moTxrobili, magram wminda gadmocemebidan viciT,

rom igi aziaSi gafantul ebraelTa Soris qadagebda da ramdenime wlis

ganmavlobaSi antioqiis eklesias ganagebda. petre mociqulma ori epistole

dagvitova, romelTagan erTi mis mowameobriv aRsasrulamde cota xniT adre

daiwera.

petresa da pavles eklesiam Tavni mociqulTa uwoda, radgan isini

qristes eklesiisaTvis yvelaze metad daSvrnen. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,

rom petre romis episkoposic iyo, magram sarwmuno cnobebi amis Taobaze

ar mogvepoveba. petre mociquli ufro iudevelebTan qadagebda, pavle

mociquli ki warmarTebTan, ris gamoc mas warmarTebis mociqulsac

uwodeben.

wmida eklesia TavTa mociqulTa _ petresa da pavles 29(12.07.) ivniss

ixseniebs.


1. rogor `pativs~ miagebdnen romaelebi imperatorebs?

2. ris gamo sZulda imperator nerons petre mociquli?

3. ratom tovebda petre roms da ratom dabrunda is ukan?

4. rogor dasajes mociqulTa Tavni?

5. aRwereT romis moqalaqeTa maSindeli socialuri da zneobrivi yofa.

6. CamoTvaleT is sami mizezi, ramac qristianTa devna gamoiwvia.

gakveTili VIII

danarCen mociqulTa Rvawli

Tavi I

suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdgom, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi,

mociqulebi ierusalimSi cxovrobdnen da saqadageblad mxolod axlo-maxlo

adgilebSi gadiodnen; sxva qveynebSi wasvlis win mowafeni erTad

Seikribnen, jer iloces da Semdeg wili yares, vis sad eqadaga. zogierTi Zveli

avtoris cnobiT maT mrwamsis mokle simbolo Seadgines, romelic

saqadagebeli moZRvrebis ZiriTad arss ramdenime sityviT gadmoscemda. es

simbolo, romelic eklesiis istoriaSi mociqulTa simbolos saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili, 12 wevrisagan Sedgeba: 1. mrwams mama RmerTi yovladZlieri, 2.

Semoqmedi cisa da qveyanisa; 3. mrwams ieso qriste, mxolodSobili Ze misi,

ufali Cveni; 4. romelic suli wmidisagan Caisaxa da qalwuli mariamisagan

iSva; 5. pilate pontoelis dros evno da jvars ecva, mokvda da daifla; 6.

jojoxeTSi Cavida da mesame dRes mkvdreTiT aRdga; 7. amaRlda zecad da

dajda marjveniT yovlisSemZle mama RmerTisa; 8. mrwams suli wmida; 9.

sayovelTao wmida eklesia; 10. kavSiri wmindanTa; 11. aRdgoma xorcisa; 12.

maradiuli cxovreba.

miuxedavad mravali damcirebisa, Seuracxyofisa da devnisa, mociqulebma

saxarebis sityva mTel qveyanas mohfines. ierusalimSi isini mxolod drodadro

brundebodnen, raTa erTmaneTi enaxaT da erTmaneTisTvis sakuTar

moRvaweobaTa Sedegebi ecnobebinaT, ris Semdegac kvlav saqadageblad

brundebodnen.

xati wminda mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, 29 (12.05) aprili, 30

(13.12) noemberi. wminda andrias, petre mociqulis Zmas, ufalma ieso

qristem pirvels mouwoda, amitom mas ewoda pirvelwodebuli. wminda andria

Tavidan wminda ioane naTlismcemels daemowafa. Semdeg ki andria

ZmasTan, petresTan mivida, mesiis povna axara. qristes damowafebuli

Zmebi ganuyrelad Tan axldnen Ze RvTisas da misi saswaulebis, sikvdilisa da

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis mowmeebic gaxdnen.

macxovris amaRlebis Semdeg saqadageblad RvTismSobels iveriis

moqceva xvda wilad, magram, radgan misi micvalebis Jami moaxloebuli iyo,

Ze RvTisam ubrZana, ierusalimSi darCeniliyo, saqarTveloSi ki andria

pirvelwodebuli gaegzavna Tavisi xelTuqmneli xatiT. yovladwmida qalwulma

mouwoda wmindans da RvTis neba auwya, Semdeg ficari moiTxova,

„daibana piri da daidva pirsa zeda Tvissa“. ficarze RvTismSobeli gamoisaxa

yrma iesoTi. es siwmide zeciurma dedofalma wminda andrias gadasca da

akurTxa. mociqulma gaiara saberZneTi, mcire azia, Semdeg ki

SavizRvispireTs miaSura, „Sevida queyanasa qarTlisasa, romelsa didaWara

ewodebis“.

sofel didaWaraSi dRemdea Semonaxuli taZris nangrevebi, romelic,

gadmocemiT, Tavad wmida andria pirvelwodebuls auSenebia.

netars mravali gansacdeli daatyda Tavs urwmunoTagan, magram

RvTisa da patiosani xatis meoxebiT yvelaferi madlobiT daiTmina. im adgilas,

sadac mociqulma RvTismSoblis xati daasvena, wyaro aRmocenda. am

saswaulma mraval warmarTs gaunaTa goneba da qristes Seudgnen.

mociqulma axalmoqceulT daudgina mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, augo

yovladwmida RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari, sadac ficarze zeciuri dedoflis

naboZebi xatidan saswaulebriv gadasuli asli daabrZana. amis Semdeg uflis

rCeulma gadaiara fersaTis mTa da aq jvari aRmarTa. mociquli Semdeg sofel

awyurSi mivida. am mxaris gamgebeli iyo qvrivi samZivari, romelsac

erTaderTi vaJi mohkvdomoda. qvrivs Seatyobines, rom iq iyo ucxo adamiani,

romelic ucnob RmerTze loculobda. am cnobam mas gulSi imedi Causaxa da

mociquli TavisTan ixmo. wmida andriam qvrivi dedakacis erTaderTi Ze

mkvdreTiT aRadgina. gaxarebulma qalma madlobiT irwmuna ufali ieso qriste,

Tavis SvilTan erTad moinaTla da samcxis mTavrebs werili miswera, es

ambavi Seatyobina da yvela TavisTan moixmo. movidnen sakerpos

msaxurnic. xalxi orad gaiyo; nawili iZaxda, „jer ars Tayuanis-cemad,

romelma ese viTari saswauli aRasrula“, sxvebi ki kvlav cru RmerTebis

erTgulni rCebodnen. ciloba rom CaecxroT, gadawyvites, sakerpoSi

RvTismSoblis xati SeebrZanebinaT, Semdeg ki kari daexSoT. macxovris

msasoeblebs - qristes mimarT, kerpTmsaxurebs ki - TavianTi RvTaebisadmi

unda elocaT. daxSul taZarTan mcvelebi daayenes. diliT, roca kari gaaRes,

yvelam ixila „kerpebi queyanad daTxeulni da saxed mtuerisa Semusrvilni,

xolo xati yovladwmidisa RvTismSobelisa brwyinvida, viTarca mze, didebiTa

da pativiTa“. wmida andriam awyurSi moawyo eklesia da iq RvTismSoblis

xelTuqmneli xati daasvena, Semdeg ki gza ganagrZo: iyo klarjeTSi,

artaankolaSi, parTeTSi, somxeTSi, Semdeg ki ierusalimSi wavida.

ierusalimidan wminda andria wminda svimon kananelTan da wminda

mataTasTan erTad isev saqarTveloSi dabrunda. isini qarTlSi Sevidnen,

ganamtkices qristianoba da „dahyvnen dasavleTiT, ganvles taos kerZo

qveyana vidre Woroxamde“, iyvnen samegrelosa da svaneTSi. svimoni da

andria afxazeTSi wavidnen „... da uqadages sityua igi RuTis-mecnierebisa da

mravalTa sixaruliT Seiwynares qadageba igi da mun dauteva netarman

andrea svimon kananeli sxvaTa Tana mowafeTa da Tavad jiqeTisa queyanad

avida“, romlis mosaxleobam wminda mociquli aramcTu miiRo, aramed misi

mokvlac ki moindomes. maSin mociqulma miatova isini da skviTTa

qveyanaSi, dRevandel ruseTSi wavida. wmida andria mdinare dneprs ahyolia

im adgilamde, sadac amJamad qalaqi kievi mdebareobs.

ukanaskneli qalaqi, sadac mociqulma iqadaga, patra (saberZneTi) iyo,

wmidanis locviT am qalaqSi uamravi adamiani moeqca qristes sjulze, qalaqis

Tavis egaetis garda, romelmac uflis rCeulis jvarcma brZana. tanjva rom

gaexangrZlivebina, egaetma brZana, Zelze ki ar mielursmnaT, aramed

daekidaT netari. wmida mociquli ori dRe qadagebda irgvliv SekrebilTa

winaSe. bolos, wmidanis madlmosili sityvebiT SeZrulma xalxma moiTxova

jvridan CamoexsnaT igi. uRvTo egaetma gankarguleba ki gasca,

gaeTavisuflebinaT wmidani, magram igi maleve aResrula jvarze. qalaqis

mmarTvelis colma mociqulis cxedari jvridan Camoxsna da pativiT miabara

miwas. mogvianebiT konstantine didis zeobisas wminda mociqulis uxrwneli

nawilebi pativiT gadaasvenes konstantinepolSi wminda mociqulTa saxelobis

taZarSi. mociqulis wminda neStis nawilebi aseve ganisveneben samxreT

italiis patara zRvispira qalaq amalTeaSi, edinburgSi, varSavasa da sant-

apolinariSi.

xati wmida mociquli barTlome, 11(24) ivnisi, aTormetTagani, kanas

galileidan iyo. uflis mowafeebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg mas da

filipe mociquls (xs. 14 noembers) wilad xvdaT saxarebis qadageba siriasa da

mcire aziaSi. wmida filipes Tan axlda da, mariamna.

wminda mociqulebis qadageba mravali niS-saswauliT mtkicdeboda.

ierapolSi (TurqeTi, dRes q.pamukale, antalia) cxovrobda kaci, saxelad

staqosi, romelsac ormoci wlis manZilze warTmeuli hqonda TvalisCini.

mociqulTa locvam mas mxedveloba daubruna. gaxarebulma staqosma

irwmuna qriste da naTeliRo. am saswaulis Sesaxeb xma mTel qalaqs moedo

da xorciel da sulier sneulebaTagan ganTavisuflebuli warmarTebi

inaTlebodnen. ganrisxebulma warmarTma qurumebma qalaqis Tavs

Seapyrobines mqadageblebi, staqosis saxli ki dawves. uflis rCeulebs jvarcma

miusajes. filipe mociquli TavdaRma miamsWvales Zels. uecrad saSinlad

Seirya qveyana, miwa daskda, mmarTveli da brbos nawili Tan Caitana.

