Bert Fabian, Programme Officer, Air Quality and Mobility Unit, UN Environment

27 November, Manila, Philippines

Electric 2-3 Wheelers

• Africa Sustainable Transport Forum – develop and adopt action

plans in Africa for sustainable and low emissions transport

• Share the Road (StR) – promote and develop non-motorized

transport policies

• Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) – double vehicle fuel

efficiency by 2050

• E-Mob – supporting electrification of transport

• Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) – reduce

emissions from light-duty vehicles

• Climate and Clean Air Coalition

• Reducing Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

including Soot-Free Buses Initiative

• Clean Ports

UN Environment Promoting Sustainable Low Emissions Transport

StR

Supporting the development of national policies

for electric light duty vehicles (LDVs)

2005 2013 2030

8.6 6.9

7.3 7.2

8.3 7.1

8.3 4.2

2005 base year

2014 base year

2008

OECD

average

average fuel economy (Lge/100km) 7.9

annual improvement rate (% per year)-2.7%

-2.6%

2011

7.3

-2.6% -2.6%

Non-

OECD

average

average fuel economy (Lge/100km) 7.4

annual improvement rate (% per year)0.5%

-0.2%

7.3

-0.4% -0.9%

-2.0%

GFEI

target

average fuel economy (Lge/100km)

required annual

improvement rate

(% per year)

-2.7%

-3.1%

-1.9% -1.8%

Global

average

average fuel economy (Lge/100km) 7.7

annual improvement rate (% per year)-2.3%

7.3

Doubling the efficiency of the global LDV fleet by 2050 with the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI)

27 ongoing country

projects

over 50 by end 2017

Supporting the introduction of electric and

other soot free buses

Initiative Overview:

• Funded by CCAC, co-implemented with ICCT

– Supporting 20 major cities in Africa, Asia, Latin America &

the Caribbean

• Green Climate Fund project in development to

introduce electric buses in Chile

– Working with Centro Mario Molina, Chile & Chile

ministries of Environment, Energy, Transport and

Finance

1. Commit to make available soot-free engine technology in all 20 targeted cities

by 2018

2. Agree to provide a list of soot-free bus models available to each city

3. Announce this commitment publicly

4. Publicly report the number of soot-free buses sold

5. Agree to provide the name and point of contact designated to each city

6. Agree to update this information on an annual basis

Clean bus commitments for 20 megacities

• Global Industry Partnership on

Soot-Free Clean Bus Fleets

• Voluntary agreement from 4 global

bus and engine manufacturers

• “Soot-Free” to be made available

in 20 megacities by 2018

Commit to make available soot-free engine technology in all 20 targeted cities by

2018

Agree to provide a list of soot-free bus models available to each city

Announce this commitment publicly

Publicly report the number of soot-free buses sold

Agree to provide the name and point of contact designated to each city

Agree to update this information on an annual basis

Transitioning from Internal Combustion Engine to Electric 2&3 Wheelers in Developing and Transitional Countries

Initiative Overview:

• 7 country projects in Southeast Asia (Thailand, Viet Nam & Philippines) and in Eastern Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda & Ethiopia)

Project business-as-usual/baseline setting

Piloting and policy development

Knowledge management, outreach and replication

• 1 city project in North Africa (Marrakech, Morocco)

• Project preparation activities underway for Green Climate Fund financing project

Motorized Two-wheelers Density

Two-wheelers Density Accross the Globe [units / 1000 people] 5

78

24

8

24

3

24

0

23

1

21

1

10

8

10

4

10

0

90

83

75

68

61

59

47

47

45

42

42

39

38

38

36

30

30

27

26

26

24

24

22

21

19

17

15

14

9

6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Taiw

an

Vie

t N

am

Ind

on

esia

Thai

lan

d

Gre

ece

Mal

aysi

a

Cam

bo

dia

Ital

y

Mau

riti

us

Cze

ch R

epu

blic

Swit

zerl

and

Jap

an

Ch

ina

Mya

nm

ar

Spai

n

Au

stri

a

Ger

man

y

Sri L

anka

Fin

lan

d

Fran

ce

Bel

giu

m

Ind

ia

Net

her

lan

ds

Ph

ilip

pin

es

No

rway

Swed

en

Po

lan

d

Den

mar

k

USA

Turk

ey

Turk

men

ista

n

Pak

ista

n

Ru

ssia UK

Can

ada

Ukr

ain

e

Hu

nga

ry

Uga

nd

a

Ban

glad

esh

Graphics based on data from: Beijing Traffic Management Bureau, Financial Express, GIZ, Helgi Library, ITF Workshop on Motorcycling Safety (Trends in Motorcycle Fleet Worldwide, OECD 2008), ICCT, Ipsos Business Consullting, UNEP PCFV, Indonesia’s Automotive Industry: Navigating 2014, KPMG

Values in dark grey are obtained between 2000 and 2007. The stock of motorcycles in these countries is expected to be at significantly higher level today (2014).

