electronic cigarettes (6)

8/18/2019 Electronic Cigarettes (6)

1/37

Electronic cigarettes[note 1] are battery-powered vaporizers that simulate the feeling ofsmoking, but without tobacco.[1] Their use is commonly called vaping.[!] "nstead ofcigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor ,[#] typicallyreleased by a heating element that atomizes a li$uid solution known as e-li$uid.[%] Theuser activates the e-cigarette by taking a puff or pressing a button. [!][&] 'ome look like

traditional cigarettes, but they come in many variations.[(][)] *ost are reusable butthere are also disposable versions called first-generation cigalikes+[] there are alsosecond, third, and fourth-generation devices.[][1][11]

The benefits and the health risks of e-cigarettes are uncertain,[1!][1#][1%] and the long-term health effects are unknown.[!][&] /ompared to smoking tobacco, e-cigarettes are

probably safer for both users and bystanders.[1&][(][1(] There is tentative evidence thatthey can help people $uit smoking,[1)] although they have not been proven to work

better than regulated nicotine replacement products,[1%] and the regulated medication issafer.[1] Their usefulness in tobacco harm reduction is unclear ,[1] but they could form

part of future strategies to decrease tobacco related death and disease.[1][!] 0verall

their safety risk to users is similar to that of smokeless tobacco.[!] o serious adverseeffects from e-cigarettes have been reported in trials, [1)] while less serious adverseeffects include throat and mouth inflammation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.[(] on-smokers who use e-cigarettes risk becoming addicted to nicotine,[!1] a chemical with arange of harmful effects.[!!]

The e-li$uids used in e-cigarettes usually contains a mi2 of propylene glycol, glycerin,nicotine, and flavorings.[1)][1][!#][!%] 'ome e-li$uids may contain ingredients such ascannabis, tobacco e2tract, or adulterants.[!&][!(] 3-cigarettes create a vapor consisting of ultrafine particles[(] whose composition varies across and within manufacturers.[#] Thevapor can contain small amounts of to2ins, including traces of heavy metals detectedat levels permissible in inhalation medicines,[1(][!)][(] and some potentially harmfulchemicals not found in tobacco smoke[!] at levels permissible by workplace safetystandards.[!)][!][#] 4owever, chemicals may e2ceed the more stringent safety limitswhich are relevant to the population as a whole.[(] 5nder certain settings, high powere-cigarettes may generate more formaldehyde than tobacco does. 4owever, humanresearch shows that e-cigarette users are repulsed by the acrid chemical taste andthere is no indication that 3/ users are e2posed to dangerous levels of aldehydes.[#1]

The modern e-cigarette arose from a !# invention by /hinese pharmacist 4on 6ik ,[#!] and as of !1& most e-cigarettes are made in /hina.[##] 'ince their introduction to

the market in !%, global usage has risen e2ponentially.[#%]

7or instance, in the 58user numbers have increased from ), in !1! to !.( million in !1&,[#&] "n the5nited 'tates e-cigarettes are used by a significant percentage of youth [#(] and adults.[#)] *ost people9s reason for using e-cigarettes is related to trying to $uit smoking,though many people use them recreationally.[&] : ma;ority of e-cigarette users stillsmoke traditional cigarettes, leading to concerns that dual use can delay or deter$uitting.[(] :bout (< of 58 users are smokers and about %< are e2-smokers,while use among never-smokers remains negligible.[#&] =ecause of the potentialrelationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is

being debated in many countries.[#][#] The 3uropean >arliament passed regulations in7ebruary !1%, to come into effect by !1(, standardizing li$uids and personal

vaporizers, listing ingredients, and child-proofing li$uid containers.[%] The 5' 7?:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Weaver2014-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Weaver2014-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McRobbie2014-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2015-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Golub2015-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Golub2015-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_addictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor#Flavorants_or_flavoringshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Brandon2015-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulteranthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Giroudde2015-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Giroudde2015-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Burstyn2014-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_Likhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_Likhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Demick2009-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Saitta2014-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Etter2011-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Etter2011-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EURegs2014-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Weaver2014-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McRobbie2014-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2015-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Golub2015-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_productshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_addictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor#Flavorants_or_flavoringshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Brandon2015-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulteranthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Giroudde2015-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Burstyn2014-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_Likhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Demick2009-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Saitta2014-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Etter2011-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EURegs2014-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-1


2/37

published proposed regulations in :pril !1% with some similar measures.[%1] :s of!1%, there were %(( brands of e-cigarette with sales of around @) billion.[%!][%#]

Use

Frequency

:erosol Avapor B e2haled by an e-cigarette user using a nicotine free e-cigarette.

