electric vehicles as grid storage - iaria · sls5lpt p electric vehicles as grid storage: a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
p�
Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage:
a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G
Mark Apperley University of Waikato
Aotearoa New Zealand
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
Overview:
• V2G concept, motivation and issues
• New Zealand scenario
• Rationale and simulation design
• Vehicle fleet and behaviour
• Simulation results
• Implications
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 2
![Page 2: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
c �
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 3
• 1997 Kempton & Letendre reported detailed energy and economic analysis
• When connected to grid, EVs can be treated as both load and source
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 4
• 1997 Kempton & Letendre reported detailed energy and economic analysis
• When connected to grid, EVs can be treated as both load and source
• Need to be “plugged-in” whenever not in use
• Need to know about immediate future requirements
![Page 3: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
t �
V2G motivation (1)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 5
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
V2G motivation (1)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 6
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � s � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
![Page 4: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
5�
V2G motivation (1)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 7
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
V2G motivation (2)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 8
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
4� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� 0/ 230 � � b�
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b�
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
![Page 5: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
A�
V2G motivation (3)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 9
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � � � � � � � �
V2G motivation (3)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 10
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� 03w� � � 3� r / �� 309 � 203� � � �
� � � � � � � � � � �
![Page 6: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
f �
V2G motivation (3)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 11
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g34 g � � � 203� � �
� � � � � � � � � � �
V2G motivation (4)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 12
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
![Page 7: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
m�
V2G motivation (4)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 13
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� 03w� � � 3� r / �� 309 � 203� � � �
� g � � 0�� ��� � g 2� � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
V2G motivation (4)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 14
r � / � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �v� � � � 1� e�3 � �� � b� � g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � � 0�� ��� � g 2� � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
![Page 8: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
6�
� V� �
V2G motivation (5)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 15
� � � � � � � g � �V� 58 �
� 30r 2� � � / � � � 4� / � � / � 1� 0/ �/ 0/ y� � 4� 2� � �� � � 3� / � r �� � �
� / � 3� 1� 0g3� � �
� 30r 2� � 0� �� / 2� 3� 2� � / � � � �
� � e� / � � � � / �� �d � 31�
2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� � � � � 20� 3� � g � � � � 0 � � � g � �� � 4� / � � / � 1� v�/ � � � � c � � 9 � � 0/ b�
� / � � 02� � e� � � � � � � � � 2 � �/ � �� � � 23� � � 21� � � / � 3�i 0/ �
V2G issues and questions:
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 16
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �� � � � 42�� � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
![Page 9: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
S�
1. Can overall energy balance be maintained in real-time minimising peak generation requirements?
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 17
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�� � � � / 0 0� 1�v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
2. Is the uptake of electric vehicles likely to be sufficient to ensure V2G’s viability?
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 18
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
![Page 10: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
ps �
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
3. Vehicle charging and control protocols and smart-grid integration are critical to the success of V2G
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 19
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� 3� � �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
4. Where vehicles are charged and the charging technology are detail issues, but highly relevant
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 20
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �) � � 0 2�
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
� 3� � �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
![Page 11: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pp�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
5. At-home connection has significant implications for distribution networks and bi-directional flows
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 21
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
6. Advances in EV technology will influence uptake, but also charging protocols, technology and usage patterns
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 22
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�� � e� 049 � / 2�
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
43020� 0 �
� 3� � � � � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
![Page 12: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pc �
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 23
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
7. Strategies on climate change, fossil fuel dependency/availability drive the need for renewable development
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 24
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
43020� 0 �� � �
� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
8. V2G requires connection when not in use, prediction of future use, and increased charge cycles…
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �� � � � 42�� � �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
![Page 13: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pt �
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 25
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 � � � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
43020� 0 �� � �
� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
9. V2G disruptive technology, appropriate business models need careful shaping
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� g � / � � 0� � � ( �
What is already known about V2G?
• Renewable integration potential demonstrated
• System issues eg distribution network topology, frequency stability
• Economic, social and business models
• Connection management techniques and protocols
• Small scale trials
• Large scale trials proposed
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 26
![Page 14: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
p5�
What is already known about V2G?
• Modelling tends to have been aggregate, short time period, or coarse time scale:
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 27
� � � 23� � � 21�� � 2r 03� �
� � � � � � �� � � 2�
� � � 23� � � 21�� � 2r 03� �
4 g � � � � � � � �� � � 2�
� � � 23� � � 21�� � 2r 03� �
4 g � � � � � � � �� � � 2�
e V 2
� � � � %� � r � � �%� � � � � � �
� � � � %� � r � � �� � a � � � � � h � � �
NZ model : focus is energy balance
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 28
• Can V2G deliver improved renewable integration in the New Zealand environment?
