ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Dr. H.BilgeMutluer

ELE 789 Special Topics in Electrical

ELE 789 Special Topics in Electrical

and Electronics Engineering:

and Electronics Engineering:

Electrical Power Quality

Electrical Power Quality

2ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Course O

utline

Course O

utline

1.Power Quality (PQ) Definitions and

Objectives

2.Power System Modeling and

Simulation for PQ Analyses

3.Voltage Quality

4.Harm

onics and Harm

onic Elimination

5.Reactive Power Compensation

6.EMI, Grounding and Wiring

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Grounding

Groundingand

andBonding

Bonding

Ref:

Dugan

Sankaran

4ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground

Ground(( Earth

Earth, , Grounding

Grounding))

A conducting

connection

(intentionalor

accidental) bywhich

an electricalcircuitis

connectedtoearth, or

tosomeconducting

body of relatively

largeextent

5ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground Electrode

Ground Electrode

A conductororgroupof conductorsin

intimatecontactwiththeearthforthe

purposeof providinga connectionwiththe

ground

6ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground Grid

Ground Grid

System of interconnected bare conductors

arranged in a pattern over a specified area

and buried below the surface of the earth.

7ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground Loop

Ground Loop

Potentially detrimental

loop formed when two or

more points in an

electrical system that are

nominally at ground

potential are connected

by a conducting path

such that either or both

points are not at the

same ground potential

8ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Bonding

Bonding

Intentional electrical-interconnecting of

conductive partsto ensure common

electrical potential between the bonded

parts

Intensions:

Minimal (no) voltage difference

(Fault) Current flow

9ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Isolation

Isolation

Seperationof onesectionof a system

fromundesiredinfluencesof other

sections.

10

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ungrounded

Ungrounded/ / Grounded

Grounded

ungroundedsystemA system, circuit, or

apparatuswithoutan intentionalconnectionto

ground, exceptthroughpotentialindicatingor

measuringdevicesorotherveryhighimpedance

devices.

groundedsystemA systemof conductorsin

whichat leastoneconductororpoint(usually

themiddlewireorneutralpointof transformeror

generatorwindings) is intentionallygrounded,

eithersolidlyorthroughan impedance.

11

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

groundedsolidlyConnecteddirectlythrough

an adequategroundconnectionin whichno

impedancehas beenintentionallyinserted.

groundedeffectivelyGroundedthrougha

sufficientlylowimpedancesuchthatforall

systemconditionstheratioof zerosequence

reactancetopositivesequencereactance

(X0/X1) is positiveandlessthan3, andtheratio

of zerosequenceresistancetopositive

sequencereactance(R0/X1) is positiveandless

than1.

12

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Reasons

Reasonsfor

forGrounding

Grounding

PersonnelSafety(ShocksandHazards)

Groundingtoassureprotectivedevice

operation

Noisecontrol

13

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

TypicalW

irin

gand

Gro

undin

gPro

ble

ms

Problemswithconductorsand

connectors

Missingsafetyground

Multipleneutral-to-groundconnections

Ungroundedequipment

Additionalgroundrods

Groundloops

Insufficientneutralconductor

14

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shocks

Shocksand

andHazards

Hazards

Theresistanceof an averagehumanunder

conditionswhentheskin is dryis about100 k

orhigher.

Whenwet, resistancedropsto10 korlower.

15

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Laws

Lawsand

andLegislations

Legislations

Elektrik Tesislerinde Topraklamalar

Ynetm

elii (ETKB)

IEEE Std. 142 (GreenBook)

IEEE Std.1100-2005 (EmeraldBook)

IEEE 1100 alsoincludespowerquality

definitions

TS IEC 60364-4-41LV ElectricalInstallations

IEEEStd. 80 Safety in AC Substation

Grounding

IEC 479-1

16

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

eliii

UST

US

T

UE

UE

USS

1m

1m

1m

Referans topra

(Yeterince uzak)

S1S2

S3

Potansiyel dalmdzenlenmi

E

EE

UTST

UTSTE

Potansiyel dalmdzenlenmemi

Her iki ucundan eriilebilen

(Ucuna dokunulabilen)

srekli yaltlmmetal klflkablo.