'ince their introduction to the market in !%, global usage of e-cigarettes has risene2ponentially.[#%] =y !1#, there were several million users globally.[%%] :wareness anduse of e-cigarettes greatly increased over the few years to !1%, particularly amongyoung people and women in some countries.[%&] =ut in both the 5' and 58 the growthin usage seemed to have slowed in !1&.[%(][%)]

"n the 5', vaping among young people e2ceeded smoking in !1%.[!] "n !1%, it was pro;ected that vaping would e2ceed smoking in about three decades.[!(] >eople withhigher incomes are more likely to have heard of e-cigarettes, but those with lowerincomes are more likely to have tried them.[%] Trying e-cigarettes was commonamong less educated people.[%&] Chites are more likely to use them than non-whites.[%]

*ost users have a history of smoking regular cigarettes.[%] :t least &!< of current orformer smokers have used e-cigarettes.[##] 0f smokers who use e-cigarettes, less than1&< turn into everyday e-cigarette users.[1)] 3-cigarette use in never-smokers is verylow but is rising.[%] : !1& review suggests that 1< of e-cigarette users use li$uidwithout nicotine.[&] :s of !1%, up to 1#< of :merican high school students had used

them at least once in the last month,[#(] and around #.%< of :merican adults as of!11.[%]

"n the 58 user numbers have increased from ), in !1! to !.( million in !1&, but use by current smokers remained flat at 1).(< from !1% into !1& Ain !1 itwas !.)ublic 4ealth 3ngland found no evidence e-cigarettesincrease teen tobacco smoking. They noted tentative evidence that e-cigarettes divertyouth away from cigarettes.[#1] : !1% review raised ethical concerns about minors9 e-cigarette use and the potential to weaken cigarette smoking reduction efforts. []

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Evans2015-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHO2014-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Felberbaum2013-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Mickle-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-West-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bullen2014-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bullen2014-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Born2015-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Suter2015-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Franck2014-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Franck2014-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Evans2015-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHO2014-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Felberbaum2013-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Mickle-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-West-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Alaws2015-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bullen2014-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Born2015-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCUSE2015-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Suter2015-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Franck2014-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Franck2014-54


3/37

"n the 5', the recent fall in smoking has accompanied a rapid growth in the use ofalternative nicotine products among young people and young adults.[&%] &(< ofrespondents in a 5' !1# survey admitted having used e-cigarettes to $uit or reducetheir smoking, and !(< of respondents would use them in areas where smoking was

banned.[1#] "n the 5', as of !1%, 1!.(< of adults have used an e-cigarette at least

once and about #.)< are still using them.[&&] :mong grade ( to 1! students in the 5',the proportion who have tried them rose from #.#< in !11 to (.< in !1!.[%] Thosestill vaping over the last month rose from 1.1< to !.1< and dual use rose from .<to 1.(lay media ational "nstitute on ?rug :buse director ora Eolkow discussing a ational"nstitutes of 4ealth-funded study showing teens using e-cigarettes are more likely tostart smoking tobacco.[(%]

"n 7rance, a !1% survey estimated between ).) and .! million people had tried e-cigarettes and 1.1 to 1. million use them on a daily basis.[(&] The same survey alsofound ()< of smokers used e-cigarettes to reduce or $uit smoking. 0f respondentswho indicated they tried e-cigarettes, < said they had never smoked tobacco.[(&] 0fthe 1.!< who had recently stopped tobacco smoking at the time of the survey, %<Aor 1< of the population surveyedB credited e-cigarettes as essential in $uitting. [(&]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Lauterstein2014-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDC2015-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-MMWR-2013-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-MMWR-2013-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Lauterstein2014-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCNYTS2013-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCNYTS2013-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCNYTS2013-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ashuk2014-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201531-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-64https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Teens_Using_E-cigarettes_More_Likely_to_Start_Smoking_Tobacco.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Volkowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Volkowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Lauterstein2014-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDC2015-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-MMWR-2013-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Lauterstein2014-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCNYTS2013-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2015-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ASH2014-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-ashuk2014-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201531-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-64https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Teens_Using_E-cigarettes_More_Likely_to_Start_Smoking_Tobacco.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Volkowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FODDA2014-66