SeSinebulma xalxma mociqulebi jvrebidan gardamoxsnes. barTlome cocxali

iyo, filipe ki wamebiT aResrula. ierapolis episkoposad staqosis dadginebis

Semdeg barTlome mociqulma da netarma mariamnam datoves qalaqi.

amis Semdeg mariamnam RvTis sityvis qadagebiT miaSura likaonias,

sadac mSvidobiT Sehvedra suli ufals (xs. 17 Tebervals). barTlome mociquli

indoeTSi gaemgzavra, ebraulidan adgilobriv enaze gadaTargmna maTes

saxareba da mravali warmarTi moaqcia qristianobaze; man somxeTSic

imogzaura, sadac mravali saswauli aRasrula da mefe polimiosis eSmakeuli

asulic gankurna. polimiosi dedofalTan, gankurnebul asulTan da mraval

didebulTan erTad moinaTla. maT magaliTs somxeTis bevrma mkvidrma

mihbaZa. amiT SeSfoTebuli qurumebis SegonebiT mefis Zmam, astiagma

Seipyro mociquli da qalaq albanSi (dRevandeli baqo) TavdaRma acva jvars.

aRsasruls miaxlebuli uflis rCeuli ar wyvetda saxarebis qadagebas. maSin

gamxecebulma astiagma brZana, jer tyavi gaeZroT netarisTvis, Semdeg ki

Tavi moekveTaT. morwmuneebma misi cxedari luskumaSi Caasvenes da

dakrZales. 508 wels wminda barTlomes uxrwneli neSti mesopotamiaSi, qalaq

darSi gadaasvenes. roca 574 wels qalaqi sparselebma aiRes, qristianebma

mociqulis nawilebi Savi zRvis sanapirosken waabrZanes, magram gzad

mtrebi wamoewivnen da amitom luskuma zRvaSi CauSves. RvTis nebiT,

siwmide kunZul liparasTan micurda. IX saukuneSi es kunZuli arabebma igdes

xelT da uxrwneli neSti neapolitaniis qalaq beneventSi gadaabrZanes. X

saukuneSi siwmindis nawili romSi gadaasvenes.

wmida mRvdelmTavrebi: ioane oqropiri, kirile aleqsandrieli, epifane

kvipreli da eklesiis zogierTi sxva mama barTlomes naTanaelTan (in. 1,45-51;

21,2) aigiveben.


1. sad iqadaga TiToeulma mociqulma?

2. ra Seadgines mociqulebma sxva qveynebSi saqadageblad wasvlis

win da ra ewodeba mas? gadmoeciT igi.

gakveTili IX

Tavi II

xati wminda mociquli iakob alfesi, 9 (22) oqtomberi, kapernaumeli

mezveris, alfesis Ze da wmida mociqulisa da maxareblis, maTes (xs. 16

noembers) Zma iyo. iakobs, iseve, rogorc maTes, Tavad macxovarma

mouwoda aTormet mowafeTa Soris da saxarebis saqadageblad gagzavna

(mT. 10,3). suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg netari mociquli erTxans

ierusalimSi imyofeboda (saqme, 1,13; 6,2), Semdeg ki wmida andria

pirvelwodebulTan erTad qristes swavlebas avrcelebda edesaSi, RazaSi,

elefTeropolSi da mimdebare adgilebSi. aqedan igi egvipteSi gaemgzavra da

palestinis mosazRvre zRvispira qalaq ostarcinSi jvarcmiT daasrula

mociqulebrivi Rvawli (sxva cnobiT, uflis rCeuls mravalgvari wamebis Semdeg

kverTxebis cemiT amoxades suli).

xati wminda mociquli iakob zebedesi Zma iyo ioane

RvTismetyvelisa, 30 (13.05) aprili, qristem mas Tavis ZmasTan mociqul

ioane RvTismetyvelTan erTad mouwoda.

suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg wminda iakobi qadagebda espaneTSi

da sxva qveynebSi, Semdeg ierusalims daubrunda. mociquli qadagebda da

wmida werilis sityvebiT amxelda farisevlebisa da mwignobrebis gulgrilobasa

da urwmunoebas. iudevelebs Zala ar SeswevdaT win aRdgomodnen

mociqulis sityvebs, amitom fuliT moisyides filosofosi mogvi hermogeni, raTa

kamaTSi gamoewvia wminda iakobi da sajarod gaecamtverebina misi

Sexedulebebi qristeze, rogorc aRTqmul mesiaze. mogvma wminda

mociqulTan Tavisi mowafe filipe gagzavna, magram man irwmuna qriste.

Semdeg TviT hermogenic darwmunda RvTis yovlisSemZleobaSi, dawva

jadoqruli wignebi, naTeliRo da qristes WeSmarit mimdevrad iqca.

urwmuno iudevelebma herode agripas (40-44ww.) urCies, Seepyro

iakob mociquli da sikvdiliT daesaja. wmida iakobma mSvidad moismina

sasikvdilo ganaCeni da qristes sjulis qadageba ganagrZo. erT-erTi damsmeni,

saxelad iosia, mociqulis vaJkacobam gaaoca da qriste-mesiis gankaceba

irwmuna. roca wminda iakobi sikvdiliT dasasjelad waiyvanes, iosia fexebSi

Cauvarda mociquls, moinania Tavisi codva da miteveba iTxova. wminda

iakobma gulSi Caixuta aRmsarebeli, akoca da uTxra: „mSvidoba Senda da

miteveba“. iosiam sajarod aRiara qriste da wminda iakobTan erTad

mowameobrivad aResrula ierusalimSi 44 wels.

xati wminda mociquli iuda, xorcielad Zma uflisa (+daaxl. 80w.,

19.0/ 2.07), marTali ioseb damwindvelis Ze iyo pirveli qorwinebidan.

saxarebaSi, imdroindeli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, iuda sxva saxelebiTac

ixsenieba: lebeosi (mT. 10,3); Tadeozi (mT. 10,3; mk. 3,18); barsaba (saqme,

15,22).

iudam irwmuna qriste aRTqmul mesiad, wrfeli guliT Seudga mas da

macxovris aTormet uaxloes mowafes Soris Seiracxa, magram Tavs uflis

Zmad wodebis Rirsad ar Tvlida - Tavissave kaTolike epistoleSi igi mxolod

iakobis Zmad ixseniebs Tavs.

ieso qristes amaRlebis Semdeg mociquli saxarebis saqadageblad

gaemgzavra. igi jer iudeaSi, galileaSi, samariasa da idumeaSi avrcelebda

WeSmarit sarwmunoebas, Semdeg arabeTis, siriisa da mesopotamiis

qveynebSi mogzaurobda, bolos ki qalaq efesoSi Cavida, sadac

samocdaTTagani mociqulis, Tadeozis mier dawyebuli saqme daasrula.

Semonaxulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom iudas sparseTSic uqadagia

qristianoba da iqve dauweria Tavisi kaTolike epistole berZnul enaze. wmida

mociquli mowameobrivad aResrula somxeTis qalaq araTSi. usjuloebma igi

jvarze gaakres da isrebiT gangmires.

xati wminda mociquli filipe, 14 (27) noemberi, q.beTsaidis mkvidri,

wminda werilSi Rrmad iyo ganswavluli. mas sworad esmoda Zveli aRTqmis

winaswarmetyvelebaTa arsi da mesiis molodiniT cxovrobda. filipe pirveli

mowodebisTanave Tan gahyva macxovars (in. 1,43); man miiyvana

qristesTan mociquli naTanaeli (in. 1,46); mas daekiTxa ufali, Tu ramdeni fuli

iyo saWiro xuTi aTasi kacis sakmari puris sayidlad (in. 6,5-7); igi miuZRva

elinebs, romelTac qristes naxva surdaT (in. 12,21-22) da man sTxova

macxovars: „ufalo, gviCvene Cven mama da sakmarisia CvenTvis“ (in. 14,8).

qristes amaRlebis Semdeg filipe mociquli galileaSi qadagebda RvTis

sityvas. galileidan filipe mociquli saberZneTSi gadavida da iq gadasaxlebul

iudevelebs Soris qadagebda. filipes gansasjelad wmida qalaqidan eladaSi

farisevlebi Cavidnen mRvdelmTavris winamZRolobiT. filipe mociqulma

sicrueSi amxila iudeveli mRvdelmTavari, romelic amtkicebda, macxovris

cxedari qristes mowafeebma moipares da gadamaleso: wmidanma

Semokrebilebs amcno, rom mcvelebi, romelTaganac gavrcelda es Wori,

farisevlebis mosyidulni iyvnen. iudevelma mRvdelmTavarma da misma

Tanamgzavrebma RvTis gmoba daiwyes da roca filipe mociquls Tavs

daesxnen, dabrmavdnen, magram mociqulis locviT yvelas daubrunda

TvalisCini. am saswaulis mxilvelTagan mravali moiqca qristianobaze.

eladidan filipe jer parTeTSi gaemgzavra, Semdeg ki - qalaq azotSi.

azotidan filipe mociquli siriis ierapolSi gadavida. aq iudevelebma iross,

romelmac wminda mociquli Seifara, saxli dauwves. Tavad filipes isini

mokvlas upirebdnen, magram roca uflis rCeulis mier aRsrulebuli saswaulebi

ixiles, sinanulSi Cavardnen da bevri maTgani moinaTla. wminda mociqulma

irosi ierapolis episkoposad daadgina, TviTon ki gza ganagrZo, moiara siria,

mcire azia, lidia, mizia. yvelgan RvTis sityvas qadagebda, risTvisac mravali

satanjvelis daTmena uwevda. wminda filipes ganuyrelad Tan dahyveboda

misi da, mariamna, romelic Zmis gaWirvebis Tanaziari iyo.

Semdeg mociquli frigiaSi, qalaq ierapolSi Cavida, sadac mravali

warmarTuli salocavi iyo, maT Soris gvelebis saxelze agebuli taZaric, sadac

uzarmazari iqedne budobda. filipe mociqulma locvis ZaliT mokla

qvewarmavali da gvelebisgan dakbenili mravali adamiani gankurna.

gankurnebulTa Soris iyo qalaqis Tavis meuRle, romelmac irwmuna qriste da

moinaTla. es rom qalaqis mmarTvelma Seityo, brZana, SeepyroT filipe, misi

da mariamna, da maTi Tanmxlebi barTlome mociquli. iqednes taZris

qurumTa SegonebiT warmarTma xelisufalma filipesa da barTlomes jvarcma

brZana. am dros saSinlad Seirya qveyana da samsjavroSi myofni miwam

STanTqa. iqednes taZarTan jvarze TavdaRma mimsWvaluli filipe loculobda,

rom ufals misi mtanjvelebi daexsna Tavs damtydari ubedurebisagan.

momxdaris mxilvelma xalxma irwmuna qriste da moiTxova, CamoexsnaT

mociqulebi. jvridan gardamoxsnili barTlome jer isev cocxali iyo. filipe

mociquli ki jvarze aResrula. misma dam, mariamnam ki mociqul

barTlomesTan erTad datova es qalaqi.

xati wmida mociquli mataTa (+63), 9 (22) agvisto, warmoSobiT

iudas tomidan iyo. daibada qalaq beTlemSi. adridanve daiwyo wminda

werilisa da saRvTo sjulis Seswavla ierusalimSi, wminda svimeon

RvTismimrqmelis xelmZRvanelobiT.