Klf merkezden toprak ile balanmtr

17

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

elii (Y

i (Y

ksek G

erilim

Tesisle

ri)

ksek G

erilim

Tesisle

ri)

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

10,7

23

45

678910

456789

100

23456789

1000

V

Akm sresi ( s )

Dok

unm

a

gerili

mi

UTp

18

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

elii (N

i (N

trtr--Topra

k B

aTopra

k B

ala

nt

lant ss ))

L2

L3

L1 N PE

Sistem

topraklamas

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

L2

L3

L1

PEN

Sistem

topraklamas

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

PE N

TN-S

TN-C-S

19

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

elii (N

i (N

trtr--Topra

k B

aTopra

k B

ala

nt

lant ss ))

L2

L3

L1

PEN

Sistem topraklamas

Aktaki iletken blmler

( Gvde vb )

L2

L3

L1

PE

Sistem topraklamas

Aktaki iletken blmler

( Gvde vb )

NTN-C

TT

20

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

elii (N

i (N

trtr--Topra

k B

aTopra

k B

ala

nt

lant ss ))

L2

L3

L1

PE

Sistem

topraklamas

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

N

Empedan

s 1)

L2

L3

L1

PE

Sistem

topraklamas

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

Empedan

s 1)

IT

21

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r Ele

ktrik

Tesisle

rinde T

opra

kla

mala

r YYnetm

eli

netm

elii (D

A S

iste

mle

r)i (D

A S

iste

mle

r)

Sistem

topraklamas

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

L +

L -

PE

PEN

(d.a.)

Sistem

a)

Aktaki iletken

blmler

( Gvde vb )

L +

L -

M

Sistem

b)

Aktaki iletken

blmlerin

topraklamas

TN-S

TT

22

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground

GroundFault

FaultCurrents

Currents

(ETTY)

(ETTY)

I F= IC

L1

CeI C-L2

Ce

L2

L3

I C-L3

I C

I F= IRES= ( ICI L) +

I R+ IH

L1

Ce

L2

L3

I CI L

Ce

L1

L2

L3

I F= Ik1

Ik1

Neutralwireungrounded

GroundFaultneutraliser(ResonantGrounding)

Neutralwiresolidlygrounded

23

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

IEEE 1100

IEEE 1100

Separationof electronicloadequipmentpowerdistribution

fromsupportequipmentpowerdistribution

24

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

IEEE 1100

IEEE 1100

Bestdesignlocatesshieldedisolation

transform

eras closeto

electronicload

equipmentas possible

25

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shielding

ShieldingRaceways

Raceways(IEEE 1100)

(IEEE 1100)

Conductorsservingelectronicload

equipmenttobe fullyenclosedby

groundedmetal conduitorraceway

Descendingorderof cost, conductivity,

andshieldingeffectiveness:

Rigidmetal conduit(RMC)

Intermediatemetal conduit(IMC)

Electricalmetallictubing(EMT)

Flexiblemetal conduit(FMC)

26

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Neutral

NeutralGrounding

Grounding(IEEE 142)

(IEEE 142)

27

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Neutral

NeutralGrounding

Grounding(IEEE 142)

(IEEE 142)

28

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Resistance

Resistance

Grounding

Grounding

ReduceBurning/meltingeffects

Reducemechanicalstress

Reduceelectricshockhazards

Reducearcblastorflash

Reducelinevoltagesag

Avoidtransientovervoltages

May allowshort-termfaultedoperation

untilsecondgroundfault.

29

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Reactance

Reactance

Grounding

Grounding

Limitsgroundcurrentsin threephase, four

wiresystems

Groundingof transformerswithsimilar

characteristicsin transformersubstations

Transientovervoltageshighercompared

toresistancegrounding

30

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Resonant

ResonantGrounding

Grounding

Usuallyabove15kV

Relativelyhighvalueof reactance

Resultingfaultcurrentis resistiveandof a

lowmagnitude

Not preferredin industrialorcommercial

systems

31

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Solu

tionsto

Wirin

gand

Gro

undin

gPro

ble

ms

Propergroundingpractices

Usestandards

Groundelectrode(rod)

Reduceresistance(electrode, contactandground)

Service entranceconnections

Panel board

Isolatedground

Separatelyderivedsystems

Isolationtransformer, UPS, generator

32

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Solu

tionsto

Wirin

gand

Gro

undin

gPro

ble

ms

Grounding

techniquesfor

signalreference

Groundingfor

sensitiveequipment

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

EMI

EMI

Ref: Sankaran

34

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Electro M

agnetic Compatibility

Electro M

agnetic Compatibility

The ability of a device, equipment or

system to function satisfactorilyin its

electromagnetic environment without

introducing intolorableelectromagnetic

disturbancesto anything in that

environment.

35

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Noise

Noise

Electrical noise is unwanted electrical

signals that produce undesirable effects in

the circuits of control systems in which

they occur

36

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Couplin

gCouplin

g

A circuit element, or elements or network

that may be considered common to the

input mesh and output meshand

through which energy may be

transferredfrom one another.