4/37

*any young people who use e-cigarettes also smoke tobacco.[(] 'ome young peoplewho have tried an e-cigarette have never smoked tobacco, so 3/s can be a starting

point for nicotine use.[(] There are high levels of dual use with e-cigarettes andtraditional cigarettes.[!] 'ome young people who have never smoked have tried e-cigarettes at least once.[%] *ost young people are not using e-cigarettes to help them

$uit tobacco.[%] Teenagers who had used an e-cigarette were more inclined to becomesmokers than those who had not.[((] Foung people who vape are more likely to usehookah and blunts than smokers.[!#]

Motivation

There are concerns that colorful electronic cigarettes may appeal especially toyounger users.[()]

/andy, fruit and coffee flavored e-li$uid may appeal to younger users of electroniccigarettes.[(][(]

Geasons for e-cigarette usage often relate to $uitting cigarettes, rela2ation, andrecreation.[&][)] Chile many vapers believe usage is healthier than smoking forthemselves and bystanders, some are concerned about the possible adverse healtheffects.[)] 0thers use them to circumvent smoke-free laws and policies, or to cut backon cigarette smoking.[(] ot having odor from smoke on clothes on some occasions

prompted interest in or use of e-cigarettes.[)] 3-cigarette users have contradictoryviews about using them to get around smoking bans.[)]

5sers sometimes use e-cigarettes without nicotine around friends for the convenience.[)] on-smoking adults tried e-cigarettes due to curiosity, because a relative was usingthem, or because they were given an e-cigarette. [!#] /ollege students often vape fore2perimentation.[!] 32pensive marketing aimed at smokers suggests e-cigarettes arenewer, healthier, cheaper and easier to use in smoke-free situations, all reasons thate-cigarette users claim motivate their use.[)1] 32posure to e-cigarette advertisinginfluenced people to try them.[((]

"f tobacco businesses persuade women that e-cigarettes are a small risk, women mightvape while pregnant.[)!] The belief that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes

could widen their use among pregnant women.[1!] 3-cigarettes feel or taste similar totraditional cigarettes, and vapers disagreed about whether this was a benefit or a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_(cigar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NACCHO12-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Smoking_revolution-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FDA_Should-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke-free_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Crowley2015-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-England2015-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-Cigarette_E-liquid_by_Vaping_Monkey_%289628487175%29.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clearomizer_Electronic_Vapor_E-Cig_Liquid_Tanks_%2812067034894%29.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hildick-SmithPesko2015-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_(cigar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NACCHO12-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Smoking_revolution-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FDA_Should-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke-free_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cooke2015-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Crowley2015-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-England2015-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13


5/37

drawback.[)] The ma;ority of committed e-cigarette users interviewed at an e-cigaretteconvention found them cheaper than traditional cigarettes.[)]

'ome users stopped vaping due to issues with the devices.[)] ?issatisfaction andconcerns over safety can discourage ongoing e-cigarette use.[&] 'ome surveys found

that a small percentage of users9 motives were to avoid smoking bans, but othersurveys found that over %< of users said they used the device for this reason.[)] Thee2tent to which traditional cigarette users vape to avoid smoking bans is unclear.[)]

The health and lifestyle appeal may also encourage young non-smokers to use e-cigarettes, as they may perceive that trying e-cigarettes is less risky and more sociallyappealing. This may ameliorate negative beliefs or concerns about nicotine addiction.[)#] *arketing might appeal to young people as well as adults.[)%] :dolescente2perimenting with e-cigarettes may be sensation seeking behavior, and is not likelyto be associated with tobacco reduction or $uitting smoking.[1!] Foung people mayview e-cigarettes as a symbol of rebellion.[%] The main reasons young people

e2perimented with e-cigarettes were due to curiosity, flavors, and peer influences.[)&] 'ome advocates say there is concern that e-cigarettes could be appealing to youth

because of their high-tech design, assortment of flavors, and accessibility online.[()] :tleast one advocacy group claims that candy and fruit flavors e-cigarettes are designedto appeal to young people.[)(] "nfants and toddlers could ingest the e-li$uid from an e-cigarette device out of curiosity.[))]

5sers may begin by using a disposable e-cigarette,[!%] and e-cigarette users often startwith e-cigarettes resembling normal cigarettes, eventually moving to a later-generation device.[)] *ost later-generation e-cigarette users shifted to their presentdevice to get a more satisfying hit,[)] and users may ad;ust their devices to providemore vapor for better throat hits.[&!]