Tavdapirvelad wminda mataTa uflis 70 wminda mociqulis ricxvs

ganekuTvneboda, xolo uflis jvarze vnebis, mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da zecad

amaRlebis Semdgom wmida mataTa 12 mociqulTa Soris Seiracxa uflis

gamcemis iuda iskariotelis nacvlad. es arCevani male TviT ufalma daamtkica

saswaulebrivad suliwmidis movlinebiT mociqulebze, 50-e dRes aRdgomidan,

rameTu RmerTis suli cecxlovani enebis saxiT, sxva mociqulebTan erTad,

wmida mataTasac daadga.

suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg mataTas RvTis sityvis saqadageblad

wilad iudea hxvda. Tumca wmidani warmarTTa Sorisac qadagebda. mas

hgvemdnen kidec, miwazec daaTrevdnen da boZzec hkidebdnen da basri

rkinebiT ufleTdnen sxeuls, cecxliTac uwvavdnen xorcs. zogierTi gadmocemis

Tanaxmad, wmida mataTa makedoniaSic qadagebda saxarebas, warmarTma

berZnebma gamosacdelad TvalisCinis wamrTmevi sawamlavi daalevines, ra

Zala aqvs Sen moZRvrebasa da Sens mier qadagebul RmerTs, vnaxoT rogor

dagexmareba igio; sawamlavi Zalze Zliermoqmedi iyo, vinc ki mas dalevda,

yvela usaTuod brmavdeboda. magram wminda mataTa qristes saxeliT

sruliad uvnebeli darCa. metic, man uflis saxelis mowodebiT, saswaulebrivad

gankurna am sawamlaviT dabrmavebuli 250 adamiani. amis Semdeg eSmaki

yrmis saxiT gamoecxada warmarTebs da mataTas mokvla ubrZana. maT

sapyrobileSi Caagdes mociquli, sadac pirvel Rames ganuwyvetliv boroti

sulebi ecxadebodnen, meore Rames ki udides naTelSi TviT ufali

gamoecxada, gaamxneva, sakrvelTagan gaaTavisufla, sapyrobilis karic

gauRo da samSvidobos gamoiyvana. da roca gaTenda, wminda mociquli

kvlav xalxs warudga da kidev ufro meti simxneviT uqadagebda qristes

rwmenas.

SemdgomSi qristes mociquli kvlav iudeas daubrunda da israelis

ZeTagan mravali moaqcia. qristes saxelis mowodebiT ubrunebda usinaTloebs

- TvalisCins, yruT - smenas, momakvdavT - sicocxles; aRadgenda

davrdomilT, gankurnavda koWlebs, ganwmendda keTrovnebs da

ganasxamda borot sulebs.

roca wmida mataTa galileis sinagogebSi qadagebda qristes - RvTis Zes,

iudevelebma Seipyres igi da ierusalims Caiyvanes pirvelmRvdelmTavar

ananiasTan. man sinedrionis samsjavros warudgina wmida mociquli,

romelmac qviT gantvinva - Caqolva miusaja wmidans, romelic dauyovnebliv

waiyvanes sikvdiliT dasasjelad. roca belTlaskilad wodebul adgilas mividnen,

rac ebraulad „CaqolilTa saxls“ niSnavs, wmida mataTam ase uTxra iq myof

iudevelebs: - orgulno da pirmoTneno! samarTlianad uTqvams Tqveni

msgavsi adamianebis Sesaxeb wmida daviT winaswarmetyvels: moinadiron

suli marTlisai da sisxlsa ubralosa braleul-hyofdeno.

setyvasaviT wamosuli qvebis qveS wmida mociqulma xelni ze-aRapyro

da ase miabara ufals Tavisi netari suli. mowamis aRsrulebis Semdeg,

romaelTa Cveulebis Sesabamisad, maT maxviliT mohkveTes Tavi mataTas.

zogierTi berZnuli wyaros cnobiT, wmida mataTa jvarcmiT aResrula.

Tumca es ori cnoba SeiZleba arc ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs, radgan

iudevelebi boZebze mikrulT Caqolavdnen xolme, da mataTac, SesaZloa,

jvarze gaakres da ase Caqoles.

wmida epifane kviprelis (IV) cnobiT ki mataTa mociqulma saxareba

iqadaga meore eTiopiaSi (kolxeTSi), iqve gardaicvala da dRemde baTumis

maxloblad asaris (gonios) cixe-simagreSia dakrZaluli. amitom wminda

mociquli mataTa gamosaxulia saqarTvelos eklesiis didebis xatze wminda

andria pirvelwodebulTan erTad.



gakveTili X

Tavi III

xati wminda mociquli svimeon moSurne-kananeli, 10 (23) maisi,

kanas galileaSi cxovrobda. is iyo wmida ioseb damwindvelis Svili, pirveli

qorwinebidan, da 12 mociqulTagani. macxovris pirveli saswauli - wylis Rvinod

gadaqceva - svimeonis saxlSi aResrula. misi qorwilis trapezze Rvino

SemoakldaT. yovladwminda RvTismSoblis TxovniT macxovarma wyali Rvinod

aqcia. am saswaulis xilviT aRfrTovanebulma svimeonma mTeli suliTa da guliT

irwmuna ieso qriste da Seudga mas. wminda mociquli qristes moZRvrebas

qadagebda iudeaSi, egvipteSi, kirineaSi, britaneTSi (zogierTi cnobis mixedviT

is iqve aResrula).

wminda svimeonma andria pirvelwodebulTan erTad iqadaga dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. wmida andria Semdgom skviTTa qveyanaSi gadavida, svimeoni

ki afxazeTSi darCa warmarTTa mosaqcevad, romlebmac wminda mociquli

qvebiT Caqoles. igi dakrZalulia anakofiaSi, soxumTan axlos. SemdgomSi

svimeon kananelis saflavze, axali aTonis mTaze, monasteri aRimarTa.

dRemde SemorCenilia mRvime, sadac wminda mociquli moRvaweobda.

xati wminda mociquli Toma, 6 (19) oqtomberi, marCbivad

(tyupiscali, berZnulad - didimi) wodebuli ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomas ar

ijerebda da ase eubneboda mociqulebs: `Tu ar vixilav mis xelebze

samsWvalis kvals da ar davadeb Cems TiTs samsWvalis adgilas da ar

davadeb Cems xels mis gverds, ar virwmuneb.~ imdenad didia ieso qristes

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saidumlo, rom Tomas es „urwmunoebac“ saRmrTo

gangebulebiT iyo daSvebuli, raTa Cven yvelas Rrmad da SeueWveblad

gverwmuna uflis adamianuri bunebis mkvdreTiT aRdgoma da zecad

amaRleba.

mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg, wmida Tomas wilad

indoeTi Sexvda (indoeTs uwodebdnen samxreT aziis yvela qveyanas,

sakuTriv dRevandeli indoeTis CaTvliT).

imave xanebSi Semdegi movlena moxda: indoeTis mefem gundaforma

didi, brwyinvale sasaxlis aSeneba isurva da erT-erTi vaWari, saxelad avani,

palestinaSi gagzavna: wadi iq da iseTi gamocdili xuroTmoZRvari mominaxe,

visac SeeZleba romis imperatorTa msgavsi sasaxle amigoso. roca avani

palestinaSi xelovan xuroTmoZRvars eZebda, mas Toma Sexvda da uTxra, me

samSeneblo xelovnebaSi didad gamocdili kaci varo. avanmac maSinve

daiqirava igi da indoeTisaken gaemgzavrnen.

indoeTs Casulni, isini mefes warudgnen, man ki is adgili uCvena

Tomas, sadac sasaxlis ageba surda, misca didZali oqro mSeneblobisTvis da

TviTon ki gaemgzavra. Tomam mTeli oqro glaxakebs dauriga, Tan saxarebas

qadagebda. rodesac mefem es ambavi Seityo, mociquli Seapyrobina.

- aaSene Cemi sasaxle? – hkiTxa gundaforma

- diax, avaSene, miugo wminda Tomam, Tanac yvelaze mSvenieri da

didebuli!

- aba, wavideT da vnaxoT Sen mier aSenebuli sasaxle! – uTxra mefem.

- amqveyniur cxovrebaSi Sen ver SesZleb im sasaxlis naxvas! - miugo

mociqulma. - mxolod maSin ixilav, roca ganeSorebi am qveyanas, sixaruliT

dasaxldebi masSi da samaradisod icxovreb iq!

mefem dacinvad da Seuracxyofad miiRo Tomas sityvebi. amitom

brZana isic da misi Camomyvani didvaWari avanic sapyrobileSi CaegdoT,

isini jer cocxlad unda gaetyavebinaT da Semdeg koconze daewvaT.

imave Rames mefis Zma mZimed daavadda da aResrula kidec. xolo

uflis angelozma, romelmac aitaca misi suli, zeciur samkvidrebelSi aiyvana

igi, moatara yovelive da mravali didebuli, saucxood nagebi da brwyinvale

sasaxle aCvena. maSin hkiTxa uflis angelozma suls:

- am sasaxleTagan romelSi irCevdi cxovrebas? mefis Zmis sulma erT

yvelaze mSvenier sasaxles Sexeda da miugo:

- me rom neba damrTon Tundac romelime kunWulSi vicxovro am

sasaxlisa, mets arafers visurvebdi!

maSin angelozma uTxra: - es sasaxle Sens Zmas ekuTvnis, romlis

oqroTic aago igi ucxotomelma Tomam!

- gevedrebi, batono! - mimarTa sulma uflis angelozs, - gamiSvi Cems

ZmasTan, me viyidi am sasaxles misgan, radgan man jer ar uwyis misi

didebuleba. da roca viyidi, mere kvlav damabrune aq!..

marTlac, angelozma daabruna suli sxeulSi. Zmis gacocxlebis ambavi

rom Seityo, mefe saswrafod masTan gaeSura. mkvdreTiT aRmdgarma ki ase

mimarTa Zmas:

- mefeo! darwmunebuli var, rom giyvarvar rogorc RviZli Zma da erTs

gTxov: - momeci me Seni sasaxle, romelic caTa Sina gaqvs, da mis

sanacvlod mTeli Cemi qoneba miiRe!

- am sityvebis gagonebaze mefe gaognda. bolos ki esRa Tqva: - saidan

unda mqondes me sasaxle caSi?!

