electric vehicles: assets on the grid modern engineering & technology seminar taipei, taiwan nov...
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Electric Vehicles: Assets on the Grid
Modern Engineering & Technology SeminarTaipei, Taiwan
Nov 11-14, 2012
Plug-in Vehicles
Vehicle Electrification
• Reduce tailpipe pollution
• Reduce CO2 emissions
• Reduce petroleum dependence
Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010 U.S. data
Electrification Technology
petrol savings liters/year
battery size kWh
charge power kW
electric assist 329 ~1 none
hybrid 736 1 to 3 none
plug-in hybrid 1,024 8 to 16 3 to 6
electric only 1,600 20 to 50+ 6 to 18
Electrified Vehicles - US Market Share
0%
30%
60%
90%
1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
US mkt share
plug-in
hybrid
plug-in + hybrid
Fleet Electrification
1.0 mil PEV sales
Projection
Where are we today?
• By 2014 most OEMs will be selling EVs
• People who drive them like them
• Fleets want them
• Costs are coming down
• EV market ready for growth
Early Adopter Clusters
• Demographics
• State or municipal incentives
• Climate
• Geography
• Transit alternatives
In near term, EV market share of 1% nationally may be as high as 10% or 15% locally.
Sooner Rather than Later…
• EVs may burden the grid with new concentrated loads that overlap with peak demand
• Or they may provide versatile, flexible, distributed, low-cost energy storage and dispatchable power
• The outcome will depend on how automakers, generators, battery suppliers, utilities, regulators, customers, and innovators meet the challenge of integrating EVs and the power grid.
Need for Vehicle-Grid Integration
To synergize EVs and the grid
using innovative systems for
communication and control.
EV Grid Mission Statement:
Battery Systems
Battery Cells – The Elements
Li Ion 18650 cell Li Ion pouch cell
Battery Monitoring - Key Technology
Battery Management
• monitor each cell
• voltage
• temperature
• control charge
• control discharge
• maintain balance
• record use data
• Cells in series and parallel
• Battery monitors
• Provisions for mounting, interconnection, thermal control
• Unit of assembly and repair
Battery Modules – The Building Blocks
Battery Pack – Electricity on Wheels
Li Ion pack for vehicles1 vehicle: 30 kWh 17 kW chg/dischg
1000 vehicles: 30 MWh 17 MW chg/dischg
EV IntegrationWith the Grid
Renewable Energy for EVs
Buffered Renewables on Grid
Battery Storage Distributed on Grid
Bi-Directional Charger
2-way charger allows power flow from vehicle to grid
Battery Storage Distributed in EVs: V2G
100 EVs = 1 MW
The Grid - Sept 2012
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
baseload generation +load-following generation
The Grid - Sept 2022
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
RPS => 33% renewables
The Grid - Sept 2022, Net Demand
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
load-following: more variation, steeper slopes
The Grid - Sept 2022 + 1 mil EVs
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
load-following: worse with uncontrolled EVs
The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
load-following: impossible with uncontrolled EVs
The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs + V2G
CAISO Power
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
MW
available actual net demand wind solar EV charging
load-following: normalized with integrated EVs
Vehicle-Grid Integration Today
Three concepts for battery on grid:• Dedicated stationary battery for grid support• Sequential use of EV batteries (1st use car, 2nd use grid) • Concurrent use of EV batteries (vehicle-to-grid or V2G)
Each can provide equivalent value to grid at similar scale
All require proof of concept:• Aggregation and control• Fixed costs • Operating economics