Other uses

3lectronic cigarettes may be used with other substances and cartridges can potentially be filled with e-li$uid containing substances other than nicotine, thus serving as a newand potentially dangerous way to deliver other drugs,[)] for e2ample psychoactive or

psychotropic drugs such as T4/.[]

The emergence of e-cigs has given cannabis smokers a new method of inhaling

cannabinoids.[]

3-cigs differ from traditional mari;uana cigarettes in several respects.[] "t is assumed that vaporizing cannabinoids at lower temperatures is safer because it produces smaller amounts of to2ic substances than the hot combustion of a mari;uanacigarette.[] Gecreational cannabis users can discretely HvapeI deodorized cannabise2tracts with minimal annoyance to the people around them and less chance ofdetection, known as stealth vaping .[] Chile cannabis is not readily soluble in theli$uid used for e-cigs+ recipes containing synthetic cannabinoids which are solublemay be found on the "nternet.[]

/annabinoid-enriched e-li$uids re$uire lengthy, comple2 processing, some beingreadily present on the "nternet despite lack of $uality control, e2piry date, conditions

of preservation, or any to2icological and clinical assessment.[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-GranaLing2014-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bauld2014-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_seekinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_seekinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bullen2014-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NACCHO12-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NACCHO12-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Heart_and_Stroke_Canada_14-77https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Brandon2015-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Yingst2015-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Yingst2015-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drugabuse.gov-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pepper2013-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-GranaLing2014-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bauld2014-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_seekinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bullen2014-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NACCHO12-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Heart_and_Stroke_Canada_14-77https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Brandon2015-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Yingst2015-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Yingst2015-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Sanford2014-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drugabuse.gov-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81


6/37

The health conse$uences specific to vaping these cannabis preparations remainlargely unknown.[]

Construction

32ploded view of electronic cigarette with transparent clearomizer and changabledual-coil head. This model allows for a wide range of settings.[1]

3lectronic cigarettes can come in very different formsJsuch as this hand-grenade-shaped variant.*ain articleD /onstruction of electronic cigarettes

The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge AtankB, aheating elementKatomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a 63? light on theend.[!] The only e2ception to this are mechanical e-cigarettes AmodsB which containno electronics and the circuit is closed by using a mechanical action switch. [#] :natomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-li$uid and wicking material that draws li$uid onto the coil.[%] Chen the user pushes a button,[!] or Ainsome variationsB activates a pressure sensor by inhaling, the heating element thatatomizes the li$uid solution+[&] The e-li$uid reaches a temperature of roughly 1-!& L/ within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor.[&] The user inhales theaerosol, commonly called vapor , rather than cigarette smoke.[#] The aerosol provides aflavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking.[1]

There are three main types of e-cigarettesD cigalikes, looking like cigarettes+ eMos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable li$uid tanks+ and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering e2isting products.[1!] :s the e-cigarette industry is growing, new products are $uickly developed and brought to market.[(] 7irst generation e-cigarettestend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called cigalikes. [1] *ost cigalikeslook like cigarettes but there is some variation in size.[)] : traditional cigarette issmooth and light while a cigalike is rigid and slightly heavier .[1] 'econd generationdevices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes. [] Third generationdevices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices.[1] The fourthgeneration includes 'ub ohm tanks and temperature control devices.[11] The powersource is the biggest component of an e-cigarette,[#%] which is fre$uently arechargeable lithium-ion battery.[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecigcanna-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-grenadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-USFA2014-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-SpinfuelGlossaryP1-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution#Liquid_solutionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolizedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Glasser2015-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Glasser2015-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Glasser2015-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AHA2014-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AHA2014-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AHA2014-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McRobbie2014-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2015-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2015-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-GarnerStevens2014-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-GarnerStevens2014-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innokin_Cool_Fire_2_Electronic_Cigarette_Vaporizer_%2815123626731%29.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ijerph_ecig_construction.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecann14-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Ecigcanna-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-grenadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-USFA2014-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-SpinfuelGlossaryP1-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution#Liquid_solutionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolizedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Glasser2015-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AHA2014-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McRobbie2014-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2014-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Farsalinos2015-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-GarnerStevens2014-89


7/37


8/37

The 5nited 'tates /enters for ?isease /ontrol and >revention released a !1( reporttitled E-cigarette Ads and Youth which concerned marketing towards adolescents.[(]