- WeSmaritad, rom gaqvs! - wamoiZaxa Zmam, – misi msgavsi arc aris

am mzisqveSeTSi! es sasaxle SenTvis im Tomam aago, romelic sapyrobileSi

Cagigdia da sasikvdilod gagiwiravs! me vnaxe es sasaxle da gaocebuli

davrCi misi mSvenierebiT. Cemma winamZRvarma angelozma miTxra: -

sasaxle, romelic Tomam aago, Sens Zmas ekuTvniso. me vevedre angelozs,

gamoveSvi SenTan, raTa meyida Sengan sasaxle. da ai, axla Sens winaSe

var da gevedrebi: Tu giyvarvar, momyide Seni zeciuri sasaxle da mis

sanacvlod mTeli Cemi qoneba-samkvidrebeli miiRe!

mefem uTxra mkvdreTiT aRmdgar Zmas:

- sayvarelo Zmao! me arafrisTvis getyvi uars, magram ver mogcem im

zeciur sasaxles. da Tuki ase gsurs, SegiZlia miiRo is xuroTmoZRvari, romelic

Cven gvyavs da romelsac ZaluZs SenTvisac aagos aseTive sasaxle! - Tqva es

da umalve sapyrobileSi gagzavna msaxurni, raTa wmida Toma da misi

Camomyvani vaWari avani xelmwifisaTvis miegvaraT. da roca isini

moiyvanes, mefe saswrafod Seegeba mociquls da ferxT Seuvrda vedrebiT:

- Seminde Cemi codva Sens winaaRmdeg, radgan ar vuwyodi, ras

viqmodio.

am dros dadga Jami yovladwminda RvTismSoblis aRsrulebisa da uflis

yvela mociquli sxvadasxva qveynebidan suliwmidis mier zecad aRitacnen da

geTsimaniis baRSi yovladkurTxeuli mariamis sarecelTan (saeklesio

gadmocemiT, es moxda me-15 wels uflis zecad amaRlebidan) aRmoCndnen,

anu 48 wels qristes Sobidan, roca RvTismSobeli 64 wlisa iyo. Tumca Toma

mociqulma mainc ver mouswro RvTismSoblis wminda sxeulis dakrZalvas.

esec saRmrTo gangebulebiT aRsrulda. wmida Toma RvTismSoblis

dakrZalvidan mxolod mesame dRes Camovida da didad mwuxarebda amis

gamo. maSin mociqulebma saerTo SeTanxmebiT gadawyvites gaexsnaT

TomasTvis RvTismSoblis saflavi, raTa mas enaxa misi yovladpatiosani sxeuli,

Tayvani eca misTvis. magram, roca saflavi gaxsnes, veraferi naxes iq

RvTismSoblis mosasxamis garda. amiT yvelani mtkiced darwmundnen, rom

deda RvTisa, Tavisi RvTaebrivi Zis msgavsad, mkvdreTiT aRdga mesame

dRes da sxeuliT iqna aRiyvana zecad, sadac hgiebs aRmatebulad yovelTa

zeciur ZalTa zeda.

amis Semdeg wminda mociquli Toma kvlav indoeTis qveyanaSi

gaemarTa RvTis sityvis saqadageblad. qalamidis qveyanaSi man mefe

muzdis coli da axloblebi qristes rjulze moaqcia, ris gamoc mefem

moakvlevina wmida mociquli.

ramdenime wlis Semdeg mefe muzdis erT-erTi Ze borotma sulma

Seipyro da misi gankurneba veravin SeZlo. xelmwifes raki smenoda, wminda

Tomas, sicocxlis Jams, mravali boroti suli ganudevnia adamianTagano,

gadawyvita gaexsna misi saflavi, aeRo mociqulis erTi ZvalTagani da yelze

Seeba Tavisi vnebuli ZisaTvis da amgvarad gaeTavisuflebina eSmakis

tanjvisagan. roca ganzraxulis Sesruleba daapira, sizmriseul CvenebaSi

wminda Toma gamoecxada da uTxra:

- cocxali ar gwamdi, da axla mkvdrisgan ginda Sewevnis miReba? nu

darCebi urwmunoebaSi, da ufali Cemi ieso qriste mowyale iqneba Sendami.

am Cvenebam kidev ufro gaaZliera mefis survili gaexsna mociqulis

saflavi da ganzraxuli Seesrulebina. marTlac, gaemarTa mefe muzdi wminda

Tomas dakrZalvis adgilas, gaxsna saflavi, magram iq veraferi naxa,

mociqulis wminda nawilebi farulad gadaesvenebinaT mesopotamiaSi. maSin

xelmwifem erTi muWa miwa aiRo, naWerSi gaaxvia da Tavis Zes Camohkida

yelze. amasTan, locva-vedrebiT mimarTavda ufals: - ufalo, ieso qriste!

gevedrebi, gankurne Cemi Ze Seni wminda mociqulis, Tomas locviT! da

maSჲn mec girwmuneb WeSmarit RmerTad! rogorc ki daasrula am sityvebis

warmoTqma, eSmakma maSinve dastova mefiswuli da yrmac sruliad

ganikurna. mefe muzdim irwmuna qriste da Tavis yvela didebulTan da

msaxurTan erTad moinaTla.

saeklesio mwerlebis mowmobiT Toma mociqulis wminda sxeulis

zogierTi nawili indoeTSia. nawili konstantinepolSi gadaasvenes, sadac mis

saxelze taZaric aigo, nawili ki samxreT italiaSia, xolo marjvena xeli -

ungreTSi. zogi cnobiT, Toma mociqulis Tavis qala Tbilisis sionis sakaTedro

taZarSia dasvenebuli.

sidonias xati wminda mociquli da maxarebeli maTe (+60), 16

(29) noemberi, Ze alfesi, nazareTis mkvidri iyo. igi mezvered, anu

gadasaxadebis amkrefad muSaobda da sakmaod SeZlebuladac cxovrobda.

Tanamemamuleebs sZagdaT igi yvela sxva mezveris msgavsad da

eridebodnen kidec mas, rogorc dampyrob romaelTa samsaxurSi mdgom

kacs.

maTem miatova mTeli Tavisi qoneba-samkvidrebeli da qristes Seudga.

uflis wminda mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg wminda maTe,

sxva mociqulebTan erTad, Tavdapirvelad ierusalimsa da mis SemogarenSi

qadagebda saxarebas. ierusalimis datovebamde, man werilobiT gadmosca

ieso qristes saqmeebi da moZRvreba. man uflis zecad amaRlebidan 8 wlis

Semdgom saxareba dawera. es aris axali aRTqmis wignebidan yvelaze adre

dawerili saRvTo wigni da igi dawerilia ebraul enaze.

ierusalimidan wasuli wminda mociquli maTe bevr qveyanaSi

qadagebda RvTis sityvas. moiara makedonia (dRevandeli saberZneTis

CrdiloeTi provincia), siria, sparseTi, parTia (kaspiis zRvis samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT mdebare didi qveyana aziaSi), midia (sparseTis dasavleTiT) da

eTiopia.

eTiopiis mTavarma fulbianem ar miiRo mociqulis mier naqadagebi

RvTis sityva da wminda maTes sikvdiliT dasasjelad eklesiisaken gaemarTa,

raTa TviTonve Seepyro mociquli. magram rogorc ki mas miuaxlovda,

maSinve dabrmavda da mociquls TvalisCinis dabrunebas Seevedra. wminda

maTem jvris gadasaxviT Tvali auxila. miuxedavad amisa, fulbianem maTe

mociqulis cocxlad dawva ganizraxa. igi miwaze gulaRma daagdes da xel-

fexiT Zelze miamsWvales. Semdeg ki mTavris brZanebiT, didZali fiCxi da

totebi moagroves, moitanes fisi da gogirdi, mociquls daayares da cecxli

waukides. magram mociquli uvnebeli darCa. mere ubrZana msaxurT ufro

meti SeSa, totebi da fiCxi mohqondaT, maTes ayridnen da zed fiss

asxamdnen. irgvliv mdgari oqros kerpebi cviliviT dadnen, amasTan, cecxlma

bevri iq mdgomi warmarTic dawva; xolo damdnari kerpebisagan gvelis

saxemiRebuli ali gamoiWra da fulbianesaken gaqanda; mTavari uRonod

daemxo Zirs da wminda mociquls Seevedra mixseni daRupvisagano. maTe

maxarebelma gaaqro cecxli. maSin ki isurva fulbianem cecxlidan pativiT

gamoeyvana maTe, magram mociqulma iloca da ufals miabara Tavisi

wminda suli (es moxda daaxloebiT 60 wels qristes Sobidan).

mTavarma fulbianem irwmuna ufali ieso qriste, moinaTla da maTe

ewoda. xolo adgilobrivi mRvdelmTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg, yofil mTavars

episkoposad daasxes xeli. man xangrZlivi, RvTis saTnomyofeli cxovrebis

Semdeg Sehvedra ufals suli.



saidumlo serobis xati

gakveTili XI

wminda mociquli da maxarebeli ioane RvTismetyveli

sidonias xati macxovris mociqulTagan yvelaze didxans ioane

RvTismetyvelma icxovra, romelic qristes moZRvrebas mcire aziaSi qadageb-

da. wminda mociquli da misi ganuyreli mowafe proxore ZiriTadad qalaq efe-

soSi mkvidrobdnen.

qristianebis devnis pirveli periodi neronis sikvdiliT damTavrda. neronis

uaxloesi memkvidreebi, tites CaTvliT, qristianebs ar devnidnen. magram 81

wels taxtze tites Zma, domiciane avida da devnac ganaxlda. imperatorma

saSinlad SeiZula qristianebi, romlebic mas uRmerToebad da meamboxeebad

warudgines, radgan isini kerpebs ar scemdnen Tayvans.

devnam gansakuTrebiT sastiki xasiaTi 94 wlis maxlobel xanebSi miiRo.

domicianem sikvdiliT dasaja biZaSvili flabios klimenti, xolo misi meuRle ukac-

riel kunZulze gadaasaxla. devnam imperiis yvela provincia moicva; ioane

RvTismetyveli efesodan romSi gaiwvies. Tavdapirvelad mociqulis qristes

moZRvrebidan da rwmenidan gadadrekas Seecadnen; xolo roca amas ver

miaRwies, wamebis mravalferovani xerxebi gamoiyenes: jer sastikad

scemes, Semdeg sawamlaviT Sezavebuli sasmeli daalevines, magram vera-

feri avnes, radgan aRsrulda macxovris sityvebi mowafeTa Sesaxeb Tqmuli:

`...da, Tu sasikvdilo rames daleven, ar avnebs maT; sneulebs xels daadeben

da kargad gaxdebian~ (mark. 16,18). bolos igi aduRebuli zeTiT savse qvabSi

Caagdes, magram amjeradac uvnebeli darCa. am saswaulTa mxilveli ada-

mianebi gaocebulni yvirodnen: didia RmerTi qristianeTa. domiciane mixvda,

rom wamebis axal-axali xerxebis gamoyenebiT mociquls mravalricxovan

mowmeTa winaSe jvarcmuli RmerTis rwmenis saqmiT qadagebis saSualebas

aZlevda; amitom misi kunZul patmosze gadasaxleba brZana.