Motorcycle fleets pose several issues

• Emissions – climate and air pollution, safety

• Rapid growth – affordability, lack of public transport, and

chronic traffic congestion

UNEP DTIE Energy Branch Bernardo Orvananos 11/06/2013 9 Graphics based on data from: Swiss EMPA, Materials Science & Technology “Umweltnutzen von E-Scootern”; TÜV NORD CERT, Bericht-Nr.: 8000410537-1

"Umweltprädikat Golf Modelljahr 2012“; ADB 2009 “Electric Bikes in the People’s Republic of China Impact on the Environment and Prospects for Growth”

Two-stroke Scooter Electric scooter (China energy mix: 724g/kWh)

100

150

200

50

0

Passenger Car (petrol, Golf segment)

One two-stroke scooter emits double the NOx emissions of a modern passenger car, 300 times the HC emissions and 80 times the CO emissions.

Two-wheelers Emissions Comparison – Total Emissions [g CO2 –equivalents / km]

0.017g/km (China energy mix)

0.5g/km

Particle Emissions [g PM/ km]

0.002g/km 0.1g/km

Four-stroke motor cycle

Motorcycles emissions are significant

• A European Cyclist Federation study

concluded that after factoring in CO2

emissions produced during electricity

generation, an e-bike’s carbon footprint is

just 2.6-5 grams of CO2 per mile

(depending on the source of the

electricity), compared to 150 grams for

most electric cars and 136 grams for

scooters.

Source: www.carplusbkikeplus.com, European Cyclist Federation

Substantially less CO2 emissions for E-bikes

http://www.carplusbkikeplus.com/

Electric Two-wheelers Fleet

Graphics based on data from: Asia Development Bank, International Council of Clean Transport (Meszler, 2007), International Nickel Study Group, United Nations Environment Programme-Department of Management Engineering

Extrapolated Electric Two-wheelers Fleet in 2020 [million units]

330

30 50

0

100

200

300

400

China Indonesia India Vietnam Thailand Taiwan Uganda

There are many kinds of electric 2-wheelers – bicycles, scooters, motorcycles

Source: various

• Navigant Research estimates annual global sales

of e-bikes to reach 40 million by 2023

• China accounts for about 80 percent of all e-

bikes sold

• In 2016, e-bikes accounted for nearly 6 out of

every 10 bikes manufactured nationwide,

according to the Japan Bicycle Promotion Unit,

which tracks bicycle production in the country

Growth of Electric Bicycles

zx

• Brighton, UK Survey - 70% of participants said they

would cycle more if they could access an ebike

• Car mileage dropped by 20% by the group (sample

>100)

• 59% of group reported an increase in their physical

activity

• E-bikes were popular with groups less likely to be cyclists

–eg women and older people

• Majority of people would like to use an e-bike but that

price is a major barrier leading for the need to provide

better access.

Potential to encourage more cycling

• Velib in France will incorporate e-bikes in their system in 2018.

• Includes an electronic V-box that enhances connectivity, with RFID and NFC reader inside, the Vélib 2018 is fully connected and will be recharged by a dynamo.

• This V-Box allows the rider to activate and lock the bike on the padlock and includes information like the rental time, riding distance, navigation indications and so on.

Source: Bike Europe

Use for bike-sharing

• Motorcycles/ Scooters will continue to increase in many

or most of the countries – in some countries/ regions

motorcycle taxis are increasing and becoming more

popular

• There is an opportunity to transform the motorized 2-

wheeler fleet into electric

• Electric bicycles have the potential to increase people

cycling and reduce motorized travel

• Develop policies to favor electric 2-wheelers instead of

ICE and integrate with renewable energy

• Develop policies to properly integrate 2-wheelers into

transport systems

Source: Bike Europe

Summary