"n !1& the :merican :cademy of >ediatrics strongly recommended against using e-cigarettes to $uit smoking, stating that for adolescents e-cigarettes are not effective intreating tobacco dependence.[)] "n :ugust !1%, the :merican 4eart :ssociation released a policy statement in which they support effective 7?: regulation of e-cigarettes that addresses marketing, youth access, labeling, $uality control overmanufacturing, free sampling, and standards for contaminants.[] "n !1& the

/alifornia ?epartment of >ublic 4ealth issued a report that stated the aerosol has been found to contain at least ten chemicals that are on /aliforniaOs >roposition (& listof chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.[] "n!1%, the 5' 7?: said 3-cigarettes have not been fully studied, so consumerscurrently don9t knowD the potential risks of e-cigarettes when used as intended, howmuch nicotine or other potentially harmful chemicals are being inhaled during use, orwhether there are any benefits associated with using these products. :dditionally, it isnot known whether e-cigarettes may lead young people to try other tobacco products,including conventional cigarettes, which are known to cause disease and lead to

premature death.[]

Smoking cessation

>lay media/?/ launches Tips 7rom 7ormer 'mokers ad campaign in !1&. The main

information on e-cigarettes begins at !%D%&.[1]

The available research on the safety and efficacy of e-cigarette use for smokingcessation is limited and the evidence is contradictory. 'ome medical authoritiesrecommend that e-cigarettes have a role in smoking cessation, and others disagree.Eiews of e-cigarettes9 role range from on the one hand >ublic 4ealth 3ngland, whorecommend that stop-smoking practitioners shouldD- A1B advise people who want to$uit to try e-cigarettes if they are not succeeding with conventional nicotinereplacement therapy AGTB+ and A!B advise people who cannot or do not want to $uitto switch to e-cigarettes to reduce smoking-related disease[1] to, on the other hand, the5nited 'tates >reventive 'ervices Task 7orce that advised only use of conventional

GT products in smoking cessation and found insufficient evidence to recommend e-cigarettes for this purpose.[1#]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCAds2016-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AAP2015-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AAP2015-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AAP2015-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDPH2015-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-100https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CDC_launches_new_ads_in_%E2%80%9CTips_From_Former_Smokers%E2%80%9D_campaign.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PHE-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecig_youth.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCAds2016-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-AAP2015-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bhatnagar2014-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDPH2015-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-100https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CDC_launches_new_ads_in_%E2%80%9CTips_From_Former_Smokers%E2%80%9D_campaign.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PHE-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14


9/37

There is tentative evidence that they can help people $uit smoking.[1)] : !1( meta-analysis based on ! different studies found that those smokers who had usedelectronic cigarettes were !< less likely to $uit than those who had not triedelectronic cigarettes.[11] This finding persisted whether not the smokers where initiallyinterested in $uitting or not.[11] : !1& meta-analysis on clinical trials of e-cigarettes

for smoking cessation found that e-cigarettes containing nicotine are more effectivethan those that do not. They compared their finding that nicotine-containing e-cigarettes helped !< of people $uit with the results from other studies that foundconventional GT helps 1< of people $uit.[1!] There has only been one studydirectly comparing first generation e-cigarettes to conventional GT as smokingcessation tools so the comparative effectiveness is not known.[1!]

4owever, e-cigarettes have not been sub;ect to the same efficacy testing as nicotinereplacement products. 'everal authorities, including the Corld 4ealth 0rganisation,take the view that there is not enough evidence to recommend e-cigarettes for $uittingsmoking in adults,[1#] and there are studies showing a decline in smoking cessation

among dual users.[11] : !1% review found that e-cigarettes do not seem to improvecessation rates compared to regulated nicotine replacement products, and a trial found!< of e-cigarette users were still vaping at ( months, but only < of patch users stillwore patches at ( months.[%]

Harm reduction

Tobacco harm reduction AT4GB is the replacement of tobacco cigarettes with lowerrisk products to reduce tobacco related death and disease.[1#] T4G has beencontroversial out of fear that tobacco companies cannot be trusted to produce and

market products that will reduce the risks associated with tobacco use.