swored patmosze, erT kvira dRes ufalma Tavisi sayvareli mowafe saswau-

liT daajildova. wminda ioanem uflisa da momavali eklesiis dideba ixila

CvenebiT, romelic `gamocxadebaSi~ aRwera. `gamocxadebaSi~ ufali

moZRvravs mcire aziis Svid mTavar eklesias: efesos, smirnis, pergamosis,

Tiatiris, sardiis, filadelfiisa da laodikiisas. ra Tqma unda darigebani, romelic

am eklesiebs eZleva, yoveli drois, mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonadaa

Tqmuli. amas mosdevs didebuli suraTebi uflis didebisa, eklesiaze misi mud-

mivi mzrunvelobisa, madlisa da siyvarulisa, sasjelisa da netarebisa.

winaswarmetyvelur xilvebSi miniSnebulia sxvadasxva gansacdeli, romelic

eklesias Tavs atydeba dedamiwaze, borotis brZola RvTis kravTan, zeimi kra-

visa, romelic morwmuneebs gamoixsnis, aRdgoma mkvdarTa da saSineli

samsjavro da bolos, silamaze axali ierusalimis, anu zeciuri sasufevelisa.

patmosze gadasaxleba didxans ar gagrZelebula. domiciane suraTi mokles

da misma memkvidrem gandevnili qristianebi ukan daabruna. 97 wels ioane

RvTismetyvelic dabrunda efesoSi. am dros efesos episkoposi pavle mociqulis

mowafe timoTe iyo, xolo ioane mcire aziis eklesiebs zedamxedvelobda da

patronobda. am droisaTvis qristes winaaRmdeg brZola eresebis SemotaniT

anu moZRvrebis damaxinjebiT daiwyo. WeSmaritebis cru ganmmarteblebs

gansakuTrebiT bevri mimdevari mcire aziaSi gamouCnda. tyuilad rodi afrTxi-

lebda pavle mociquli efesos eklesiis moZRvrebs _ Tavi daecvaT `mZvinvare

mglebisagan~ da winaswarmetyvelebda, rom TviT maT Sorisac aRmoCnde-

bodnen iseTebi, romlebic swavlebis siwmindes Segnebulad aamRvrevdnen

da mowafeebsac gaiCendnen. marTlac, amgvari cru maswavleblebic

gamoCndnen. eretikuli mimdinareobani pirvelive saukuneSi ZiriTadad ieso

qristes winaaRmdeg iyvnen mimarTulni: erTni mis RvTaebriv, xolo meoreni

kacobriv bunebas uaryofdnen. erT-erTi pirveli cru moZRvari swored efesoSi

gamoCnda, saxelad kerinTosi. igi amtkicebda, rom ieso Cveulebrivi adamiani

iyo, romelzec, misi wminda cxovrebis gamo, naTlisRebis Jams suliwmida gad-

movida, magram datova maSin, roca jvarze gaakres, ase rom, jvarze ubralo

adamiani ewama. es cru moZRvreba qristianuli moZRvrebis arss _ Ze

RmerTis jvarze sikvdiliT adamianis codvisa da sikvdilis tyveobisgan gamoxs-

nas uaryofda. sxvebi ieso qristes kacobriv bunebas uaryofdnen, mas sulad

Tvlidnen, TiTqos mas adamianuri saxe mxolod garegnulad hqonda da amde-

nad jvarze gakruls arc wameba ganucdia.

Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xucesebma da morwmu-

neebma sTxoves ioane RvTismetyvels, rom qristes moZRvreba Tavad gad-

moeca. suliwmidis STagonebiT man marTlac Seqmna saxareba. garda saxa-

rebisa, ioane maxarebelma sami epistole dawera.

Zveli avtorebi gadmogvcemen ambavs, roca ioane maxarebeli eklesiis

saqmeTa gamo mogzaurobda, erT qalaqSi mas gansakuTrebiT moewona erTi

axalgazrda da igi iqaur episkoposs Caabara. Tavidan episkoposi gulmodgined

moekida saqmes da axalgazrdas sarwmunoeba Seaswavla, ris Sedegadac igi

moinaTla. amis Semdeg episkoposma ioane RvTismetyvelis Txovna Sesrule-

bulad CaTvala da axlad monaTluli uyuradRebod datova. mzrunvelobis gareSe

darCenili Wabuki cud wreSi moxvda da bolos ise daeca, rom avazakTa brbos

sisastikiT ganTqmuli ufrosi gaxda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg maxarebels im

qalaqSi Casvla isev mouxda da axalgazrda moikiTxa. episkoposma cremlebiT

uambo yovelive. Wabukis xvedrma wminda mociquli didad daamwuxra. `ase

gmarTebda SenTvis mondobili Zmis sulze zrunva?~ _ hkiTxa man episkoposs

da iqiT gaemarTa, sadac avazakTa brbo TareSobda. yaCaRebma igi Seipyres

da winamZRols mihgvares. Wabukma moxuci icno da imdenad SeZrwunda,

rom mis siaxloves yofna ver aitana da gaiqca. ioane mas gaekida da Tan

vedrebiT misZaxoda: `Svilo Cemo, ratom gaurbixar mamas? Semibrale Svilo,

nu geSinia, me viqnebi pasuxismgebeli qristes winaSe. mzad var Cemi si-

cocxle Sensas Sevswiro. SeCerdi da momismine, merwmune, SenTan me

TviTon qristem gamomgzavna~. bolos, wminda mociqulis siyvaruliT damarc-

xebuli avazaki gaCerda, iaraRi gadaagdo, marjvena xels, romliTac amdeni

boroteba hqonda Cadenili, malavda, erTianad caxcaxebda da tiroda. ioanem

igi gulSi Caikra, gaamxneva da Tan waiyvana. masTan erTad loculobda da

marxulobda, masTan erTad kiTxulobda wminda werils da mxolod maSin da-

tova, roca Rrma sinanuliT codvebisgan ganwmendili axalgazrda qristianTa

sazogadoebaSi isev miiRes.

aRsasrulis win wminda mociquli morwmuneTa krebaze misma mowa-

feebma xelSi ayvanili Seiyvanes. grZeli Segonebis warmosaTqmelad mas uk-

ve Zala aRar yofnida da mxolod am sityvebs imeorebda: Svilno, giyvardeT

erTmaneTi. erTxel mowafeebma hkiTxes, ratom imeorebda ase xSirad erTsa

da imaves, man upasuxa: igi uflis mcnebaa, masSi mTeli misi moZRvrebis

arsia Cadebuli.

wminda ioane RvTismetyvelma wmindanTa Tana ganisvena II saukunis

pirvel wlebSi. misi yvelaze cnobili mowafeni iyvnen: wminda egnate

RmerTSemosili, papia ierapoleli da wminda polikarpe smirneli.


1. rogor awames ioane RvTismetyveli?

2. ra dawera ioane RvTismetyvelma kunZul patmosze da ra aRwera

masSi?

3. ra Sinaarsis mwvaleblobebi gaCnda am periodSi?

4. romeli naSromebi dagvitova ioane RvTismetyvelma?

5. gadmoeciT ambavi moqceuli axalgazrdis Sesaxeb.

gakveTili XII

iudeas omi

RvTis rCeuli erisaTvis, romelic am rCeulobas msoflioze

gabatonebasTan aigivebda da yoveldRe eloda mesias, romelic amgvar

miwier didebas moutanda, romaelTa qveSevrdomoba sul ufro da ufro

autaneli xdeboda. mTeli qveyana Sinagan SfoTsa da Relvas moecva. romis

saxelmwifos mxridan simSvidis SesanarCuneblad miRebuli yvela zoma

mxolod siZulvils iwvevda. mesiis mosvlisa da miwieri aRzevebis amgvarma

daZabulma molodinma cru winaswarmetyvelTa gamravlebas Seuwyo xeli,

romelTac xalxze gavlena ara WeSmaritebis, aramed iudevelTa molodinisa da

imedebis Sesaferisi winaswarmetyvelebebiT moipoves. mogvebi da jadoqrebi

cruwinaswarmetyvelebebiT atyuebdnen xalxs.

am periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda zilotebis (moSurneTa) seqta,

romelic daaxloebiT qristes Sobis periodSi warmoiSva. roca imperatori

avgustusis brZanebiT siriis gubernatori kviriniosi xarkis asakrefad

mosaxleobis aRweras Seudga, erTma galilevelma, saxelad iudam, qadageba

daiwyo, rom RvTis rCeuli xalxisagan warmarTi imperatorisaTvis xarkis

gadaxda codva iyo. iuda, romelmac mravali momxre SeiZina, amboxebisas

daiRupa, magram misi swavleba swrafad gavrcelda. meamboxeebs saTaveSi

misi vaJebi Caudgnen, romelTagan ori jvarze gaakres, xolo mesamem

SemdegSi iudeas omSi sabediswero roli Seasrula. zilotebi, romlebic TiTqos

rjulis mgznebare da moSurne damcvelebi iyvnen, sinamdvileSi daundobel

Zarcva-glejvas eweodnen da yvelgan SfoTs Tesdnen. ramdenime sazareli

danaSauli maT ierusalimSic Caidines. zilotebis TareSs sxvadasxva seqtas

Soris gamudmebuli SuRli da romaelebisa da sxva xalxebis mimarT

gaRizianebuli da mtruli ganwyobilebac emateboda, rac, erTad aRebuli,

iudeaSi mZime mdgomareobas qmnida.

iudeas omis win ierusalimSi gamoCnda viRac ieso, Ze ananiasi, romelic

qalaqis quCebsa da moednebze xmamaRla godebda: `vai, vai, vai, taZars,

vai, ierusalims! xma aRmosavleTidan, xma dasavleTidan, xma oTxive qarisa

ierusalimis samtrod~. igi Seipyres, magram dakiTxvebzec muqarasa da

daSinebas kvlav avismomaswavebeli sityvebiT pasuxobda. bolos

mmarTvelTan miiyvanes, romelmac misi cema brZana. Sewyaleba ar

uTxovia, mxolod yoveli dartymisas Sesabralisi xmiT ambobda: `vai,

ierusalim!~ radgan verafers gaxdnen, giJad miiCnies da gauSves. qalaqis

quCebSi mosiarule isev am sityvebs ambobda. ase gagrZelda Svidi wlis

manZilze. roca qalaqis alya daiwyo, igi kedlebTan dadioda da xmamaRla

godebda, `vai, ierusalim, vai, taZaro!~. bolos daamata: `vai, me~ da

viRacisagan nasroli qviT suli ganuteva.