• What are the implications: o for the electricity system as a whole o for vehicle owners
o for achieving energy strategy goals
• Fine grained & detailed simulation o individual components o short clock tick, full year duration
• Real data for wind and demand, up to 1M individual vehicles based on statistical model
![Page 15: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pA�
Focus on energy balance
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 29
� / � 3� 1�� � �/ � � �
� � i 0/ � � 23� 2� � � � �
� � / � r �� � �� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �2040 0� 1�
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �) � 2� � � / 0 0� 1�
� 3 0/ � �v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
) � � 0 2�
� � �� � � � / 0 0� 1�
� � e� 049 � / 2�
� � � � � � � � � �3 � � / � �� � � � 42�� � �43020� 0 �
� 3� � �
43020� 0 �43020� 0 �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
v� / b� 0/e� / � � / � � �
� � � � 42�� � �
� � � 3� � � 2�i 0/ �
New Zealand electricity scenario
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 30 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 3
• 9.4 GW capacity
• 43 TWh/year generation (~50% capacity)
• 74% renewables
hydro (56%)
geothermal (13%)
wind (4%)
• 40% wind farm capacity factor
![Page 16: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pf �
New Zealand energy strategy
• Target 90% renewable electricity by 2025
• For wind alone, this needs 400% increase in contribution
• Current 4% wind contribution only 1/3 of capacity of installed turbines
• Other drivers for growth of renewables: increasing demands for electricity reducing dependency on fossil fuels greenhouse gas to 80% of 1990 levels by 2020 encouraging alternative transport fuels and EVs
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 31
Renewable integration issues for NZ
• High proportion of existing renewable energy
• Relatively small and stand-alone grid
• Simple government and regulatory environment
• Record as test-bed for nation-wide systems (eg banking)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 32
![Page 17: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pm�
Simulation overview
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 33
� � � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � �� � � 2�
� � / � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� �� �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
Simulation overview
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 34
� � � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � �� � � 2�
� � / � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� �� �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� �� �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � � 0�� �
Peak generation varied to match load and shortfall in wind and base generation
![Page 18: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
p6�
Simulation overview
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 35
� � � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � � 0�� �
� � � � � � �� � � 2�
� � / � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� �� �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� �� �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
Ideal is to be able to remove need for peak generation
Bulk load
• Have real zone-load data from the transmission network operator
• Covers entire grid
• 5 minute intervals over a whole year
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 36
� � � �
� � � � � � �
� � / � �
� �� �
� � � � �
0�� �
![Page 19: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
pS�
Base generation
• Calculated as a fraction of average demand (including EVs) with 3 month sliding window
• Fraction determined by % wind penetration
• In reality a mix of generation types – hydro, geothermal, etc
• Does not attempt to follow load, just seasonal variation
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 37
0�� �
� � � � � � �
� � / � �
� �� �
� � � � �
� � / � �
� �� �
� � � �
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 37
� � � � � � � � � � � h � � �
Peak generation
• Fills shortfall between other generation and load
• Generators must be highly responsive
• Need for peak generation shows inefficiency
• In this simulation, the required peak generation at any instant is output data rather than input data
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 38
0�� �
� � � � � � �
� � / � �
� � � � �� � � �
Generators must be highly responsive
� � � �
� �� �
![Page 20: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cs �
Wind generation
• Dataset of wind speed at 10 minute intervals for current and planned wind farm sites over several years
• All 17 sites aggregated to form one large wind farm, and single wind energy value at each time interval
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 39
0�� �
� � � � � � �
� � � � �� � � �
� �� �
� � � �
� � / � �
New Zealand vehicle use
• 4.4M population
• 2.6M light passenger vehicles
• These are 78% of all road vehicles, and are basis for simulation
• Average vehicle use 3.3% over year
• Average distance per day 28Km over 3 journeys
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 40
0�� �
� � � � �� � � �
� �� �
� � / � �
� � � � � � �
![Page 21: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cp�
New Zealand EV potential
• Typical present-day EV:
Range ~150–160 km
16–24 kWh battery
• Assume 1M EVs (40% of fleet)
50 kWh battery
only 3.3% in use at any time
48 GWh of storage
could supply peak load for 3 hours
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 41
0�� �
� � � � �� � � �
� �� �
� � / � �
� � � � � � �
New Zealand EV uptake
• NZ has aging car fleet
average age 12.5 years
terminal distance 195,000km
• Current retirement/replacement rate would take 17 years to renew entire fleet
• Current uptake of EVs is low (no incentives)
• Estimates suggest 1M EVs by 2040 is realistic (even without incentives)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 42
0�� �
� � � � �� � � �
� �� �
� � / � �
� � � � � � �
![Page 22: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cc �
Electric vehicle simulation model
• Two parts to the vehicle model used in the simulation: electrical model – determines charge/discharge
decisions when vehicle connected to the grid
behaviour model – controls timing and energy use of journeys
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 43
Electrical model
• Basic physical parameters can be set separately for each vehicle.