[1%]

3-cigarettescan reduce smokers9 e2posure to carcinogens and other to2ic substances found intobacco.[%][1%] Tobacco smoke contains 1 known carcinogens, and potentiallycancer causing chemicals,[1] none of which has been found in more than trace$uantities in the cartridges or aerosol of e-cigarettes. [1%] :ccording to a !11 review,while e-cigarettes cannot be considered safe because there is no safe level forcarcinogens, they are doubtless safer than tobacco cigarettes.[1%]

4owever, some reviews have concluded that the benefits and the health risks of e-cigarettes are uncertain,[1!][1#][1%] and the long-term health effects are unknown.[!][&]

: core concern is that smokers who could have $uit completely will develop analternative nicotine addiction instead.[1%] : !1% review stated that promotion ofvaping as a harm reduction aid is premature,[1] but in an effort to decrease tobaccorelated death and disease, e-cigarettes have a potential to be part of the harm reductionstrategy.[1][!] :nother review found e-cigarettes would likely be less harmful thantraditional cigarettes to users and bystanders.[1(] The authors warned against the

potential harm of e2cessive regulation and advised health professionals to consideradvising smokers who are reluctant to $uit by other methods to switch to e-cigarettesas a safer alternative to smoking.[1(] : !1& >ublic 4ealth 3ngland report concludedthat e-cigarettes release negligible levels of nicotine into ambient air with noidentified health risks to bystanders.[1&] : !1% review recommended that regulations

for e-cigarettes could be similar to those for dietary supplements or cosmetic productsto not limit their potential for harm reduction. [#] : !1! review found e-cigarettes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2015-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2015-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Weaver2014-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201565-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Saitta2014-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2015-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2015-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kalkhoran2016-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Chapman2014-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Weaver2014-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cahn2011-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Kacker2014-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2013-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201565-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Saitta2014-39


10/37

could considerably reduce traditional cigarettes use and they likely could be used as alower risk replacement for traditional cigarettes, but there is not enough data on theirsafety and efficacy to draw definite conclusions.[1] 3-cigarette use for risk reduction inhigh-risk groups such as people with mental disorders is unavailable.[1(]

: !1% >ublic 4ealth 3ngland report concluded that there is large potential for health benefits when switching from tobacco use to other nicotine delivery devices such ase-cigarettes, but realizing their full potential re$uires regulation and monitoring tominimize possible risks.[#] They found that a considerable number of smokers want toreduce harm from smoking by using these products.[#] The =ritish *edical:ssociation encourages health professionals to recommend conventional nicotinereplacement therapies, but for patients unwilling to use or continue using suchmethods, health professionals may present e-cigarettes as a lower-risk option thantobacco smoking.[1)] The :merican :ssociation of >ublic 4ealth >hysicians A::>4>B suggests those who are unwilling to $uit tobacco smoking or unable to $uitwith medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine

containing products such as electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco for long termuse instead of smoking.[1] "n an interview, the director of the 0ffice on 'moking and4ealth for the 5.'. federal agency /enters for ?isease /ontrol and >revention A/?/B

believes that there is enough evidence to say that using e-cigarettes is likely lessharmful than smoking a pack of conventional cigarettes.[1] 4owever, due to the lackof regulation of the contents of e-cigarettes and the presence of nicotine, the /?/ hasissued warnings.[1] : !1% C40 report concluded that some smokers will switchcompletely to e-cigarettes from traditional tobacco but a sizeable number will use

both.[!1] This report found that such dual use of e-cigarettes and tobacco will havemuch smaller beneficial effects on overall survival compared with $uitting smokingcompletely. [!1]

Safety

*ain articlesD 'afety of electronic cigarettes and 3lectronic cigarette aerosol and e-li$uid

:dverse effects of vaping.[11]

The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain.[1!][1#][1%] There is little data about theirhealth effects,[111] and considerable variability between vaporizers and in $uality of

their li$uid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user .[(][11!][11#] Geviews on the safety of electronic cigarettes have reached different conclusions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Nowak2014-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-BMAhandout2013-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Public_Health_Physicianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCQ.26A-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCQ.26A-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosol_and_e-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosol_and_e-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosol_and_e-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Palazzolo-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Odum2012-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-O2012-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adverse_effects_of_vaping_%28raster%29.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Nowak2014-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-NHE2014-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-BMAhandout2013-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Public_Health_Physicianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCQ.26A-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-CDCQ.26A-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_electronic_cigaretteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosol_and_e-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosol_and_e-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Siu2015-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Harrell2014-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Palazzolo-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Odum2012-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-O2012-114


11/37

[11%] "n Nuly !1% the Corld 4ealth 0rganization AC40B report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes.[!1] Gegulated 5' 7ood and ?rug :dministration A7?:B products such as nicotine inhalers are probably safer than e-cigarettes.[1] "n!1&, >ublic 4ealth 3ngland stated that e-cigarettes are estimated to be &< lessharmful than smoking,[!] : !1% systematic review concluded that the risks of e-

cigarettes have been e2aggerated by health authorities and stated that while there may be some remaining risk, the risk of e-cigarette use is likely small compared tosmoking tobacco.[!)]