zogierTi romaeli mmarTveli angariSs uwevda dapyrobili xalxis

ganwyobilebas, rjulsa da adaTebs, magram bolo orma mmarTvelma, albinma

da hesios floram, iudevelebi TavianTi angarebismoyvareobiTa da agdebuli

damokidebulebiT sasowarkveTilebamde miiyvanes. flora, nacvlad imisa, rom

yaCaRuri jgufebis TareSi aelagma, maT mfarvelobda, radgan nadavlSi wili

edo. igi arc amiT dakmayofilda, bolos ierusalimis taZris saganZuri gaZarcva

da meomrebs samiaTasamde ebraeli acemina, rasac Sedegad amboxeba

mohyva, romelic mTel qveyanas moedo da romelsac saTaveSi upiratesad

zilotebis seqtidan gamosuli beladebi Caudgnen. zomierTa partias, romelsac

romaelebTan saboloo ganxeTqilebis Tavidan acileba surda, ukve aRaravin

usmenda. zilotebma mRvdelmTavari anania, vinc xalxs simSvidis

SenarCunebisa da morCilebisaken mouwodebda, mokles, mefis sasaxle

gadawves da ierusalimSi romaelTa mTavari simagrec Caigdes xelSi.

amboxeba 66 wels daiwyo. amboxebulebs saTaveSi zilotebis seqtis

damaarseblis, galileveli iudas mesame vaJi, managimi Caudga, romelmac

rjulis garegnuli dacviT xalxSi iseTi didi gavlena moipova, rom qalaqs lamis

mefis uflebebiT marTavda. aman gaaRiziana mokluli mRvdelmTavris ananias

vaJi eliazari, romelsac xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba Tavad surda. igi

moulodnelad daesxa Tavs managims, Seipyro da sikvdiliT dasaja. amis

Semdeg eliazarma alya Semoartya simagres, romelSic romaelTa garnizonis

naSTebi jer kidev imyofebodnen da isini im pirobiT, rom yvelas sicocxlesa da

Tavisuflebas aCuqebda, danebebaze daiTanxma. romaelebma dapireba

irwmunes da danebdnen, magram eliazarma sityva gatexa da yvelani

amoxoca. aRsaniSnavia, rom iudevelebma es veraguli saqcieli SabaTs

Caidines, romelic rjulis mixedviT uflis dRed miaCndaT. amis gamo zogs

romaelebis mxridan samagieros gadaxda aSinebda, zogsac uflis risxva rjulis

darRvevis gamo.

RvTis risxvam marTlac ar daagviana. male ierusalimamde saSinelma

cnobam moaRwia imis Taobaze, rom swored im dRes, roca amboxebulebma

veragulad amoxoces romaelebi, kesariis mcxovreblebma, hesios floras

mfarvelobis imediT, ocdaaTiaTasamde ebraeli mokles. mmarTvelma marTlac

kesarielebs dauWira mxari, xolo gadarCenili ebraelebi Soreul qalaqebSi

mZime samuSaoebze gaagzavna.

samagierod, iudevelebma ucxo erTa Svilebis xocva-Jleta mTel

qveyanaSi gaaCaRes. male siria, palestina da mcire azia sisxliT SeiReba.

SurisZiebas SurisZieba mohyva: skviTopolisSi 13 000-mde ebraeli amoxoces,

damaskoSi _ 10 000, aleqsandriaSi - 50 000-mde kaci amowyvites.

amboxebisaTvis bolos mosaRebad iudeasken Zlieri jariT siriis romaeli

mmarTveli kestios galosi daiZra. galileas ramdenime qalaqi man advilad aiRo

da ierusalimis axlos dabanakda. ierusalimSi am dros dResaswaulis gamo

gansakuTrebuli xalxmravloba iyo. miuxedavad dResaswaulis wminda dRisa,

iudevelebi romaelebs gaSmagebiT daesxnen Tavs da ukan daxevac aiZules,

magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg, kestiosi kidev ufro miuaxlovda ierusalims,

misi gareubani gadawva da ierusalimis aRebac SeeZloT, magram cru

cnobebiT Semcdarma kestiosma alya moxsna da ukan gatrialda.

gaTamamebuli ebraelebi romaelebs ukan daedevnen da ise moulodnelad

daesxnen Tavs, rom sikvdils TviT sardalic ki Zlivs gadaurCa.

kestiosis damarcxebam neroni saSinlad aRaSfoTa da iudeaSi jariT

vespasiane gaagzavna. galileas damorCilebis Semdeg, vespasianem

kesariaSi gamoizamTra; gazafxulze saomari operaciebi ganaaxla, ramdenime

qalaqi zedized aiRo da ierusalims miuaxlovda, magram qalaqis aReba ar

iCqara. ierusalimSi ebraelobas erTmaneTTan SuRlisa da brZolis gamo Zala

gamoclili hqonda. zilotebi xalxs umowyalod Zarcvavdnen. yvelaze mdidarsa

da cnobil moqalaqeebs im sababiT, rom TiTqos maT qalaqis romaelebisaTvis

gadacema hqondaT ganzraxuli, cixeebSi svamdnen da am gziT fuls

sZalavdnen, saSinel danaSaulsac daufaravad Cadiodnen. bolos da bolos

xalxs moTminebis fiala aevso da mRvdelmTavari ananias xelmZRvanelobiT

maT winaaRmdeg aRdga. yoveli mxridan Seviwrovebuli zilotebi taZarSi

Caiketnen. taZari rom sisxliT ar wabilwuliyo, ananiam xalxi SeaCera. igi

imedovnebda, rom alyaSi moqceuli zilotebi bolos da bolos danebdebodnen;

asec moxdeboda, isev Ralats rom ar hqonoda adgili.

damarcxebisaTvis ganwirulma zilotebma daxmarebisaTvis idumielTa

mezobeli tomi moixmes, romlebic erT dros iudevelTa mtrebi iyvnen, magram

qristes Sobamde cota xniT adre moses sjuli miiRes da romis imperias daupi-

rispirdnen, radgan mis batonobas ver urigdebodnen. zilotebis veragulma

xerxma gaWra, ierusalimis kedlebTan ociaTasi SeiaraRebuli idumieli mivida.

mRvdelmTavarma ananiam, romelic am dros qalaqs ganagebda, axali

mRelvarebis warmoSobis SiSiT isini qalaqSi ar SeuSva. idumielebi xelsayreli

Jamis molodinSi qalaqis kedlebTan ganlagdnen. im Rames ierusalims saSineli

qariSxali daatyda Tavs, romelsac miwisZvrac daerTo. zilotebma SeSfoTebuli

mosaxleobis dabneulobiTa da bneli RamiT isargebles da idumielebs karebi

gauRes. isini qalaqs moedvnen da mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi daundobel

xocva-Jletas eweodnen. diliT marto taZris maxloblad rvaaTasxuTasi gvami

daTvales, mRvdelmTavari anania Ralatis braldebiT sikvdiliT dasajes, sapyro-

bileebi patimrebiT aavses. ase rom, ramdenime dRis manZilze moklulTa

ricxvma ocdaaTiaTass miaRwia. marTalia, bolos da bolos idumielebma Seity-

ves, rom isini moatyues, amitom mokavSireebs waeCxubnen da ierusalimi

datoves, magram amiT mdgomareoba ar Semsubuqebula. gaTavxedebuli zi-

lotebi, romelTac yvelaze Zlieri mowinaaRmdege moiSores, kidev ufro

daundoblad uswordebodnen xalxs.

bolos SuRli TviT zilotTa Sorisac Camovarda da isini or nawilad gayo. erT

nawils, romelic taZars icavda, saTaveSi eleazari Caudga, meores _ yaCaRi

ioane girkali. roca qalaqSi es ori partia mZvinvarebda, gareubnebs ki mesa-

me, vinme simoni arbevda. igi ormoci aTasi kaciT ierusalimis kedlebTan iyo

dabanakebuli. ai, ra viTareba iyo Seqmnili ierusalimSi maSin, roca mas ves-

pasiane miadga. zilotebis aulagmavi TareSisagan Sewuxebuli bevri moqala-

qe, romaelebs, rogorc mxsnelebs, ise uyurebda. ramdenime maTganma

qalaqidan gaRweva da vespasianesTan misvlac ki moaxerxa im TxovniT, rom

maTi ubedurebisaTvis zRvari daedo. roca vespasiane qalaqisaTvis alyis

Semortymas apirebda, uecrad man imperator neronis sikvdilis cnoba miiRo

da amitom saomari moqmedeba SeaCera. neronis sikvdilidan weliwadnaxev-

ris Semdeg ki jarma imperatorad vespasiane gamoacxada. man laSqris ufro-

soba Tavisi vaJs _ tites gadaabara, xolo TviTon romSi dabrunda.


1. vin iyvnen zilotebi da ra amoZravebda maT?

2. vin godebda mosalodneli ubedurebis Sesaxeb?

3. aRwereT omis wina mdgomareoba.

4. rogor moiqca eliazari da ra mohyva mis veragobas?

5. aRwereT saomari mdgomareoba ierusalimSi. ra moimoqmedes

zilotebma idumielebTan erTad da riT dasrulda maTi kavSiri?

gakveTili XIII

ierusalimis dacema

ierusalimis xedi 70 wlis gazafxulze, paseqis dawyebamde cota xniT adre,

qalaqs uzarmazari laSqriT tite miadga da eleonis mTaze dabanakda. ierusa-

lims daudga dReebi, romelic macxovarma uwinaswarmetyvela, roca mas

eleonis mTaze mdgari dahyurebda: `.... netavi gcodnoda am dRes, raSia Seni

mSvidoba, xolo axla dafarulia Sens TvalTagan; radgan mova dReebi SenTvis

da Semogavleben Seni mtrebi sangrebs Sen da garSemogertymebian Sen da

Segaviwroveben Sen. da gaganadgureben Sen da Sens Svilebs SenSi da ar

datoveben qvas qvaze SenSi, imitom rom ar gulisxmayavi Jami Seni

moxedvisa.~ (luk. 19, 42-44).

ebraelTa Soris SuRlis mospoba verc kars momdgarma realurma

safrTxem SeZlo. paseqis dResaswaulze eleazarma, romlis xelSi taZari iyo, igi

mlocvelebisaTvis gaxsna, riTac ioanem isargebla, masSi SeiaraRebuli meom-

rebi Seiyvana, eleazaris momxreni amowyvita da taZars da mis Semogarens

daeufla. amasobaSi qalaqis zemo nawili simonma daiWira. dapirispirebul

mxareTa Soris sisxlismRvreli omi gaimarTa. anadgurebdnen puris marags,

romelic alyis SemTxvevisTvis iyo momzadebuli, amsxvrevdnen sabrZolo iara-

Rebs, wvavdnen saxlebs, qalaqis didi nawili nangrevebad aqcies. or borcvze

gaSenebul ierusalims sammagi qvis kedeli icavda, romelSic 90 mtkiced na-

gebi koSki iyo Catanebuli. TviTon taZari qalaqis SuagulSi, maRal borcvze id-

ga, yovelmxriv mtkice kedlebiT daculi is galereiT mZlavr cixes uerTdeboda;

ase rom, gamagrebuli qalaqi TviTonac simagres warmoadgenda. misi simdid-

re da didebuleba adamianis yovelgvar warmosaxvas aRemateboda. wminda

taZari axla moklulTa sisxliT, mkrexelobiTa da mravali mZime danaSaulebiT

yoveldRe ibilweboda. da yovelive amas sCadiodnen iudevelebi sjulis moSur-

ne. borotebisagan gonebadabnelebulni veRar xvdebodnen, rom codvis mo-

revSi Caflulebs RvTis risxva uaxlovdebodaT, piriqiT, zecidan isini saswauleb-

riv Semweobas elodebodnen da imeds ar kargavdnen, rom RmerTi maT ara

mxolod romaelTa monobisagan ixsnida, aramed msoflio batonobasac miani-

Webda. amitomac uaryofdnen tites mier mravalgzis SeTavazebul winadade-

bas imis Taobaze, rom damorCilebis SemTxvevaSi qalaqic da taZaric xelSeu-

xebeli darCeboda da Tavadac Sewyalebulni iqnebodnen.