Consensus: Battery On Grid Has Value
1995 Amory Lovins proposes baseload grid power from FCEVs
1997 Kempton (University of Delaware) and Letendre first paper on vehicle-to-grid
2001 AC Propulsion first test bi-directional AC150 Gen 2
2001 DaimlerChrysler - “We can use the energy unit in this car for homes.”
2001 EPRI: “The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home”
2002 General Motors – Grid connection for fuel cell cars
2002 AC Propulsion demo of grid regulation by EV
2003 AC Propulsion demo of grid-tied and stand-alone power from PHEV
2004 SCE, Austin Energy discuss a 2nd generation of connected cars with V2G
2005 Seattle Electric Vehicle to Grid Forum
2006 GM, Delmarva, UDel, AC Propulsion discuss future of V2G
2007 PHI, UDel demonstrate live grid regulation with eBox at FERC, Washington DC
2008 eBox does V2G at Plug-In 2008 Conference – (July, 2008, San Jose, CA)
2009 fleet of 5 eBoxes operates in revenue generating V2G mode in PJM grid
2010 development of SAE J1772 compliant, V2G-capable EVSE
2011 NRG and UDel launch eV2g
2013 Grid on Wheels: 300 kW V2G fleet in Delaware
V2G: A Maturing Concept
V2G – Extracting Value from Batteries
• Battery value is based on– Availability– kWh throughput
• With V2G, battery generates two value streams1. Transportation
– Range– Readiness
2. Grid support Readiness Response
Transportation• Driver pays for use of battery for driving
Grid support• Utilities pay for ancillary services• Generators pay for buffering PV and wind• Loads pay for peak shaving
With V2G, battery generates two value streams
Battery Sharing Reduces Cost
Battery cost reduction to EV operatorcreates competitive advantage
Battery Dominates Comparative CostEV ICEV EV cost
vehicle without power system
body, chassis, interior, safety systems, electronics
body, chassis, interior, safety systems, electronics
same
power systemmotor, inverter, controller, gearbox, charger, battery
management system
engine, transmission, controller, intake and
exhaust systems, emission controls
somewhat less
energy cost 3 to 8 cents per mile 8 to 25 cents per mile much less
energy storagebattery cells, battery assembly, enclosure,
interconnects, controller
fuel tank, fuel delivery, evap controls
much much more
Aggregation• Thousands of cars• One entity to grid
Communication and control• Grid to aggregator to car • Car to aggregator and car to driver• Actions and transactions
Infrastructure• EVSE (car to grid connection) • ISO/RTO markets• Local entities – codes, tariffs and regulations
V2G Value Capture Depends on Systems
Internet
Grid Operator
PowerCommand Power
Response
Aggregator
$$
Vehicles Aggregted for Grid Support
Financial benefit to driver
DriverPreferences
VehicleStatus
Grid Regulation Ancillary Service
regulation regulation regulation
drive drive-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
14-Mar-0100:28:48
14-Mar-0102:52:48
14-Mar-0105:16:48
14-Mar-0107:40:48
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14-Mar-0112:28:48
14-Mar-0114:52:48
14-Mar-0117:16:48
14-Mar-0119:40:48
14-Mar-0122:04:48
Time
Load
Area Control Error (ACE)
Regulation Does Not Drain Battery
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
12:00AM
2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00AM
12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00AM
TIme
Batt power SOC
regulation regulation regulation
drive drive
EV provides regulation even while charging
BatterySOC %
BatteryPower kW
University of Delaware
Prof. Willett Kempton’s pioneering work in V2G makes UDel the nexus of the Grid on Wheels Project - a business/academic collaboration
PJM Grid Territiory
Grid on Wheels will participate in PJM’s hour-ahead reg-up and reg-down markets.
PJM:• 164,000 MW peak• 60 mil population• 214,000 sq mi
NRG Energy
NRG will provide aggregation services, bundling, scheduling, bidding, and fulfilling up to 300 kW of regulation based on available EVs in the Grid on Wheels program.
NRG:• 25 MW generation• eVGo charging networks • eV2g EV aggregation services
9/26/11FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
NRG Energy, University of Delaware Announce eV2g Initiative to Develop Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Technology
- Harnessing electric vehicles as energy storage offsets electricity
costs, promotes grid stability-
Electric Cars
EV Grid will supply 30 MINI Es modifed for V2G and J1772, to operate in fleet service and provide grid regulation as part of Grid on Wheels.
Electric Trucks
EV Grid will supply all-electric eVans produced by AutoPort Inc. in Delaware. These EVs will operate in commercial fleets in the PJM territory and participate in Grid on Wheels.
300 kW V2G Demo
• Vehicles in fleets• Chargers and battery systems• Communications and control• Aggregation• Grid Regulation • Ancillary services markets• Infrastructure• Fleet management