The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.[!][&] : !1% /ochrane review found no serious adverse effects reported in trials.[1)] 6ess serious adverse effects frome-cigarette use include throat and mouth inflammation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.[(] The evidence suggests they produce less harmful effects than tobacco.[11&] : !1%C40 report said, 3?' use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses.[!1] :side from to2icity, there are also risks from misuse or accidents[!)] such as contactwith li$uid nicotine,[11(] fires caused by vaporizer malfunction,[(] and e2plosions as

result from e2tended charging, unsuitable chargers, or design flaws.[!)] =atterye2plosions are caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some haveresulted in severe skin burns.[1!] There is a small risk of battery e2plosion in devicesmodified to increase battery power .[&]

The e-li$uid has a low level of to2icity, and contamination with various chemicals has been identified in the product.[11)] 3-cigarette vapor contains fewer to2ic substances,[(] and lower concentrations of potential to2ic substances than cigarette smoke.[11] *etal

parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-li$uid can contaminate it with metals.[!)] ormal usage of e-cigarettes generates very low levels of formaldehyde.[11] : !1&review found that later-generation e-cigarettes set at higher power may generate e$ualor higher levels of formaldehyde compared to smoking.[1!][1!1] : !1& review foundthat these levels were the result of overheating under test conditions that bear littleresemblance to common usage.[11] The !1& >ublic 4ealth 3ngland report looking atthe research concluded that by applying ma2imum power and increasing the time thedevice is used on a puffing machine, e-li$uids can thermally degrade and producehigh levels of formaldehyde.[#1] 5sers detect the dry puff and avoid it, and the reportconcluded that There is no indication that 3/ users are e2posed to dangerous levelsof aldehydes.[#1] 3-cigarette users are e2posed to potentially harmful nicotine.[#]

icotine is associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning.[!!] In vitro studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer, but

carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in vivo.[!!]

There is inade$uate research todemonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans.[1!!] The risk is probablylow from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin.[1(] o information isavailable on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors.[11)]

3-cigarettes create vapor that consists of ultrafine particles, with the ma;ority of particles in the ultrafine range.[(] The vapor has been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, tiny amounts of to2icants, carcinogens, heavymetals, and metal nanoparticles, and other chemicals.[(][1(] 32actly what comprises thevapor varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[#] 4owever, e-cigarettes cannot be regarded as simply harmless.[!(] There is a concern

that some of the mainstream vapor e2haled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors.[#%] 3-cigarette use by a parent might lead to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosLeHouezec2015-115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_inhalerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201576-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Durmowicz2014-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bertholon2013-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Fernandez2015-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios20153-121https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-SGUS2014-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bertholon2013-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafine_particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor#Flavorants_or_flavoringshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosLeHouezec2015-115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_inhalerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Drummond2014-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill201576-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios2015-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rahman2014-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cochrane2014-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-WHOPosition2014-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Durmowicz2014-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-EbbertAgunwamba2015-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rowell2015-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bertholon2013-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Fernandez2015-119https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-FarsalinosPolosa2014-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Orellana-Barrios20153-121https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-122https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-PolosaCampagna20152-120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-McNeill2015772-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Jerry2015-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-SGUS2014-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Bertholon2013-118https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafine_particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor#Flavorants_or_flavoringshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Grana2014-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Hajek2014-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette_aerosolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Cheng2014-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Pisinger2014-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#cite_note-Rom2014-35


12/37

inadvertent health risks to offspring.[)!] : !1% review recommended that e-cigarettesshould be regulated for consumer safety.[#] There is limited information available onthe environmental issues around production, use, and disposal of e-cigarettes that usecartridges.[1!#] : !1% review found disposable e-cigarettes might cause an electricalwaste problem.[1(]

Eliquid

3-li$uid is the mi2ture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes[1] and

electronic cigarettes (6)

Documents