amasobaSi saalyo manqanebis gamoyenebiT titem jer pirveli, xolo

Semdeg meore kedelic aiRo da qalaqis axal nawils daepatrona. ifiqra ra, rom

iudevelebi axla mainc Seignebdnen TavianTi mdgomareobis uimedobas,

danebebis fasad erTxel kidev SesTavaza Sewyaleba, magram amaod. ama-

sobaSi qalaqs axali mteri gauCnda SimSilis saxiT. radgan alya paseqis wina

dReebSi daiwyo, amitom ierusalimSi dResaswaulze mosuli mravali iudeveli

CarCa, ramac mosaxleobis ricxvi erTi-orad gazarda. amasTan, SimSilobis Ca-

movardnaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes erTmaneTze gadamterebulma partiebma,

romelnic erTmaneTs sursaT-sanovagis marags gulmodgined unadgurebdnen.

qalaqSi ukve TviT gvamebsac ki Wamdnen, ramac saSineli senis gavrceleba

gamoiwvia. zogierTi romaelebs uvardeboda xelT da jvarze asrulebda sicocx-

les. bolos axda, ebraelTa ubedurebis, Sesaxeb yvelaze saSineli winaswar-

metyveleba mosesi _ erTma axalgazrda mdidarma qalma Tavisi axalSobili

Cvili SeWama. iudevelebi gons verc am faqtma moiyvana da ver miaxvedra,

rom ieso qristes jvarcmisaTvis RvTis SurisZieba atydebodaT Tavs.

amasobaSi romaelebma aiRes mTavari cixe, romelic taZars galereiT

ukavSirdeboda. tites, romelic ukve mTel qalaqs flobda, taZris dangreva ar

undoda, amitom ebraelebs erTxel kidev SesTavaza danebebuliyvnen,

magram ioanesgan pasuxad miiRo, rom RmerTi misi taZris mtrebis xelSi

Cagdebas ar dauSvebda. samwuxarod, arc ioanesa da arc sxvebs goneba ar

eyoT, rom udidesi siwminde _ taZari mZime codvebiTa da urjuloebiT

uwinaresad TviTonve Seuracxyves.

xelCarTuli brZolebis Semdeg erTma romaelma meomarma taZris sarkmel-

Si anTebuli muguzali Seagdo da xanZaric gaCnda. amao gamodga TviT tites

mcdeloba taZris gadarCenisa. iudevelebis xangrZlivi da jiuti winaaRmdego-

biT gaRizianebuli meomrebi mas ukve aRar usmendnen, miT umetes, rom di-

di iyo taZris zRapruli simdidris datacebis cduneba.

70 wlis 10 agvistos, zustad im ricxvSi, roca nabuqodonosorma pirveli

taZari gadawva, meorec cecxls emsxverpla. romaelebma mTeli qalaqi cecxl-

sa da maxvils misces, xolo taZari saZirkvlamde daangries imis imediT, rom

iq Camarxul ganZs ipovnidnen. aRsrulda macxovaris sityvebi: taZridan qva

qvaze aRar darCa.

gadarCa mxolod sami koSki, romlebic titem romaelTa simamacisa da

mZime brZolaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis mowmeebad datova. qalaqis si-

magreTa daTvalierebisas mas uTqvams: TviTon RmerTi, iudevelTa borotebiT

ganrisxebuli, damexmara, Torem aseTi simagris aReba adamianuri ZalisTvis

SeuZlebeliao.

varaudoben, rom mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi - milion oTxasi aTasi

ebraeli daiRupa. daaxloebiT asi aTasi tyved Cavarda, romelTa didi nawili

romSi gaagzavnes gasarTobi TamaSebisTvis kolizeumis asagebad, bevric

monebad gayides.

ierusalimis aRebidan erTi wlis manZilze romaelebi mTel qveyanas

daepatronen, iudevelTa miwebi gayides da am mravalricxovani xalxis gadar-

Cenili naSTebi sxvadasxva mxaresa da qalaqSi gafantes. iudevelebi iZulebul-

ni iyvnen gadasaxadi, romelsac TavianTi taZrisaTvis ixdidnen, axla iupiteris

taZris _ kapitoliumisTvis gaeRoT. warmarTuli taZrisTvis gadasaxadis gadax-

da maTTvis gansakuTrebiT Seuracxmyofeli iyo. samwuxarod, vercerTi saxis

ubedurebam ver SeZlo ampartavnebiTa da pativmoyvareobiT dabrmavebul-

TaTvis sulieri Tvalis axela da maTi gons moyvana.

ierusalimis dacema qristes jvarcmidan daaxloebiT ormoci wlis Semdeg

moxda, amitom jer kidev cocxlebi iqnebodnen imaTTaganni, romelnic

qristes jvarze gakvras moiTxovdnen da yvirodnen: misi sisxli Cvensa da

Cvens Svilebze iyoso.


1. aRwereT viTareba ierusalimSi tites laSqrobis win.

2. isaubreT qalaqis TavdacviTi sistemis unarianobaze.

3. rodis daeca ierusalimi? isaubreT omis Sedegebze.

gakveTili XIV

mociqulTa mowafeni.

pirveli saxe qristianuli RvTismsaxurebisa

ioane RvTismetyvelis gardacvalebiT damTavrda qristianobis pirveli sau-

kune, saukune mociqulTa; yvelam, vinc ganxorcielebuli sityva RvTisa _ ieso

qriste ixila da mousmina, ufalsa Sina ganisvena, magram mociqulebma

Zalaufleba, romelic macxovrisagan miiRes, memkvidreobiT TavianT

mowafeebs gadasces. amieridan maT unda eqadagaT saxareba,

SeesrulebiaT sxvadasxva saidumlo.

mociqulTa mravalricxovan mowafeTa Sorisaa wminda klimentic

(Clemens Romanus), xati romlis cxovrebac SedarebiT vrcladaa Semonaxuli. igi

romSi, mdidarsa da cnobil ojaxSi daibada, romelic imperators enaTesavebo-

da. klimenti jer kidev patara iyo, roca dedamisi or ufros vaJTan _ tyupebTan

erTad Soreul mogzaurobaSi wavida. zRvaze moulodnelad amovardnilma

qariSxalma maTi xomaldi daamsxvria. marTalia, mgzavrebi RvTis nebiT

gadarCnen, magram erTmaneTs daSordnen da daifantnen. ase rom, arc de-

dam da arc misma vaJebma erTmaneTze araferi icodnen. deda erTma keTil-

ma qalma Seifara, xolo Svilebi yaCaRebs CauvardaT xelSi. biWebi kesariaSi

viRac qals, iustas monebad mihyides. monobis simware Zmebs qalbatonis

dedobrivma siyvarulma Seumsubuqa, magram win kidev ufro didi wyaloba

elodebodaT. kesariaSi maT petre mociquls mousmines, daemowafnen da

moinaTlnen. amasobaSi mamam dakarguli col-Svilis moZebna gadawyvita,

patara klimenti romSi datova da TviTon gzas gaudga. man mxolod is Seityo,

rom xomaldi, romelzec misi meuRle da Svilebi imyofebodnen, daiRupa.

mwuxarebisagan sasowarkveTilma romSi dabruneba aRar moisurva, qalaqi-

dan qalaqSi, soflidan sofelSi gadadioda.

romSi darCenil klimentis warmarTi maswavleblebi zrdidnen. erTxel igi

erT qristians Sexvda, romelic axali samyaros, cxovrebis miznis aRmoCenaSi

daexmara. klimentim gadawyvita uSualod mociqulTaTvis moesmina da im

qveyanaSi wavida, sadac isini qadagebdnen. man marTlac mousmina barna-

basa da petres, WeSmariti moZRvrebis naTels gulis kari gauRo da moinaTla.

amasobaSi moulodnelad igi Tavis Zmebsa da dedas Sexvda, xolo bolos

mamasac, romelic Tavsdatexil ubedurebas naadrevad moetexa. ase rom,

mTeli ojaxi isev erTad Seikriba, romSi dabrunda da qristianobis gasavrceleb-

lad iRvwoda. TviTon klimenti romSi mociqulebs _ pavlesa da petres SeuerT-

da. fiqroben, rom aRsasrulis win petre mociqulma klimentis episkoposad

daasxa xeli da igi 98 wlidan gaxda romis episkoposi. mtkice rwmenisa da

saTnoebiT aRsavse cxovrebis gamo, igi didi pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT

sargeblobda. roca korinTos eklesiaSi SuRli da ganxeTqileba Camovarda,

iqaurma qristianebma dasaxmareblad klimentis mimarTes, romelmac maT

ori epistole miswera. Zvel qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli mowonebiT

pirveli epistole sargeblobda, romelsac RvTismsaxurebisas kiTxulobdnen.

masSi imdroindeli eklesiis mdgomareobisa da adaT-wesebis Sesaxeb mraval

saintereso cnobas vxvdebiT.

pirveli saukunis bolos, warmarTebma klimenti imperator traianesTan

daasmines, romelmac igi tavrisis xersonesSi (axlandeli yirimi) gadaasaxla,

sadac patimrebs qvis samtexloebSi amuSavebdnen. klimentis qadagebis

Sedegad mravali moinaTla, ris gamoc am mxaris warmarTma mmarTvelma

sikvdili miusaja. mas yelze Ruza moabes da zRvaSi CaZires. mravali saukunis

Semdeg wmindanis nawilebi slavTa ganmanaTleblebma, kirilem da meTo-

dem amoiRes. ase rom, wminda klimenti romaeli wminda andria pirvelwode-

bulis Semdeg pirveli iyo, vinc slavebs uqadaga. misi mowameobrivi aRsasruli

100 wels unda momxdariyo. romSi dResac dgas Zveli eklesia, romelic

klimentis sasaxlis nangrevebzea aSenebuli.

pirvel eklesias, romelSic macxovris mociqulebi da maTi mowafeni

moRvaweobdnen, ukve Tavisi adaT-wesebi hqonda, romelTa Sesaxebac cno-

bebs wminda werili, kerZod, `saqme mociqulTa~ da epistoleni gvawvdian,

romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zveli eklesiis ierarqiisa da