37

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Electrical

ElectricalFields

Fields

38

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Magnetic

MagneticFields

Fields

39

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Frequency

Frequency

40

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Magneticfield

dueto

supply

and

return

wires

41

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Common

CommonHF EMI

HF EMI

42

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Criteria

Criteriafor

forEMI

EMI

43

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Electromagnetic

ElectromagneticPhenomena

Phenomena

(( Classified

Classifiedby

byIEC)

IEC)

ConductedLowFrequencyDisturbances:

Harmonics, interharmonics

Signalsystems(powerlinecarrier)

Flicker

Dipsandinterruptions

Voltageimbalance

Powerfrequencyvariations

Inducedlowfrequency

DC in AC networks

44

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Electromagnetic

ElectromagneticDisturbances

Disturbances

(( Classified

Classifiedby

byIEC)

IEC)

RadiatedLowFrequency:

Magneticfields

Electricalfields

ConductedHighFrequency:

Inducedcontinuouswavevoltages& currents

Unidirectionaltransients

Oscillatorytransients

45

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Electromagnetic

ElectromagneticDisturbances

Disturbances

(( Classified

Classifiedby

byIEC)

IEC)

RadiatedHighFrequency:

Magneticfields

Electricalfields

Electromagneticfields

Continuouswaves

Transients

ElectrostaticDischarge

NuclearElectromagneticPulse

46

ELE 789:

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SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Solutions

Solutions

Treatmentof theEMI sourcebyisolation,

shielding, orapplicationof filters

Eliminationof couplingmediumby

shielding, useof properwiringmethods,

andconductorrouting

Treatmentof thevictimbyshielding,

applicationof filters, orlocation

47

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Common M

ode Voltage

Common M

ode Voltage

The noise voltage that appears equally

from current-carrying conductor to ground

CMMR: Common Mode Rejection Ratio

48

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Differential Mode Voltage

Differential Mode Voltage

The voltage between any two of a

specified set of active conductors.

49

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

EMI

EMI Prevention

Prevention

50

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

EMI

EMI Minim

ization

Minim

ization

51

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Ground

GroundLoops

Loops

52

ELE 789:

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SpecialTopics

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in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shield

Shield

Conductivesheath(usuallymetallic)

applied, overtheinsulationof a conductor,

forthepurposeof providingmeansto

reducecouplingbetweentheconductors.

Prevents/ reduces

unwanted

electrostatic/

electromagnetic

fields(noise)

53

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shielding

Shielding

Usageof a conductingand/or

ferromagneticbarrierbetweena potentially

disturbingnoisesourceandsensitive

circuitry

Protectdata/ powercables

54

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shielding

Shielding(( and

andRelocation

Relocation))

Sometimesrelocationmaybe needed

UseproperShieldingandgrounding

55

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Shielding

ShieldingMaterial

Material

forshieldingmadeof copperandaluminumtobe effective

at lowfrequencies, considerablemetal thicknessis needed

56

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

EMI

EMI Filtering

Filtering

FerriteBeads

ForEMI

TypicalFilter

ForEMI

57

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

EMI

EMI and

andHealth

Health

Cancer

NervousSystemTumors

Psychologicaleffects

Reduceswithdistance

58

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Static

StaticElectric

Electric

59

ELE 789:

ELE 789: Special

SpecialTopics

Topicsin

in Electrical

Electricaland

andElectronics

ElectronicsEngineering

Engineering; ; Electrical

ElectricalPower

PowerQuality

Quality

Static

StaticElectric

Electric

Thethresholdof perceptionof staticdischarge

foraveragehumansis between2000 and5000

V.

A staticvoltagebuildupof 15,000 V orhigheris

usuallyrequiredtocausea noisydischargewith

accompanyingarc.

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StaticElectric

Electric

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Electrostatic

ElectrostaticSusceptibility

Susceptibility

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Protection

Protectionfrom

from

Electrostatic

Electrostatic

Dischargesoccurin a rangeof betweenseveral

nanosecondsandseveralmicroseconds

Causesthermalheatingof semiconductors,

causefailures.

Thereactiontimesof protectivedevicesare

slower, staticchargesarenot easilydischarged

ordivertedbytheuseof protectivedevicessuch

as surgesuppressersorzenerdiodes

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Protection

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Electrostatic

StaticControl(bypersonalprecautions)

Wriststrap, anti-staticmat, etc..

StaticControlFloors

HumidityControl

Incresinghumidityreducesstaticbuildup

IonCompensation

StaticPreventativeCasters