• When connected to grid, each EV makes own decision about charging, discharging or remaining idle (decentralised smart charging)
• Naïve protocols might charge at maximum rate until full, or at minimum rate to meet the requirements of the next trip
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 44
![Page 23: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
ct �
Electrical model (2)
• We use a cooperative four-state model controlled by three boolean parameters: F – vehicle fully charged N – grid in deficit
P – vehicle able to supply grid
• P determined by state of charge, time to next trip, and required charge for next trip
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 45
� �� 0/ / � � 2� � �) � � � � �
� �� 9 4� 3�i e� �� � �3 � � �
� �� � a� � � �� � �3 � � �
required charge for next trip
� �� � a� � � �� � � � � 3� � �
F – vehicle fully charged
� � � �
� � �3 � � � � � �3 � � �
) � � � � �
� �
Cooperative charging model
• Charge/discharge as required to balance grid, until charging imperative to reach required charge for next journey.
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 46 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
![Page 24: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
c5�
Vehicle behaviour
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 47 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
• Each journey specified by a departure time, distance, and average speed
• Journeys derived from this survey data
Simulation in operation
At each tick (5 minutes) these steps occur: update vehicle connections (departures and
arrivals)
derive new input values – load, wind, base
update charge/discharge state for each EV (based on appropriate charging protocol)
calculate network balance (peak required or wastage)
record all relevant data for this cycle
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 48
![Page 25: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cA�
Energy balance vs fleet size
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 49 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
2g3 � a � � � � � � � � � � h � � �
� 004� � g y� � �3 � � � 0e� 3/ � � � 2� � 3� � � 1�
Energy balance review (1)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 50
�/ / g� � � e� 3�� � �� � 9 �/ � � � � � 03� � � � �
y� 5hf � � �
�� � � i 0/ � � � � 9 �/ � �� 309 � � � �
y� pt s � l e� � � � � �
� �
�
� � � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� g � r � / � �� �4 �� � 21�
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
%� � � � � � a � � � a � � � �� � � � � � h � � � �� � � i 0/ � � � � 9 �/ � �
%� � � � � � a � � �� � � � � � � �
![Page 26: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cf �
Energy balance review (2)
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 51
� / 2� / 2�/ � 0g � � � 9 �/ � �r � 2� 0g2� � � �
� � � � � �3 � � / � � �
� � � �� � / � 3�i 0/ �
� � / � �
� �� �
� � �� � � � �3 � � / � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � �
Energy balance vs wind penetration
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 52
e � � � � �e � � � � �
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 52
e � � � � �
� � / � � � / � 23�i 0/ �� � / � � � / � 23�i 0/ �a � � � � � � � � � � h � � �
![Page 27: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cm�
Peak (& spillage) “load” duration
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 53 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
f s s s � � 3 � vf 68 � 0� � i 9 � b� 2� � 2� � 0y04� 43020� 0 �3� 1g� 3� � � 9 0 2� / 0� 4� �� � �/ � � � � � / 0� 4� �� � �
Demand smoothing ?
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 54 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � a � � � � � � � � � � � r � � l i� Vgeei� 2g3� a � � � � � � � � � � h � � i� e � � � � �
![Page 28: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
c6�
Failed EV journeys
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 55 ENERGY 2013 Lisboa
a � � � �
shf 8 � � � � g3� �
s hsssc8 � � �� g3� �
Issues and implications
• V2G can improve renewable integration, but avoidance of back-up investment not established
• Use of back-up significantly reduced suggesting new alternatives
• Spillage significantly reduced suggesting improved efficiency and capacity factors
• Wind penetration of 30% to 50% definitely achievable
• Many advantages with EV uptake at only 12-15%
• Failed journeys could be an issue; better estimates of immediate future use needed
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 56
![Page 29: Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage - IARIA · Sls5lpt p Electric Vehicles as Grid Storage: a fine-grained simulation for feasibility analysis of V2G Mark Apperley University of Waikato](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040311/5dd07a66d6be591ccb612e0b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sl s5l pt �
cS�
Future work
• Improving estimates of immediate future needs • More detailed analysis of charge station
requirements
• Adding network topology to simulation • Exploring non-homogenous vehicle mix, including
PHEVs
• Charge cycles and battery life implications • Economic and business models, and “fit” with
electricity supply industry
• Individual and society issues
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 57
ENERGY 2013 Lisboa 58
Mark Apperley University of Waikato
Aotearoa New Zealand New Zealand
more information on this work at: http://idslm.cms.waikato.ac.nz/