RvTismsaxurebis Sesaswavlad.

axladmoqceuls naTlobis win qristes moZRvrebas ganumartavdnen, ra-

sac `ganmzadeba~ ewodeboda. amas mohyveboda rwmenis aRiareba,

romlis gamosaxatavad Tavdapirvelad dadgenili teqsti ar arsebobda. morw-

mune Tavis rwmenas gulidan nakarnaxevi sityvebiT gamoxatavda. magali-

Tad, erTma eTiopelma didebulma, romelic mociqulma filipem moaqcia, Tavisi

rwmena ase aRiara: `mrwams, rom ieso qriste RvTis Zea~. naTloba wminda

samebis saxeliT Cveulebrivad wyalSi samgzis STaflviT aResruleboda, rac

Zveli kacis dasaflavebas, misi codvebis mokvdinebasa da axali cxovrebisaT-

vis dabadebas ganasaxierebda. `saqmeSi~ xSirad ixsenieba mTeli ojaxebis

monaTvla, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvilebsac naTlavdnen.

axladmonaTlulni codvebisagan ganbanvisa da sulieri siwmindis niSnad TeTri,

spetaki samoseliT imosebodnen. zogierT eklesiaSi arsebobda adaTi, romlis

mixedviTac maT, rogorc axali cxovrebisaTvis dabadebul Cvilebs, Taflsa da

rZes asmevdnen. naTlobis Semdeg mociqulebi monaTlulebs xeldasxmiT

suliwmidis madls aniWebdnen. SemdegSi mociqulTa memkvidreebma amisT-

vis mironcxebac gamoiyenes. amitom pirveli saukunidan am saidumlos miro-

nis saidumlo ewodeboda, xolo Cven mironcxebas vuwodebT.

qristes sisxlTan da xorcTan ziareba anu evqaristia mociqulTa droidanve

RvTismsaxurebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo. mas agreT-

ve puris gantexvac ewodeboda da Tavdapirvelad saxlebSi aResruleboda,

radgan pirvel saukuneSi qristianebs TavianTi taZrebi jer kidev ar hqondaT.

puris gantexva anu evqaristia, ra Tqma unda, im saxiT aResruleboda, rogorc

es ufalma Seasrula. es ramdenime sityva liturgiis mTel arss gamoxatavs.

maT mociqulebma miumates mxolod vedreba pursa da Rvinoze suliwmidis

gardamosvlisaTvis. RvTismsaxureba Sedgeboda agreTve wmida wignebis

kiTxvisagan, fsalmunebisa da sxva sagaloblebis galobisa da locvebisagan,

romelSic gamoiTxoveboda kurTxeva RvTisa saidumlos aRsasruleblad Semo-

wirul pursa da Rvinoze. mas Semdeg, rac ZRveni suliwmidis gardamosvliT

ikurTxeboda, im morwmuneebs urigdeboda, romlebic RvTismsaxurebas

eswrebodnen. diakvnebs is mxolod masTan mihqondaT, visac avadmyofobis

gamo liturgiaze daswreba ar SeeZloT.

rogorc gadmocema gvamcnobs, iakobisa da markozis liturgiis wesebi

mociqulTa droidanve arsebobda. amaze metyvelebs pavle mociqulis epistole,

romelSic igi korinTelebs liturgiis wesis mixedviT aRsrulebisaken mouwodebs.

savaraudoa, rom `mamao CvenosTan...~ erTad ùfalo, Semiwyalec~ moci-

qulebis droidanve igalobeboda. Tavidanve unda yofiliyo liturgiaSi Setanili ag-

reTve angelozTa galobani: wmida ars, wmida ars, wmida ars ufali RmerTi

sabaoT, savse arian cani da qveyanani didebiTa misiTa; dideba maRalTa Sina

RmerTsa, qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba da kacTa Soris saTnoeba; aseve qeru-

bimTa galoba _ aliluia da dideba mamasa da Zesa da wmidasa sulsa. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom meore saukunis dasawyisidan werilobiTi Zeglebi ukve am

sityvebiT mTavrdeba.

Zalian adre unda SeetanaT RvTismsaxurebaSi agreTve galobani

RvTismSoblisa _ àdidebs suli Cemi ufalsa~ da svimeon mimrqmelisa _ àw

ganuteve mona Seni, meufeo, mSvidobiT.~

garda dadgenili saaTebisa qristianebi Ramis locvazec ikribebodnen. rac

Seexeba evqaristiis saidumlos, devnis periodSi igi an RamiT, an ciskrisas

aResruleboda. xSirad Sekrebis adgilebi miwisqveSa akldamebi da mRvimeebi

iyo. RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneboda sanTlebi da CiraRdnebi, magram, ra

Tqma unda, ara mxolod sibnelis gasafantad. maTi naTeba sulier zeimsa da

sixaruls, simbolurad im naTels gamoxatavda, romelic gankacebulma ufalma

samyaroSi moitana.

ziarebis miReba sinanulis saidumlos gareSe ar SeiZleboda. pavle mociquli

ziarebis win sindisis Semowmebisaken mogviwodebs. mZime codvis Cam-

denT ramdenime xniT ziarebis miReba ekrZalebodaT. xeldasxmas locvis

Semdeg mociqulebi asrulebdnen xelis dadebiT. es gansakuTrebuli saidumlo

iyo, radgan rCeulebs isini am dros im Zalauflebas gadascemdnen, romelic

TviTon uflisagan miiRes, roca macxovarma uTxra: ` da uTxra maT iesom kvlav:

mSvidoba Tqvenda; rogorc momavlina me mamam, mec ggzavniT Tqven. da es

Tqva da Sehbera maT da uTxra: miiReT suliwmida; visac miutevebT codvebs,

mietevebaT maT da, visac SekravT, Sekrulebi iqnebian.~ (in. 20, 21-23). mociqu-

lebi, Tumca maT uflisagan sruli Zalaufleba hqondaT miniWebuli, moZRvrebis

gamorCevisas siamovnebiT eTaTbirebodnen morwmuneebs; ase rom, pirveli

saukunidanve eklesias krebebi marTavda. mniSvnelovani saqmis gadawyve-

tisas yvela Zmas ixmobdnen da swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Semweo-

bas uflisagan iTxovdnen. ase Seikribnen mociqulebi iuda iskariotelis nacvlad

meTormete mociqulis arCevisas, diakonebis daniSvnisas, kanonebis dadgeni-

sas.

samRvdeloebaSi Tavidanve sami xarisxi arsebobda: episkoposi,

mRvdeli da diakvani. episkoposebs mociqulebi adgendnen, romelTac Tavis

mxriv ufleba hqondaT xelni daesxaT mRvdlebisa da diakvnebisaTvis. diakv-

nebi qadagebdnen RvTis sityvas, zrunavdnen Raribebsa da sneulebze,

monawileobdnen mRvdelmsaxurebaSi, magram ar hqondaT ufleba saidumlos

damoukideblad Sesrulebisa.

episkoposis movaleoba rTuli da mniSvnelovani iyo; garda mRvdelmsa-

xurebisa da saidumloTa aRsrulebisa, mas unda ganesaja yvela is saqme,

romelic qristianTa Soris aRiZvreboda. episkoposi yovelives saxarebis suliTa

da sindisiT gansjida. pavle mociquli korinTelebs sayvedurobs imis gamo, rom

maT warmarTebis samsjavros mimarTes.

qristianebs qorwinebisaTvis aucileblad episkoposisgan unda mieRoT

kurTxeva. rac Seexeba zeTiscxebis saidumlos, igi saxarebaSi ixsenieba. mo-

ciqulebi, romelTac ufali saqadageblad agzavnida, sneulebs zeTs scxebdnen

da isinic ikurnebodnen. `...da scxebdnen zeTs mraval sneuls da

kurnavdnen.~ (mark. 6,13).

rogorc vxedavT, rogorc yvela saidumlo, romelsac marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesia dRes asrulebs, ise misi RvTismsaxurebis wesebi saTaves mociqulTa

droidan iRebs. ra Tqma unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom imdroindeli RvTismsa-

xureba sruliad ucvleli darCa. ucvleli darCa mxolod arsi, RvTismsaxureba, erTi

mxriv, Semoklda, magram, meore mxriv, axali locvebiTa da galobebiT gam-

didrda.

pirvel qristianebs hqondaT adaTi, romlis mixedviTac kviris pirvel dRes

(e.i. kviras), eklesiis xarjebisa da gaWirvebulTa dasaxmareblad visac ramde-

ni SeeZlo, imdens debda. Semowirulobani episkoposebs an xucesebs barde-

boda; morwmuneebs mohqondaT aseve RvTismsaxurebisTvis saWiro puri,

Rvino, zeTi, Tafli da rZe (naTlobis dros gamoiyeneboda). RvTismsaxurebis

Semdeg saerTo trapezs miusxdebodnen, ramac gagrZeleba pova micvale-

bulTa moxseniebisas, roca wlisTavze maT saflavebze Seikribebodnen xolme.

`saqmeSi~ cnobebs marxvis Sesaxebac vxvdebiT. mociqulebi saqada-

geblad wasvlis win yovelTvis marxulobdnen. aRdgomis wina ormocdRiani

marxva da oTxSabaTisa da paraskevis marxvebi mociqulTa droidan da-

wesda. Zveli aRTqmis eklesiis mTavar dResaswaulebs ukve axali, ufro maRali

Sinaarsi hqonda SeZenili. magaliTad paseqi, romelic adre mxolod egviptis

monobidan gaTavisuflebas niSnavda, qristianisaTvis upirvelesad codvisa da

sikvdilis tyveobidan qristes sisxliTa da sikvdiliT Tavis daxsnas gulisxmobda.

meergase dRes sinas mTaze Sjulis miRebas, axla rogorc morwmuneebze

suliwmidis gadmosvlas, ise dResaswaulobdnen. macxovris aRdgomis dRem _

kviram ebraelTa SabaTi Secvala. pirveli mwerlebi qristianTa mier jvris

gamosaxvazec gvawvdian cnobebs. isini, rogorc wesi, yoveli saqmis dawye-

bis win da damTavrebis Semdeg jvars gamosaxavdnen. Zveli avtorebi aseve

ixsenieben eklesiis msaxur qalebs, romelTac diakonisebi ewodebodaT.

Tavdapirvelad maT im qvrivebidan irCevdnen, romlebic aranakleb samoci

wlisani iyvnen da patiosnebiT gamoirCeodnen. SemdegSi es saqme im

qalwulebsac miendo, romelnic qorwinebaze uars ambobdnen. diakonisebis

movaleobas avadmyofebze zrunva, axladmoqceul qalTa darigeba da naTlobi-

sas msaxureba Seadgenda.


1. vin iyvnen mociqulTa memkvidreebi?

2. ra SeemTxva wminda klimenti romaels? gadmoeciT misi ojaxis

istoria.

3. gadmoeciT RvTismsaxurebisa da sxva saidumloTa wesebi.

eklesiis istoria

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